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Dubois F. Game theory elucidates how competitive dynamics mediate animal social networks. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:116. [PMID: 39215219 PMCID: PMC11365163 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While most game theoretical models assume that individuals randomly interact with all other group members, strong evidence indicates that individuals tend to preferentially interact with some of them. The position of an individual in a network affects, among other factors related to survival, its predation risk and competitive success. Here I then modified the Hawk-Dove game to explore the effect of social network structure on competitive strategy of individuals that differ in their fighting ability and may adjust their use of the Hawk, Dove and Assessor tactics to maximize their foraging success when they meet opponents they are connected with. RESULTS From randomly generated networks, I demonstrate that phenotypic assortment by fighting ability reduces individuals' aggressiveness and, as such, favours cooperative interactions. Furthermore, the success of individuals with the weakest fighting ability is usually highest within networks where they most frequently meet opponents with the same fighting ability as their own, suggesting they might benefit from breaking connections with strong contestants. This might be the case when strong contestants systematically rely on the aggressive Hawk tactic or the risk of being predated is low and independent of the number of neighbours. Thus, I extended the model and built a dynamic model to allow individuals not only to adjust their behaviour to local conditions but also to modify the structure of the social network. The number of connections and degree of phenotypic assortment are then affected by ecological factors (e.g. resources value and predation risk), but above all by whether individuals can reliably assess the competitive ability of their opponents and adjust their behaviour accordingly. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide strong evidence that behaviour can play a key role in shaping network structure and highlight the importance of considering the coevolution of network and behaviour to apprehend its consequences on population dynamics.
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O'Dwyer K, Milotic D, Milotic M, Koprivnikar J. Behave yourself: effects of exogenous-glucocorticoid exposure on larval amphibian anti-parasite behaviour and physiology. Oecologia 2024; 205:95-106. [PMID: 38689180 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Parasites represent a ubiquitous threat for most organisms, requiring potential hosts to invest in a range of strategies to defend against infection-these include both behavioural and physiological mechanisms. Avoidance is an essential first line of defence, but this behaviour may show a trade-off with host investment in physiological immunity. Importantly, while environmental stressors can lead to elevated hormones in vertebrates, such as glucocorticoids, that can reduce physiological immunity in certain contexts, behavioural defences may also be compromised. Here, we investigate anti-parasite behaviour and immune responses against a trematode (flatworm) parasite by larval amphibians (tadpoles) exposed or not to a simulated general stressor in the form of exogenous corticosterone. Tadpoles that were highly active in the presence of the trematode infectious stage (cercariae) had lower infection loads, and parasite loads from tadpoles treated only with dechlorinated water were significantly lower than those exposed to corticosterone or the solvent control. However, treatment did not affect immunity as measured through white blood-cell profiles, and there was no relationship between the latter and anti-parasite behaviour. Our results suggest that a broad range of stressors could increase host susceptibility to infection through altered anti-parasite behaviours if they elevate endogenous glucocorticoids, irrespective of physiological immunity effects. How hosts defend themselves against parasitism in the context of multiple challenges represents an important topic for future research, particularly as the risk posed by infectious diseases is predicted to increase in response to ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie O'Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Co., Galway, Ireland.
| | - Dino Milotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marin Milotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Marushchak O, Syrota Y, Dmytrieva I, Kuzmin Y, Nechai A, Lisitsyna O, Svitin R. Helminths found in common species of the herpetofauna in Ukraine. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e113770. [PMID: 38314124 PMCID: PMC10838037 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Only a few comprehensive studies have been carried out on parasites in amphibians and reptiles in Ukraine. This has resulted in identifying over 100 helminth species across these vertebrate groups. However, most of the studies were performed in the 20th century and the taxonomy of many parasites and their hosts has changed ever since, in addition to the discovery of new species and registrations of species that had not been previously known for Ukraine. In recent decades, there have been very few publications on helminths from amphibian or reptile hosts in this region. Notably, just one of these recent studies is a faunistic study, providing a list of helminths found in two species of green frogs - Pelophylaxridibundus (Pallas, 1771) and Pelophylaxesculentus (Linnaeus, 1758). Therefore, it is clear that publishing datasets of modern records of helminths in these vertebrate groups, based on modern taxonomy, is an essential step in further studies of their parasitic diversity. Additionally, such study is important in terms of global climate change, the growing number of possibilities of invasion of alien species (both hosts and parasites) that might potentially become a threat to native biota and growing anthropogenic pressure on local populations of hosts that affect the parasites as well. In future, this study is planned to be used for the creation of a checklist of helminths of the herpetofauna of Ukraine. The present dataset is an inventory of various species of helminths parasitising common species of the herpetofauna in central, northern, western and southern Ukraine recorded during field studies in the 2021-2023 period. New information The dataset is the first one to represent the up-to-date and unified data on helminths of reptiles and amphibians of Ukraine. Previously, records of this group of organisms with reference to their hosts were presented as several separate records within the country. Currently, this is the largest dataset presenting geocoded records of non-human-related helminths in the fauna of Ukraine. It reports helminth species from 15 hosts (205 individuals), including eight amphibians and seven reptilian species found in various Ukrainian regions. A total of 47 helminth species have been documented in the research and during 2021-2023 period on the territory of northern (Kyiv and Zhytomyr), western (Lviv, Zakarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk), central (Vinnytsia, Dnipropetrovsk, Cherkasy, Zaporizhzhia and Poltava) and southern (Odesa) regions of Ukraine. The identified helminth species belong to the following phyla: Acanthocephala (Centrorhynchidae (2), Echinorhynchidae (2)); Nematoda (Acuariidae, Anisakidae, Cosmocercidae (3), Dioctophymatidae, Gnathostomatidae (1), Kathlanidae (1), Molineidae (7), Onchocercidae (1), Pharyngodonidae (1), Rhabdiasidae (6), Strongyloididae); Platyhelminthes (Diplodiscidae (1), Diplostomidae (2), Encyclometridae (1), Haematoloechidae (1), Leptophallidae (2), Macroderidae (1), Mesocestoididae, Opisthorchiidae (2), Plagiorchiidae (3), Pleurogenidae (2), Polystomatidae (3), Proteocephalidae (1), Strigeidae (1) and Telorchiidae (3)). Only some helminths in the dataset were not identified to species level. Material is stored in the collection of the department of Parasitology of the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Marushchak
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR7178, Strasbourg, FranceUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR7178StrasbourgFrance
| | - Yaroslav Syrota
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of SciencesKošiceSlovakia
| | - Ivanna Dmytrieva
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Yuri Kuzmin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South AfricaAfrican Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Andrii Nechai
- Educational and Scientific Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, UkraineEducational and Scientific Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of KyivKyivUkraine
| | - Olga Lisitsyna
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of SciencesKošiceSlovakia
| | - Roman Svitin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South AfricaAfrican Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
- Educational and Scientific Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, UkraineEducational and Scientific Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of KyivKyivUkraine
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Bolek MG, Detwiler JT, Stigge HA. Selected Wildlife Trematodes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:391-440. [PMID: 39008272 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The trematodes are a species-rich group of parasites, with some estimates suggesting that there are more than 24,000 species. However, the complexities associated with their taxonomic status and nomenclature can hinder explorations of the biology of wildlife trematodes, including fundamental aspects such as host use, life cycle variation, pathology, and disease. In this chapter, we review work on selected trematodes of amphibians, birds, mammals, and their snail intermediate hosts, with the goal of providing a tool kit on how to study trematodes of wildlife. We provide a brief introduction to each group of wildlife trematodes, followed by some examples of the challenges each group of trematodes has relative to the goal of their identification and understanding of the biology and interactions these organisms have with their wildlife hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Jillian T Detwiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Weinersmith KL, Nadler LE, Bengston E, Turner AV, Birda A, Cobian K, Dusto JA, Helland-Riise SH, Terhall JM, Øverli Ø, Hechinger RF. EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH EUHAPLORCHIS CALIFORNIENSIS AND A SMALL CYATHOCOTYLID INCREASE CONSPICUOUS BEHAVIORS IN CALIFORNIA KILLIFISH (FUNDULUS PARVIPINNIS). J Parasitol 2023; 109:362-376. [PMID: 37527277 PMCID: PMC10658870 DOI: 10.1645/23-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Some parasites manipulate their host's phenotype to enhance predation rates by the next host in the parasite's life cycle. Our understanding of this parasite-increased trophic transmission is often stymied by study-design challenges. A recurring difficulty has been obtaining uninfected hosts with a coevolutionary history with the parasites, and conducting experimental infections that mimic natural processes. In 1996, Lafferty and Morris provided what has become a classic example of parasite-increased trophic transmission; they reported a positive association between the intensity of a brain-infecting trematode (Euhaplorchis californiensis) in naturally infected California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) and the frequency of conspicuous behaviors, which was thought to explain the documented 10-30× increase in predation by the final host birds. Here, we address the primary gap in that study by using experimental infections to assess the causality of E. californiensis infection for increased conspicuous behaviors in F. parvipinnis. We hatched and reared uninfected F. parvipinnis from a population co-occurring with E. californiensis, and infected them 1-2 times/week over half their life span with E. californiensis and a small cyathocotylid trematode (SMCY) that targets the host's muscle tissue. At 3 time points throughout the hosts' lives, we quantified several conspicuous behaviors: contorting, darting, scratching, surfacing, and vertical positioning relative to the water's surface. Euhaplorchis californiensis and SMCY infection caused 1.8- and 2.5-fold overall increases in conspicuous behaviors, respectively. Each parasite was also associated with increases in specific conspicuous behaviors, particularly 1.9- and 1.4-fold more darting. These experimental findings help solidify E. californiensis-F. parvipinnis as a classic example of behavioral manipulation. Yet our findings for E. californiensis infection-induced behavioral change were less consistent and strong than those previously documented. We discuss potential explanations for this discrepancy, particularly the idea that behavioral manipulation may be most apparent when fish are actively attacked by predators. Our findings concerning the other studied trematode species, SMCY, highlight that trophically transmitted parasites infecting various host tissues are known to be associated with conspicuous behaviors, reinforcing calls for research examining how communities of trophically transmitted parasites influence host behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Weinersmith
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lauren E. Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
- Present address: School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K
| | - Erik Bengston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Andrew V. Turner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Abhinav Birda
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Karina Cobian
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jennifer A. Dusto
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Siri H. Helland-Riise
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 1407, Norway
| | - Jasmine M. Terhall
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 1407, Norway
| | - Ryan F. Hechinger
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
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6
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Kelleher SR, Silla AJ, Hunter DA, McFadden MS, Byrne PG. Captive diet does not influence exploration behavior upon reintroduction to the wild in a critically endangered amphibian. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.985545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration behavior can have profound effects on individual fitness. Consequently, knowledge of the proximate mechanisms underpinning exploration behavior may inform conservation breeding programs (CBPs) for threatened species. However, the environmental factors that influence exploration behavior in captivity and during the reintroduction process remain poorly understood. Dietary micronutrients, such as carotenoids, are known to affect the expression of energetically costly behavioral traits, and theoretically may also influence the degree of exploration behavior in various contexts. Here, we investigate whether dietary β-carotene supplementation in captivity influences exploration behavior upon reintroduction to the wild in the critically endangered southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree. We conducted a manipulative dietary experiment where captive bred P. corroboree were supplemented with different doses of β-carotene for 40 weeks prior to release. Frogs (n = 115) were reintroduced to the wild using a soft-release approach, where they were released into field enclosures specifically designed for this species. Upon reintroduction, the frogs’ initial exploration behavior was measured using a standardized behavioral assay. There was no effect of diet treatment on any measure of exploration behavior (mean latency to leave the initial refuge, time spent mobile within the release apparatus and latency to disperse into the field enclosure). However, there was a significant relationship between individual body size and latency to leave the refuge, whereby smaller individuals left the refuge more rapidly. While these findings provide no evidence that β-carotene at the dosages tested influences P. corroboree exploration behavior in a reintroduction context, the effect of body size draws attention to the potential for bodily state to influence exploration behavior. We discuss the need for ongoing research investigating the influence of captive diet on post release behavior, and highlight how knowledge concerning state-dependent behavior might help to inform and direct reintroduction programs.
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7
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Dubois F, Binning SA. Predation and parasitism as determinants of animal personalities. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1918-1928. [PMID: 35856175 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the same population, proactive (i.e. bolder, more exploratory, active and aggressive) and reactive (i.e. more timid, less exploratory, less active and more passive) individuals could be hypothetically maintained due a trade-off between foraging and vigilance behaviours, provided that both phenotypes differ in their state (e.g. metabolic rates, body condition or energetic needs). Yet, recent findings indicate that among-individual variation in intrinsic state can explain only a small proportion of variation in behaviour, meaning that other mechanisms, such as the presence of trophically transmitted parasites, might contribute to maintaining inter-individual behavioural differences. Empirical evidence, indeed, suggests strong relationships between certain animal personality traits and parasitic load within host populations. However, the direction of causation between these traits remains unclear: are different behaviours in infected hosts in contrast to uninfected ones the result of manipulation by parasites to increase host predation, or are some personalities inherently more susceptible to infection than others? To better understand the role of parasites in shaping behavioural differences within host populations and examine to what extent parasite manipulation and/or intrinsic differences in parasite susceptibility contribute to maintaining behavioural differences, we used a simulation approach and analyzed the change in the frequencies of proactive and reactive individuals over time under different predation and starvation scenarios, when individual phenotype either affected a host's risk of infection or not. We found that in the absence of parasites, predation pressure strongly affected the expression of host personality, but the trade-off between foraging and vigilance behaviours alone could not explain the maintenance of inter-individual behavioural differences without temporal variation in predation pressure. By contrast, in the presence of parasites, the two host phenotypes could coexist within populations even when individuals experienced no temporal variations in predation risk, but only when proactive and reactive hosts were equally susceptible to parasitism. Our findings thus indicate that parasites can play an important role in maintaining genetic diversity in their host populations in addition to generating behavioural differences though manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Canada
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8
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Social group size influences pathogen transmission in salamanders. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Payne E, Sinn D, Spiegel O, Leu S, Gardner M, Godfrey S, Wohlfeil C, Sih A. Consistent after all: behavioural repeatability in a long-lived lizard across a 6-year field study. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Hammond TT, Curtis MJ, Jacobs LE, Tobler MW, Swaisgood RR, Shier DM. Behavior and detection method influence detection probability of a translocated, endangered amphibian. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leah E. Jacobs
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
| | | | | | - Debra M. Shier
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research Escondido CA USA
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11
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Gopko M, Mironova E, Pasternak A, Mikheev V, Taskinen J. Parasite transmission in aquatic ecosystems under temperature change: effects of host activity and elimination of parasite larvae by filter‐feeders. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina Mironova
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Center of Parasitology Moscow Russia
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology RAS, Plankton ecology laboratory Moscow Russia
| | - Victor Mikheev
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Jyväskylän Yliopisto, Dept of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
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12
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Pabijan M, Palomar G, Antunes B, Antoł W, Zieliński P, Babik W. Evolutionary principles guiding amphibian conservation. Evol Appl 2020; 13:857-878. [PMID: 32431739 PMCID: PMC7232768 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Anthropocene has witnessed catastrophic amphibian declines across the globe. A multitude of new, primarily human-induced drivers of decline may lead to extinction, but can also push species onto novel evolutionary trajectories. If these are recognized by amphibian biologists, they can be engaged in conservation actions. Here, we summarize how principles stemming from evolutionary concepts have been applied for conservation purposes, and address emerging ideas at the vanguard of amphibian conservation science. In particular, we examine the consequences of increased drift and inbreeding in small populations and their implications for practical conservation. We then review studies of connectivity between populations at the landscape level, which have emphasized the limiting influence of anthropogenic structures and degraded habitat on genetic cohesion. The rapid pace of environmental changes leads to the central question of whether amphibian populations can cope either by adapting to new conditions or by shifting their ranges. We gloomily conclude that extinction seems far more likely than adaptation or range shifts for most species. That said, conservation strategies employing evolutionary principles, such as selective breeding, introduction of adaptive variants through translocations, ecosystem interventions aimed at decreasing phenotype-environment mismatch, or genetic engineering, may effectively counter amphibian decline in some areas or for some species. The spread of invasive species and infectious diseases has often had disastrous consequences, but has also provided some premier examples of rapid evolution with conservation implications. Much can be done in terms of setting aside valuable amphibian habitat that should encompass both natural and agricultural areas, as well as designing protected areas to maximize the phylogenetic and functional diversity of the amphibian community. We conclude that an explicit consideration and application of evolutionary principles, although certainly not a silver bullet, should increase effectiveness of amphibian conservation in both the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pabijan
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Gemma Palomar
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Bernardo Antunes
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Weronika Antoł
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Piotr Zieliński
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
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13
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Chajma P, Kopecký O, Vojar J. Individual consistency in exploration and shyness but not activity in smooth newts (Lissotriton vulgaris): the effect of habituation? J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Chajma
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
| | - O. Kopecký
- Department of Zoology and Fish Farming Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
| | - J. Vojar
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
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14
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Ducatez S, Lefebvre L, Sayol F, Audet JN, Sol D. Host Cognition and Parasitism in Birds: A Review of the Main Mechanisms. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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15
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Ruehle B, Poulin R. Risky business: influence of eye flukes on use of risky microhabitats and conspicuousness of a fish host. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:423-430. [PMID: 31912275 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite for a parasitic manipulation to be considered adaptive is that it confers a fitness benefit to the parasite, such as increased transmission to another host. These manipulations can involve alterations to a wide range of host phenotypic traits, including microhabitat choice. Eye flukes of the trematode family Diplostomidae use fish as intermediate hosts and must be transmitted by predation to a piscivorous bird. In New Zealand, the diplostomid Tylodelphys darbyi infects the eyes of a widespread endemic freshwater fish, the common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus. Within the eye, T. darbyi metacercariae achieve large sizes and move freely about the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye. We hypothesized that higher intensities of T. darbyi would (i) cause bullies to show increased activity and spend more time moving about in open space (i.e., more conspicuous, risky microhabitat) and (ii) reduce their ability to compete for shelter with fish harboring lower infection levels. Our experiments showed that heavily infected fish were more active and spent more time in the open, although the effect was age-dependent, with immature fish displaying decreases in activity and time spent in the open with increasing intensities of infection. We also demonstrated that heavily infected female bullies have a lower probability of using shelter, but males show the opposite pattern. It is possible that using more risky microhabitats increases the likelihood of the fish being eaten by the parasite's predatory avian definitive hosts. However, our findings indicate that age- and sex-dependent effects call for a more nuanced interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ruehle
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
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16
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Mestre A, Poulin R, Hortal J. A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:491-516. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mestre
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Spain
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Concordia Richard J. Renaud Science Complex, 7141 Sherbrooke W., H4B 1R6 Montreal Canada
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Otago 340 Great King Street, 9054 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Department of Biogeography and Global ChangeMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de EcologiaICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia‐Nerópolis Km 5, Campus II, Setor Itatiaia, Goiânia GO 74001‐970 Brazil
- cE3c–Centre for EcologyEvolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2 Piso 5, 1749‐016 Lisboa Portugal
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17
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Stephenson JF. Parasite-induced plasticity in host social behaviour depends on sex and susceptibility. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190557. [PMID: 31744410 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of parasites on host behaviour, of host behaviour on parasite infection, and the reciprocal interactions between these processes is vital to improving our understanding of animal behaviour and disease dynamics. However, behaviour and parasite infection are both highly variable within and between individual hosts, and how this variation affects behaviour-parasite feedbacks is poorly understood. For example, it is unclear how an individual's behaviour before infection might change once it becomes infected, or as the infection progresses, and how these changes depend on the host's parasite susceptibility. Here, using the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and a directly transmitted ectoparasite, Gyrodactylus turnbulli, I show that parasite-induced behavioural plasticity depends on host sex and susceptibility. Among females, time spent shoaling (sociality), a behaviour that increases parasite transmission, did not depend on infection status (infected/not) or susceptibility. By contrast, male sociality in the absence of infection was negatively correlated with susceptibility, suggesting that the most susceptible males use behaviour to avoid infection. However, in late infection, when parasite transmission is most likely, male sociality and susceptibility became positively correlated, suggesting that susceptible males modify their behaviour upon infection potentially to increase transmission and mating opportunities. I discuss the implications of these patterns for disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Michael KC, Bonneau RH, Bourne RA, Godbolt L, Caruso MJ, Hohmann C, Cavigelli SA. Divergent immune responses in behaviorally-inhibited vs. non-inhibited male rats. Physiol Behav 2019; 213:112693. [PMID: 31629765 PMCID: PMC6934092 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stable behavioral traits (temperament, personality) often predict health outcomes. Temperament-specific differences in immune function could explain temperament-specific health outcomes, however, we have limited information on whether immune function varies by personality. In the present study, we examined the relationship between a basic behavioral trait (behavioral-inhibition vs. non-inhibition) and two immune responses (innate inflammation and delayed-type hypersensitivity, DTH) in a rodent model. In humans, behavioral inhibition (fearful temperament) is associated with altered stress physiology and allergies. In laboratory rats, the trait is associated with elevated glucocorticoid production. We hypothesized that behavioral inhibition is associated with glucocorticoid resistance and dampened T-helper 1 cell responses often associated with chronic stress and allergies. Further, this immune profile would predict poorly-regulated innate inflammation and dampened DTH. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we quantified consistent behavioral phenotypes by measuring latency to contact two kinds of novelty (object vs. social), then measured lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced innate inflammation or keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH)-induced DTH. Behaviorally-inhibited rats had heightened glucocorticoid and interleukin-6 responses to a low/moderate dose of LPS and reduced DTH swelling to KLH re-exposure compared to non-inhibited rats. These results suggest that behavioral inhibition is associated with a glucocorticoid resistant state with poorly regulated innate inflammation and dampened cell-mediated immune responses. This immune profile may be associated with exaggerated T-helper 2 responses, which could set the stage for an allergic/asthmatic/atopic predisposition in inhibited individuals. Human and animal models of temperament-specific immune responses represent an area for further exploration of mechanisms involved in individual differences in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry C Michael
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Morris, USA
| | - Robert H Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, USA
| | - Rebecca A Bourne
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | | | - Michael J Caruso
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | | | - Sonia A Cavigelli
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
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19
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Mikheev VN, Pasternak AF, Taskinen J. Personality Influences Risk of Parasitism in Fish. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2019; 488:141-144. [PMID: 31732899 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496619050053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Influence of fish personality on infection rate is poorly studied. In the experiments on young-of-the-year Oncorhynchus mykiss and cercariae of the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, we tested the hypothesis that infection rate differs between more and less active ("bold" and "shy") fish. Will individual differences in infection persist upon re-infection? Fish serve as a second intermediate host for this trematode. Positive correlation was found between the results of consecutive infections. Accumulation of parasites with successive infections leads to an aggregated distribution of D. pseudospathaceum among the hosts, affecting individual fitness and polymorphism in fish populations. Persistent individual differences in parasite burden among fish and, as a result, vulnerability for predators confirms the role of parasites as an important factor of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Mikheev
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A F Pasternak
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - J Taskinen
- Department of the Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40351, Jyväskylä, Finland
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20
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Keiser CN, Wantman T, Rebollar EA, Harris RN. Tadpole body size and behaviour alter the social acquisition of a defensive bacterial symbiont. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191080. [PMID: 31598324 PMCID: PMC6774948 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in host phenotypes can generate heterogeneity in the acquisition and transmission of microbes. Although this has become a prominent factor of disease epidemiology, host phenotypic variation might similarly underlie the transmission of microbial symbionts that defend against pathogen infection. Here, we test whether host body size and behaviour influence the social acquisition of a skin bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum, which in some hosts can confer protection against infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the causative agent of the amphibian skin disease chytridiomycosis. We measured body size and boldness (time spent in an open field) of green frog tadpoles and haphazardly constructed groups of six individuals. In some groups, we exposed one individual in each group to J. lividum and, in other groups, we inoculated a patch of aquarium pebbles to J. lividum. After 24 h, we swabbed each individual to estimate the presence of J. lividum on their skin. On average, tadpoles acquired nearly four times more bacteria when housed with an exposed individual compared to those housed with a patch of inoculated substrate. When tadpoles were housed with an exposed group-mate, larger and 'bolder' individuals acquired more bacteria. These data suggest that phenotypically biased acquisition of defensive symbionts might generate biased patterns of mortality from the pathogens against which they protect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Keiser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Trina Wantman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Eria A. Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Reid N. Harris
- Amphibian Survival Alliance, London SW7 2HQ, UK
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
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21
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Poirotte C, Kappeler PM. Hygienic personalities in wild grey mouse lemurs vary adaptively with sex. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190863. [PMID: 31387505 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting the risk of infection and minimizing parasite exposure represent the first lines of host defence against parasites. Individuals differ in the expression of these behavioural defences, but causes of such variation have received little empirical attention. We therefore experimentally investigated the effects of several individual and environmental factors on the expression level of faecal avoidance in the context of feeding, drinking, sleeping and defecating in a wild primate population. We found a strong sex bias in the expression level of anti-parasite behaviours of grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), with only females strongly avoiding contaminated food, water and nests, and exhibiting selective defecation. Our results further suggest that individuals adapted their protective behaviours according to variation in intrinsic and ecological factors that may influence the cost-benefit balance of behavioural defences. Overall, individuals exhibited high consistency of investment in protective behaviours across behavioural contexts and time, suggesting that grey mouse lemurs exhibit different hygienic personalities. Finally, the global hygienic score was negatively correlated with faecal-orally transmitted parasite richness, suggesting that variation in behavioural defence has fitness consequences. We suggest that integrating inter-individual variation in behavioural defences in epidemiological studies should improve our ability to model disease spread within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Poirotte
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Joly P. Behavior in a Changing Landscape: Using Movement Ecology to Inform the Conservation of Pond-Breeding Amphibians. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Selected Wildlife Trematodes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:321-355. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Koenig AM, Ousterhout BH. Behavioral syndrome persists over metamorphosis in a pond-breeding amphibian. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Animal personality and behavioral syndromes in amphibians: a review of the evidence, experimental approaches, and implications for conservation. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Grogan LF, Cashins SD, Skerratt LF, Berger L, McFadden MS, Harlow P, Hunter DA, Scheele BC, Mulvenna J. Evolution of resistance to chytridiomycosis is associated with a robust early immune response. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:919-934. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Grogan
- One Health Research Group College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville QLD Australia
- Griffith Wildlife Disease Ecology Group Environmental Futures Research Institute School of Environment Griffith University Nathan QLD Australia
- Genetics and Computational Biology QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Scott D. Cashins
- One Health Research Group College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville QLD Australia
| | - Lee F. Skerratt
- One Health Research Group College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville QLD Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville QLD Australia
| | | | - Peter Harlow
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia Mosman NSW Australia
| | - David A. Hunter
- Ecosystems and Threatened Species South West Region Office of Environment and Heritage NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet Queanbeyan NSW Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- One Health Research Group College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville QLD Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- Genetics and Computational Biology QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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27
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Sih A, Spiegel O, Godfrey S, Leu S, Bull CM. Integrating social networks, animal personalities, movement ecology and parasites: a framework with examples from a lizard. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Exposure to a cyanobacterial toxin increases larval amphibian susceptibility to parasitism. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:513-520. [PMID: 29270769 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are promoting the proliferation of aquatic primary producers in freshwater habitats, including cyanobacteria. Among various problems stemming from eutrophication, cyanobacterial blooms can be toxic due to the production of secondary compounds, including microcystins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR); however, it is unknown whether cyanotoxins can affect the susceptibility of aquatic vertebrates such as fish and larval amphibians to parasites or pathogens even though infectious diseases can significantly affect natural populations. Here, we examined how exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of MC-LRs affected the resistance of larval amphibians (northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens) to infection by a helminth parasite (the trematode Echinostoma sp.), and whether this was manifested by reductions in host anti-parasite behavior. Exposure to a relatively high (82 μg L-1) concentration of MC-LR caused over 70% mortality, and tadpoles that survived exposure to the low MC-LR (11 μg L-1) treatment had significantly higher infection intensities than those in the control; however, anti-parasite behavior was not affected by treatment. Our results indicate that MC-LR can have both direct and indirect negative effects on larval amphibians by increasing their mortality and susceptibility to parasitism, which may have implications for other aquatic vertebrates in eutrophic habitats dominated by cyanobacteria as well.
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29
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Araujo A, Kirschman L, Warne RW. Behavioural phenotypes predict disease susceptibility and infectiousness. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2016.0480. [PMID: 27555652 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural phenotypes may provide a means for identifying individuals that disproportionally contribute to disease spread and epizootic outbreaks. For example, bolder phenotypes may experience greater exposure and susceptibility to pathogenic infection because of distinct interactions with conspecifics and their environment. We tested the value of behavioural phenotypes in larval amphibians for predicting ranavirus transmission in experimental trials. We found that behavioural phenotypes characterized by latency-to-food and swimming profiles were predictive of disease susceptibility and infectiousness defined as the capacity of an infected host to transmit an infection by contacts. While viral shedding rates were positively associated with transmission, we also found an inverse relationship between contacts and infections. Together these results suggest intrinsic traits that influence behaviour and the quantity of pathogens shed during conspecific interactions may be an important contributor to ranavirus transmission. These results suggest that behavioural phenotypes provide a means to identify individuals more likely to spread disease and thus give insights into disease outbreaks that threaten wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Araujo
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Lucas Kirschman
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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30
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Vanden Broecke B, Borremans B, Mariën J, Makundi RH, Massawe AW, Leirs H, Hughes NK. Does exploratory behavior or activity in a wild mouse explain susceptibility to virus infection? Curr Zool 2017; 64:585-592. [PMID: 30323837 PMCID: PMC6178786 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration and activity are often described as trade-offs between the fitness benefits of gathering information and resources, and the potential costs of increasing exposure to predators and parasites. More exploratory individuals are predicted to have higher rates of parasitism, but this relationship has rarely been examined for virus infections in wild populations. Here, we used the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis to investigate the relationship between exploration, activity, and infection with Morogoro virus (MORV). We characterized individual exploratory behavior (open field and novel object tests) and activity (trap diversity), and quantified the relationship between these traits and infection status using linear regression. We found that M. natalensis expresses consistent individual differences, or personality types, in exploratory behavior (repeatability of 0.30, 95% CI: 0.21–0.36). In addition, we found a significant contrasting effect of age on exploration and activity where juveniles display higher exploration levels than adults, but lower field-activity. There was however no statistical evidence for a behavioral syndrome between these 2 traits. Contrary to our expectations, we found no correlation between MORV infection status and exploratory behavior or activity, which suggests that these behaviors may not increase exposure probability to MORV infection. This would further imply that variation in viral infection between individuals is not affected by between-individual variation in exploration and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Vanden Broecke
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benny Borremans
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, and
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rhodes H Makundi
- Pest Management Center, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Apia W Massawe
- Pest Management Center, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nelika K Hughes
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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31
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Parasitism, personality and cognition in fish. Behav Processes 2017; 141:205-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Kelleher SR, Silla AJ, Dingemanse NJ, Byrne PG. Body size predicts between-individual differences in exploration behaviour in the southern corroboree frog. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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33
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Sommer-Trembo C, Bierbach D, Arias-Rodriguez L, Verel Y, Jourdan J, Zimmer C, Riesch R, Streit B, Plath M. Does personality affect premating isolation between locally-adapted populations? BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:138. [PMID: 27338278 PMCID: PMC4918032 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One aspect of premating isolation between diverging, locally-adapted population pairs is female mate choice for resident over alien male phenotypes. Mating preferences often show considerable individual variation, and whether or not certain individuals are more likely to contribute to population interbreeding remains to be studied. In the Poecilia mexicana-species complex different ecotypes have adapted to hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-toxic springs, and females from adjacent non-sulfidic habitats prefer resident over sulfide-adapted males. We asked if consistent individual differences in behavioral tendencies (animal personality) predict the strength and direction of the mate choice component of premating isolation in this system. Results We characterized focal females for their personality and found behavioral measures of ‘novel object exploration’, ‘boldness’ and ‘activity in an unknown area’ to be highly repeatable. Furthermore, the interaction term between our measures of exploration and boldness affected focal females’ strength of preference (SOP) for the resident male phenotype in dichotomous association preference tests. High exploration tendencies were coupled with stronger SOPs for resident over alien mating partners in bold, but not shy, females. Shy and/or little explorative females had an increased likelihood of preferring the non-resident phenotype and thus, are more likely to contribute to rare population hybridization. When we offered large vs. small conspecific stimulus males instead, less explorative females showed stronger preferences for large male body size. However, this effect disappeared when the size difference between the stimulus males was small. Conclusions Our results suggest that personality affects female mate choice in a very nuanced fashion. Hence, population differences in the distribution of personality types could be facilitating or impeding reproductive isolation between diverging populations depending on the study system and the male trait(s) upon which females base their mating decisions, respectively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0712-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Sommer-Trembo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenin Arias-Rodriguez
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, CP. 86150, Mexico
| | - Yesim Verel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Zimmer
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Riesch
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bruno Streit
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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34
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Klemme I, Kortet R, Karvonen A. Parasite infection in a central sensory organ of fish does not affect host personality. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Jacquin L, Reader SM, Boniface A, Mateluna J, Patalas I, Pérez-Jvostov F, Hendry AP. Parallel and nonparallel behavioural evolution in response to parasitism and predation in Trinidadian guppies. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1406-22. [PMID: 27086945 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural enemies such as predators and parasites are known to shape intraspecific variability of behaviour and personality in natural populations, yet several key questions remain: (i) What is the relative importance of predation vs. parasitism in shaping intraspecific variation of behaviour across generations? (ii) What are the contributions of genetic and plastic effects to this behavioural divergence? (iii) And to what extent are responses to predation and parasitism repeatable across independent evolutionary lineages? We addressed these questions using Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) (i) varying in their exposure to dangerous fish predators and Gyrodactylus ectoparasites for (ii) both wild-caught F0 and laboratory-reared F2 individuals and coming from (iii) multiple independent evolutionary lineages (i.e. independent drainages). Several key findings emerged. First, a population's history of predation and parasitism influenced behavioural profiles, but to different extent depending on the behaviour considered (activity, shoaling or boldness). Second, we had evidence for some genetic effects of predation regime on behaviour, with differences in activity of F2 laboratory-reared individuals, but not for parasitism, which had only plastic effects on the boldness of wild-caught F0 individuals. Third, the two lineages showed a mixture of parallel and nonparallel responses to predation/parasitism, with parallel responses being stronger for predation than for parasitism and for activity and boldness than for shoaling. These findings suggest that different sets of behaviours provide different pay-offs in alternative predation/parasitism environments and that parasitism has more transient effects in shaping intraspecific variation of behaviour than does predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacquin
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,ECOBIOP, INRA, Univ. Pau & Pays Adou, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - S M Reader
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Boniface
- Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J Mateluna
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - I Patalas
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - F Pérez-Jvostov
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Saint-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - A P Hendry
- Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Pan T, Gladen K, Duncan EC, Cotner S, Cotner JB, McEwen DC, Wisenden BD. Bold, Sedentary Fathead Minnows Have More Parasites. Zebrafish 2016; 13:248-55. [PMID: 27093037 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites that rely on trophic transmission can manipulate the behavior of an intermediate host to compromise the host's antipredator competence and increase the probability of reaching the next host. Selection for parasite manipulation is diminished when there is significant risk of host death to causes other than consumption by a suitable definitive host for the parasite. Consequently, behavioral manipulation by parasites can be expected to be subtle. Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (Op) is a trematode parasite that has a bird-snail-fish host life cycle. Fathead minnows are a common intermediate host of Op, where metacercariae encyst in the minnow brain. In this study, we report a link between metacercarial intensity and behavior in fathead minnows. In the field, we found that roaming distance by free-living minnows over 24 h was negatively correlated with parasite intensity. In the laboratory, we found that boldness in an open field test was positively correlated with parasite intensity. These parasite-induced behavioral changes may render infected minnows more susceptible to predators, which would serve to facilitate trophic transmission of parasites to the bird host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Pan
- 1 Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelsey Gladen
- 2 Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth C Duncan
- 2 Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sehoya Cotner
- 2 Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James B Cotner
- 1 Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel C McEwen
- 3 Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead , Moorhead, Minnesota
| | - Brian D Wisenden
- 3 Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead , Moorhead, Minnesota
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia 140 East Green Street Athens GA 30602 USA
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Frigerio D, Cibulski L, Ludwig SC, Campderrich I, Kotrschal K, Wascher CAF. Excretion patterns of coccidian oocysts and nematode eggs during the reproductive season in Northern Bald Ibis ( Geronticus eremita). JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY 2016; 157:839-851. [PMID: 27570727 PMCID: PMC4986318 DOI: 10.1007/s10336-015-1317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual reproductive success largely depends on the ability to optimize behaviour, immune function and the physiological stress response. We have investigated correlations between behaviour, faecal steroid metabolites, immune parameters, parasite excretion patterns and reproductive output in a critically endangered avian species, the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita). In particular, we related haematocrit, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, excreted immune-reactive corticosterone metabolites and social behaviour with parasite excretion and two individual fitness parameters, namely, number of eggs laid and number of fledglings. We found that the frequency of excretion of parasites' oocysts and eggs tended to increase with ambient temperature. Paired individuals excreted significantly more samples containing nematode eggs than unpaired ones. The excretion of nematode eggs was also significantly more frequent in females than in males. Individuals with a high proportion of droppings containing coccidian oocysts were more often preened by their partners than individuals with lower excretion rates. We observed that the more eggs an individual incubated and the fewer offspring fledged, the higher the rates of excreted samples containing coccidian oocysts. Our results confirm that social behaviour, physiology and parasite burden are linked in a complex and context-dependent manner. They also contribute background information supporting future conservation programmes dealing with this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didone Frigerio
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, 4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara Cibulski
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, 4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
| | - Sonja C. Ludwig
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, 4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
- Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, The Coach House, Eggleston Hall, Barnard Castle, DG12 0AG UK
| | - Irene Campderrich
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, 4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
- Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Kurt Kotrschal
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, 4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia A. F. Wascher
- Core Facility Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Fischerau 11, 4645 Grünau im Almtal, Austria
- Animal and Environment Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Amin B, Slabbekoorn H, Schaaf M, Tudorache C. “Early birds” take it easy: diurnal timing is correlated with overall level in activity of zebrafish larvae. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Individual animals show consistent differences in behavioural responses when coping with environmental challenges. Consistency over time and across context in a behavioural trait is an indication for animal personality. Chronotypes refer to consistent inter-individual differences in diurnal rhythmicity driven by underlying variation in circadian clock processes. Personality traits and chronotype may relate to a single behavioural syndrome, but few studies have investigated such a link explicitly. Here, we explored zebrafish larvae for the presence of consistency in activity levels and timing, and their correlation with and without external cues (Zeitgeber: light–dark cycle versus constant light). We found individual consistency in activity level and timing, and their correlation independent of the presence of Zeitgeber: early-active individuals were less active overall than late-active individuals. Our study suggests a link between personality and chronotype and provides new insights into the early development of individual variation in behavioural tendencies of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bawan Amin
- Institute Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Schaaf
- Institute Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Tudorache
- Institute Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Grécias L, Hébert FO, Berger CS, Barber I, Aubin-Horth N. Can the behaviour of threespine stickleback parasitized with Schistocephalus solidus be replicated by manipulating host physiology? J Exp Biol 2016; 220:237-246. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sticklebacks infected by the parasitic flatworm Schistocephalus solidus show dramatic changes in phenotype, including a loss of species-typical behavioural responses to predators. The timing of host behaviour change coincides with the development of infectivity of the parasite to the final host (a piscivorous bird), making it an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of infection-induced behavioural modification. However, whether the loss of host anti-predator behaviour results from direct manipulation by the parasite, or is a by-product (e.g. host immune response) or side-effect of infection (e.g. energetic loss), remains controversial. To understand the physiological mechanisms that generate these behavioural changes, we quantified the behavioural profiles of experimentally infected fish and attempted to replicate these in non-parasitized fish by exposing them to treatments including immunity activation and fasting, or by pharmacologically inhibiting the stress axis. All fish were screened for the following behaviours: activity, water depth preference, sociability, phototaxis, anti-predator response and latency to feed. We were able to change individual behaviours with certain treatments. Our results suggest that the impact of S. solidus on the stickleback might be of a multifactorial nature. The behaviour changes observed in infected fish may be due to the combined effects of modifying the serotonergic axis, the lack of energy, and the activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Grécias
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - François-Olivier Hébert
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Suzanne Berger
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Aubin-Horth
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Winandy L, Denoël M. The aggressive personality of an introduced fish affects foraging behavior in a polymorphic newt. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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42
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Lymbery AJ. Niche construction: evolutionary implications for parasites and hosts. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kortet R, Sirkka I, Lai YT, Vainikka A, Kekäläinen J. Personality differences in two minnow populations that differ in their parasitism and predation risk. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tudorache C, ter Braake A, Tromp M, Slabbekoorn H, Schaaf MJM. Behavioral and physiological indicators of stress coping styles in larval zebrafish. Stress 2015; 18:121-8. [PMID: 25407298 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.989205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different individuals cope with stressors in different ways. Stress coping styles are defined as a coherent set of individual behavioral and physiological differences in the response to a stressor which remain consistent across time and context. In the present study, we have investigated coping styles in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) at 8 days post-fertilization. Larvae were separated into two groups, according to the emergence sequence from a darkened into a novel well-lit environment, early (EE) and late (LE) emergers. We used brief periods of netting as a stressor. Swimming behavior and kinematics before and after netting stress were analyzed, as were whole-body cortisol levels before and at 10, 30 and 60 min after the stress event. The results show that general swimming activity was different between EE and LE larvae, with lower baseline cumulative distance and more erratic swimming movements in EE than in LE larvae. EE larvae showed a faster recovery to baseline levels after stress than LE larvae. Cortisol baseline levels were not different between EE and LE larvae, but peak levels after stress were higher and the recovery towards basal levels was faster in EE than in LE larvae. This study shows that coping styles are manifest in zebrafish larvae, and that behavior and swimming kinematics are associated with different cortisol responses to stress. A better understanding of the expression of coping styles may be of great value for medical applications, animal welfare issues and conservation.
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Johnson PTJ, Hoverman JT. Heterogeneous hosts: how variation in host size, behaviour and immunity affects parasite aggregation. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1103-12. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason T. Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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47
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Koprivnikar J, Redfern JC, Mazier HL. Variation in anti-parasite behaviour and infection among larval amphibian species. Oecologia 2013; 174:1179-85. [PMID: 24337712 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Along with immune defences, many animals exhibit effective anti-parasite behaviours such as parasite avoidance and removal that influence their susceptibility to infection. Host ecology and life history influence investment into comparatively fixed defences such as innate immunity but may affect the strength of anti-parasite behaviours as well. We investigated activity levels in five different species of larval amphibian with varying life histories and ecology in control, novel food stimulus, and trematode parasite (Echinoparyphium sp.) threat conditions. There was a significant interaction of species and treatment given that American toad (Bufo americanus), wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), and bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles generally increased their activity when parasite infectious stages were present while grey tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) and northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) did not, even though activity was negatively related to infection. In addition, there was considerable variation among species in their susceptibility to parasitism, with infection prevalence ranging from 17% in bullfrog tadpoles to 70% in wood frogs. However, amphibian life history (larval and adult traits) was not related to parasitism or level of anti-parasite behaviour at the species level. Consequently, we suggest that future investigations include more species with a range of life history traits and also consider host ecology, particularly if conspicuous anti-parasite behaviours are more likely in amphibian species that experience a relatively low risk of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada,
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Barber I. Sticklebacks as model hosts in ecological and evolutionary parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:556-66. [PMID: 24145060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback is a small teleost fish, native to coastal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, which has emerged as a key model organism in evolutionary biology and ecology. Sticklebacks possess a well-documented and experimentally amenable parasite fauna, and are well suited to both laboratory and field parasitological investigation. As a consequence, sticklebacks have been extensively used as model hosts in studies of host-parasite interactions, and these studies have provided considerable insight into the roles of parasites in ecology and evolutionary biology. In this review, I discuss key advances in our understanding of host-parasite interactions that have arisen from studies involving stickleback hosts, highlight areas of current research activity, and identify potentially promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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49
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Warne RW, Kardon A, Crespi EJ. Physiological, behavioral and maternal factors that contribute to size variation in larval amphibian populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76364. [PMID: 24143188 PMCID: PMC3797114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Size variance among similarly aged individuals within populations is a pattern common to many organisms that is a result of interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic traits of individuals. While genetic and maternal effects, as well as physiological and behavioral traits have been shown to contribute to size variation in animal populations, teasing apart the influence of such factors on individual growth rates remain a challenge. Furthermore, tracing the effects of these interactions across life stages and in shaping adult phenotypes also requires further exploration. In this study we investigated the relationship between genetics, hatching patterns, behaviors, neuroendocrine stress axis activity and variance in growth and metamorphosis among same-aged larval amphibians. Through parallel experiments we found that in the absence of conspecific interactions, hatch time and to a lesser extent egg clutch identity (i.e. genetics and maternal effects) influenced the propensity for growth and development in individual tadpoles and determined metamorphic traits. Within experimental groups we found that variance in growth rates was associated with size-dependent foraging behaviors and responses to food restriction. We also found an inverse relationship between glucocorticoid (GC) hormone levels and body mass and developmental stage among group-reared tadpoles, which suggests that GC expression plays a role in regulating differing within-population growth trajectories in response to density-dependent conditions. Taken together these findings suggest that factors that influence hatching conditions can have long-term effects on growth and development. These results also raise compelling questions regarding the extent to which maternal and genetic factors influence physiological and behavioral profiles in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Warne
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Kardon
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Erica J. Crespi
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
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