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Barr JS, Martin LE, Tate AT, Hillyer JF. Warmer environmental temperature accelerates aging in mosquitoes, decreasing longevity and worsening infection outcomes. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:61. [PMID: 39261928 PMCID: PMC11389126 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most insects are poikilotherms and ectotherms, so their body temperature is predicated by environmental temperature. With climate change, insect body temperature is rising, which affects how insects develop, survive, and respond to infection. Aging also affects insect physiology by deteriorating body condition and weakening immune proficiency via senescence. Aging is usually considered in terms of time, or chronological age, but it can also be conceptualized in terms of body function, or physiological age. We hypothesized that warmer temperature decouples chronological and physiological age in insects by accelerating senescence. To investigate this, we reared the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, at 27 °C, 30 °C and 32 °C, and measured survival starting at 1-, 5-, 10- and 15-days of adulthood after no manipulation, injury, or a hemocoelic infection with Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus. Then, we measured the intensity of an E. coli infection to determine how the interaction between environmental temperature and aging shapes a mosquito's response to infection. RESULTS We demonstrate that longevity declines when a mosquito is infected with bacteria, mosquitoes have shorter lifespans when the temperature is warmer, older mosquitoes are more likely to die, and warmer temperature marginally accelerates the aging-dependent decline in survival. Furthermore, we discovered that E. coli infection intensity increases when the temperature is warmer and with aging, and that warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent increase in infection intensity. Finally, we uncovered that warmer temperature affects both bacterial and mosquito physiology. CONCLUSIONS Warmer environmental temperature accelerates aging in mosquitoes, negatively affecting both longevity and infection outcomes. These findings have implications for how insects will serve as pollinators, agricultural pests, and disease vectors in our warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn S Barr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lindsay E Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Lyberger K, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai EA. A Mosquito Parasite Is Locally Adapted to Its Host but Not Temperature. Am Nat 2024; 204:121-132. [PMID: 39008840 DOI: 10.1086/730522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractClimate change will alter interactions between parasites and their hosts. Warming may affect patterns of local adaptation, shifting the environment to favor the parasite or host and thus changing the prevalence of disease. We assessed local adaptation to hosts and temperature in the facultative ciliate parasite Lambornella clarki, which infects the western tree hole mosquito Aedes sierrensis. We conducted laboratory infection experiments with mosquito larvae and parasites collected from across a climate gradient, pairing sympatric or allopatric populations across three temperatures that were either matched or mismatched to the source environment. Lambornella clarki parasites were locally adapted to their hosts, with 2.6 times higher infection rates on sympatric populations compared with allopatric populations, but they were not locally adapted to temperature. Infection peaked at the intermediate temperature of 12.5°C, notably lower than the optimum temperature for free-living L. clarki growth, suggesting that the host's immune response can play a significant role in mediating the outcome of infection. Our results highlight the importance of host selective pressure on parasites, despite the impact of temperature on infection success.
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Holmes CJ, Chakraborty S, Ajayi OM, Unran MR, Frigard RA, Stacey CL, Susanto EE, Chen SC, Rasgon JL, DeGennaro MJ, Xiao Y, Benoit JB. Multiple bouts of blood feeding in mosquitoes allow prolonged survival and are predicted to increase viral transmission during drought. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.595907. [PMID: 38854138 PMCID: PMC11160655 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.595907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Survival through periods of drought is critical for mosquitoes to reside in semi-arid regions with humans, but water sources may be limited. Previous studies have shown that dehydrated mosquitoes will increase blood feeding propensity, but how this would occur over extended dry periods is unknown. Following a bloodmeal, prolonged exposure to dry conditions increased secondary blood feeding in mosquitoes by nearly two-fold, and chronic blood feeding allowed mosquitoes to survive twenty days without access to water sources. This refeeding did not alter the number of eggs generated, suggesting this refeeding is for hydration and nutrient replenishment. Exposure to desiccating conditions following a bloodmeal resulted in increased activity, decreased sleep levels, and prompted a return of CO2 sensing before egg deposition. The increased blood feeding during the vitellogenic stage and higher survival during dry periods are predicted to increase pathogen transmission and explain the elevated levels of specific arbovirus cases during dry conditions. These results solidify our understanding of the role of dry periods on mosquito blood feeding and how mosquito dehydration contributes to vectorial capacity and disease transmission dynamics.
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Hug DOH, Gretener-Ziegler R, Stegmayer RI, Mathis A, Verhulst NO. Altered thermal preferences of infected or immune-challenged Aedes aegypti and Aedes japonicus mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12959. [PMID: 38839934 PMCID: PMC11153553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a critical factor shaping physiology, life cycle, and behaviour of ectothermic vector insects, as well as the development and multiplication of pathogens within them. However, the influence of pathogen infections on thermal preferences (behavioural thermoregulation) is not well-understood. The present study examined the thermal preferences of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Ae. japonicus) infected with either Sindbis virus (SINV) or Dirofilaria immitis over 12 days post exposure (p.e.) or injected with a non-pathogenic Sephadex bead over 24 h in a thermal gradient (15-30 °C). SINV-infected Ae. aegypti preferred 5 °C warmer temperatures than non-infected ones at day 6 p.e., probably the time of highest innate immune response. In contrast, D. immitis-infected Ae. japonicus preferred 4 °C cooler temperatures than non-infected ones at day 9 p.e., presumably a stress response during the migration of third instar larvae from their development site to the proboscis. Sephadex bead injection also induced a cold preference in the mosquitoes but to a level that did not differ from control-injections. The cold preference thus might be a strategy to escape the risk of desiccation caused by the wound created by piercing the thorax. Further research is needed to uncover the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying these behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O H Hug
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Gretener-Ziegler
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffael I Stegmayer
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathis
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels O Verhulst
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mseti JJ, Maasayi MS, Lugenge AG, Mpelepele AB, Kibondo UA, Tenywa FC, Odufuwa OG, Tambwe MM, Moore SJ. Temperature, mosquito feeding status and mosquito density influence the measured bio-efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in cone assays. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:159. [PMID: 38549097 PMCID: PMC10979578 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO cone bioassay is routinely used to evaluate the bioefficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for product pre-qualification and confirmation of continued ITN performance during operational monitoring. Despite its standardized nature, variability is often observed between tests. We investigated the influence of temperature in the testing environment, mosquito feeding status and mosquito density on cone bioassay results. METHODS Cone bioassays were conducted on MAGNet (alphacypermethrin) and Veeralin (alphacypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide (PBO)) ITNs, using laboratory-reared pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (FUMOZ strain) mosquitoes. Three experiments were conducted using standard cone bioassays following WHO-recommended test parameters, with one variable changed in each bioassay: (i) environmental temperature during exposure: 22-23 °C, 26-27 °C, 29-30 °C and 32-33 °C; (ii) feeding regimen before exposure: sugar starved for 6 h, blood-fed or sugar-fed; and (iii) mosquito density per cone: 5, 10, 15 and 20 mosquitoes. For each test, 15 net samples per treatment arm were tested with four cones per sample (N = 60). Mortality after 24, 48 and 72 h post-exposure to ITNs was recorded. RESULTS There was a notable influence of temperature, feeding status and mosquito density on An. funestus mortality for both types of ITNs. Mortality at 24 h post-exposure was significantly higher at 32-33 °C than at 26-27 °C for both the MAGNet [19.33% vs 7%; odds ratio (OR): 3.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99-7.87, P < 0.001] and Veeralin (91% vs 47.33%; OR: 22.20, 95% CI: 11.45-43.05, P < 0.001) ITNs. Mosquito feeding status influenced the observed mortality. Relative to sugar-fed mosquitoes, The MAGNet ITNs induced higher mortality among blood-fed mosquitoes (7% vs 3%; OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 0.94-5.27, P = 0.068) and significantly higher mortality among starved mosquitoes (8% vs 3%, OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.25-6.63, P = 0.013); in comparison, the Veeralin ITNs showed significantly lower mortality among blood-fed mosquitoes (43% vs 57%; OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.38-0.81, P = 0.002) and no difference for starved mosquitoes (58% vs 57%; OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.72-1.51, P = 0.816). Mortality significantly increased with increasing mosquito density for both the MAGNet (e.g. 5 vs 10 mosquitoes: 7% vs 12%; OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.03-3.20, P = 0.040) and Veeralin (e.g. 5 vs 10 mosquitoes: 58% vs 71%; OR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.24-3.42, P = 0.005) ITNs. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight that the testing parameters temperature, feeding status and mosquito density significantly influence the mortality measured in cone bioassays. Careful adherence to testing parameters outlined in WHO ITN testing guidelines will likely improve the repeatability of studies within and between product testing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilly Jackson Mseti
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Masudi Suleiman Maasayi
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Aidi Galus Lugenge
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ahmadi B Mpelepele
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ummi Abdul Kibondo
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Frank Chelestino Tenywa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olukayode G Odufuwa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mgeni Mohamed Tambwe
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Jane Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
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Ismail S, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai E, Lyberger K. Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions. Oecologia 2024; 204:389-399. [PMID: 38006450 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites play key roles in regulating aquatic ecosystems, yet the impact of climate warming on their ecology and disease transmission remains poorly understood. Isolating the effect of warming is challenging as transmission involves multiple interacting species and potential intraspecific variation in temperature responses of one or more of these species. Here, we leverage a wide-ranging mosquito species and its facultative parasite as a model system to investigate the impact of temperature on host-parasite interactions and disease transmission. We conducted a common garden experiment measuring parasite growth and infection rates at seven temperatures using 12 field-collected parasite populations and a single mosquito population. We find that both free-living growth rates and infection rates varied with temperature, which were highest at 18-24.5 °C and 13 °C, respectively. Further, we find intraspecific variation in peak performance temperature reflecting patterns of local thermal adaptation-parasite populations from warmer source environments typically had higher thermal optima for free-living growth rates. For infection rates, we found a significant interaction between parasite population and nonlinear effects of temperature. These findings underscore the need to consider both host and parasite thermal responses, as well as intraspecific variation in thermal responses, when predicting the impacts of climate change on disease in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine Ismail
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Lisa Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Erin Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Crosland A, Rigaud T, Develay C, Moret Y. Growth and longevity modulation through larval environment mediate immunosenescence and immune strategy of Tenebrio molitor. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:7. [PMID: 38212729 PMCID: PMC10785379 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Disposable Soma Theory of aging suggests a trade-off between energy allocation for growth, reproduction and somatic maintenance, including immunity. While trade-offs between reproduction and immunity are well documented, those involving growth remain under-explored. Rapid growth might deplete resources, reducing investment in maintenance, potentially leading to earlier or faster senescence and a shorter lifespan. However, rapid growth could limit exposure to parasitism before reaching adulthood, decreasing immunity needs. The insect immunity's components (cellular, enzymatic, and antibacterial) vary in cost, effectiveness, and duration. Despite overall immunity decline (immunosenescence), its components seem to age differently. We hypothesize that investment in these immune components is adjusted based on the resource cost of growth, longevity, and the associated risk of parasitism. RESULTS We tested this hypothesis using the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor as our experimental subject. By manipulating the larval environment, including three different temperatures and three relative humidity levels, we achieved a wide range of growth durations and longevities. Our main focus was on the relationship between growth duration, longevity, and specific immune components: hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, and antibacterial activity. We measured these immune parameters both before and after exposing the individuals to a standard bacterial immune challenge, enabling us to assess immune responses. These measurements were taken in both young and older adult beetles. Upon altering growth duration and longevity by modifying larval temperature, we observed a more pronounced investment in cellular and antibacterial defenses among individuals with slow growth and extended lifespans. Intriguingly, slower-growing and long-lived beetles exhibited reduced enzymatic activity. Similar results were found when manipulating larval growth duration and adult longevity through variations in relative humidity, with a particular focus on antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION The impact of growth manipulation on immune senescence varies by the specific immune parameter under consideration. Yet, in slow-growing T. molitor, a clear decline in cellular and antibacterial immune responses with age was observed. This decline can be linked to their initially stronger immune response in early life. Furthermore, our study suggests an immune strategy favoring enhanced antibacterial activity among slow-growing and long-lived T. molitor individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Crosland
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Charlène Develay
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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8
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Mackay AJ, Yan J, Kim CH, Barreaux AMG, Stone CM. Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity and development: using body size and developmental traits to track carry-over effects on longevity. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:434. [PMID: 37993953 PMCID: PMC10666368 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating arbovirus transmission potential requires a mechanistic understanding of how environmental factors influence the expression of adult mosquito traits. While preimaginal exposure to environmental factors can have profound effects on adult traits, tracking and predicting these effects remains challenging. METHODS Using Aedes albopictus and a structural equation modeling approach, we explored how larval nutrition and temperature jointly affect development rate and success, female body size, and whether these metrics capture carry-over effects on adult female longevity. Additionally, we investigated how larval diet and temperature affect the baseline expression of 10 immune genes. RESULTS We found that larval development success was primarily determined by diet, while temperature and diet both affected development rate and female body size. Under a low larval diet, pupal wet weight and wing length both declined with increasing temperature. In contrast, responses of the two morphometric measures to rearing temperature diverged when females were provided higher larval nutrition, with pupal wet weight increasing and wing length decreasing at higher temperatures. Our analyses also revealed opposing relationships between adult female lifespan and the two morphometric measures, with wing length having a positive association with longevity and pupal weight a negative association. Larval diet indirectly affected adult longevity, and the time to pupation was negatively correlated with longevity. The expression of eight immune genes from the toll, JAK-STAT and Imd pathways was enhanced in mosquitoes with higher nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight deficiencies from using a single body size measure to capture carry-over effects on adult traits. Further studies of larval development rate under varying environmental conditions and its potential for tracking carry-over effects on vectorial capacity are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mackay
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Jiayue Yan
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Antoine M G Barreaux
- INTERTRYP (Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD), Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Mason CJ, Shikano I. Hotter days, stronger immunity? Exploring the impact of rising temperatures on insect gut health and microbial relationships. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 59:101096. [PMID: 37517588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can generate cascading effects on animals through compounding stressors. As ectotherms, insects are particularly susceptible to variation in temperature and extreme events. How insects respond to temperature often occurs with respect to their environment, and a pertinent question involves how thermal stress integrates with insect capabilities to resolve interactions with gut microorganisms (microbiome and gut pathogens). We explore the impact of elevated temperatures and the impact of the host physiological response influencing immune system regulation and the gut microbiome. We summarize the literature involving how elevated temperature extremes impact insect gut immune systems, and how in turn that alters potential interactions with the gut microbiome and potential pathogens. Temperature effects on immunity are complex, and ultimate effects on microbial components can vary by system. Moreover, there are multiple questions yet to explore in how insects contend with simultaneous abiotic stressors and potential trade-offs in their response to opportunistic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Tropical Pest Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 513, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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10
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Liu Z, Zhang Q, Li L, He J, Guo J, Wang Z, Huang Y, Xi Z, Yuan F, Li Y, Li T. The effect of temperature on dengue virus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1242173. [PMID: 37808907 PMCID: PMC10552155 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1242173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. As an arbovirus disease, it is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. According to the previous studies, temperature is closely related to the survival of Aedes mosquitoes, the proliferation of dengue virus (DENV) and the vector competence of Aedes to transmit DENV. This review describes the correlations between temperature and dengue epidemics, and explores the potential reasons including the distribution and development of Aedes mosquitoes, the structure of DENV, and the vector competence of Aedes mosquitoes. In addition, the immune and metabolic mechanism are discussed on how temperature affects the vector competence of Aedes mosquitoes to transmit DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanzhuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Center for Tropical Disease Control and Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Zhang
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liya Li
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junjie He
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinyang Guo
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yige Huang
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zimeng Xi
- School of Imaging Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiji Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Center for Tropical Disease Control and Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Center for Tropical Disease Control and Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Ismail S, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai E, Lyberger K. Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554680. [PMID: 37662401 PMCID: PMC10473705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasites play key roles in regulating aquatic ecosystems, yet the impact of climate warming on their ecology and disease transmission remains poorly understood. Isolating the effect of warming is challenging as transmission involves multiple interacting species and potential intraspecific variation in temperature responses of one or more of these species. Here, we leverage a wide-ranging mosquito species and its facultative parasite as a model system to investigate the impact of temperature on host-parasite interactions and disease transmission. We conducted a common garden experiment measuring parasite growth and infection rates at seven temperatures using 12 field-collected parasite populations and a single mosquito population. We find that both free-living growth rates and infection rates varied with temperature, which were highest at 18-24.5°C and 13°C, respectively. Further, we find intraspecific variation in peak performance temperature reflecting patterns of local thermal adaptation-parasite populations from warmer source environments typically had higher thermal optima for free-living growth rates. For infection rates, we found a significant interaction between parasite population and nonlinear effects of temperature. These findings underscore the need to consider both host and parasite thermal responses, as well as intraspecific variation in thermal responses, when predicting the impacts of climate change on disease in aquatic ecosystems.
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12
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Wolmuth‐Gordon HS, Brown MJF. Transmission of a bumblebee parasite is robust despite parasite exposure to extreme temperatures. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10379. [PMID: 37502302 PMCID: PMC10368942 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms are exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions, such as temperature. How individuals respond to temperature affects their interactions with one another. Changes to the interaction between parasites and their hosts can have a large effect on disease dynamics. The gut parasite, Crithidia bombi, can be highly prevalent in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, and is an established epidemiological model. The parasite is transmitted between bumblebees via flowers, exposing it to a range of environmental temperatures prior to infection. We investigated whether incubation duration and temperature exposure, prior to infection, affects parasite infectivity. Prior to inoculation in B. terrestris, C. bombi was incubated at 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50°C for either 10 or 60 min. These times were chosen to reflect the length of time that the parasite remains infective when outside the host and the rate of floral visitation in bumblebees. Prevalence and infection intensity were measured in bees 1 week later. Incubation duration and the interaction between incubation temperature and duration affected the prevalence of C. bombi at 50°C, resulting in no infections after 60 min. Below 50°C, C. bombi prevalence was not affected by incubation temperature or duration. Extreme temperatures induced morphological changes in C. bombi cells; however, infection intensity was not affected by incubation duration or temperature. These results highlight that this parasite is robust to a wide range of temperatures. The parasite was not infective after being exposed to 50°C for 60 min, such temperatures likely exceed the flight abilities of bumblebees, and thus the potential for transmission. This study shows the importance of understanding the effects of environmental conditions on both hosts and parasites, which is needed to predict transmission under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J. F. Brown
- School of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
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13
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Brown JJ, Pascual M, Wimberly MC, Johnson LR, Murdock CC. Humidity - The overlooked variable in the thermal biology of mosquito-borne disease. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1029-1049. [PMID: 37349261 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases cause significant financial and human loss, with billions of dollars spent on control. Arthropod vectors experience a complex suite of environmental factors that affect fitness, population growth and species interactions across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Temperature and water availability are two of the most important abiotic variables influencing their distributions and abundances. While extensive research on temperature exists, the influence of humidity on vector and pathogen parameters affecting disease dynamics are less understood. Humidity is often underemphasized, and when considered, is often treated as independent of temperature even though desiccation likely contributes to declines in trait performance at warmer temperatures. This Perspectives explores how humidity shapes the thermal performance of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. We summarize what is known about its effects and propose a conceptual model for how temperature and humidity interact to shape the range of temperatures across which mosquitoes persist and achieve high transmission potential. We discuss how failing to account for these interactions hinders efforts to forecast transmission dynamics and respond to epidemics of mosquito-borne infections. We outline future research areas that will ground the effects of humidity on the thermal biology of pathogen transmission in a theoretical and empirical framework to improve spatial and temporal prediction of vector-borne pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Brown
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael C Wimberly
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Leah R Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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14
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Field EN, Smith RC. Seasonality influences key physiological components contributing to Culex pipiens vector competence. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1144072. [PMID: 38469495 PMCID: PMC10926469 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1144072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important animal vector of disease on the planet, transmitting a variety of pathogens of both medical and veterinary importance. Mosquito-borne diseases display distinct seasonal patterns driven by both environmental and biological variables. However, an important, yet unexplored component of these patterns is the potential for seasonal influences on mosquito physiology that may ultimately influence vector competence. To address this question, we selected Culex pipiens, a primary vector of the West Nile virus (WNV) in the temperate United States, to examine the seasonal impacts on mosquito physiology by examining known immune and bacterial components implicated in mosquito arbovirus infection. Semi-field experiments were performed under spring, summer, and late-summer conditions, corresponding to historically low-, medium-, and high-intensity periods of WNV transmission, respectively. Through these experiments, we observed differences in the expression of immune genes and RNA interference (RNAi) pathway components, as well as changes in the distribution and abundance of Wolbachia in the mosquitoes across seasonal cohorts. Together, these findings support the conclusion that seasonal changes significantly influence mosquito physiology and components of the mosquito microbiome, suggesting that seasonality may impact mosquito susceptibility to pathogen infection, which could account for the temporal patterns in mosquito-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor N Field
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ryan C Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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15
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Lyberger K, Farner J, Couper L, Mordecai EA. A mosquito parasite is locally adapted to its host but not temperature. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.21.537840. [PMID: 37131754 PMCID: PMC10153241 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will alter interactions between parasites and their hosts. Warming may affect patterns of local adaptation, shifting the environment to favor the parasite or host and thus changing the prevalence of disease. We assessed local adaptation in the facultative ciliate parasite Lambornella clarki, which infects the western tree hole mosquito Aedes sierrensis. We conducted laboratory infection experiments with mosquito larvae and parasites collected from across a climate gradient, pairing sympatric or allopatric populations across three temperatures that were either matched or mismatched to the source environment. L. clarki parasites were locally adapted to their hosts, with 2.6x higher infection rates on sympatric compared to allopatric populations, but were not locally adapted to temperature. Infection peaked at the intermediate temperature of 13°C. Our results highlight the importance of host selective pressure on parasites, despite the impact of temperature on infection success.
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16
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Sun SJ, Dziuba MK, Jaye RN, Duffy MA. Temperature modifies trait-mediated infection outcomes in a Daphnia-fungal parasite system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220009. [PMID: 36744571 PMCID: PMC9900708 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major concern related to climate change is that elevated temperatures will drive increases in parasite outbreaks. Increasing temperature is known to alter host traits and host-parasite interactions, but we know relatively little about how these are connected mechanistically-that is, about how warmer temperatures impact the relationship between epidemiologically relevant host traits and infection outcomes. Here, we used a zooplankton-fungus (Daphnia dentifera-Metschnikowia bicuspidata) disease system to experimentally investigate how temperature impacted physical barriers to infection and cellular immune responses. We found that Daphnia reared at warmer temperatures had more robust physical barriers to infection but decreased cellular immune responses during the initial infection process. Infected hosts at warmer temperatures also suffered greater reductions in fecundity and lifespan. Furthermore, the relationship between a key trait-gut epithelium thickness, a physical barrier-and the likelihood of terminal infection reversed at warmer temperatures. Together, our results highlight the complex ways that temperatures can modulate host-parasite interactions and show that different defense components can have qualitatively different responses to warmer temperatures, highlighting the importance of considering key host traits when predicting disease dynamics in a warmer world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuan-Jyun Sun
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Marcin K. Dziuba
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Riley N. Jaye
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Ferguson LV, Adamo SA. From perplexing to predictive: are we ready to forecast insect disease susceptibility in a warming world? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:288412. [PMID: 36825944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Insects are critical to our ecosystems, but we do not fully understand their future in our warming world. Rising temperatures are affecting insect physiology in myriad ways, including changes to their immune systems and the ability to fight infection. Whether predicted changes in temperature will contribute to insect mortality or success, and the role of disease in their future survival, remains unclear. Although heat can enhance immunity by activating the integrated defense system (e.g. via the production of protective molecules such as heat-shock proteins) and accelerating enzyme activity, heat can also compromise the immune system through energetic-resource trade-offs and damage. The responses to heat are highly variable among species. The reasons for this variability are poorly known, and we are lagging in our understanding of how and why the immune system responds to changes in temperature. In this Commentary, we highlight the variation in insect immune responses to heat and the likely underlying mechanisms. We suggest that we are currently limited in our ability to predict the effects of rising temperatures on insect immunity and disease susceptibility, largely owing to incomplete information, coupled with a lack of tools for data integration. Moreover, existing data are concentrated on a relatively small number of insect Orders. We provide suggestions for a path towards making more accurate predictions, which will require studies with realistic temperature exposures and housing design, and a greater understanding of both the thermal biology of the immune system and connections between immunity and the physiological responses to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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18
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Jian XY, Jiang YT, Wang M, Jia N, Cai T, Xing D, Li CX, Zhao TY, Guo XX, Wu JH. Effects of constant temperature and daily fluctuating temperature on the transovarial transmission and life cycle of Aedes albopictus infected with Zika virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1075362. [PMID: 36687634 PMCID: PMC9845868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous studies on the mosquito life cycle and transmission efficacy were performed under constant temperatures. Mosquito in wild, however, is not exposed to constant temperature but is faced with temperature variation on a daily basis. Methods In the present study, the mosquito life cycle and Zika virus transmission efficiency were conducted at daily fluctuating temperatures and constant temperatures. Aedes albopictus was infected with the Zika virus orally. The oviposition and survival of the infected mosquitoes and hatching rate, the growth cycle of larvae at each stage, and the infection rate (IR) of the progeny mosquitoes were performed at two constant temperatures (23°C and 31°C) and a daily temperature range (DTR, 23-31°C). Results It showed that the biological parameters of mosquitoes under DTR conditions were significantly different from that under constant temperatures. Mosquitoes in DTR survived longer, laid more eggs (mean number: 36.5 vs. 24.2), and had a higher hatching rate (72.3% vs. 46.5%) but a lower pupation rate (37.9% vs. 81.1%) and emergence rate (72.7% vs. 91.7%) than that in the high-temperature group (constant 31°C). When compared to the low-temperature group (constant 23°C), larvae mosquitoes in DTR developed faster (median days: 9 vs. 23.5) and adult mosquitoes carried higher Zika viral RNA load (median log10 RNA copies/μl: 5.28 vs. 3.86). However, the temperature or temperature pattern has no effect on transovarial transmission. Discussion Those results indicated that there are significant differences between mosquito development and reproductive cycles under fluctuating and constant temperature conditions, and fluctuating temperature is more favorable for mosquitos' survival and reproduction. The data would support mapping and predicting the distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in the future and establishing an early warning system for Zika virus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-yi Jian
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,Tong-yan Zhao ✉
| | - Xiao-xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,Xiao-xia Guo ✉
| | - Jia-hong Wu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Jia-hong Wu ✉
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19
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Starkloff NC, Civitello DJ. Cascading impacts of host seasonal adaptation on parasitism. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:942-949. [PMID: 36088213 PMCID: PMC9588794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of parasite populations through harsh seasonal bouts is often critical to circannual disease outbreaks. Parasites have a diverse repertoire of phenotypes for persistence, ranging from transitioning to a different life stage better suited to within-host dormancy to utilizing weather-hardy structures external to hosts. While these adaptive traits allow parasite species to survive through harsh seasons, it is often at survival rates that threaten population persistence. We argue that these periods of parasite (and vector) population busts could be ideal targets for disease intervention. As climate change portends abbreviated host dormancy and extended transmission periods in many host-parasite systems, it is essential to identify novel pathways to shore up current disease-intervention strategies.
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Abstract
RNA viruses include respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as vector-borne viruses, like dengue and West Nile virus. RNA viruses like these encounter various environments when they copy themselves and spread from cell to cell or host to host. Ex vivo differences, such as geographical location and humidity, affect their stability and transmission, while in vivo differences, such as pH and host gene expression, impact viral receptor binding, viral replication, and the host immune response against the viral infection. A critical factor affecting RNA viruses both ex vivo and in vivo, and defining the outcome of viral infections and the direction of viral evolution, is temperature. In this minireview, we discuss the impact of temperature on viral replication, stability, transmission, and adaptation, as well as the host innate immune response. Improving our understanding of how RNA viruses function, survive, and spread at different temperatures will improve our models of viral replication and transmission risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Bisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Spaan JM, Leavitt N, Shen J, Bundy T, Burrows L, Ingram C, Maehara TR, Ndungu I, Mutuku M, Owino G, Odiere M, Steinauer ML. Genotypic-specific heat shock response of vector susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni. Ecosphere 2022; 13:e4207. [PMID: 36590709 PMCID: PMC9797131 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are vulnerable to thermal stress which causes a diversity of physiological outcomes. Previous work has shown that the snail vectors (Biomphalaria glabrata) of an important human pathogen, Schistosoma mansoni, revert from resistant to susceptible after short exposure to a heat stress as low as 31oC; however, due to lack of replicability among labs and genetic lines of snails, it has been hypothesized that this effect is genotype dependent. We examined the effects of heat shock on resistance of two species of snail vectors including B. glabrata and B. sudanica. We used 3 different inbred laboratory snail lines in addition to the F1 generation of field collected snails from Lake Victoria, Kenya, an area with high levels of schistosomiasis transmission. Our results showed marginal effects of heat shock on prevalence of infection in B. glabrata, and that this response was genotype specific. We found no evidence of a heat shock effect on prevalence of infection in B. sudanica or on intensity of infection (number of infectious stages shed) in either snail species. Such environmentally influenced defense responses stress the importance of considering this unique interaction between snail and parasite genotypes in determining infection dynamics under climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannie M. Spaan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355
| | - Nathaniel Leavitt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355
| | - Jessica Shen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355
| | - Taylor Bundy
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Lillian Burrows
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355
| | - Christopher Ingram
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355
| | - Thomas R. Maehara
- M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University Home Stryker, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - Ibrahim Ndungu
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Mutuku
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Owino
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Maurice Odiere
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michelle L. Steinauer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon 97355
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22
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Arellano AA, Sommer AJ, Coon KL. Beyond canonical models: why a broader understanding of Diptera-microbiota interactions is essential for vector-borne disease control. Evol Ecol 2022; 37:165-188. [PMID: 37153630 PMCID: PMC10162596 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases constitute a major global public health threat. The most significant arthropod disease vectors are predominantly comprised of members of the insect order Diptera (true flies), which have long been the focus of research into host-pathogen dynamics. Recent studies have revealed the underappreciated diversity and function of dipteran-associated gut microbial communities, with important implications for dipteran physiology, ecology, and pathogen transmission. However, the effective parameterization of these aspects into epidemiological models will require a comprehensive study of microbe-dipteran interactions across vectors and related species. Here, we synthesize recent research into microbial communities associated with major families of dipteran vectors and highlight the importance of development and expansion of experimentally tractable models across Diptera towards understanding the functional roles of the gut microbiota in modulating disease transmission. We then posit why further study of these and other dipteran insects is not only essential to a comprehensive understanding of how to integrate vector-microbiota interactions into existing epidemiological frameworks, but our understanding of the ecology and evolution of animal-microbe symbiosis more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Arellano
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew J. Sommer
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kerri L. Coon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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Sadoine ML, Smargiassi A, Liu Y, Gachon P, Dueymes G, Dorsey G, Fournier M, Nankabirwa JI, Rek J, Zinszer K. The influence of the environment and indoor residual spraying on malaria risk in a cohort of children in Uganda. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11537. [PMID: 35798826 PMCID: PMC9262898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have estimated the impact of the environment on malaria incidence although few have explored the differential impact due to malaria control interventions. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of indoor residual spraying (IRS) on the relationship between malaria and environment (i.e. rainfall, temperatures, humidity, and vegetation) using data from a dynamic cohort of children from three sub-counties in Uganda. Environmental variables were extracted from remote sensing sources and averaged over different time periods. General linear mixed models were constructed for each sub-counties based on a log-binomial distribution. The influence of IRS was analysed by comparing marginal effects of environment in models adjusted and unadjusted for IRS. Great regional variability in the shape (linear and non-linear), direction, and magnitude of environmental associations with malaria risk were observed between sub-counties. IRS was significantly associated with malaria risk reduction (risk ratios vary from RR = 0.03, CI 95% [0.03-0.08] to RR = 0.35, CI95% [0.28-0.42]). Model adjustment for this intervention changed the magnitude and/or direction of environment-malaria associations, suggesting an interaction effect. This study evaluated the potential influence of IRS in the malaria-environment association and highlighted the necessity to control for interventions when they are performed to properly estimate the environmental influence on malaria. Local models are more informative to guide intervention program compared to national models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux L. Sadoine
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Public Health Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Public Health Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Public Health Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Philippe Gachon
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211ESCER (Étude et Simulation du Climat à l’Échelle Régionale) Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Guillaume Dueymes
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211ESCER (Étude et Simulation du Climat à l’Échelle Régionale) Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Grant Dorsey
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michel Fournier
- Montreal Regional Department of Public Health, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Joaniter I. Nankabirwa
- grid.463352.50000 0004 8340 3103Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Rek
- grid.463352.50000 0004 8340 3103Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Zinszer
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Public Health Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
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Abstract
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus known to cause severe birth defects and neuroimmunological disorders. We have previously demonstrated that mosquito transmission of Zika virus decreases with temperature. While transmission was optimized at 29°C, it was limited at cool temperatures (<22°C) due to poor virus establishment in the mosquitoes. Temperature is one of the strongest drivers of vector-borne disease transmission due to its profound effect on ectothermic mosquito vectors, viruses, and their interaction. Although there is substantial evidence of temperature effects on arbovirus replication and dissemination inside mosquitoes, little is known about whether temperature affects virus replication directly or indirectly through mosquito physiology. In order to determine the mechanisms behind temperature-induced changes in Zika virus transmission potential, we investigated different steps of the virus replication cycle in mosquito cells (C6/36) at optimal (28°C) and cool (20°C) temperatures. We found that the cool temperature did not alter Zika virus entry or translation, but it affected genome replication and reduced the amount of double-stranded RNA replication intermediates. If replication complexes were first formed at 28°C and the cells were subsequently shifted to 20°C, the late steps in the virus replication cycle were efficiently completed. These data suggest that cool temperature decreases the efficiency of Zika virus genome replication in mosquito cells. This phenotype was observed in the Asian lineage of Zika virus, while the African lineage Zika virus was less restricted at 20°C. IMPORTANCE With half of the human population at risk, arboviral diseases represent a substantial global health burden. Zika virus, previously known to cause sporadic infections in humans, emerged in the Americas in 2015 and quickly spread worldwide. There was an urgent need to better understand the disease pathogenesis and develop therapeutics and vaccines, as well as to understand, predict, and control virus transmission. In order to efficiently predict the seasonality and geography for Zika virus transmission, we need a deeper understanding of the host-pathogen interactions and how they can be altered by environmental factors such as temperature. Identifying the step in the virus replication cycle that is inhibited under cool conditions can have implications in modeling the temperature suitability for arbovirus transmission as global environmental patterns change. Understanding the link between pathogen replication and environmental conditions can potentially be exploited to develop new vector control strategies in the future.
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Kunze C, Luijckx P, Jackson AL, Donohue I. Alternate patterns of temperature variation bring about very different disease outcomes at different mean temperatures. eLife 2022; 11:e72861. [PMID: 35164901 PMCID: PMC8846586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of host-parasite interactions are highly temperature-dependent and may be modified by increasing frequency and intensity of climate-driven heat events. Here, we show that altered patterns of temperature variance lead to an almost order-of-magnitude shift in thermal performance of host and pathogen life-history traits over and above the effects of mean temperature and, moreover, that different temperature regimes affect these traits differently. We found that diurnal fluctuations of ±3°C lowered infection rates and reduced spore burden compared to constant temperatures in our focal host Daphnia magna exposed to the microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. In contrast, a 3-day heatwave (+6°C) did not affect infection rates, but increased spore burden (relative to constant temperatures with the same mean) at 16°C, while reducing burden at higher temperatures. We conclude that changing patterns of climate variation, superimposed on shifts in mean temperatures due to global warming, may have profound and unanticipated effects on disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kunze
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment [ICBM], Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
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26
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Costantin EC, Viol DL, Del Puppo NP, Elliot SL. Realism in Immune Ecology Studies: Artificial Diet Enhances a Caterpillar's Immune Defense but Does Not Mask the Effects of a Plastic Immune Strategy. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 1:754571. [PMID: 38468892 PMCID: PMC10926546 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2021.754571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is considered a functional trait in life-history theory and its modulation is predicted to be costly and highly dependent on the host's nutrition. Therefore, the nutritional status of an individual has a great impact on an animal's immune ecology. Herbivorous insects are commonly used as model organisms in eco-immunology studies and the use of an artificial diet is the predominant rearing procedure to test them. However, this diet differs from what herbivores experience in nature and it is unclear to what degree this distinction might impact on the relevance of these studies for the real world. Here, we compared plant-based vs. artificial diet in a set of three experiments to investigate the interaction of both diets with a plastic immune strategy known as Density-Dependent Prophylaxis (DDP). We used as a model organism the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis, which is known to adjust its immune defense in line with the DDP hypothesis. Our main results showed that larvae fed with artificial diet had 20.5% more hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph and died 20% more slowly when infected with an obligate (viral) pathogen. Crucially, however, we did not find any indication of fitness costs related to DDP. The use of artificial diet did not interact with that of DDP except in the case of host survival after infection, where the DDP effect was only observable in this diet. Our findings suggest the use of an artificial diet does not mask resource allocation conflicts between immune investment and fitness related traits, but to some extent it might lead to an overestimation of immune parameters and host survival time after infection. We believe that this is the first study to compare an artificial diet and a host plant covering all these aspects: immune parameters, life-history traits, and host survival after infection. Here we provide evidence that, besides the quantitative effects in immune parameters and host survival time, the use of artificial diet interacts only marginally with a density-dependent immune response. This provides support for the use of artificial diets in eco-immunology studies with insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon L. Elliot
- Laboratory of Insect-Microbe Interactions, Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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27
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Acharya TK, Sahu RP, Kumar S, Kumar S, Rokade TP, Chakraborty R, Dubey NK, Shikha D, Chawla S, Goswami C. Function and regulation of thermosensitive ion channel TRPV4 in the immune system. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2022; 89:155-188. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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28
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Cuesta E, Lobo JM. Can the spectrophotometric response of the elytra explain environmental preferences? A study in seven Onthophagus species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 225:112348. [PMID: 34742032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beetles are the most successful and diversified animal taxa characterized by the possession of an external pair of sclerotized wings (elytra). Managing electromagnetic radiations could be one of the functions of the exoskeleton. We studied the spectrophotometric response to ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiations of the elytra of seven closely related and sympatric Onthophagus species to examine if the environmental preferences of these species could be associated with the spectrophotometric behaviour of their elytra. Our results indicated that sibling species can drastically differ in their environmental preferences but not in their spectrophotometric responses. However, our results corroborated that there are interspecific differences in the spectrophotometric characteristics of the elytra, which are mainly explained by morphological features. Among the examined morphological variables, darkness seems to be especially relevant as it facilitates the absorbance and obstructs the transmittance of visible and near-infrared radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuesta
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (C.S.I.C.), Madrid, Spain; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge M Lobo
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (C.S.I.C.), Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Couper LI, Farner JE, Caldwell JM, Childs ML, Harris MJ, Kirk DG, Nova N, Shocket M, Skinner EB, Uricchio LH, Exposito-Alonso M, Mordecai EA. How will mosquitoes adapt to climate warming? eLife 2021; 10:69630. [PMID: 34402424 PMCID: PMC8370766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for adaptive evolution to enable species persistence under a changing climate is one of the most important questions for understanding impacts of future climate change. Climate adaptation may be particularly likely for short-lived ectotherms, including many pest, pathogen, and vector species. For these taxa, estimating climate adaptive potential is critical for accurate predictive modeling and public health preparedness. Here, we demonstrate how a simple theoretical framework used in conservation biology-evolutionary rescue models-can be used to investigate the potential for climate adaptation in these taxa, using mosquito thermal adaptation as a focal case. Synthesizing current evidence, we find that short mosquito generation times, high population growth rates, and strong temperature-imposed selection favor thermal adaptation. However, knowledge gaps about the extent of phenotypic and genotypic variation in thermal tolerance within mosquito populations, the environmental sensitivity of selection, and the role of phenotypic plasticity constrain our ability to make more precise estimates. We describe how common garden and selection experiments can be used to fill these data gaps. Lastly, we investigate the consequences of mosquito climate adaptation on disease transmission using Aedes aegypti-transmitted dengue virus in Northern Brazil as a case study. The approach outlined here can be applied to any disease vector or pest species and type of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Jamie M Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
| | - Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Mallory J Harris
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Devin G Kirk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Marta Shocket
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Eloise B Skinner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Uricchio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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30
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Agyekum TP, Botwe PK, Arko-Mensah J, Issah I, Acquah AA, Hogarh JN, Dwomoh D, Robins TG, Fobil JN. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Temperature on Anopheles Mosquito Development and Survival: Implications for Malaria Control in a Future Warmer Climate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7255. [PMID: 34299706 PMCID: PMC8306597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rearing temperature of the immature stages can have a significant impact on the life-history traits and the ability of adult mosquitoes to transmit diseases. This review assessed published evidence of the effects of temperature on the immature stages, life-history traits, insecticide susceptibility, and expression of enzymes in the adult Anopheles mosquito. Original articles published through 31 March 2021 were systematically retrieved from Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases. After applying eligibility criteria, 29 studies were included. The review revealed that immature stages of An. arabiensis were more tolerant (in terms of survival) to a higher temperature than An. funestus and An. quadriannulatus. Higher temperatures resulted in smaller larval sizes and decreased hatching and pupation time. The development rate and survival of An. stephensi was significantly reduced at a higher temperature than a lower temperature. Increasing temperatures decreased the longevity, body size, length of the gonotrophic cycle, and fecundity of Anopheles mosquitoes. Higher rearing temperatures increased pyrethroid resistance in adults of the An. arabiensis SENN DDT strain, and increased pyrethroid tolerance in the An. arabiensis SENN strain. Increasing temperature also significantly increased Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) expression and decreased insecticide toxicity. Both extreme low and high temperatures affect Anopheles mosquito development and survival. Climate change could have diverse effects on Anopheles mosquitoes. The sensitivities of Anopeheles mosquitoes to temperature differ from species to species, even among the same complex. Notwithstanding, there seem to be limited studies on the effects of temperature on adult life-history traits of Anopheles mosquitoes, and more studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Agyekum
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (P.K.B.); (J.A.-M.); (I.I.); (A.A.A.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Paul K. Botwe
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (P.K.B.); (J.A.-M.); (I.I.); (A.A.A.); (J.N.F.)
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (P.K.B.); (J.A.-M.); (I.I.); (A.A.A.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Ibrahim Issah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (P.K.B.); (J.A.-M.); (I.I.); (A.A.A.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Augustine A. Acquah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (P.K.B.); (J.A.-M.); (I.I.); (A.A.A.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Jonathan N. Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana;
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Julius N. Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (P.K.B.); (J.A.-M.); (I.I.); (A.A.A.); (J.N.F.)
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31
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Condé R, Hernandez-Torres E, Claudio-Piedras F, Recio-Tótoro B, Maya-Maldonado K, Cardoso-Jaime V, Lanz-Mendoza H. Heat Shock Causes Lower Plasmodium Infection Rates in Anopheles albimanus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:584660. [PMID: 34248924 PMCID: PMC8264367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.584660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of Anopheles mosquitoes to Plasmodium invasion has been extensively studied and shown to be mediated mainly by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS), dual oxidase (DUOX), phenoloxidase (PO), and antimicrobial peptides activity. Here, we studied the correlation between a heat shock insult, transcription of immune response genes, and subsequent susceptibility to Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles albimanus. We found that transcript levels of many immune genes were drastically affected by the thermal stress, either positively or negatively. Furthermore, the transcription of genes associated with modifications of nucleic acid methylation was affected, suggesting an increment in both DNA and RNA methylation. The heat shock increased PO and NOS activity in the hemolymph, as well as the transcription of several immune genes. As consequence, we observed that heat shock increased the resistance of mosquitoes to Plasmodium invasion. The data provided here could help the understanding of infection transmission under the ever more common heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Condé
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Erika Hernandez-Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Claudio-Piedras
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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32
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Reitmayer CM, Pathak AK, Harrington LC, Brindley MA, Cator LJ, Murdock CC. Sex, age, and parental harmonic convergence behavior affect the immune performance of Aedes aegypti offspring. Commun Biol 2021; 4:723. [PMID: 34117363 PMCID: PMC8196008 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmonic convergence is a potential cue, female mosquitoes use to choose male mates. However, very little is known about the benefits this choice confers to offspring performance. Using Aedes aegypti (an important vector of human disease), we investigated whether offspring of converging parental pairs showed differences in immune competence compared to offspring derived from non-converging parental pairs. Here we show that harmonic convergence, along with several other interacting factors (sex, age, reproductive, and physiological status), significantly shaped offspring immune responses (melanization and response to a bacterial challenge). Harmonic convergence had a stronger effect on the immune response of male offspring than on female offspring. Further, female offspring from converging parental pairs disseminated dengue virus more quickly than offspring derived from non-converging parental pairs. Our results provide insight into a wide range of selective pressures shaping mosquito immune function and could have important implications for disease transmission and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Reitmayer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashutosh K Pathak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura C Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Northeast Center for Excellence for Vector-borne Disease Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lauren J Cator
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Northeast Center for Excellence for Vector-borne Disease Research, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Riverbasin Center, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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33
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Řeřicha M, Dobeš P, Knapp M. Changes in haemolymph parameters and insect ability to respond to immune challenge during overwintering. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4267-4275. [PMID: 33976809 PMCID: PMC8093749 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Overwintering is a challenging period in the life of temperate insects. A limited energy budget characteristic of this period can result in reduced investment in immune system. Here, we investigated selected physiological and immunological parameters in laboratory-reared and field-collected harlequin ladybirds (Harmonia axyridis). For laboratory-reared beetles, we focused on the effects of winter temperature regime (cold, average, or warm winter) on total haemocyte concentration aiming to investigate potential effects of ongoing climate change on immune system in overwintering insects. We recorded strong reduction in haemocyte concentration during winter; however, there were only limited effects of winter temperature regime on changes in haemocyte concentration in the course of overwintering. For field-collected beetles, we measured additional parameters, specifically: total protein concentration, antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, and haemocyte concentration before and after overwintering. The field experiment did not investigate effects of winter temperature, but focused on changes in inducibility of insect immune system during overwintering, that is, measured parameters were compared between naïve beetles and those challenged by Escherichia coli. Haemocyte concentration decreased during overwintering, but only in individuals challenged by Escherichia coli. Prior to overwintering, the challenged beetles had a significantly higher haemocyte concentration compared to naïve beetles, whereas no difference was observed after overwintering. A similar pattern was observed also for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli as challenged beetles outperformed naïve beetles before overwintering, but not after winter. In both sexes, total protein concentration increased in the course of overwintering, but females had a significantly higher total protein concentration in their hemolymph compared to males. In general, our results revealed that insect's ability to respond to an immune challenge is significantly reduced in the course of overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Řeřicha
- Department of EcologyFaculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Dobeš
- Department of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Michal Knapp
- Department of EcologyFaculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
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34
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Stopard IJ, Churcher TS, Lambert B. Estimating the extrinsic incubation period of malaria using a mechanistic model of sporogony. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008658. [PMID: 33591963 PMCID: PMC7909686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During sporogony, malaria-causing parasites infect a mosquito, reproduce and migrate to the mosquito salivary glands where they can be transmitted the next time blood feeding occurs. The time required for sporogony, known as the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), is an important determinant of malaria transmission intensity. The EIP is typically estimated as the time for a given percentile, x, of infected mosquitoes to develop salivary gland sporozoites (the infectious parasite life stage), which is denoted by EIPx. Many mechanisms, however, affect the observed sporozoite prevalence including the human-to-mosquito transmission probability and possibly differences in mosquito mortality according to infection status. To account for these various mechanisms, we present a mechanistic mathematical model, which explicitly models key processes at the parasite, mosquito and observational scales. Fitting this model to experimental data, we find greater variation in the EIP than previously thought: we estimated the range between EIP10 and EIP90 (at 27°C) as 4.5 days compared to 0.9 days using existing statistical methods. This pattern holds over the range of study temperatures included in the dataset. Increasing temperature from 21°C to 34°C decreased the EIP50 from 16.1 to 8.8 days. Our work highlights the importance of mechanistic modelling of sporogony to (1) improve estimates of malaria transmission under different environmental conditions or disease control programs and (2) evaluate novel interventions that target the mosquito life stages of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J. Stopard
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Churcher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Lambert
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Ferreira PG, Tesla B, Horácio ECA, Nahum LA, Brindley MA, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Murdock CC. Temperature Dramatically Shapes Mosquito Gene Expression With Consequences for Mosquito-Zika Virus Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:901. [PMID: 32595607 PMCID: PMC7303344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne flaviviruses are emerging threats to human health. For successful transmission, the virus needs to efficiently enter mosquito cells and replicate within and escape several tissue barriers while mosquitoes elicit major transcriptional responses to flavivirus infection. This process will be affected not only by the specific mosquito-pathogen pairing but also by variation in key environmental variables such as temperature. Thus far, few studies have examined the molecular responses triggered by temperature and how these responses modify infection outcomes, despite substantial evidence showing strong relationships between temperature and transmission in a diversity of systems. To define the host transcriptional changes associated with temperature variation during the early infection process, we compared the transcriptome of mosquito midgut samples from mosquitoes exposed to Zika virus (ZIKV) and non-exposed mosquitoes housed at three different temperatures (20, 28, and 36°C). While the high-temperature samples did not show significant changes from those with standard rearing conditions (28°C) 48 h post-exposure, the transcriptome profile of mosquitoes housed at 20°C was dramatically different. The expression of genes most altered by the cooler temperature involved aspects of blood-meal digestion, ROS metabolism, and mosquito innate immunity. Further, we did not find significant differences in the viral RNA copy number between 24 and 48 h post-exposure at 20°C, suggesting that ZIKV replication is limited by cold-induced changes to the mosquito midgut environment. In ZIKV-exposed mosquitoes, vitellogenin, a lipid carrier protein, was most up-regulated at 20°C. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the temperature-triggered transcriptional changes in Aedes aegypti and can be used to further define the molecular mechanisms driven by environmental temperature variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanka Tesla
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elvira Cynthia Alves Horácio
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laila Alves Nahum
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Promove College of Technology, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Courtney Cuinn Murdock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Emerging and Global Tropical Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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36
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Wagner CE, Hooshyar M, Baker RE, Yang W, Arinaminpathy N, Vecchi G, Metcalf CJE, Porporato A, Grenfell BT. Climatological, virological and sociological drivers of current and projected dengue fever outbreak dynamics in Sri Lanka. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200075. [PMID: 32486949 PMCID: PMC7328388 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest ever Sri Lankan dengue outbreak of 2017 provides an opportunity for investigating the relative contributions of climatological, epidemiological and sociological drivers on the epidemic patterns of this clinically important vector-borne disease. To do so, we develop a climatologically driven disease transmission framework for dengue virus using spatially resolved temperature and precipitation data as well as the time-series susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. From this framework, we first demonstrate that the distinct climatological patterns encountered across the island play an important role in establishing the typical yearly temporal dynamics of dengue, but alone are unable to account for the epidemic case numbers observed in Sri Lanka during 2017. Using a simplified two-strain SIR model, we demonstrate that the re-introduction of a dengue virus serotype that had been largely absent from the island in previous years may have played an important role in driving the epidemic, and provide a discussion of the possible roles for extreme weather events and human mobility patterns on the outbreak dynamics. Lastly, we provide estimates for the future burden of dengue across Sri Lanka using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 5 climate projections. Critically, we demonstrate that climatological and serological factors can act synergistically to yield greater projected case numbers than would be expected from the presence of a single driver alone. Altogether, this work provides a holistic framework for teasing apart and analysing the various complex drivers of vector-borne disease outbreak dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Milad Hooshyar
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rachel E. Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wenchang Yang
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Vecchi
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amilcare Porporato
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bryan T. Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ferguson LV, Sinclair BJ. Thermal Variability and Plasticity Drive the Outcome of a Host-Pathogen Interaction. Am Nat 2020; 195:603-615. [DOI: 10.1086/707545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Winokur OC, Main BJ, Nicholson J, Barker CM. Impact of temperature on the extrinsic incubation period of Zika virus in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008047. [PMID: 32187187 PMCID: PMC7105136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a global human health threat, numerous studies have pointed to Aedes aegypti as the primary vector due to its high competence and propensity to feed on humans. The majority of vector competence studies have been conducted between 26-28°C, but arboviral extrinsic incubation periods (EIPs), and therefore transmission efficiency, are known to be affected strongly by temperature. To better understand the relationship between ZIKV EIPs and temperature, we evaluated the effect of adult mosquito exposure temperature on ZIKV infection, dissemination, and transmission in Ae. aegypti at four temperatures: 18°C, 21°C, 26°C, and 30°C. Mosquitoes were exposed to viremic mice infected with a 2015 Puerto Rican ZIKV strain, and engorged mosquitoes were sorted into the four temperatures with 80% RH and constant access to 10% sucrose. ZIKV infection, dissemination, and transmission rates were assessed via RT-qPCR from individual mosquito bodies, legs and wings, and saliva, respectively, at three to five time points per temperature from three to 31 days, based on expectations from other flavivirus EIPs. The median time from ZIKV ingestion to transmission (median EIP, EIP50) at each temperature was estimated by fitting a generalized linear mixed model for each temperature. EIP50 ranged from 5.1 days at 30°C to 24.2 days at 21°C. At 26°C, EIP50 was 9.6 days. At 18°C, only 15% transmitted by day 31 so EIP50 could not be estimated. This is among the first studies to characterize the effects of temperature on ZIKV EIP in Ae. aegypti, and the first to do so based on feeding of mosquitoes on a live, viremic host. This information is critical for modeling ZIKV transmission dynamics to understand geographic and seasonal limits of ZIKV risk; it is especially relevant for determining risk in subtropical regions with established Ae. aegypti populations and relatively high rates of return travel from the tropics (e.g. California or Florida), as these regions typically experience cooler temperature ranges than tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Winokur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Graduate Group of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley J. Main
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Nicholson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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39
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Silvestre Pereira Dornelas A, A Sarmento R, C Rezende Silva L, de Souza Saraiva A, J de Souza D, D Bordalo M, Mvm Soares A, Lt Pestana J. Toxicity of microbial insecticides toward the non-target freshwater insect Chironomus xanthus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1164-1172. [PMID: 31595634 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subs. kurstaki (Btk) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb) are commonly used microbial insecticides in Brazil and other tropical regions. However, and despite being considered environmentally friendly, their use generates concerns regarding possible adverse ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the effects of these bioinsecticides on the tropical aquatic dipteran Chironomus xanthus under laboratory conditions. RESULTS After laboratory exposures to these compounds 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50 ) values of 1534 μg a.i./L for Btk and of 6.35 μg a.i./L for Bb were estimated. Chronic assays revealed different sublethal effects: Btk-based bioinsecticide exposure reduced C. xanthus growth [lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 126 μg a.i./L for head width], decreased emergence rate (LOEC = 8 μg a.i./L) and increased immunological response (LOEC = 50 μg a.i./L) measured as total hemocyte count in larvae hemolymph. Exposure to low concentrations of Bb-based insecticide also reduced C. xanthus growth (LOEC = 0.07 μg a.i./L for larvae body length measurements), and emergence rate (LOEC = 0.28 μg a.i./L), despite no clear effects on the total hemocyte counts. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that low concentrations of Btk and Bb bioinsecticides are toxic to C. xanthus. Given their widespread use and occurrence in tropical freshwater systems, research is needed to evaluate the potential effects of these compounds concerning natural freshwater insect communities and ecosystem functioning. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato A Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, Brazil
| | | | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuária (Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - Campus Campos Belos, Campos Belos, Brazil
| | - Danival J de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, Brazil
| | - Maria D Bordalo
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Mvm Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Lt Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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King JG. Developmental and comparative perspectives on mosquito immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103458. [PMID: 31377103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases spread by mosquitoes have killed more people than those spread by any other group of arthropod vectors and remain an important factor in determining global health and economic stability. The mosquito innate immune system can act to either modulate infection with human pathogens or fight off entomopathogens and increase the fitness and longevity of infected mosquitoes. While work remains towards understanding the larval immune system and the development of the mosquito immune system, it has recently become clearer that environmental factors heavily shape the developing mosquito immune system and continue to influence the adult immune system as well. The adult immune system has been well-studied and is known to involve multiple tissues and diverse molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is currently understood about the development of the mosquito immune system and includes comparisons of immune components unique to mosquitoes among the blood-feeding arthropods as well as important distinguishing factors between the anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. An explanation is included for how mosquito immunity factors into vector competence and vectorial capacity is presented along with a model for the interrelationships between nutrition, microbiome, pathogen interactions and behavior as they relate to mosquito development, immune status, adult female fitness and ultimately, vectorial capacity. Novel discoveries in the fields of mosquito ecoimmunology, neuroimmunology, and intracellular antiviral responses are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G King
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 32 Creelman Street, Dorman 402, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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41
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Onyango MG, Bialosuknia SM, Payne AF, Mathias N, Kuo L, Vigneron A, DeGennaro M, Ciota AT, Kramer LD. Increased temperatures reduce the vectorial capacity of Aedes mosquitoes for Zika virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:67-77. [PMID: 31894724 PMCID: PMC6968261 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1707125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and significant range expansion of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and its Aedes vector species has resulted in ZIKV being declared a global health threat. Mean temperatures are projected to increase globally, likely resulting in alterations of the transmission potential of mosquito-borne pathogens. To understand the effect of diurnal temperature range on the vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for ZIKV, longevity, blood-feeding and vector competence were assessed at two temperature regimes following feeding on infectious blood meals. Higher temperatures resulted in decreased longevity of Ae. aegypti [Log-rank test, χ2, df 35.66, 5, P < 0.001] and a decrease in blood-feeding rates of Ae. albopictus [Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001]. Temperature had a population and species-specific impact on ZIKV infection rates. Overall, Ae. albopictus reared at the lowest temperature regime demonstrated the highest vectorial capacity (0.53) and the highest transmission efficiency (57%). Increased temperature decreased vectorial capacity across groups yet more significant effects were measured with Ae. aegypti relative to Ae. albopictus. The results of this study suggest that future increases in temperature in the Americas could significantly impact vector competence, blood-feeding and longevity, and potentially decrease the overall vectorial capacity of Aedes mosquitoes in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean M Bialosuknia
- Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA.,School of Public Health, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Anne F Payne
- Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Mathias
- Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Lili Kuo
- Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew DeGennaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA.,School of Public Health, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA.,School of Public Health, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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42
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Prediction model for dengue fever based on interactive effects between multiple meteorological factors in Guangdong, China (2008-2016). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225811. [PMID: 31815950 PMCID: PMC6901221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In order to improve the prediction accuracy of dengue fever incidence, we constructed a prediction model with interactive effects between meteorological factors, based on weekly dengue fever cases in Guangdong, China from 2008 to 2016. Methods Dengue fever data were derived from statistical data from the China National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System. Daily meteorological data were obtained from the China Integrated Meteorological Information Sharing System. The minimum temperature for transmission was identified using data fitting and the Ross-Macdonald model. Correlations and interactive effects were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation and multivariate analysis of variance. A probit regression model to describe the incidence of dengue fever from 2008 to 2016 and forecast the 2017 incidence was constructed, based on key meteorological factors, interactive effects, mosquito-vector factors, and other important factors. Results We found the minimum temperature suitable for dengue transmission was ≥18°C, and as 97.91% of cases occurred when the minimum temperature was above 18 °C, the data were used for model training and construction. Epidemics of dengue are related to mean temperature, maximum/minimum and mean atmospheric pressure, and mean relative humidity. Moreover, interactions occur between mean temperature, minimum atmospheric pressure, and mean relative humidity. Our weekly probit regression prediction model is 0.72. Prediction of dengue cases for the first 41 weeks of 2017 exhibited goodness of fit of 0.60. Conclusion Our model was accurate and timely, with consideration of interactive effects between meteorological factors.
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43
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Cella W, Baia-da-Silva DC, Melo GCD, Tadei WP, Sampaio VDS, Pimenta P, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM. Do climate changes alter the distribution and transmission of malaria? Evidence assessment and recommendations for future studies. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190308. [PMID: 31800921 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0308-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease, is considered a significant global health burden. Climate changes or different weather conditions may impact infectious diseases, specifically those transmitted by insect vectors and contaminated water. Based on the current predictions for climate change associated with the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and the increase in atmospheric temperature, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that in 2050, malaria may threaten some previously unexposed areas worldwide and cause a 50% higher probability of malaria cases. Climate-based distribution models of malaria depict an increase in the geographic distribution of the disease as global environmental temperatures and conditions worsen. Researchers have studied the influence of changes in climate on the prevalence of malaria using different mathematical models that consider different variables and predict the conditions for malaria distribution. In this context, we conducted a mini-review to elucidate the important aspects described in the literature on the influence of climate change in the distribution and transmission of malaria. It is important to develop possible risk management strategies and enhance the surveillance system enhanced even in currently malaria-free areas predicted to experience malaria in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilsandrei Cella
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Tefé, Tefé, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Gisely Cardoso de Melo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Paulo Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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44
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Yan J, Yu H, Li B, Fan A, Melkonian J, Wang X, Zhou T, Hua J. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions of plant intracellular immune receptors in stomatal defense and apoplastic defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008094. [PMID: 31652291 PMCID: PMC6834285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal closure defense and apoplastic defense are two major immunity mechanisms restricting the entry and propagation of microbe pathogens in plants. Surprisingly, activation of plant intracellular immune receptor NLR genes, while enhancing whole plant disease resistance, was sometimes linked to a defective stomatal defense in autoimmune mutants. Here we report the use of high temperature and genetic chimera to investigate the inter-dependence of stomatal and apoplastic defenses in autoimmunity. High temperature inhibits both stomatal and apoplastic defenses in the wild type, suppresses constitutive apoplastic defense responses and rescues the deficiency of stomatal closure response in autoimmune mutants. Chimeric plants have been generated to activate NLR only in guard cells or the non-guard cells. NLR activation in guard cells inhibits stomatal closure defense response in a cell autonomous manner likely through repressing ABA responses. At the same time, it leads to increased whole plant resistance accompanied by a slight increase in apoplastic defense. In addition, NLR activation in both guard and non-guard cells affects stomatal aperture and water potential. This study thus reveals that NLR activation has a differential effect on immunity in a cell type specific matter, which adds another layer of immune regulation with spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Huiyun Yu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Anqi Fan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jeffrey Melkonian
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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45
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Franklinos LHV, Jones KE, Redding DW, Abubakar I. The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:e302-e312. [PMID: 31227327 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
More than 80% of the global population is at risk of a vector-borne disease, with mosquito-borne diseases being the largest contributor to human vector-borne disease burden. Although many global processes, such as land-use and socioeconomic change, are thought to affect mosquito-borne disease dynamics, research to date has strongly focused on the role of climate change. Here, we show, through a review of contemporary modelling studies, that no consensus on how future changes in climatic conditions will impact mosquito-borne diseases exists, possibly due to interacting effects of other global change processes, which are often excluded from analyses. We conclude that research should not focus solely on the role of climate change but instead consider growing evidence for additional factors that modulate disease risk. Furthermore, future research should adopt new technologies, including developments in remote sensing and system dynamics modelling techniques, to enable a better understanding and mitigation of mosquito-borne diseases in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia H V Franklinos
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Kate E Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - David W Redding
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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46
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Shamakhi L, Zibaee A, Karimi-Malati A, Hoda H. Effect of thermal stress on the immune responses of Chilo suppressalis walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Beauveria bassiana. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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González-Rete B, Salazar-Schettino PM, Bucio-Torres MI, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Cabrera-Bravo M. Activity of the prophenoloxidase system and survival of triatomines infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi strains under different temperatures: understanding Chagas disease in the face of climate change. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:219. [PMID: 31068226 PMCID: PMC6507061 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how human disease vectors will modify their life history patterns and survival capacity as a result of climate change. One case is that of Chagas disease, which has triatomine bugs and Trypanosoma cruzi as vectors and parasite, respectively. This work aimed to determine: (i) the activity of the prophenoloxidase system (prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase activity, two indicators of immune ability) in three intestine regions (anterior midgut, posterior midgutand rectum) of the triatomine bug Meccus pallidipennis under three temperature conditions (20 °C, 30 °C and 34 °C) against two T. cruzi strains [ITRI/MX/14/CHIL (Chilpancingo) and ITRI/MX/12/MOR (Morelos)], and (ii) whether vector survival varies under these three temperatures after infection by these T. cruzi strains. RESULTS Our results indicate that prophenoloxidase activity was lower at higher temperatures, that the level of prophenoloxidase activity elicited by each strain was different (higher in Chilpancingo than in Morelos strains), and that prophenoloxidase activity was more intense in the anterior midgut than in the posterior midgut or rectum. Survival rates were lower in insects maintained at higher temperatures and infected by Chilpancingo strains. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that climate change could lead to lower prophenoloxidase activity and survival rates in triatomines when infected with different T. cruzi strains, which could reduce the vector capacity of M. pallidipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Martha I Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Margarita Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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48
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Ferguson L, Beckett N, French MC, Campbell M, Smith T, Adamo S. Sugar intake interacts with temperature to influence reproduction and immunity in adult Culex pipiens mosquitoes. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Disease transmission by insect vectors will depend on integrated physiological responses to interacting environmental variables. We explored how interactions between temperature and sucrose concentration affected immunity and fecundity, two variables that contribute to vectorial capacity, in Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 mosquitoes. We provided female C. pipiens with either 2% or 20% sucrose and exposed them to low (22 °C), moderate (25 °C), or high (30 °C) temperatures for 8 days. We then measured the strength of the melanization response in one subpopulation of females and the number of eggs laid as a measure of fecundity in another subpopulation. Temperature interacted with diet to weaken immunity under 2% sucrose at 22 and 25 °C. This effect disappeared at 30 °C, suggesting that high temperatures allowed mosquitoes to compensate for the effects of decreased sucrose. Conversely, increasing temperature increased egg production on a diet of 20% sucrose, but heat exposure on a diet of 2% sucrose decreased fecundity. Overall, we suggest that heat exposure requires investment in thermal protection, which may prompt reconfiguration of the immune system and (or) decreased investment in reproduction. Thus, our understanding of the effects of climate change rest on which physiological system we measure and under which combinations of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.V. Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - N.H. Beckett
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - M.-C. French
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - M.J. Campbell
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - T.G. Smith
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - S.A. Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Ezeakacha NF, Yee DA. The role of temperature in affecting carry-over effects and larval competition in the globally invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:123. [PMID: 30890161 PMCID: PMC6423813 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ectotherms, like mosquitoes, have evolved specific responses to variation in environmental conditions like temperature, and these responses could confer a fitness benefit or cost when carried-over to different life stages. However, effects of temperature on animals with complex life-cycles often only focus on part of their life-cycle, or only consider how single aspects of life-history may carry over to new stages. Herein we investigated how temperature affects intraspecific larval competition and carry-over effects from larval to adult stages in the widespread invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Methods For larval competition, larvae were reared at three densities (10, 20, and 40 individuals) across three source temperatures (21 °C, 27 °C and 34 °C). To test carry-over effects, adult survival was measured for individuals crossed with adult temperatures of 21 °C, 27 °C and 34 °C from the larval density of 20 individuals at each source temperature. Fecundity data also were obtained from mated females. Results For competition, there was a significant interaction between larval density and temperature, with the smallest females, who took the longest to develop, produced in the highest temperatures; density generally accentuated this effect. Regarding carry-over effects, adults exposed to higher temperatures lead to greater differences in fecundity and survival of adult populations. Conclusions Temperature appears to affect life-history of developing larvae under competitive interactions and can also alter adult fitness as the disparity between larval rearing and adult habitat temperatures increases. This has importance for our understanding for how different life-history stages of Ae. albopictus and other vectors of disease may respond to changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnaemeka F Ezeakacha
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.,Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 012A Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donald A Yee
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.
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Mastore M, Quadroni S, Toscano A, Mottadelli N, Brivio MF. Susceptibility to entomopathogens and modulation of basal immunity in two insect models at different temperatures. J Therm Biol 2018; 79:15-23. [PMID: 30612676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we analysed the efficacy of different commercial bio-insecticides (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Bacillus thuringiensis) by valuating the mortality induced on two insect models, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) and Sarcophaga africa (Diptera) after exposure to different temperatures (10, 20 and 30 °C). Moreover, we investigated the effects of temperature on the basal humoral immunity of the two target insects; particularly, phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme activity. Our results show that G. mellonella is susceptible to all bio-insecticides at all the examined temperatures, except when infected at 10 °C with S. carpocapsae and at 30 °C with S. feltiae and B. thuringiensis. S. africa is more susceptible at 30 °C to all bioinsecticides; whereas, when infected at 10 and 20 °C, H. bacteriophora is the most efficient. Temperature modulates PO activity of both G. mellonella and S. africa, otherwise variations in lysozyme activity is observed only in G. mellonella. Except for a possible correlation between the increased lysozyme activity and the delayed Bt efficacy recorded on G. mellonella at 30 °C, a different resistance to bio-insecticides at different temperatures does not seem to be associated to variations of the host basal immunity, probably due to immunoevasive and immunodepressive strategies of these entomopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Lab. of Ecology, Dept. of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Toscano
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mottadelli
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio F Brivio
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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