1
|
Cronau RJT, de Fouw J, van Katwijk MM, Bouma TJ, Heusinkveld JHT, Hoeijmakers D, Lamers LPM, van der Heide T. Seed‐ versus transplant‐based eelgrass (
Zostera marina
L.) restoration success in a temperate marine lake. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rens J. T. Cronau
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Faculty of Science 6525 AJ Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy de Fouw
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Faculty of Science 6525 AJ Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Coastal systems. NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB Den Burg Texel The Netherlands
| | - Marieke M. van Katwijk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Faculty of Science 6525 AJ Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd J. Bouma
- Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems. NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University 4401 Korringaweg 7, NT Yerseke The Netherlands
| | | | - Dieuwke Hoeijmakers
- The Fieldwork Company Van Schendelstraat 1, 9721 GV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Leon P. M. Lamers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Faculty of Science 6525 AJ Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tjisse van der Heide
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) , University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Coastal systems. NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB Den Burg Texel The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Copper sulphate treatment induces Heterozostera seed germination and improves seedling growth rates. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
3
|
Govers LL, Heusinkveld JHT, Gräfnings MLE, Smeele Q, van der Heide T. Adaptive intertidal seed-based seagrass restoration in the Dutch Wadden Sea. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262845. [PMID: 35139086 PMCID: PMC8827467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrasses form the foundation of many coastal ecosystems but are rapidly declining on a global scale. The Dutch Wadden Sea once supported extensive subtidal seagrass meadows that have all disappeared. Here, we report on the setbacks and successes of intertidal seed-based restoration experiments in the Dutch Wadden Sea between 2014-2017. Our main goals were to 1) optimize plant densities, and 2) reduce seed losses. To achieve our goals, we conducted research-based, adaptive seagrass (Zostera marina) restoration, adjusting methods yearly based on previous results. We applied various seeding methods in three subsequent years-from Buoy Deployed Seeding (BuDS), and 'BuDS-in-frame' in fall, to a newly developed 'Dispenser Injection Seeding' (DIS) method. Our adaptive experimental approach revealed high seed losses between seeding and seedling establishment of the BuDS methods (>99.9%), which we mitigated by controlled harvest and storage of seeds throughout fall and winter, followed by DIS-seeding in spring. These iterative innovations resulted in 83 times higher plant densities in the field (0.012 to 1.00 plants m-2) and a small reduction in seed loss (99.94 to 99.75%) between 2015-2017. Although these developments have not yet resulted in self-sustaining seagrass populations, we are one step closer towards upscaling seagrass restoration in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Our outcomes suggest that an iterative, research-based restoration approach that focuses on technological advancement of precision-seeding may result in advancing knowledge and improved seed-based seagrass restoration successes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Govers
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal NIOZ and Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Max L. E. Gräfnings
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tjisse van der Heide
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal NIOZ and Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Calabon MS, Jones EBG, Promputtha I, Hyde KD. Fungal Biodiversity in Salt Marsh Ecosystems. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080648. [PMID: 34436187 PMCID: PMC8399140 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review brings together the research efforts on salt marsh fungi, including their geographical distribution and host association. A total of 486 taxa associated with different hosts in salt marsh ecosystems are listed in this review. The taxa belong to three phyla wherein Ascomycota dominates the taxa from salt marsh ecosystems accounting for 95.27% (463 taxa). The Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota constitute 19 taxa and four taxa, respectively. Dothideomycetes has the highest number of taxa, which comprises 47.12% (229 taxa), followed by Sordariomycetes with 167 taxa (34.36%). Pleosporales is the largest order with 178 taxa recorded. Twenty-seven genera under 11 families of halophytes were reviewed for its fungal associates. Juncus roemerianus has been extensively studied for its associates with 162 documented taxa followed by Phragmites australis (137 taxa) and Spartina alterniflora (79 taxa). The highest number of salt marsh fungi have been recorded from Atlantic Ocean countries wherein the USA had the highest number of species recorded (232 taxa) followed by the UK (101 taxa), the Netherlands (74 taxa), and Argentina (51 taxa). China had the highest number of salt marsh fungi in the Pacific Ocean with 165 taxa reported, while in the Indian Ocean, India reported the highest taxa (16 taxa). Many salt marsh areas remain unexplored, especially those habitats in the Indian and Pacific Oceans areas that are hotspots of biodiversity and novel fungal taxa based on the exploration of various habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Calabon
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - E. B. Gareth Jones
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Langer JAF, Sharma R, Nam B, Hanic L, Boersma M, Schwenk K, Thines M. Cox2 community barcoding at Prince Edward Island reveals long-distance dispersal of a downy mildew species and potentially marine members of the Saprolegniaceae. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMarine oomycetes are highly diverse, globally distributed, and play key roles in marine food webs as decomposers, food source, and parasites. Despite their potential importance in global ocean ecosystems, marine oomycetes are comparatively little studied. Here, we tested if the primer pair cox2F_Hud and cox2-RC4, which is already well-established for phylogenetic investigations of terrestrial oomycetes, can also be used for high-throughput community barcoding. Community barcoding of a plankton sample from Brudenell River (Prince Edward Island, Canada), revealed six distinct oomycete OTU clusters. Two of these clusters corresponded to members of the Peronosporaceae—one could be assigned to Peronospora verna, an obligate biotrophic pathogen of the terrestrial plant Veronica serpyllifolia and related species, the other was closely related to Globisporangium rostratum. While the detection of the former in the sample is likely due to long-distance dispersal from the island, the latter might be a bona fide marine species, as several cultivable species of the Peronosporaceae are known to withstand high salt concentrations. Two OTU lineages could be assigned to the Saprolegniaceae. While these might represent marine species of the otherwise terrestrial genus, it is also conceivable that they were introduced on detritus from the island. Two additional OTU clusters were grouped with the early-diverging oomycete lineages but could not be assigned to a specific family. This reflects the current underrepresentation of cox2 sequence data which will hopefully improve with the increasing interest in marine oomycetes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Menning DM, Gravley HA, Cady MN, Pepin D, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Ward DH, Talbot SL. Metabarcoding of environmental samples suggest wide distribution of eelgrass (Zostera marina) pathogens in the north Pacific. METABARCODING AND METAGENOMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.5.62823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrass meadows provide important ecological services to the marine environment but are declining worldwide. Although eelgrass meadows in the north Pacific are thought to be relatively healthy, few studies have assessed the presence of known disease pathogens in these meadows. In a pilot study to test the efficacy of the methods and to provide foundational disease biodiversity data in the north Pacific, we leveraged metabarcoding of environmental DNA extracted from water, sediment, and eelgrass tissue samples collected from five widely distributed eelgrass meadows in Alaska and one in Japan and uncovered wide prevalence of two classes of pathogenic organisms – Labyrinthula zosterae and other associated strains of Labyrinthula, and the Phytophthora/Halophytophthora blight species complex – known to have caused decline in eelgrass (Zostera marina) elsewhere in the species’ global distribution. Although the distribution of these disease organisms is not well understood in the north Pacific, we uncovered the presence of at least one eelgrass pathogen at every locality sampled.
Collapse
|
7
|
Caballol M, Štraus D, Macia H, Ramis X, Redondo MÁ, Oliva J. Halophytophthora fluviatilis Pathogenicity and Distribution along a Mediterranean-Subalpine Gradient. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020112. [PMID: 33546355 PMCID: PMC7913473 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytophthora species have been traditionally regarded as brackish water oomycetes; however, recent reports in inland freshwater call for a better understanding of their ecology and possible pathogenicity. We studied the distribution of Halophytophthora fluviatilis in 117 forest streams by metabarcoding river filtrates taken in spring and autumn and by direct isolation from floating leaves. Pathogenicity on six Fagaceae species and Alnus glutinosa was assessed by stem inoculations. The distribution of H. fluviatilis was correlated with high mean annual temperatures (>93.5% of reports in Ta > 12.2 °C) and low precipitation records. H. fluviatilis was therefore widely distributed in forest streams in a warm–dry climate, but it was mostly absent in subalpine streams. H. fluviatilis was primarily detected in autumn with few findings in spring (28.4% vs. 2.7% of streams). H. fluviatilis was able to cause small lesions on some tree species such as Quercus pubescens, Q. suber and A. glutinosa. Our findings suggest that H. fluviatilis may be adapted to warm and dry conditions, and that it does not pose a significant threat to the most common Mediterranean broadleaved trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caballol
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dora Štraus
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Héctor Macia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Miguel Á. Redondo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.Š.); (H.M.); (X.R.); (J.O.)
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ettinger CL, Eisen JA. Fungi, bacteria and oomycota opportunistically isolated from the seagrass, Zostera marina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236135. [PMID: 32697800 PMCID: PMC7375540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the marine environment are often neglected as a research topic, despite that fungi having critical roles on land as decomposers, pathogens or endophytes. Here we used culture-dependent methods to survey the fungi associated with the seagrass, Zostera marina, also obtaining bacteria and oomycete isolates in the process. A total of 108 fungi, 40 bacteria and 2 oomycetes were isolated. These isolates were then taxonomically identified using a combination of molecular and phylogenetic methods. The majority of the fungal isolates were classified as belonging to the classes Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Most fungal isolates were habitat generalists like Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp., but we also cultured a diverse set of rare taxa including possible habitat specialists like Colletotrichum sp. which may preferentially associate with Z. marina leaf tissue. Although the bulk of bacterial isolates were identified as being from known ubiquitous marine lineages, we also obtained several Actinomycetes isolates and a Phyllobacterium sp. We identified two oomycetes, another understudied group of marine microbial eukaryotes, as Halophytophthora sp. which may be opportunistic pathogens or saprophytes of Z. marina. Overall, this study generates a culture collection of fungi which adds to knowledge of Z. marina associated fungi and highlights a need for more investigation into the functional and evolutionary roles of microbial eukaryotes associated with seagrasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Ettinger
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Botella L, Janoušek J, Maia C, Jung MH, Raco M, Jung T. Marine Oomycetes of the Genus Halophytophthora Harbor Viruses Related to Bunyaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1467. [PMID: 32760358 PMCID: PMC7375090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the incidence of RNA viruses in a collection of Halophytophthora spp. from estuarine ecosystems in southern Portugal. The first approach to detect the presence of viruses was based on the occurrence of dsRNA, typically considered as a viral molecule in plants and fungi. Two dsRNA-banding patterns (∼7 and 9 kb) were observed in seven of 73 Halophytophthora isolates tested (9.6%). Consequently, two dsRNA-hosting isolates were chosen to perform stranded RNA sequencing for de novo virus sequence assembly. A total of eight putative novel virus species with genomic affinities to members of the order Bunyavirales were detected and their full-length RdRp gene characterized by RACE. Based on the direct partial amplification of their RdRp gene by RT-PCR multiple viral infections occur in both isolates selected. Likewise, the screening of those viruses in the whole collection of Halophytophthora isolates showed that their occurrence is limited to one single Halophytophthora species. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of negative (−) ssRNA viruses in marine oomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Botella
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Josef Janoušek
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Cristiana Maia
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marilia Horta Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Milica Raco
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Thomas Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Menning DM, Ward DH, Wyllie‐Echeverria S, Sage GK, Gravley MC, Gravley HA, Talbot SL. Are migratory waterfowl vectors of seagrass pathogens? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2062-2073. [PMID: 32128138 PMCID: PMC7042754 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory waterfowl vector plant seeds and other tissues, but little attention has focused on the potential of avian vectoring of plant pathogens. Extensive meadows of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in southwest Alaska support hundreds of thousands of waterfowl during fall migration and may be susceptible to plant pathogens. We recovered DNA of organisms pathogenic to eelgrass from environmental samples and in the cloacal contents of eight of nine waterfowl species that annually migrate along the Pacific coast of North America and Asia. Coupled with a signal of asymmetrical gene flow of eelgrass running counter to that expected from oceanic and coastal currents between Large Marine Ecosystems, this evidence suggests waterfowl are vectors of eelgrass pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandy Wyllie‐Echeverria
- Friday Harbor LaboratoriesCollege of the EnvironmentUniversity of WashingtonFriday HarborWAUSA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Su CJ, Hsieh SY, Chiang MWL, Pang KL. Salinity, pH and temperature growth ranges of Halophytophthora isolates suggest their physiological adaptations to mangrove environments. Mycology 2020; 11:256-262. [PMID: 33062386 PMCID: PMC7534344 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1714768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Halophytophthora are early colonisers of fallen mangrove leaves in the tropics but recently found commonly in temperate areas. In mangrove habitats, temperature and salinity change rapidly daily (high/low tide) and seasonally (summer/winter, rainy/dry seasons). Mangrove organisms have to develop adaptive strategies to thrive in such a physiologically challenging environment. In this study, growth of three isolates of Halophytophthora avicenniae and two isolates of H. batemanensis was tested under combined effects of 3 temperatures (15°C, 25°C, 37°C), 3 pHs (6, 7, 8) and 4 salinities (4 ‰, 8 ‰, 16 ‰, 32 ‰). No/little growth was observed at 37°C and growth saturation occurred earlier at 25°C than at 15°C. The log phase of growth was steeper at pH 6 than pH 7 and 8. Temperature and pH were found to exert a greater effect on growth than salinity. Generally, a reduction of growth rate was observed at pH 8 and 15°C. Increase in salinity caused a slight decrease in growth, most noticeable at 32 ‰. The wide growth ranges of temperature, salinity and pH of Halophytophthora isolates suggest that they are well adapted to the physical and chemical conditions of mangrove habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jui Su
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yuan Hsieh
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Ka-Lai Pang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wainwright BJ, Zahn GL, Zushi J, Lee NLY, Ooi JLS, Lee JN, Huang D. Seagrass-associated fungal communities show distance decay of similarity that has implications for seagrass management and restoration. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11288-11297. [PMID: 31641473 PMCID: PMC6802368 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine fungal biodiversity remains vastly understudied, and even less is known of their biogeography and the processes responsible for driving these distributions in marine environments. We investigated the fungal communities associated with the seagrass Enhalus acoroides collected from Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia to test the hypothesis that fungal communities are homogeneous throughout the study area. Seagrass samples were separated into different structures (leaves, roots, and rhizomes), and a sediment sample was collected next to each plant. Amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 and subsequent analysis revealed significant differences in fungal communities collected from different locations and different structures. We show a significant pattern of distance decay, with samples collected close to each other having more similar fungal communities in comparison with those that are more distant, indicating dispersal limitations and/or differences in habitat type are contributing to the observed biogeographic patterns. These results add to our understanding of the seagrass ecosystem in an understudied region of the world that is also the global epicenter of seagrass diversity. This work has implications for seagrass management and conservation initiatives, and we recommend that fungal community composition be a consideration for any seagrass transplant or restoration programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Wainwright
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | | | - Joshua Zushi
- Biology DepartmentUtah Valley UniversityOremUTUSA
| | - Nicole Li Ying Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Jillian Lean Sim Ooi
- Department of GeographyFaculty of Arts and Social SciencesUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Jen Nie Lee
- Faculty of Science and Marine EnvironmentUniversity Malaysia TerengganuTerengganuMalaysia
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Unsworth RKF, Bertelli CM, Cullen-Unsworth LC, Esteban N, Jones BL, Lilley R, Lowe C, Nuuttila HK, Rees SC. Sowing the Seeds of Seagrass Recovery Using Hessian Bags. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
14
|
Surface chemical defence of the eelgrass Zostera marina against microbial foulers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3323. [PMID: 30804483 PMCID: PMC6389981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on both mechanical and chemical defence mechanisms to protect their surfaces against microorganisms. The recently completed genome of the eelgrass Zostera marina, a marine angiosperm with fundamental importance for coastal ecosystems, showed that its re-adaptation from land to the sea has led to the loss of essential genes (for chemical communication and defence) and structural features (stomata and thick cuticle) that are typical of terrestrial plants. This study was designed to understand the molecular nature of surface protection and fouling-control strategy of eelgrass against marine epiphytic yeasts. Different surface extraction methods and comparative metabolomics by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used for targeted and untargeted identification of the metabolite profiles of the leaf surface and the whole tissue extracts. Desorption electrospray ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (DESI-IMS) coupled with traditional bioassays revealed, for the first time, the unique spatial distribution of the eelgrass surface-associated phenolics and fatty acids, as well as their differential bioactivity against the growth and settlement of epiphytic yeasts. This study provides insights into the complex chemical defence system of the eelgrass leaf surface. It suggests that surface-associated metabolites modulate biotic interactions and provide chemical defence and structural protection to eelgrass in its marine environment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Elliott JK, Simpson H, Teesdale A, Replogle A, Elliott M, Coats K, Chastagner G. A Novel Phagomyxid Parasite Produces Sporangia in Root Hair Galls of Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Protist 2018; 170:64-81. [PMID: 30710862 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the parasite causing the formation of root hair galls on eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Puget Sound, WA. Microscopic and molecular analyses revealed that a novel protist formed plasmodia that developed into sporangia in root hair tip galls and released biflagellate swimming zoospores. Root hair galls were also observed in the basal section of root hairs, and contained plasmodia or formed thick-walled structures filled with cells (resting spores). Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA sequence data obtained from cells in sporangia indicated that the closest relative of the parasite with a known taxonomic identification was Plasmodiophora diplantherae (86.9% sequence similarity), a phagomyxid parasite that infects the seagrass Halodule spp. To determine the local geographic distribution of the parasite, root and soil samples were taken from four eelgrass populations in Puget Sound and analyzed for root hair galls and parasite DNA using a newly designed qPCR protocol. The percent of root hairs with galls and amount of parasite DNA in roots and sediment varied among the four eelgrass populations. Future studies are needed to establish the taxonomy of the parasite, its effects on Z. marina, and the factors that determine its distribution and abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA.
| | - Hunter Simpson
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA
| | - Alex Teesdale
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA
| | - Amy Replogle
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA
| | - Marianne Elliott
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Kathryn Coats
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Gary Chastagner
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sullivan BK, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Neuhauser S, Govers LL. Review: Host-pathogen dynamics of seagrass diseases under future global change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:75-88. [PMID: 28965923 PMCID: PMC6445351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced global change is expected to amplify the disease risk for marine biota. However, the role of disease in the rapid global decline of seagrass is largely unknown. Global change may enhance seagrass susceptibility to disease through enhanced physiological stress, while simultaneously promoting pathogen development. This review outlines the characteristics of disease-forming organisms and potential impacts of global change on three groups of known seagrass pathogens: labyrinthulids, oomycetes and Phytomyxea. We propose that hypersalinity, climate warming and eutrophication pose the greatest risk for increasing frequency of disease outbreaks in seagrasses by increasing seagrass stress and lowering seagrass resilience. In some instances, global change may also promote pathogen development. However, there is currently a paucity of information on these seagrass pathosystems. We emphasise the need to expand current research to better understand the seagrass-pathogen relationships, serving to inform predicative modelling and management of seagrass disease under future global change scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Victorian Marine Science Consortium, 2A Bellarine Highway, Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia.
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Laura L Govers
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Trevathan-Tackett SM, Treby S, Gleason FH, Macreadie PI, Loke S. Cryopreservation methods are effective for long-term storage of Labyrinthula cultures. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:65-70. [PMID: 30154273 DOI: 10.3354/dao03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic protists of the Labyrinthulomycota are of interest for their biotechnological (e.g. thraustochytrid production of lipids) and ecological (e.g. wasting disease and rapid blight by pathogens of the genus Labyrinthula) applications; culture-based laboratory studies are a central technique of this research. However, maintaining such microorganism cultures can be labour- and cost-intensive, with a high risk of culture contamination and die-off over time. Deep-freeze storage, or cryopreservation, can be used to maintain culture back-ups, as well as to preserve the genetic and phenotypic properties of the microorganisms; however, this method has not been tested for the ubiquitous marine protists Labyrinthula spp. In this study, we trialled 12 cryopreservation protocols on 3 Labyrinthula sp. isolates of varying colony morphological traits. After 6 mo at -80°C storage, the DMSO and glycerol protocols were the most effective cryoprotectants compared to methanol (up to 90% success vs. 50% success, respectively). The addition of 30% horse serum to the cryoprotectant solution increased Labyrinthula sp. growth success by 20-30%. We expect that these protocols will provide extra security for culture-based studies, as well as opportunities for long-term research on key Labyrinthula sp. isolates.
Collapse
|
18
|
Govers LL, van der Zee EM, Meffert JP, van Rijswick PCJ, Man in ‘t Veld WA, Heusinkveld JHT, van der Heide T. Copper treatment during storage reduces Phytophthora and Halophytophthora infection of Zostera marina seeds used for restoration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43172. [PMID: 28225072 PMCID: PMC5320552 DOI: 10.1038/srep43172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration is increasingly considered an essential tool to halt and reverse the rapid decline of vital coastal ecosystems dominated by habitat-forming foundation species such as seagrasses. However, two recently discovered pathogens of marine plants, Phytophthora gemini and Halophytophthora sp. Zostera, can seriously hamper restoration efforts by dramatically reducing seed germination. Here, we report on a novel method that strongly reduces Phytophthora and Halophytophthora infection of eelgrass (Zostera marina) seeds. Seeds were stored in seawater with three different copper sulphate concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 2.0 ppm) crossed with three salinities (0.5, 10.0, 25.0 ppt). Next to reducing seed germination, infection significantly affected cotyledon colour: 90% of the germinated infected seeds displayed a brown cotyledon upon germination that did not continue development into the seedling stage, in contrast to only 13% of the germinated non-infected seeds. Copper successfully reduced infection up to 86% and the 0.2 ppm copper sulphate treatment was just as successful as the 2.0 ppm treatment. Infection was completely eliminated at low salinities, but green seed germination was also dramatically lowered by 10 times. We conclude that copper sulphate treatment is a suitable treatment for disinfecting Phytophthora or Halophytophthora infected eelgrass seeds, thereby potentially enhancing seed-based restoration success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Govers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen (GELIFES), Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC The Netherlands
| | - Els M. van der Zee
- Altenburg & Wymenga Ecological Consultants, Suderwei 2, 9269 TZ Veenwouden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. Meffert
- Department of Mycology, National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO-NL), Post Office Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia C. J. van Rijswick
- Department of Mycology, National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO-NL), Post Office Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Man in ‘t Veld
- Department of Mycology, National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO-NL), Post Office Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tjisse van der Heide
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Infantes E, Crouzy C, Moksnes PO. Seed Predation by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas: A Positive Feedback Preventing Eelgrass Recovery? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168128. [PMID: 27977802 PMCID: PMC5157998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest to restore the ecosystem services that eelgrass provides, after their continuous worldwide decline. Most attempts to restore eelgrass using seeds are challenged by very high seed losses and the reasons for these losses are not all clear. We assess the impact of predation on seed loss and eelgrass establishment, and explore methods to decrease seed loss during restoration in the Swedish northwest coast. In a laboratory study we identified three previously undescribed seed predators, the shore crab Carcinus maenas, the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, of which shore crabs consumed 2–7 times more seeds than the other two species. The importance of shore crabs as seed predators was supported in field cage experiments where one enclosed crab caused 73% loss of seeds over a 1-week period on average (~ 21 seeds per day). Seedling establishment was significantly higher (14%) in cages that excluded predators over an 8-month period than in uncaged plots and cages that allowed predators but prevented seed-transport (0.5%), suggesting that seed predation constitutes a major source of seed loss in the study area. Burying the seeds 2 cm below the sediment surface prevented seed predation in the laboratory and decreased predation in the field, constituting a way to decrease seed loss during restoration. Shore crabs may act as a key feedback mechanism that prevent the return of eelgrass both by direct consumption of eelgrass seeds and as a predator of algal mesograzers, allowing algal mats to overgrow eelgrass beds. This shore crab feedback mechanism could become self-generating by promoting the growth of its own nursery habitat (algal mats) and by decreasing the nursery habitat (seagrass meadow) of its dominant predator (cod). This double feedback-loop is supported by a strong increase of shore crab abundance in the last decades and may partly explain the regime shift in vegetation observed along the Swedish west coast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Infantes
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline Crouzy
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Olav Moksnes
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu S, Zhou Y, Wang P, Wang F, Zhang X, Gu R. Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrass Zostera marina L. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2697. [PMID: 27896031 PMCID: PMC5119234 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, seagrass beds have been recognized as critical yet declining coastal habitats. To mitigate seagrass losses, seagrass restorations have been conducted in worldwide over the past two decades. Seed utilization is considered to be an important approach in seagrass restoration efforts. In this study, we investigated the effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrass Zostera marina L. (Swan Lake, northern China). We initially tested the effects of salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 ppt) and water temperature (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C) on seed germination to identify optimal levels. To identify levels of salinity that could potentially limit survival and growth, and, consequently, the spatial distribution of seedlings in temperate estuaries, we then examined the effect of freshwater and other salinity levels (10, 20, and 30 ppt) on seedling growth and establishment to confirm suitable conditions for seedling development. Finally, we examined the effect of transferring germinated seeds from freshwater or low salinity levels (1, 5, and 15 ppt) to natural seawater (32 ppt) on seedling establishment rate (SER) at 15 °C. In our research, we found that: (1) Mature seeds had a considerably lower moisture content than immature seeds; therefore, moisture content may be a potential indicator of Z. marina seed maturity; (2) Seed germination significantly increased at low salinity (p < 0.001) and high temperature (p < 0.001). Salinity had a much stronger influence on seed germination than temperature. Maximum seed germination (88.67 ± 5.77%) was recorded in freshwater at 15 °C; (3) Freshwater and low salinity levels (< 20 ppt) increased germination but had a strong negative effect on seedling morphology (number of leaves per seedling reduced from 2 to 0, and maximum seedling leaf length reduced from 4.48 to 0 cm) and growth (seedling biomass reduced by 46.15–66.67% and maximum seedling length reduced by 21.16–69.50%). However, Z. marina performed almost equally well at salinities of 20 and 30 ppt. Very few germinated seeds completed leaf differentiation and seedling establishment in freshwater or at low salinity, implying that freshwater and low salinity may potentially limit the distribution of this species in coastal and estuarine waters. Therefore, the optimum salinity for Z. marina seedling establishment and colonization appears to be above 20 ppt in natural beds; (4) Seeds germinated in freshwater or at low salinity levels could be transferred to natural seawater to accomplish seedling establishment and colonization. This may be the optimal method for the adoption of seed utilization in seagrass restoration. We also identified seven stages of seed germination and seedling metamorphosis in order to characterize growth and developmental characteristics. Our results may serve as useful information for Z. marina habitat establishment and restoration programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|