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Eleftherakos K, Polymeni RM, Mikropoulou EV, Vougogiannopoulou K, Georgiadis C, Petrakis EA, Skaltsounis LA, Halabalaki M. A skin secretion metabolome analysis of the Greek Dodecanese Lycian salamanders: Preliminary evidence of dietary alkaloid sequestration in urodeles. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300278. [PMID: 39208286 PMCID: PMC11361651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyciasalamandra species, like most amphibians, secrete a wide array of compounds from their granular and mucous skin glands, including the internally synthesized samandarine alkaloids, making their skin a complex organ performing a variety of functions. Lyciasalamandra helverseni and L. luschani basoglui are insular endemics of the Dodecanese islands of SE Greece, bearing distinct isolated populations, with well-documented phylogenetic profiles. Here, we employ a metabolomics approach, utilizing UPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS data of the skin secretions sampled from a number of specimens found in the islands of Karpathos, Kasos and Kastellorizo, in an effort to reveal aspects of their chemistry and diversity across populations. The results indicated statistically significant variation between all taxa examined, based on various secreted compounds. The underlying factors of variation highlighted by the multivariate analysis were differences in samandarine and other alkaloid content as well as in animal size. Metabolite annotation, based on dereplication tools and most importantly HRMS and HRMS/MS spectra, yielded a number of known samandarine alkaloids, reported for the first time in the currently studied Lyciasalamandra species. We also present documentation for novel members of the samandarine alkaloid family, as well as preliminary evidence for a possible dietary alkaloid sequestration. This work can set the basis for further research of this often-neglected endemic species of the Salamandridae, as well as the structural investigation of the samandarine alkaloid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolos Eleftherakos
- Section of Zoology–Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roza Maria Polymeni
- Section of Zoology–Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni V. Mikropoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Vougogiannopoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Georgiadis
- Section of Zoology–Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios A. Petrakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros A. Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Becker BM, Banson I, Walker JM, Deshwal A, Brown MW, Silberman JD. Isolation of Naegleria lustrarea n. sp. (Excavata, Discoba, Heterolobosea) from the feces of Ambystoma annulatum (Ringed Salamander) in Northwest Arkansas. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13031. [PMID: 38725295 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The salamander, Ambystoma annulatum, is considered a "species of special concern" in the state of Arkansas, USA, due to its limited geographic range, specialized habitat requirements and low population size. Although metazoan parasites have been documented in this salamander species, neither its native protists nor microbiome have yet been evaluated. This is likely due to the elusive nature and under-sampling of the animal. Here, we initiate the cataloguing of microbial associates with the identification of a new heterlobosean species, Naegleria lustrarea n. sp. (Excavata, Discoba, Heterolobosea), isolated from feces of an adult A. annulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Idan Banson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - James M Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Anant Deshwal
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew W Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeffery D Silberman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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3
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Troitsky TS, Laine VN, Lilley TM. When the host's away, the pathogen will play: the protective role of the skin microbiome during hibernation. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:66. [PMID: 38129884 PMCID: PMC10740296 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin of animals is enveloped by a symbiotic microscopic ecosystem known as the microbiome. The host and microbiome exhibit a mutualistic relationship, collectively forming a single evolutionary unit sometimes referred to as a holobiont. Although the holobiome theory highlights the importance of the microbiome, little is known about how the skin microbiome contributes to protecting the host. Existing studies focus on humans or captive animals, but research in wild animals is in its infancy. Specifically, the protective role of the skin microbiome in hibernating animals remains almost entirely overlooked. This is surprising, considering the massive population declines in hibernating North American bats caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which causes white-nose syndrome. Hibernation offers a unique setting in which to study the function of the microbiome because, during torpor, the host's immune system becomes suppressed, making it susceptible to infection. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on the protective role of the skin microbiome in non-human animals. We selected 230 publications that mentioned pathogen inhibition by microbes residing on the skin of the host animal. We found that the majority of studies were conducted in North America and focused on the bacterial microbiome of amphibians infected by the chytrid fungus. Despite mentioning pathogen inhibition by the skin microbiome, only 30.4% of studies experimentally tested the actual antimicrobial activity of symbionts. Additionally, only 7.8% of all publications studied defensive cutaneous symbionts during hibernation. With this review, we want to highlight the knowledge gap surrounding skin microbiome research in hibernating animals. For instance, research looking to mitigate the effects of white-nose syndrome in bats should focus on the antifungal microbiome of Palearctic bats, as they survive exposure to the Pseudogymnoascus destructans -pathogen during hibernation. We also recommend future studies prioritize lesser-known microbial symbionts, such as fungi, and investigate the effects of a combination of anti-pathogen microbes, as both areas of research show promise as probiotic treatments. By incorporating the protective skin microbiome into disease mitigation strategies, conservation efforts can be made more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Troitsky
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V N Laine
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T M Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Neely WJ, Martins RA, Mendonça da Silva CM, Ferreira da Silva T, Fleck LE, Whetstone RD, Woodhams DC, Cook WH, Prist PR, Valiati VH, Greenspan SE, Tozetti AM, Earley RL, Becker CG. Linking microbiome and stress hormone responses in wild tropical treefrogs across continuous and fragmented forests. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1261. [PMID: 38087051 PMCID: PMC10716138 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The amphibian skin microbiome is an important component of anti-pathogen defense, but the impact of environmental change on the link between microbiome composition and host stress remains unclear. In this study, we used radiotelemetry and host translocation to track microbiome composition and function, pathogen infection, and host stress over time across natural movement paths for the forest-associated treefrog, Boana faber. We found a negative correlation between cortisol levels and putative microbiome function for frogs translocated to forest fragments, indicating strong integration of host stress response and anti-pathogen potential of the microbiome. Additionally, we observed a capacity for resilience (resistance to structural change and functional loss) in the amphibian skin microbiome, with maintenance of putative pathogen-inhibitory function despite major temporal shifts in microbiome composition. Although microbiome community composition did not return to baseline during the study period, the rate of microbiome change indicated that forest fragmentation had more pronounced effects on microbiome composition than translocation alone. Our findings reveal associations between stress hormones and host microbiome defenses, with implications for resilience of amphibians and their associated microbes facing accelerated tropical deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Neely
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Renato A Martins
- Department of Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, One Health Microbiome Center, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Camila M Mendonça da Silva
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Tainá Ferreira da Silva
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Lucas E Fleck
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Ross D Whetstone
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - W Harrison Cook
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Paula R Prist
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eight Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Victor H Valiati
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Sasha E Greenspan
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Alexandro M Tozetti
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, One Health Microbiome Center, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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5
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Robak MJ, Saenz V, de Cortie E, Richards-Zawacki CL. Effects of temperature on the interaction between amphibian skin bacteria and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253482. [PMID: 37942072 PMCID: PMC10628663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships between animals and microbes are important for a range of functions, from digestion to protection from pathogens. However, the impact of temperature variation on these animal-microbe interactions remains poorly understood. Amphibians have experienced population declines and even extinctions on a global scale due to chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by chytrid fungi in the genus Batrachochytrium. Variation in susceptibility to this disease exists within and among host species. While the mechanisms generating differences in host susceptibility remain elusive, differences in immune system components, as well as variation in host and environmental temperatures, have been associated with this variation. The symbiotic cutaneous bacteria of amphibians are another potential cause for variation in susceptibility to chytridiomycosis, with some bacterial species producing antifungal metabolites that prevent the growth of Bd. The growth of both Bd and bacteria are affected by temperature, and thus we hypothesized that amphibian skin bacteria may be more effective at preventing Bd growth at certain temperatures. To test this, we collected bacteria from the skins of frogs, harvested the metabolites they produced when grown at three different temperatures, and then grew Bd in the presence of those metabolites under those same three temperatures in a three-by-three fully crossed design. We found that both the temperature at which cutaneous bacteria were grown (and metabolites produced) as well as the temperature at which Bd is grown can impact the ability of cutaneous bacteria to inhibit the growth of Bd. While some bacterial isolates showed the ability to inhibit Bd growth across multiple temperature treatments, no isolate was found to be inhibitive across all combinations of bacterial incubation or Bd challenge temperatures, suggesting that temperature affects both the metabolites produced and the effectiveness of those metabolites against the Bd pathogen. These findings move us closer to a mechanistic understanding of why chytridiomycosis outbreaks and related amphibian declines are often limited to certain climates and seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Robak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Veronica Saenz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Esmee de Cortie
- Falk School of Sustainability and Environment, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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6
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Hartmann AM, McGrath-Blaser SE, Colón-Piñeiro Z, Longo AV. Ontogeny drives shifts in skin bacterial communities in facultatively paedomorphic salamanders. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001399. [PMID: 37815535 PMCID: PMC10634365 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes are major determinants of host growth, development and survival. In amphibians, host-associated bacteria in the skin can inhibit pathogen infection, but many processes can influence the structure and composition of the community. Here we quantified the shifts in skin-associated bacteria across developmental stages in the striped newt (Notophthalmus perstriatus), a threatened salamander species with a complex life history and vulnerable to infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus. Our analyses show that pre-metamorphic larval and paedomorphic stages share similar bacterial compositions, and that the changes in the microbiome coincided with physiological restructuring during metamorphosis. Newts undergoing metamorphosis exhibited microbiome compositions that were intermediate between paedomorphic and post-metamorphic stages, further supporting the idea that metamorphosis is a major driver of host-associated microbes in amphibians. We did not find support for infection-related disruption of the microbiome, though infection replicates were small for each respective life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik M. Hartmann
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Ana V. Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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7
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Wax N, Walke JB, Haak DC, Belden LK. Comparative genomics of bacteria from amphibian skin associated with inhibition of an amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15714. [PMID: 37637170 PMCID: PMC10452622 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a skin disease associated with worldwide amphibian declines. Symbiotic microbes living on amphibian skin interact with Bd and may alter infection outcomes. We completed whole genome sequencing of 40 bacterial isolates cultured from the skin of four amphibian species in the Eastern US. Each isolate was tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit Bd growth. The aim of this study was to identify genomic differences among the isolates and generate hypotheses about the genomic underpinnings of Bd growth inhibition. We identified sixty-five gene families that were present in all 40 isolates. Screening for common biosynthetic gene clusters revealed that this set of isolates contained a wide variety of clusters; the two most abundant clusters with potential antifungal activity were siderophores (N=17 isolates) and Type III polyketide synthases (N=22 isolates). We then examined various subsets of the 22 isolates in the phylum Proteobacteria for genes encoding specific compounds that may inhibit fungal growth, including chitinase and violacein. We identified differences in Agrobacterium and Sphingomonas isolates in the chitinase genes that showed some association with anti-Bd activity, as well as variation in the violacein genes in the Janthinobacterium isolates. Using a comparative genomics approach, we generated several testable hypotheses about differences among bacterial isolates from amphibian skin communities that could contribute to variation in the ability to inhibit Bd growth. Further work is necessary to explore and uncover the various mechanisms utilized by amphibian skin bacterial isolates to inhibit Bd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Wax
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jenifer B. Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States of America
| | - David C. Haak
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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8
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Woodhams DC, McCartney J, Walke JB, Whetstone R. The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104690. [PMID: 37001710 PMCID: PMC10249470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses because of an accessible epithelial mucosome throughout their developmental trajectory, their responsiveness to experimental treatments, and direct interactions with emerging infectious pathogens. We review amphibian skin mucus components and describe the adaptive microbiome as a novel process of disease resilience where competitive microbial interactions couple with host immune responses to select for functions beneficial to the host. We demonstrate microbiome diversity, specificity of function, and mechanisms for memory characteristic of an adaptive immune response. At a time when industrialization has been linked to losses in microbiota important for host health, applications of microbial therapies such as probiotics may contribute to immunotherapeutics and to conservation efforts for species currently threatened by emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Julia McCartney
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, 99004-2440, USA
| | - Ross Whetstone
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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9
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Summer M, Ali S, Fiaz U, Tahir HM, Ijaz M, Mumtaz S, Mushtaq R, Khan R, Shahzad H, Fiaz H. Therapeutic and immunomodulatory role of probiotics in breast cancer: A mechanistic review. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:296. [PMID: 37486419 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become the most prevalent and noxious type of malignancy around the globe (Giaquinto et al., 2022). Multiple clinical strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy have been in practice to manage breast cancer. Besides the protective roles of conventional remedial approaches, and non-reversible and deteriorative impacts like healthy cell damage, organ failure, etc., the world scientific community is in a continuous struggle to find some alternative biocompatible and comparatively safe solutions. Among novel breast cancer management/treatment options, the role of probiotics has become immensely important. The current review encompasses the prevalence statistics of breast cancer across the globe concerning developed and undeveloped counties, intestinal microbiota linkage with breast cancer, and association of breast microbiome with breast carcinoma. Furthermore, this review also narrates the role of probiotics against breast cancer and their mode of action. In Vivo and In Vitro studies under breast cancer research regarding probiotics are mechanistically explained. The current review systematically explains the immunomodulatory role of probiotics to prevent breast cancer. Last, but not the least, current review concludes the use of probiotics in the treatment of breast cancer through various mechanisms and future recommendations for molecular basis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Summer
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Umaima Fiaz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rida Khan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Shahzad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hashim Fiaz
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ammer-ul-din Medical College Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Ngo-Mback MNL, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Marco HG. Antifungal Compounds from Microbial Symbionts Associated with Aquatic Animals and Cellular Targets: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040617. [PMID: 37111503 PMCID: PMC10142389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections continue to be a serious public health problem, leading to an estimated 1.6 million deaths annually. It remains a major cause of mortality for people with a weak or affected immune system, such as those suffering from cancer under aggressive chemotherapies. On the other hand, pathogenic fungi are counted among the most destructive factors affecting crops, causing a third of all food crop losses annually and critically affecting the worldwide economy and food security. However, the limited number currently available and the cytotoxicity of the conventional antifungal drugs, which are not yet properly diversified in terms of mode of action, in addition to resistance phenomena, make the search for new antifungals imperative to improve both human health and food protection. Symbiosis has been a crucial alternative for drug discovery, through which many antimicrobials have been discovered. This review highlights some antifungal models of a defensive symbiosis of microbial symbiont natural products derived from interacting with aquatic animals as one of the best opportunities. Some recorded compounds with supposed novel cell targets such as apoptosis could lead to the development of a multitherapy involving the mutual treatment of fungal infections and other metabolic diseases involving apoptosis in their pathogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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11
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Loudon AH, Terrell KA, Davis RW, Umile TP, Lipps GJ, Greathouse J, Chapman E, Roblee K, Kleopfer JD, Bales EK, Hyman OJ, Harris RN, Minbiole KPC. Metabolite compositions on skins of eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis differ with location and captivity. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 153:9-16. [PMID: 36727687 DOI: 10.3354/dao03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis, large aquatic salamanders, are declining over most of their range. The amphibian-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has contributed to global amphibian declines and has been detected on eastern hellbenders, but infection intensities were lower than those of species that are more susceptible to Bd. The factors limiting Bd on hellbenders may include antifungal metabolites produced by their skin microbiota. We used a metabolite fingerprinting technique to noninvasively identify the presence, but not identity, of metabolites associated with eastern hellbenders. We surveyed the skin of wild eastern hellbenders to test whether the composition and richness (i.e. number of metabolites) of their metabolites are explained by Bd status or location. Furthermore, we surveyed for metabolites on captive eastern hellbenders to test whether metabolite compositions were different between captive and wild eastern hellbenders. Bd detection was not associated with either metabolite richness or composition. Both metabolite composition and richness differed significantly on hellbenders from different locations (i.e. states). For metabolite composition, there was a statistical interaction between location and Bd status. Metabolite richness was greater on captive eastern hellbenders compared to wild hellbenders, and metabolite compositions differed between wild and captive eastern hellbenders. The methods we employed to detect metabolite profiles effectively grouped individuals by location even though metabolite composition and richness have high levels of intraspecific variation. Understanding the drivers and functional consequences of assemblages of skin metabolites on amphibian health will be an important step toward understanding the mechanisms that result in disease vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Loudon
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada
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12
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Kaganer AW, Ossiboff RJ, Keith NI, Schuler KL, Comizzoli P, Hare MP, Fleischer RC, Gratwicke B, Bunting EM. Immune priming prior to pathogen exposure sheds light on the relationship between host, microbiome and pathogen in disease. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220810. [PMID: 36756057 PMCID: PMC9890126 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between host, pathogen and host-associated microbiome dictate infection outcomes. Pathogens including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) threaten global biodiversity, but conservation efforts are hindered by limited understanding of amphibian host, Bd and microbiome interactions. We conducted a vaccination and infection experiment using Eastern hellbender salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) challenged with Bd to observe infection, skin microbial communities and gene expression of host skin, pathogen and microbiome throughout the experiment. Most animals survived high Bd loads regardless of their vaccination status and vaccination did not affect pathogen load, but host gene expression differed based on vaccination. Oral vaccination (exposure to killed Bd) stimulated immune gene upregulation while topically and sham-vaccinated animals did not significantly upregulate immune genes. In early infection, topically vaccinated animals upregulated immune genes but orally and sham-vaccinated animals downregulated immune genes. Bd increased pathogenicity-associated gene expression in late infection when Bd loads were highest. The microbiome was altered by Bd, but there was no correlation between anti-Bd microbe abundance or richness and pathogen burden. Our observations suggest that hellbenders initially generate a vigorous immune response to Bd, which is ineffective at controlling disease and is subsequently modulated. Interactions with antifungal skin microbiota did not influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W. Kaganer
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert J. Ossiboff
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nicole I. Keith
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Biology Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - Krysten L. Schuler
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Matthew P. Hare
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert C. Fleischer
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Bunting
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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13
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Gass J, Voyles J. When Defenses Fail: Atelopus zeteki Skin Secretions Increase Growth of the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1595-1605. [PMID: 35640912 PMCID: PMC9801971 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat the threat of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, ecoimmunologists seek to understand the complex interactions among pathogens, their hosts, and their shared environments. The cutaneous fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has led to the decline of innumerable amphibian species, including the Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). Given that Bd can evade or dampen the acquired immune responses of some amphibians, nonspecific immune defenses are thought to be especially important for amphibian defenses against Bd. In particular, skin secretions constitute a vital component of amphibian innate immunity against skin infections, but their role in protecting A. zeteki from Bd is unknown. We investigated the importance of this innate immune component by reducing the skin secretions from A. zeteki and evaluating their effectiveness against Bd in vitro and in vivo. Following exposure to Bd in a controlled inoculation experiment, we compared key disease characteristics (e.g., changes in body condition, prevalence, pathogen loads, and survival) among groups of frogs that had their skin secretions reduced and control frogs that maintained their skin secretions. Surprisingly, we found that the skin secretions collected from A. zeteki increased Bd growth in vitro. This finding was further supported by infection and survival patterns in the in vivo experiment where frogs with reduced skin secretions tended to have lower pathogen loads and survive longer compared to frogs that maintained their secretions. These results suggest that the skin secretions of A. zeteki are not only ineffective at inhibiting Bd but may enhance Bd growth, possibly leading to greater severity of disease and higher mortality in this highly vulnerable species. These results differ from those of previous studies in other amphibian host species that suggest that skin secretions are a key defense in protecting amphibians from developing severe chytridiomycosis. Therefore, we suggest that the importance of immune components cannot be generalized across all amphibian species or over time. Moreover, the finding that skin secretions may be enhancing Bd growth emphasizes the importance of investigating these immune components in detail, especially for species that are a conservation priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Gass
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada at Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada at Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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14
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Neely WJ, Greenspan SE, Stahl LM, Heraghty SD, Marshall VM, Atkinson CL, Becker CG. Habitat Disturbance Linked with Host Microbiome Dispersion and Bd Dynamics in Temperate Amphibians. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:901-910. [PMID: 34671826 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitat disturbances can dramatically alter ecological community interactions, including host-pathogen dynamics. Recent work has highlighted the potential for habitat disturbances to alter host-associated microbial communities, but the associations between anthropogenic disturbance, host microbiomes, and pathogens are unresolved. Amphibian skin microbial communities are particularly responsive to factors like temperature, physiochemistry, pathogen infection, and environmental microbial reservoirs. Through a field survey on wild populations of Acris crepitans (Hylidae) and Lithobates catesbeianus (Ranidae), we assessed the effects of habitat disturbance and connectivity on environmental bacterial reservoirs, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection, and skin microbiome composition. We found higher measures of microbiome dispersion (a measure of community variability) in A. crepitans from more disturbed ponds, supporting the hypothesis that disturbance increases stochasticity in biological communities. We also found that habitat disturbance limited microbiome similarity between locations for both species, suggesting greater isolation of bacterial assemblages in more disturbed areas. Higher disturbance was associated with lower Bd prevalence for A. crepitans, which could signify suboptimal microclimates for Bd in disturbed habitats. Combined, our findings show that reduced microbiome stability stemming from habitat disturbance could compromise population health, even in the absence of pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Neely
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Sasha E Greenspan
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Leigha M Stahl
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Sam D Heraghty
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Vanessa M Marshall
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Carla L Atkinson
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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15
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Kuschke SG. What lives on and in the sea turtle? A literature review of sea turtle bacterial microbiota. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:52. [PMID: 36076281 PMCID: PMC9461204 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the United States, all populations of sea turtles are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Identifying methods of supporting health, preventing disease, and treating disease is essential for conservation and management strategies for all species. Over the last few decades, advances in technology and high throughput sequencing have allowed a proliferation of research into core microbiota and microbiomes in humans and animals. Such investigations have proven that microbiota on and within a host can influence physiology, immunity, and development. Accordingly, a comprehensive understanding of microbiota is essential for unearthing the complex relationships within a microbiome and how those interactions and relationships can be used to promote health and prevent or treat disease. The goal of this review is to summarize the current microbiota research available across all species of sea turtles and identify any emerging trends. Methodological differences made it challenging to draw conclusions across studies, but it is apparent that each anatomical location investigated has a unique core microbiota with some potential overlap. In the future, unifying methodology across microbiota studies will allow broader conclusions to be drawn across all anatomic locations and species of sea turtles. These conclusions will then allow clinicians and conservationists to apply the research results in the field. Additionally, future efforts should include a wider range of organisms including fungi, viruses, parasites, epibiota, and archaea to unveil essential relationships among and between the organisms and host for maintenance of a healthy microbiome.
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16
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Le Sage EH, Ohmer MEB, LaBumbard BC, Altman KA, Reinert LK, Bednark JG, Bletz MC, Inman B, Lindauer A, McDonnell NB, Parker SK, Skerlec SM, Wantman T, Rollins‐Smith LA, Woodhams DC, Voyles J, Richards‐Zawacki CL. Localized carry‐over effects of pond drying on survival, growth, and pathogen defenses in amphibians. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Le Sage
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Michel E. B. Ohmer
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Karie A. Altman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Laura K. Reinert
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Jeffery G. Bednark
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Molly C. Bletz
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Brady Inman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Alexa Lindauer
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
| | - Nina B. McDonnell
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Sadie K. Parker
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Samantha M. Skerlec
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Trina Wantman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Louise A. Rollins‐Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA
- Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | | | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
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17
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Abstract
Temporal changes and transmission patterns in host-associated microbial communities have important implications for host health. The diversity of amphibian skin microbial communities is associated with disease outcome in amphibians exposed to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). To successfully develop conservation strategies against Bd, we need a comprehensive understanding of how skin microbes are maintained and transmitted over time within populations. We used 16S rRNA sequence analysis to compare Epipedobates anthonyi frogs housed with one conspecific to frogs housed singly at four time points over the course of 1 year. We found that both α and β diversity of frog skin bacterial communities changed significantly over the course of the experiment. Specifically, we found that bacterial communities of cohabitating frogs became more similar over time. We also observed that some bacterial taxa were differentially abundant between frogs housed singly and frogs housed with a conspecific. These results suggest that conspecific contact may play a role in mediating amphibian skin microbial diversity and that turnover of skin microbial communities can occur across time. Our findings provide rationale for future studies exploring horizontal transmission as a potential mechanism of host-associated microbial maintenance in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kruger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Spencer Roth
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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18
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Estrada A, Medina D, Gratwicke B, Ibáñez R, Belden LK. Body condition, skin bacterial communities and disease status: insights from the first release trial of the limosa harlequin frog,
Atelopus limosus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220586. [PMID: 35858072 PMCID: PMC9277274 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many endangered amphibian species survive in captive breeding facilities, but there have been few attempts to reintroduce captive-born individuals to rebuild wild populations. We conducted a soft-release trial of limosa harlequin frogs,
Atelopus limosus,
which are highly susceptible to the amphibian chytrid fungus
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
(Bd), to understand changes associated with the transition from captivity to the wild. Specifically, we assessed changes in body condition, skin-associated bacterial communities and disease status after release. Frogs were housed individually in field mesocosms and monitored for 27 days. Body condition did not significantly change in the mesocosms, and was similar to, or higher than, that of wild conspecifics at day 27. The skin bacteria of captive-born frogs, based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons, became similar to that of wild conspecifics after 27 days in mesocosms. Prevalence of Bd in wild conspecifics was 13–27%, and 15% of the
A. limosus
in mesocosms became infected with Bd, but no mortality of infected frogs was observed. We conclude that mesocosms are suitable for systematically and repeatedly monitoring amphibians during release trials, and that body condition, the skin microbiome, and Bd status can all change within one month of placement of captive-born individuals back into the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Estrada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panama
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panama
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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19
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McKnight DT, Huerlimann R, Bower DS, Schwarzkopf L, Alford RA, Zenger KR. The interplay of fungal and bacterial microbiomes on rainforest frogs following a disease outbreak. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald T. McKnight
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Roger Huerlimann
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
- Marine Climate Change Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Onnason Okinawa Japan
| | - Deborah S. Bower
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Ross A. Alford
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Kyall R. Zenger
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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20
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Hase K. Microflora Influence: The Aquatic Environment Changes Grouping Risk and Development Speed of Toad Tadpoles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.917067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, behavioral traits and the deterioration of water environments also contribute to the local extinction of amphibians. Abundant microflora in urban ponds may cause fatal diseases, whereas symbiotic bacteria may protect the host from pathogens; these effects may vary with group size. In this study, I monitored the growth of Japanese common toad (Bufo japonicus) larvae in Tokyo using three different group sizes: 1 (solitary), 2 (pair), and 15. Although there was no genetic bias in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes or microsatellite loci to the survival of the larvae, the mortality risk of the larvae reared in pond water was higher than that of those reared in tap water. According to the survival analysis, the risk was more significant when the group size was 15. This result would be unwelcomed for the B. japonicus tadpoles, which have habits of social aggregation. Furthermore, larval metamorphosis took longer to complete in pond than tap water without any difference in body length or mass. These findings provide fundamental insight into the impact of the aquatic environment and the effect of the group size on animal health and conservation.
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21
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Costa S, Lopes I. Saprolegniosis in Amphibians: An Integrated Overview of a Fluffy Killer Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050537. [PMID: 35628794 PMCID: PMC9144230 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians constitute the class of vertebrates with the highest proportion of threatened species, with infectious diseases being considered among the greatest causes for their worldwide decline. Aquatic oomycetes, known as “water molds,” are fungus-like microorganisms that are ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems and are capable of causing disease in a broad range of amphibian hosts. Various species of Achlya sp., Leptolegnia sp., Aphanomyces sp., and mainly, Saprolegnia sp., are responsible for mass die-offs in the early developmental stages of a wide range of amphibian populations through a disease known as saprolegniosis, aka, molding or a “Saprolegnia-like infection.” In this context, the main objective of the present review was to bring together updated information about saprolegniosis in amphibians to integrate existing knowledge, identify current knowledge gaps, and suggest future directions within the saprolegniosis–amphibian research field. Based on the available literature and data, an integrated and critical interpretation of the results is discussed. Furthermore, the occurrence of saprolegniosis in natural and laboratory contexts and the factors that influence both pathogen incidence and host susceptibility are also addressed. The focus of this work was the species Saprolegnia sp., due to its ecological importance on amphibian population dynamics and due to the fact that this is the most reported genera to be associated with saprolegniosis in amphibians. In addition, integrated emerging therapies, and their potential application to treat saprolegniosis in amphibians, were evaluated, and future actions are suggested.
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22
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Kásler A, Ujszegi J, Holly D, Üveges B, Móricz ÁM, Herczeg D, Hettyey A. Metamorphic common toads keep chytrid infection under control, but at a cost. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kásler
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology Institute of Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - J. Ujszegi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Institute of Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - D. Holly
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology Institute of Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - B. Üveges
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - Á. M. Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
| | - D. Herczeg
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
| | - A. Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology Institute of Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
- Department of Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Hungary
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23
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Microbial Diversity of the Chinese Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) on Healthy versus Ulcerated Skin. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101241. [PMID: 35625087 PMCID: PMC9137582 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As amphibians’ skin is highly sensitive to the environment, skin defects such as ulceration may pose a particular threat to them. Our study has found a stark difference in the microbial communities between healthy and ulcerated Hoplobatrachus rugulosus skin. The proportion and type of bacteria differed between the two groups, and we suggest that ulceration on the skin may lead to changes in skin microbial communities. The functional pathways of skin microbes may be influenced by ulceration on the skin surface of H. rugulosus. We also found that Vogesella is more abundant in healthy H. rugulosus, which may be a potential probiotic candidate for the reduction or removal of pathogens. Abstract The Chinese tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is extensively farmed in southern China. Due to cramped living conditions, skin diseases are prevalent among unhealthy tiger frogs which thereby affects their welfare. In this study, the differences in microbiota present on healthy versus ulcerated H. rugulosus skin were examined using 16S rRNA sequences. Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum on H. rugulosus skin, but their abundance was greater on the healthy skin than on the ulcerated skin. Rhodocyclaceae and Comamonadaceae were the most dominant families on the healthy skin, whereas Moraxellaceae was the most dominant family on the ulcerated skin. The abundance of these three families was different between the groups. Acidovorax was the most dominant genus on the healthy skin, whereas Acinetobacter was the most dominant genus on the ulcerated skin, and its abundance was greater on the ulcerated skin than on the healthy skin. Moreover, the genes related to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of levels 2–3, especially those genes that are involved in cell motility, flagellar assembly, and bacterial chemotaxis in the skin microbiota, were found to be greater on the healthy skin than on the ulcerated skin, indicating that the function of skin microbiota was affected by ulceration. Overall, the composition, abundance, and function of skin microbial communities differed between the healthy and ulcerated H. rugulosus skin. Our results may assist in developing measures to combat diseases in H. rugulosus.
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24
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Bates KA, Sommer U, Hopkins KP, Shelton JMG, Wierzbicki C, Sergeant C, Tapley B, Michaels CJ, Schmeller DS, Loyau A, Bosch J, Viant MR, Harrison XA, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC. Microbiome function predicts amphibian chytridiomycosis disease dynamics. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:44. [PMID: 35272699 PMCID: PMC8908643 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) threatens amphibian biodiversity and ecosystem stability worldwide. Amphibian skin microbial community structure has been linked to the clinical outcome of Bd infections, yet its overall functional importance is poorly understood. METHODS Microbiome taxonomic and functional profiles were assessed using high-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS2 gene sequencing, bacterial shotgun metagenomics and skin mucosal metabolomics. We sampled 56 wild midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) from montane populations exhibiting Bd epizootic or enzootic disease dynamics. In addition, to assess whether disease-specific microbiome profiles were linked to microbe-mediated protection or Bd-induced perturbation, we performed a laboratory Bd challenge experiment whereby 40 young adult A. obstetricans were exposed to Bd or a control sham infection. We measured temporal changes in the microbiome as well as functional profiles of Bd-exposed and control animals at peak infection. RESULTS Microbiome community structure and function differed in wild populations based on infection history and in experimental control versus Bd-exposed animals. Bd exposure in the laboratory resulted in dynamic changes in microbiome community structure and functional differences, with infection clearance in all but one infected animal. Sphingobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and an unclassified Commamonadaceae were associated with wild epizootic dynamics and also had reduced abundance in laboratory Bd-exposed animals that cleared infection, indicating a negative association with Bd resistance. This was further supported by microbe-metabolite integration which identified functionally relevant taxa driving disease outcome, of which Sphingobacterium and Bd were most influential in wild epizootic dynamics. The strong correlation between microbial taxonomic community composition and skin metabolome in the laboratory and field is inconsistent with microbial functional redundancy, indicating that differences in microbial taxonomy drive functional variation. Shotgun metagenomic analyses support these findings, with similar disease-associated patterns in beta diversity. Analysis of differentially abundant bacterial genes and pathways indicated that bacterial environmental sensing and Bd resource competition are likely to be important in driving infection outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Bd infection drives altered microbiome taxonomic and functional profiles across laboratory and field environments. Our application of multi-omics analyses in experimental and field settings robustly predicts Bd disease dynamics and identifies novel candidate biomarkers of infection. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran A Bates
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Ulf Sommer
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility - Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kevin P Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jennifer M G Shelton
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Claudia Wierzbicki
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christopher Sergeant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Benjamin Tapley
- ZSL London Zoo, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | | | - Dirk S Schmeller
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Adeline Loyau
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Jaime Bosch
- IMIB Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-University of Oviedo), 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Mark R Viant
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility - Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4DQ, UK
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Chen MY, Kueneman JG, González A, Humphrey G, Knight R, McKenzie VJ. Predicting fungal infection rate and severity with skin-associated microbial communities on amphibians. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2140-2156. [PMID: 35076975 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen success (risk and severity) is influenced by host-associated microbiota, but the degree to which variation in microbial community traits predict future infection presence/absence (risk) and load (severity) for the host is unknown. We conducted a time-series experiment by sampling the skin-associated bacterial communities of five amphibian species before and after exposure to the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobaditis (Bd). We ask whether microbial community traits are predictors of, or are affected by, Bd infection risk and intensity. Our results show that richness of putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria strongly predicts infection risk, while the proportion of putative Bd-inhibitory bacteria predicts future infection intensity. Variation in microbial community composition is high across time and individual, and bacterial prevalence is low. Our findings demonstrate how ecological community traits of host-associated microbiota may be used to predict infection risk by pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N-122, UCB 334, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jordan G Kueneman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Antonio González
- Department of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Greg Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Valerie J McKenzie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N-122, UCB 334, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Cowgill M, Zink AG, Sparagon W, Yap TA, Sulaeman H, Koo MS, Vredenburg VT. Social Behavior, Community Composition, Pathogen Strain, and Host Symbionts Influence Fungal Disease Dynamics in Salamanders. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742288. [PMID: 34938792 PMCID: PMC8687744 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which can cause a fatal disease called chytridiomycosis, is implicated in the collapse of hundreds of host amphibian species. We describe chytridiomycosis dynamics in two co-occurring terrestrial salamander species, the Santa Lucia Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps luciae, and the arboreal salamander, Aneides lugubris. We (1) conduct a retrospective Bd-infection survey of specimens collected over the last century, (2) estimate present-day Bd infections in wild populations, (3) use generalized linear models (GLM) to identify biotic and abiotic correlates of infection risk, (4) investigate susceptibility of hosts exposed to Bd in laboratory trials, and (5) examine the ability of host skin bacteria to inhibit Bd in culture. Our historical survey of 2,866 specimens revealed that for most of the early 20th century (~1920–1969), Bd was not detected in either species. By the 1990s the proportion of infected specimens was 29 and 17% (B. luciae and A. lugubris, respectively), and in the 2010s it was 10 and 17%. This was similar to the number of infected samples from contemporary populations (2014–2015) at 10 and 18%. We found that both hosts experience signs of chytridiomycosis and suffered high Bd-caused mortality (88 and 71% for B. luciae and A. lugubris, respectively). Our GLM revealed that Bd-infection probability was positively correlated with intraspecific group size and proximity to heterospecifics but not to abiotic factors such as precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, mean temperature, and elevation, or to the size of the hosts. Finally, we found that both host species contain symbiotic skin-bacteria that inhibit growth of Bd in laboratory trials. Our results provide new evidence consistent with other studies showing a relatively recent Bd invasion of amphibian host populations in western North America and suggest that the spread of the pathogen may be enabled both through conspecific and heterospecific host interactions. Our results suggest that wildlife disease studies should assess host-pathogen dynamics that consider the interactions and effects of multiple hosts, as well as the historical context of pathogen invasion, establishment, and epizootic to enzootic transitions to better understand and predict disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mae Cowgill
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrew G Zink
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wesley Sparagon
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Department of Oceanography and Sea Grant College Program, UUniversity of Hawai'i at Mānoa, HI, United States
| | - Tiffany A Yap
- Center for Biological Diversity, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Hasan Sulaeman
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michelle S Koo
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vance T Vredenburg
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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27
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Becker MH, Brophy JAN, Barrett K, Bronikowski E, Evans M, Glassey E, Kaganer AW, Klocke B, Lassiter E, Meyer AJ, Muletz-Wolz CR, Fleischer RC, Voigt CA, Gratwicke B. Genetically modifying skin microbe to produce violacein and augmenting microbiome did not defend Panamanian golden frogs from disease. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:57. [PMID: 37938636 PMCID: PMC9723765 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
We designed two probiotic treatments to control chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on infected Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki), a species that is thought to be extinct in the wild due to Bd. The first approach disrupted the existing skin microbe community with antibiotics then exposed the frogs to a core golden frog skin microbe (Diaphorobacter sp.) that we genetically modified to produce high titers of violacein, a known antifungal compound. One day following probiotic treatment, the engineered Diaphorobacter and the violacein-producing pathway could be detected on the frogs but the treatment failed to improve frog survival when exposed to Bd. The second approach exposed frogs to the genetically modified bacterium mixed into a consortium with six other known anti-Bd bacteria isolated from captive A. zeteki, with no preliminary antibiotic treatment. The consortium treatment increased the frequency and abundance of three probiotic isolates (Janthinobacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas) and these persisted on the skin 4 weeks after probiotic treatment. There was a temporary increase in the frequency and abundance of three other probiotics isolates (Masillia, Serratia, and Pseudomonas) and the engineered Diaphorobacter isolate, but they subsequently disappeared from the skin. This treatment also failed to reduce frog mortality upon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Becker
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Liberty University Department of Biology and Chemistry, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A N Brophy
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ed Bronikowski
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Reptile Discovery Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew Evans
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Reptile Discovery Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emerson Glassey
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa W Kaganer
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Blake Klocke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Elliot Lassiter
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Reptile Discovery Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adam J Meyer
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genetics, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Genetics, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, USA.
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28
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Mutnale MC, Reddy GS, Vasudevan K. Bacterial Community in the Skin Microbiome of Frogs in a Coldspot of Chytridiomycosis Infection. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:554-558. [PMID: 33442763 PMCID: PMC8384794 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease caused by the pathogens, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), which has caused declines in amphibian populations worldwide. Asia is considered as a coldspot of infection, since adult frogs are less susceptible to Bd-induced mortality or morbidity. Using the next-generation sequencing approach, we assessed the cutaneous bacterial community composition and presence of anti-Bd bacteria in six frog species from India using DNA isolated from skin swabs. All the six frog species sampled were tested using nested PCR and found Bd negative. We found a total of 551 OTUs on frog skin, of which the bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria (56.15% average relative abundance) was dominated followed by Actinobacteria (21.98% average relative abundance) and Firmicutes (13.7% average relative abundance). The contribution of Proteobacteria in the anti-Bd community was highest and represented by 175 OTUs. Overall, the anti-Bd bacterial community dominated (51.7% anti-Bd OTUs) the skin microbiome of the frogs. The study highlights the putative role of frog skin microbiome in affording resistance to Bd infections in coldspots of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind C Mutnale
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gundlapally S Reddy
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Karthikeyan Vasudevan
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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29
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Towards a more healthy conservation paradigm: integrating disease and molecular ecology to aid biological conservation †. J Genet 2021. [PMID: 33622992 PMCID: PMC7371965 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-01225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasites, and the diseases they cause, are important from an ecological and evolutionary perspective because they can negatively affect host fitness and can regulate host populations. Consequently, conservation biology has long recognized the vital role that parasites can play in the process of species endangerment and recovery. However, we are only beginning to understand how deeply parasites are embedded in ecological systems, and there is a growing recognition of the important ways in which parasites affect ecosystem structure and function. Thus, there is an urgent need to revisit how parasites are viewed from a conservation perspective and broaden the role that disease ecology plays in conservation-related research and outcomes. This review broadly focusses on the role that disease ecology can play in biological conservation. Our review specifically emphasizes on how the integration of tools and analytical approaches associated with both disease and molecular ecology can be leveraged to aid conservation biology. Our review first concentrates on disease-mediated extinctions and wildlife epidemics. We then focus on elucidating how host–parasite interactions has improved our understanding of the eco-evolutionary dynamics affecting hosts at the individual, population, community and ecosystem scales. We believe that the role of parasites as drivers and indicators of ecosystem health is especially an exciting area of research that has the potential to fundamentally alter our view of parasites and their role in biological conservation. The review concludes with a broad overview of the current and potential applications of modern genomic tools in disease ecology to aid biological conservation.
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Herczeg D, Ujszegi J, Kásler A, Holly D, Hettyey A. Host-multiparasite interactions in amphibians: a review. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:296. [PMID: 34082796 PMCID: PMC8173923 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths, and arthropods, are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Consequently, hosts are frequently infected with more than one parasite species simultaneously. The assessment of such co-infections is of fundamental importance for disease ecology, but relevant studies involving non-domesticated animals have remained scarce. Many amphibians are in decline, and they generally have a highly diverse parasitic fauna. Here we review the literature reporting on field surveys, veterinary case studies, and laboratory experiments on co-infections in amphibians, and we summarize what is known about within-host interactions among parasites, which environmental and intrinsic factors influence the outcomes of these interactions, and what effects co-infections have on hosts. The available literature is piecemeal, and patterns are highly diverse, so that identifying general trends that would fit most host–multiparasite systems in amphibians is difficult. Several examples of additive, antagonistic, neutral, and synergistic effects among different parasites are known, but whether members of some higher taxa usually outcompete and override the effects of others remains unclear. The arrival order of different parasites and the time lag between exposures appear in many cases to fundamentally shape competition and disease progression. The first parasite to arrive can gain a marked reproductive advantage or induce cross-reaction immunity, but by disrupting the skin and associated defences (i.e., skin secretions, skin microbiome) and by immunosuppression, it can also pave the way for subsequent infections. Although there are exceptions, detrimental effects to the host are generally aggravated with increasing numbers of co-infecting parasite species. Finally, because amphibians are ectothermic animals, temperature appears to be the most critical environmental factor that affects co-infections, partly via its influence on amphibian immune function, partly due to its direct effect on the survival and growth of parasites. Besides their importance for our understanding of ecological patterns and processes, detailed knowledge about co-infections is also crucial for the design and implementation of effective wildlife disease management, so that studies concentrating on the identified gaps in our understanding represent rewarding research avenues. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Herczeg
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
| | - János Ujszegi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kásler
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.,Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Dóra Holly
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.,Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.,Department of Ecology, Institute for Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Rottenbiller utca 50, Budapest, 1077, Hungary
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31
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Chytridiomycosis in Asian Amphibians, a Global Resource for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) Research. J Indian Inst Sci 2021; 101:227-241. [PMID: 34092943 PMCID: PMC8171229 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting amphibians globally and it is caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytridiomycosis has caused dramatic declines and even extinctions in wild amphibian populations in Europe, Australia, Central and North America. Spanning over two and a half decades, extensive research has led to discovery of epizootic and enzootic lineages of this pathogen. However, the Bd–amphibian system had garnered less attention in Asia until recently when an ancestral Bd lineage was identified in the Korean peninsula. Amphibians co-exist with the pathogen in Asia, only sub-lethal effects have been documented on hosts. Such regions are ‘coldspots’ of infection and are an important resource to understand the dynamics between the enzootic pathogen—Bd and its obligate host—amphibians. Insights into the biology of infection have provided new knowledge on the multi-faceted interaction of Bd in a hyperdiverse Asian amphibian community. We present the findings and highlight the knowledge gap that exists, and propose the ways to bridge them. We emphasize that chytridiomycosis in Asia is an important wildlife disease and it needs focussed research, as it is a dynamic front of pathogen diversity and virulence.
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32
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Abstract
Animals live in symbiosis with numerous microbe species. While some can protect hosts from infection and benefit host health, components of the microbiota or changes to the microbial landscape have the potential to facilitate infections and worsen disease severity. Pathogens and pathobionts can exploit microbiota metabolites, or can take advantage of a depletion in host defences and changing conditions within a host, to cause opportunistic infection. The microbiota might also favour a more virulent evolutionary trajectory for invading pathogens. In this review, we consider the ways in which a host microbiota contributes to infectious disease throughout the host's life and potentially across evolutionary time. We further discuss the implications of these negative outcomes for microbiota manipulation and engineering in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Stevens
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran A. Bates
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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33
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Medina D, Greenspan SE, Carvalho T, Becker CG, Toledo LF. Co-infecting pathogen lineages have additive effects on host bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6134751. [PMID: 33580951 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin bacteria may confer protection against the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but responses of skin bacteria to different Bd lineages are poorly understood. The global panzootic lineage (Bd-GPL) has caused amphibian declines and extinctions globally. However, other lineages are enzootic (Bd-Asia-2/Brazil). Increased contact rates between Bd-GPL and enzootic lineages via globalization pose unknown consequences for host-microbiome-pathogen dynamics. We conducted a laboratory experiment and used 16S rRNA amplicon-sequencing to assess: (i) whether two lineages (Bd-Asia-2/Brazil and Bd-GPL) and their recombinant, in single and mixed infections, differentially affect amphibian skin bacteria; (ii) and the changes associated with the transition to laboratory conditions. We determined no clear differences in bacterial diversity among Bd treatments, despite differences in infection intensity. However, we observed an additive effect of mixed infections on bacterial alpha diversity and a potentially antagonistic interaction between Bd genotypes. Additionally, observed changes in community composition suggest a higher ability of Bd-GPL to alter skin bacteria. Lastly, we observed a drastic reduction in bacterial diversity and a change in community structure in laboratory conditions. We provide evidence for complex interactions between Bd genotypes and amphibian skin bacteria during coinfections, and expand on the implications of experimental conditions in ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - CEP 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Building 205, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Sasha E Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 1339 Science and Engineering Complex, Tuscaloosa 35487, Alabama, USA
| | - Tamilie Carvalho
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - CEP 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, 1339 Science and Engineering Complex, Tuscaloosa 35487, Alabama, USA
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - CEP 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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34
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Piccinni MZ, Watts JEM, Fourny M, Guille M, Robson SC. The skin microbiome of Xenopus laevis and the effects of husbandry conditions. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:17. [PMID: 33546771 PMCID: PMC7866774 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically the main source of laboratory Xenopus laevis was the environment. The increase in genetically altered animals and evolving governmental constraints around using wild-caught animals for research has led to the establishment of resource centres that supply animals and reagents worldwide, such as the European Xenopus Resource Centre. In the last decade, centres were encouraged to keep animals in a "low microbial load" or "clean" state, where embryos are surface sterilized before entering the housing system; instead of the conventional, "standard" conditions where frogs and embryos are kept without prior surface treatment. Despite Xenopus laevis having been kept in captivity for almost a century, surprisingly little is known about the frogs as a holobiont and how changing the microbiome may affect resistance to disease. This study examines how the different treatment conditions, "clean" and "standard" husbandry in recirculating housing, affects the skin microbiome of tadpoles and female adults. This is particularly important when considering the potential for poor welfare caused by a change in husbandry method as animals move from resource centres to smaller research colonies. RESULTS We found strong evidence for developmental control of the surface microbiome on Xenopus laevis; adults had extremely similar microbial communities independent of their housing, while both tadpole and environmental microbiome communities were less resilient and showed greater diversity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the adult Xenopus laevis microbiome is controlled and selected by the host. This indicates that the surface microbiome of adult Xenopus laevis is stable and defined independently of the environment in which it is housed, suggesting that the use of clean husbandry conditions poses little risk to the skin microbiome when transferring adult frogs to research laboratories. This will have important implications for frog health applicable to Xenopus laevis research centres throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Z. Piccinni
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Joy E. M. Watts
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Marie Fourny
- grid.10400.350000 0001 2108 3034University of Rouen-Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Matt Guille
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel C. Robson
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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35
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Abarca JG, Whitfield SM, Zuniga-Chaves I, Alvarado G, Kerby J, Murillo-Cruz C, Pinto-Tomás AA. Genotyping and differential bacterial inhibition of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in threatened amphibians in Costa Rica. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33529150 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians have declined around the world in recent years, in parallel with the emergence of an epidermal disease called chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). This disease has been associated with mass mortality in amphibians worldwide, including in Costa Rica, and Bd is considered an important contributor to the disappearance of this group of vertebrates. While many species are susceptible to the disease, others show tolerance and manage to survive infection with the pathogen. We evaluated the pathogen Bd circulating in Costa Rica and the capacity of amphibian skin bacteria to inhibit the growth of the pathogen in vitro. We isolated and characterized - genetically and morphologically - several Bd isolates from areas with declining populations of amphibians. We determined that the circulating chytrid fungus in Costa Rica belongs to the virulent strain Bd-GPL-2, which has been related to massive amphibian deaths worldwide; however, the isolates obtained showed genetic and morphological variation. Furthermore, we isolated epidermal bacteria from 12 amphibian species of surviving populations, some in danger of extinction, and evaluated their inhibitory activity against the collection of chytrid isolates. Through bioassays we confirmed the presence of chytrid-inhibitory bacterial genera in Costa Rican amphibians. However, we observed that the inhibition varied between different isolates of the same bacterial genus, and each bacterial isolation inhibited fungal isolation differently. In total, 14 bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella showed inhibitory activity against all Bd isolates. Given the observed variation both in the pathogen and in the bacterial inhibition capacity, it is highly relevant to include local isolates and to consider the origin of the microorganisms when performing in vivo infection tests aimed at developing and implementing mitigation strategies for chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Abarca
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Vida Silvestre (LARNAVISI), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Steven M Whitfield
- Conservation and Research Department, Zoo Miami, St, Miami, FL 33177, USA
| | - Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Gilbert Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental y Comparada (LAPECOM), Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Jacob Kerby
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Catalina Murillo-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMic), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Adrián A Pinto-Tomás
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMic), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
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36
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Muletz‐Wolz CR, Wilson Rankin E, McGrath‐Blaser S, Venkatraman M, Maldonado JE, Gruner DS, Fleischer RC. Identification of novel bacterial biomarkers to detect bird scavenging by invasive rats. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1814-1828. [PMID: 33614005 PMCID: PMC7882976 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in genomic tools for use in ecological contexts and non-model systems allow unprecedented insight into interactions that occur beyond direct observation. We developed an approach that couples microbial forensics with molecular dietary analysis to identify species interactions and scavenging by invasive rats on native and introduced birds in Hawaii. First, we characterized bacterial signatures of bird carcass decay by conducting 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing on chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) tissues collected over an 11-day decomposition study in natural Hawaiian habitats. Second, we determined if field-collected invasive black rats (Rattus rattus; n = 51, stomach and fecal samples) had consumed birds using molecular diet analysis with two independent PCR assays (mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I and Cytochrome b genes) and Sanger sequencing. Third, we characterized the gut microbiome of the same rats using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and identified 15 bacterial taxa that were (a) detected only in rats that consumed birds (n = 20/51) and (b) were indicative of decaying tissue in the chicken decomposition experiment. We found that 18% of rats (n = 9/51) likely consumed birds as carrion by the presence of bacterial biomarkers of decayed tissue in their gut microbiome. One species of native bird (Myadestes obscurus) and three introduced bird species (Lophura leucomelanos, Meleagris gallopavo, Zosterops japonicus) were detected in the rats' diets, with individuals from these species (except L. nycthemera) likely consumed through scavenging. Bacterial biomarkers of bird carcass decay can persist through rat digestion and may serve as biomarkers of scavenging. Our approach can be used to reveal trophic interactions that are challenging to measure through direct observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly R. Muletz‐Wolz
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Erin Wilson Rankin
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Sarah McGrath‐Blaser
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Madhvi Venkatraman
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Jesús E. Maldonado
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Robert C. Fleischer
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
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Byrne AQ, Richards-Zawacki CL, Voyles J, Bi K, Ibáñez R, Rosenblum EB. Whole exome sequencing identifies the potential for genetic rescue in iconic and critically endangered Panamanian harlequin frogs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:50-70. [PMID: 33150627 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding extinction in a rapidly changing environment often relies on a species' ability to quickly adapt in the face of extreme selective pressures. In Panamá, two closely related harlequin frog species (Atelopus varius and Atelopus zeteki) are threatened with extinction due to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Once thought to be nearly extirpated from Panamá, A. varius have recently been rediscovered in multiple localities across their historical range; however, A. zeteki are possibly extinct in the wild. By leveraging a unique collection of 186 Atelopus tissue samples collected before and after the Bd outbreak in Panama, we describe the genetics of persistence for these species on the brink of extinction. We sequenced the transcriptome and developed an exome-capture assay to sequence the coding regions of the Atelopus genome. Using these genetic data, we evaluate the population genetic structure of historical A. varius and A. zeteki populations, describe changes in genetic diversity over time, assess the relationship between contemporary and historical individuals, and test the hypothesis that some A. varius populations have rapidly evolved to resist or tolerate Bd infection. We found a significant decrease in genetic diversity in contemporary (compared to historical) A. varius populations. We did not find strong evidence of directional allele frequency change or selection for Bd resistance genes, but we uncovered a set of candidate genes that warrant further study. Additionally, we found preliminary evidence of recent migration and gene flow in one of the largest persisting A. varius populations in Panamá, suggesting the potential for genetic rescue in this system. Finally, we propose that previous conservation units should be modified, as clear genetic breaks do not exist beyond the local population level. Our data lay the groundwork for genetically informed conservation and advance our understanding of how imperiled species might be rescued from extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Q Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ke Bi
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Clayton, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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38
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Douglas AJ, Hug LA, Katzenback BA. Composition of the North American Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) Bacterial Skin Microbiome and Seasonal Variation in Community Structure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:78-92. [PMID: 32613267 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While a number of amphibian skin microbiomes have been characterized, it is unclear how these communities might vary in response to seasonal changes in the environment and the corresponding behaviors that many amphibians exhibit. Given recent studies demonstrating the importance of the skin microbiome in frog innate immune defense against pathogens, investigating how changes in the environment impact the microbial species present will provide a better understanding of conditions that may alter host susceptibility to pathogens in their environment. We sampled the bacterial skin microbiome of North American wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from two breeding ponds in the spring, along with the bacterial community present in their vernal breeding pools, and frogs from the nearby forest floor in the summer and fall to determine whether community composition differs by sex, vernal pond site, or temporally across season (spring, summer, fall). Taxon relative abundance data reveals a profile of bacterial phyla similar to those previously described on anuran skin, with Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria dominating the wood frog skin microbiome. Our results indicate that sex had no significant effect on skin microbiota diversity; however, this may be due to our limited female frog sample size. Vernal pool site had a small but significant effect on skin microbiota, but skin-associated communities were more similar to each other than to the communities observed in the frogs' respective pond water. Across seasons, diversity analyses suggest that there are significant differences between the bacterial skin microbiome of frogs from spring and summer/fall groups while the average α-diversity per frog remained consistent. These results illustrate seasonal variation in wood frog skin microbiome structure and highlight the importance of considering temporal trends in an amphibian microbiome, particularly for species whose life history requires recurrent shifts in habitat and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Douglas
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Laura A Hug
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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39
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Ruthsatz K, Lyra ML, Lambertini C, Belasen AM, Jenkinson TS, da Silva Leite D, Becker CG, Haddad CFB, James TY, Zamudio KR, Toledo LF, Vences M. Skin microbiome correlates with bioclimate and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection intensity in Brazil's Atlantic Forest treefrogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22311. [PMID: 33339839 PMCID: PMC7749163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil’s Atlantic Forest (AF) biodiversity conservation is of key importance since the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to the rapid loss of amphibian populations here and worldwide. The impact of Bd on amphibians is determined by the host's immune system, of which the skin microbiome is a critical component. The richness and diversity of such cutaneous bacterial communities are known to be shaped by abiotic factors which thus may indirectly modulate host susceptibility to Bd. This study aimed to contribute to understanding the environment-host–pathogen interaction determining skin bacterial communities in 819 treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae and Phyllomedusidae) from 71 species sampled across the AF. We investigated whether abiotic factors influence the bacterial community richness and structure on the amphibian skin. We further tested for an association between skin bacterial community structure and Bd co-occurrence. Our data revealed that temperature, precipitation, and elevation consistently correlate with richness and diversity of the skin microbiome and also predict Bd infection status. Surprisingly, our data suggest a weak but significant positive correlation of Bd infection intensity and bacterial richness. We highlight the prospect of future experimental studies on the impact of changing environmental conditions associated with global change on environment-host–pathogen interactions in the AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany. .,Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Mariana L Lyra
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Depto de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lambertini
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Anat M Belasen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2701, USA
| | - Thomas S Jenkinson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Domingos da Silva Leite
- Laboratório de Antígenos Bacterianos II, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35847, USA
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Depto de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2701, USA
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
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40
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Ghosh PN, Brookes LM, Edwards HM, Fisher MC, Jervis P, Kappel D, Sewell TR, Shelton JM, Skelly E, Rhodes JL. Cross-Disciplinary Genomics Approaches to Studying Emerging Fungal Infections. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E315. [PMID: 33260763 PMCID: PMC7761180 DOI: 10.3390/life10120315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging fungal pathogens pose a serious, global and growing threat to food supply systems, wild ecosystems, and human health. However, historic chronic underinvestment in their research has resulted in a limited understanding of their epidemiology relative to bacterial and viral pathogens. Therefore, the untargeted nature of genomics and, more widely, -omics approaches is particularly attractive in addressing the threats posed by and illuminating the biology of these pathogens. Typically, research into plant, human and wildlife mycoses have been largely separated, with limited dialogue between disciplines. However, many serious mycoses facing the world today have common traits irrespective of host species, such as plastic genomes; wide host ranges; large population sizes and an ability to persist outside the host. These commonalities mean that -omics approaches that have been productively applied in one sphere and may also provide important insights in others, where these approaches may have historically been underutilised. In this review, we consider the advances made with genomics approaches in the fields of plant pathology, human medicine and wildlife health and the progress made in linking genomes to other -omics datatypes and sets; we identify the current barriers to linking -omics approaches and how these are being underutilised in each field; and we consider how and which -omics methodologies it is most crucial to build capacity for in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pria N. Ghosh
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Lola M. Brookes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Hannah M. Edwards
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Matthew C. Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Phillip Jervis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dana Kappel
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Thomas R. Sewell
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Jennifer M.G. Shelton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Emily Skelly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Johanna L. Rhodes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (L.M.B.); (H.M.E.); (M.C.F.); (P.J.); (D.K.); (T.R.S.); (J.M.G.S.); (E.S.); (J.L.R.)
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41
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Bell SC, Heard GW, Berger L, Skerratt LF. Connectivity over a disease risk gradient enables recovery of rainforest frogs. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02152. [PMID: 32343856 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis has been a key driver of global frog declines and extinctions, particularly for high-altitude populations across Australia and the Americas. While recent evidence shows some species are recovering, the extent of such recoveries and the mechanisms underpinning them remain poorly resolved. We surveyed the historical latitudinal and elevational range of four Australian rainforest frogs that disappeared from upland sites between 1989 and 1994 to establish their contemporary distribution and elevational limits, and investigate factors affecting population recovery. Five rainforest streams were surveyed from mountain-base to summit (30 sites in total), with swabs collected from the target species (Litoria dayi, L. nannotis, L. rheocola, and L. serrata) to determine their infection status, and data loggers deployed to measure microclimatic variation across the elevational gradient. Infection probability increased with elevation and canopy cover as it was tightly and inversely correlated with stream-side air temperature. Occupancy patterns suggest varying responses to this disease threat gradient. Two species, L. rheocola and L. serrata, were found over their full historical elevational range (≥1,000 m above sea level [asl]), while L. dayi was not detected above 400 m (formerly known up to 900 m asl) and L. nannotis was not detected above 800 m (formerly known up to 1,200 m asl). Site occupancy probability was negatively related to predicted infection prevalence for L. dayi, L. nannotis, and L. rheocola, but not L. serrata, which appears to now tolerate high fungal burdens. This study highlights the importance of environmental refuges and connectivity across disease risk gradients for the persistence and natural recovery of frogs susceptible to chytridiomycosis. Likewise, in documenting both interspecific variation in recovery rates and intraspecific differences between sites, this study suggests interactions between disease threats and host selection exist that could be manipulated. For example, translocations may be warranted where connectivity is poor or the increase in disease risk is too steep to allow recolonization, combined with assisted selection or use of founders from populations that have already undergone natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Bell
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Heard
- Institute of Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, 2640, Australia
- Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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42
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Kruger A. Frog Skin Microbiota Vary With Host Species and Environment but Not Chytrid Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1330. [PMID: 32670233 PMCID: PMC7328345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Describing the structure and function of the amphibian cutaneous microbiome has gained importance with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungal pathogen that can cause the skin disease chytridiomycosis. Sampling amphibian skin microbiota is needed to characterize current infection status and to help predict future susceptibility to Bd based on microbial composition since some skin microbes have antifungal capabilities that may confer disease resistance. Here, I use 16S rRNA sequencing to describe the composition and structure of the cutaneous microbiota of six species of amphibians. Frog skin samples were also tested for Bd, and I found 11.8% Bd prevalence among all individuals sampled (n = 76). Frog skin microbiota varied by host species and sampling site, but did not differ among Bd-positive and Bd-negative individuals. These results suggest that bacterial composition reflects host species and the environment, but does not reflect Bd infection among the species sampled here. Of the bacterial OTUs identified using an indicator species analysis as strongly associated with amphibians, significantly more indicator OTUs were putative anti-Bd taxa than would be expected based on the proportion of anti-Bd OTUs among all frog OTUs, suggesting strong associations between host species and anti-Bd OTUs. This relationship may partially explain why some of these frogs are asymptomatic carriers of Bd, but more work is needed to determine the other factors that contribute to interspecific variation in Bd susceptibility. This work provides important insights on inter- and intra-specific variation in microbial community composition, putative function, and disease dynamics in populations of amphibians that appear to be coexisting with Bd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kruger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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43
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DiRenzo GV, Chen R, Ibsen K, Toothman M, Miller AJ, Gershman A, Mitragotri S, Briggs CJ. Investigating the potential use of an ionic liquid (1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) as an anti-fungal treatment against the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231811. [PMID: 32302369 PMCID: PMC7164615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has contributed to global amphibian declines. Bd infects the keratinized epidermal tissue in amphibians and causes hyperkeratosis and excessive skin shedding. In individuals of susceptible species, the regulatory function of the amphibian’s skin is disrupted resulting in an electrolyte depletion, osmotic imbalance, and eventually death. Safe and effective treatments for chytridiomycosis are urgently needed to control chytrid fungal infections and stabilize populations of endangered amphibian species in captivity and in the wild. Currently, the most widely used anti-Bd treatment is itraconazole. Preparations of itraconazole formulated for amphibian use has proved effective, but treatment involves short baths over seven to ten days, a process which is logistically challenging, stressful, and causes long-term health effects. Here, we explore a novel anti-fungal therapeutic using a single application of the ionic liquid, 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMP-NTf2), for the treatment of chytridiomycosis. BMP-NTf2 was found be effective at killing Bd in vitro at low concentrations (1:1000 dilution). We tested BMP-NTf2 in vivo on two amphibian species, one that is relatively tolerant of chytridiomycosis (Pseudacris regilla) and one that is highly susceptible (Dendrobates tinctorius). A toxicity trial revealed a surprising interaction between Bd infection status and the impact of BMP-NTf2 on D. tinctorius survival. Uninfected D. tinctorius tolerated BMP-NTf2 (mean ± SE; 96.01 ± 9.00 μl/g), such that only 1 out of 30 frogs died following treatment (at a dose of 156.95 μL/g), whereas, a lower dose (mean ± SE; 97.45 ± 3.52 μL/g) was not tolerated by Bd-infected D. tinctorius, where 15 of 23 frogs died shortly upon BMP-NTf2 application. Those that tolerated the BMP-NTf2 application did not exhibit Bd clearance. Thus, BMP-NTf2 application, under the conditions tested here, is not a suitable option for clearing Bd infection in D. tinctorius. However, different results were obtained for P. regilla. Two topical applications of BMP-NTf2 on Bd-infected P. regilla (using a lower BMP-NTf2 dose than on D. tinctorius, mean ± SE; 9.42 ± 1.43 μL/g) reduced Bd growth, although the effect was lower than that obtained by daily doses of itracanozole (50% frogs exhibited complete clearance on day 16 vs. 100% for itracanozole). Our findings suggest that BMP-NTf2 has the potential to treat Bd infection, however the effect depends on several parameters. Further optimization of dose and schedule are needed before BMP-NTf2 can be considered as a safe and effective alternative to more conventional antifungal agents, such as itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella V. DiRenzo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Renwei Chen
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Kelly Ibsen
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary Toothman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Abigail J. Miller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Ariel Gershman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cheryl J. Briggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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Ohmer MEB, Cramp RL, White CR, Harlow PS, McFadden MS, Merino-Viteri A, Pessier AP, Wu NC, Bishop PJ, Franklin CE. Phylogenetic investigation of skin sloughing rates in frogs: relationships with skin characteristics and disease-driven declines. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182378. [PMID: 30963925 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin is highly variable in structure and function across anurans, and plays an important role in physiological homeostasis and immune defence. For example, skin sloughing has been shown to reduce pathogen loads on the skin, such as the lethal fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd), but interspecific variation in sloughing frequency is largely unknown. Using phylogenetic linear mixed models, we assessed the relationship between skin turnover rate, skin morphology, ecological traits and overall evidence of Bd-driven declines. We examined skin sloughing rates in 21 frog species from three continents, as well as structural skin characteristics measured from preserved specimens. We found that sloughing rate varies significantly with phylogenetic group, but was not associated with evidence of Bd-driven declines, or other skin characteristics examined. This is the first comparison of sloughing rate across a wide range of amphibian species, and creates the first database of amphibian sloughing behaviour. Given the strong phylogenetic signal observed in sloughing rate, approximate sloughing rates of related species may be predicted based on phylogenetic position. While not related to available evidence of declines, understanding variation in sloughing rate may help explain differences in the severity of infection in genera with relatively slow skin turnover rates (e.g. Atelopus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel E B Ohmer
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA 15260 , USA
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Craig R White
- 3 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Centre for Geometric Biology , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Peter S Harlow
- 4 Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Herpetofauna Division , Mosman, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Michael S McFadden
- 4 Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Herpetofauna Division , Mosman, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Andrés Merino-Viteri
- 5 Laboratorio de Ecofisiología/Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador , Quito , Ecuador
| | - Allan P Pessier
- 6 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164 , USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Phillip J Bishop
- 7 Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Craig E Franklin
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072 , Australia
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Critical Thermal Limits Do Not Vary between Wild-caught and Captive-bred Tadpoles of Agalychnis spurrelli (Anura: Hylidae). DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Captive-bred organisms are widely used in ecology, evolution and conservation research, especially in scenarios where natural populations are scarce or at risk of extinction. Yet, it is still unclear whether captivity may alter thermal tolerances, crucial traits to predict species resilience to global warming. Here, we study whether captive-bred tadpoles of the gliding treefrog (Agalychnis spurrelli) show different thermal tolerances than wild-caught individuals. Our results show that there are no differences between critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin) of captive-bred and wild-caught tadpoles exposed to three-day acclimatization at 20 °C. Therefore, we suggest that the use of captive-bred amphibians is valid and may be appropriate in experimental comparisons to thermal physiological studies of wild populations.
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B. Assis A, R. Bevier C, Chaves Barreto C, Arturo Navas C. Environmental influences on and antimicrobial activity of the skin microbiota of Proceratophrys boiei (Amphibia, Anura) across forest fragments. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:901-913. [PMID: 32015853 PMCID: PMC6988551 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the skin microbiota of amphibians is related to the biology of host species and environmental microbial communities. In this system, the environment serves as a microbial source and can modulate the hosted community. When habitats are fragmented and the environment disturbed, changes in the structure of this microbial community are expected. One important potential consequence of fragmentation is a compromised protective function of the microbiota against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the skin microbiota of the amphibian Proceratophrys boiei was characterized, evaluated for relationships with environmental variables and environmental sources of microbial communities, and its diversity evaluated for frog populations from fragmented and continuous forests. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of this skin community was studied in frogs from both forest types. Culture methods and 16S rRNA high-throughput gene sequencing were used to characterize the microbial community and demonstrated that the skin microbiota of P. boiei is more closely related to the soil microbial communities than those inhabiting water bodies or fragment matrix, the unforested area around the forested fragment. The microbial diversity and abundance of P. boiei skin microbiota are different between continuous forests and fragments. This community is correlated with environmental variables, especially with temperature of microhabitat and distance to human dwelling. All individuals of P. boiei harbored bacteria capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and different strains of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and a total of 27 bacterial genera were detected. The results of this study indicate that the persistence of populations of this species will need balanced and sustained interactions among host, microorganisms, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda B. Assis
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of BioscienceUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Cristine Chaves Barreto
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and BiotechnologyCatholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Carlos Arturo Navas
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of BioscienceUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Campbell LJ, Pawlik AH, Harrison XA. Amphibian ranaviruses in Europe: important directions for future research. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are an emerging group of pathogens capable of infecting all cold-blooded vertebrates. In Europe, ranaviruses pose a particularly potent threat to wild amphibian populations. Since the 1980s research on amphibian-infecting ranaviruses in Europe has been growing. The wide distribution of amphibian populations in Europe, the ease with which many are monitored, and the tractable nature of counterpart ex situ experimental systems have provided researchers with a unique opportunity to study many aspects of host–ranavirus interactions in the wild. These characteristics of European amphibian populations will also enable researchers to lead the way as the field of host–ranavirus interactions progresses. In this review, we provide a summary of the current key knowledge regarding amphibian infecting ranaviruses throughout Europe. We then outline important areas of further research and suggest practical ways each could be pursued. We address the study of potential interactions between the amphibian microbiome and ranaviruses, how pollution may exacerbate ranaviral disease either as direct stressors of amphibians or indirect modification of the amphibian microbiome. Finally, we discuss the need for continued surveillance of ranaviral emergence in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. Campbell
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Alice H. Pawlik
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Xavier A. Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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Gupta P, Robin VV, Dharmarajan G. Towards a more healthy conservation paradigm: integrating disease and molecular ecology to aid biological conservation †. J Genet 2020; 99:65. [PMID: 33622992 PMCID: PMC7371965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Parasites, and the diseases they cause, are important from an ecological and evolutionary perspective because they can negatively affect host fitness and can regulate host populations. Consequently, conservation biology has long recognized the vital role that parasites can play in the process of species endangerment and recovery. However, we are only beginning to understand how deeply parasites are embedded in ecological systems, and there is a growing recognition of the important ways in which parasites affect ecosystem structure and function. Thus, there is an urgent need to revisit how parasites are viewed from a conservation perspective and broaden the role that disease ecology plays in conservation-related research and outcomes. This review broadly focusses on the role that disease ecology can play in biological conservation. Our review specifically emphasizes on how the integration of tools and analytical approaches associated with both disease and molecular ecology can be leveraged to aid conservation biology. Our review first concentrates on disease mediated extinctions and wildlife epidemics. We then focus on elucidating how host-parasite interactions has improved our understanding of the eco-evolutionary dynamics affecting hosts at the individual, population, community and ecosystem scales. We believe that the role of parasites as drivers and indicators of ecosystem health is especially an exciting area of research that has the potential to fundamentally alter our view of parasites and their role in biological conservation. The review concludes with a broad overview of the current and potential applications of modern genomic tools in disease ecology to aid biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801, USA.
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Garcia-Recinos L, Burrowes PA, Dominguez-Bello M. The Skin Microbiota of Eleutherodactylus Frogs: Effects of Host Ecology, Phylogeny, and Local Environment. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2571. [PMID: 31781069 PMCID: PMC6856660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin microbiota has a potential protective role against diseases. However, the effects of environmental and host factors on symbiotic bacterial communities are not well understood. Caribbean frogs in the genus Eleutherodactylus represent a case of congeneric species that differ in ecological specialization by the process of adaptive radiation. For a small clade of Eleutherodactylus from Puerto Rico, we investigated the role of local environments, host species, and microhabitat in the composition of their skin microbiome. The potential congruence between microbial communities in hosts that are most closely related phylogenetically was also addressed. We hypothesized that the skin microbiota of Eleutherodactylus frogs would be mostly associated to microhabitat use, but also differ according to locality, and to a lesser extent to host species. To test this hypothesis, we swabbed the skin of a total of 98 adult individuals of seven Eleutherodactylus species distributed in two nearby localities in Puerto Rico, and sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results showed that locality had the greatest effect on determining skin bacterial communities of amphibian hosts, but this effect was stronger on the composition (based on presence/absence) than on its structure (based on sequence abundance). The most ecologically distinct host, E. cooki, and the generalist E. coqui presented, respectively, the most dissimilar and similar microbiota compared to other hosts. Host phylogeny showed a weak influence on skin microbiota. Results suggest that both local environment and ecological specialization are structuring the skin bacterial community in these Eleutherodactylus species, but that characteristics intrinsic to species may also render unique hosts the ability to maintain distinct microbiotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Garcia-Recinos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | | | - Maria Dominguez-Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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50
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Niederle MV, Bosch J, Ale CE, Nader-Macías ME, Aristimuño Ficoseco C, Toledo LF, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Soto-Azat C, Pasteris SE. Skin-associated lactic acid bacteria from North American bullfrogs as potential control agents of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223020. [PMID: 31560707 PMCID: PMC6764794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and has been a key driver in the catastrophic decline of amphibians globally. While many strategies have been proposed to mitigate Bd outbreaks, few have been successful. In recent years, the use of probiotic formulations that protect an amphibian host by killing or inhibiting Bd have shown promise as an effective chytridiomycosis control strategy. The North American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is a common carrier of Bd and harbours a diverse skin microbiota that includes lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a microbial group containing species classified as safe and conferring host benefits. We investigated beneficial/probiotic properties: anti-Bd activity, and adhesion and colonisation characteristics (hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide-EPS production) in two confirmed LAB (cLAB-Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826, Lactococcus garvieae CRL 1828) and 60 presumptive LAB (pLAB) [together named as LABs] isolated from bullfrog skin.We challenged LABs against eight genetically diverse Bd isolates and found that 32% of the LABs inhibited at least one Bd isolate with varying rates of inhibition. Thus, we established a score of sensitivity from highest (BdGPL AVS7) to lowest (BdGPL C2A) for the studied Bd isolates. We further reveal key factors underlying host adhesion and colonisation of LABs. Specifically, 90.3% of LABs exhibited hydrophilic properties that may promote adhesion to the cutaneous mucus, with the remaining isolates (9.7%) being hydrophobic in nature with a surface polarity compatible with colonisation of acidic, basic or both substrate types. We also found that 59.7% of LABs showed EPS synthesis and 66.1% produced biofilm at different levels: 21% weak, 29% moderate, and 16.1% strong. Together all these properties enhance colonisation of the host surface (mucus or epithelial cells) and may confer protective benefits against Bd through competitive exclusion. Correspondence analysis indicated that biofilm synthesis was LABs specific with high aggregating bacteria correlating with strong biofilm producers, and EPS producers being correlated to negative biofilm producing LABs. We performed Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis and demonstrated a higher degree of genetic diversity among rod-shaped pLAB than cocci. Based on the LAB genetic analysis and specific probiotic selection criteria that involve beneficial properties, we sequenced 16 pLAB which were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus thailandicus, Lactobacillus pentosus/L. plantarum, L. brevis, and L. curvatus. Compatibility assays performed with cLAB and the 16 species described above indicate that all tested LAB can be included in a mixed probiotic formula. Based on our analyses, we suggest that E. gallinarum CRL 1826, L. garvieae CRL 1828, and P. pentosaceus 15 and 18B represent optimal probiotic candidates for Bd control and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Niederle
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - J. Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), Oviedo University—Campus Mieres, Spain
| | - C. E. Ale
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M. E. Nader-Macías
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - C. Aristimuño Ficoseco
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - L. F. Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) Ranita de Darwin, Santiago, Chile
- Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C. Soto-Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - S. E. Pasteris
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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