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Huang X, Cao F, Zhao W, Ma P, Yang X, Ding S. Influence of formaldehyde exposure on the molecules of the NO/cGMP-cAMP signaling pathway in different brain regions of Balb/c mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:23-32. [PMID: 37921628 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231210942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
This toxicology study was conducted to assess the impact of formaldehyde, a common air pollutant found in Chinese gymnasiums, on the brain function of athletes. In this research, a total of 24 Balb/c male mice of SPF-grade were divided into four groups, each consisting of six mice. The mice were exposed to formaldehyde at different concentrations, including 0 mg/m3, 0.5 mg/m3, 3.0 mg/m3, and 3.0 mg/m3 in combination with an injection of L-NMMA (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine), which is a nitric oxide synthase antagonist. Following a one-week test period (8 h per day, over 7 days), measurements of biomarkers related to the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP-cAMP signaling pathway were carried out on the experimental animals post-treatment. The study found that: (1) Exposure to formaldehyde can lead to brain cell apoptosis and neurotoxicity; (2) Additionally, formaldehyde exposure was found to alter the biomarkers of the NO/cGMP-cAMP signaling pathway, with some changes being statistically significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01); (3) The use of L-NMMA, an antagonist of the NO/cGMP-cAMP signaling pathway, was found to prevent these biomarker changes and had a protective effect on brain cells. The study suggests that the negative impact of formaldehyde on the brain function of mice is linked to the regulation of the NO/cGMP-cAMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fenghua Cao
- School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Shumao Ding
- School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Pan H, Huang Q, Ban S, Du X, Su J, Liu J. Brain structural changes in CADASIL patients: A morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135388. [PMID: 32949660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a subcortical, inherited, cerebral small vessel disease. Several studies have revealed the involvement of specific cortical regions. However, the structural brain alterations and their clinical correlations remain largely undetermined. METHODS We evaluated 22 CADASIL patients and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We used surface- and voxel-based morphometric data derived from 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to explore structural changes in gray and white matter. We calculated Pearson correlations between such data and clinical and MRI metrics. RESULTS Compared with controls, CADASIL patients exhibited significantly decreased cortical thickness in the left supramarginal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, insula, lateral orbitofrontal gyrus, isthmus cingulate gyrus and precentral gyrus. An extensive decrease in the white (but not gray) matter volume was also evident, predominantly in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The number of previous strokes or transient ischemic attacks was negatively associated with the cortical thickness of the left pars opercularis and right posterior cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION Reductions in cortical thickness and white matter volume were evident in CADASIL patients compared with controls, and higher numbers of strokes and transient ischemic attacks were associated with regional cortical thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Huang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai, 200235, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Ban
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingjing Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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Topographical memory for newly-learned maps is differentially affected by route-based versus landmark-based learning: a functional MRI study. Neuroreport 2019; 29:511-516. [PMID: 29543689 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans rely on topographical memory to encode information about spatial aspects of environments. However, even though people adopt different strategies when learning new maps, little is known about the impact of those strategies on topographical memory, and their neural correlates. To examine that issue, we presented participants with 40 unfamiliar maps, each of which displayed one major route and three landmarks. Half were instructed to memorize the maps by focusing on the route, whereas the other half memorized the maps by focusing on the landmarks. One day later, the participants were tested on their ability to distinguish previously studied 'old' maps from completely unfamiliar 'new' maps under conditions of high and low working memory load in the functional MRI scanner. Viewing old versus new maps was associated with relatively greater activation in a distributed set of regions including bilateral inferior temporal gyrus - an important region for recognizing visual objects. Critically, whereas the performance of participants who had followed a route-based strategy dropped to chance level under high working memory load, participants who had followed a landmark-based strategy performed at above chance levels under both high and low working memory load - reflected by relatively greater activation in the left inferior parietal lobule (i.e. rostral part of the supramarginal gyrus known as area PFt). Our findings suggest that landmark-based learning may buffer against the effects of working memory load during recognition, and that this effect is represented by the greater involvement of a brain region implicated in both topographical and working memory.
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Baxendale S. Ability to knit may be impaired following right temporal lobe resection for drug-resistant epilepsy. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2019; 11:22-25. [PMID: 30603609 PMCID: PMC6310735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to knit may be compromised following a right or non-dominant temporal lobe resection. Non-lesional patients may be at particular risk. It is important to disseminate knowledge of impact of epilepsy surgery on specialist skills, via case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallie Baxendale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Neuroergonomics of car driving: A critical meta-analysis of neuroimaging data on the human brain behind the wheel. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:464-479. [PMID: 30442593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Car driving, an everyday life activity, has been under the scope of investigation for long. Neurosciences and psychology have contributed to better understand the human processes engaged while driving, to such an extent that a meta-analysis of all available fMRI data is now possible to extract the most relevant information. Using the Activation Likelihood Estimation method, we therefore conducted such a meta-analysis on 9 studies, representing 27 neuroimaging contrasts and 131 participants. We identified a network composed of brain areas underlying the cognitive abilities required for driving: sensorimotor coordination, sensory and attentional processing, high-level cognitive control and allocation of attentional resources. We complemented this meta-analysis with a neuroergonomics approach combining driving control knowledge, distinguishing the strategical, tactical and operational levels, with neuroscientific knowledge and models on cognitive control operated by the prefrontal cortex. The results exposed the distinct neural circuits engaged behind the wheel depending on the task performed. Based on the combination of neuroscientific and ergonomic knowledge, a hybrid car driving framework is also proposed.
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Bos JJ, Vinck M, van Mourik-Donga LA, Jackson JC, Witter MP, Pennartz CMA. Perirhinal firing patterns are sustained across large spatial segments of the task environment. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15602. [PMID: 28548084 PMCID: PMC5458559 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation and memory depend on the neural coding of an organism's location. Fine-grained coding of location is thought to depend on the hippocampus. Likewise, animals benefit from knowledge parsing their environment into larger spatial segments, which are relevant for task performance. Here we investigate how such knowledge may be coded, and whether this occurs in structures in the temporal lobe, supplying cortical inputs to the hippocampus. We found that neurons in the perirhinal cortex of rats generate sustained firing patterns that discriminate large segments of the task environment. This contrasted to transient firing in hippocampus and sensory neocortex. These spatially extended patterns were not explained by task variables or temporally discrete sensory stimuli. Previously it has been suggested that the perirhinal cortex is part of a pathway processing object, but not spatial information. Our results indicate a greater complexity of neural coding than captured by this dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J. Bos
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Vinck
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura A. van Mourik-Donga
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jadin C. Jackson
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Medtronic, 7000 Central Avenue NE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432, USA
| | - Menno P. Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, DMF, NTNU PO Box 8905, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wei W, Chen C, Dong Q, Zhou X. Sex Differences in Gray Matter Volume of the Right Anterior Hippocampus Explain Sex Differences in Three-Dimensional Mental Rotation. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:580. [PMID: 27895570 PMCID: PMC5108793 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies have reported that males perform better than females in 3-dimensional (3D) mental rotation. Given the important role of the hippocampus in spatial processing, the present study investigated whether structural differences in the hippocampus could explain the sex difference in 3D mental rotation. Results showed that after controlling for brain size, males had a larger anterior hippocampus, whereas females had a larger posterior hippocampus. Gray matter volume (GMV) of the right anterior hippocampus was significantly correlated with 3D mental rotation score. After controlling GMV of the right anterior hippocampus, sex difference in 3D mental rotation was no longer significant. These results suggest that the structural difference between males’ and females’ right anterior hippocampus was a neurobiological substrate for the sex difference in 3D mental rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Advanced Technology Innovation Center for Future Education, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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Crespo-García M, Zeiller M, Leupold C, Kreiselmeyer G, Rampp S, Hamer HM, Dalal SS. Slow-theta power decreases during item-place encoding predict spatial accuracy of subsequent context recall. Neuroimage 2016; 142:533-543. [PMID: 27521743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hippocampal theta oscillations play a key role in accurate spatial coding. Associative encoding involves similar hippocampal networks but, paradoxically, is also characterized by theta power decreases. Here, we investigated how theta activity relates to associative encoding of place contexts resulting in accurate navigation. Using MEG, we found that slow-theta (2-5Hz) power negatively correlated with subsequent spatial accuracy for virtual contextual locations in posterior hippocampus and other cortical structures involved in spatial cognition. A rare opportunity to simultaneously record MEG and intracranial EEG in an epilepsy patient provided crucial insights: during power decreases, slow-theta in right anterior hippocampus and left inferior frontal gyrus phase-led the left temporal cortex and predicted spatial accuracy. Our findings indicate that decreased slow-theta activity reflects local and long-range neural mechanisms that encode accurate spatial contexts, and strengthens the view that local suppression of low-frequency activity is essential for more efficient processing of detailed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maité Crespo-García
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Monika Zeiller
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudia Leupold
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gernot Kreiselmeyer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rampp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hajo M Hamer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarang S Dalal
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Murias K, Kwok K, Castillejo AG, Liu I, Iaria G. The effects of video game use on performance in a virtual navigation task. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Hirsch GV, Bauer CM, Merabet LB. Using structural and functional brain imaging to uncover how the brain adapts to blindness. ANNALS OF NEUROSCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 2:5. [PMID: 30288502 PMCID: PMC6168211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging technology have been instrumental in uncovering the dramatic neurological changes that result from blindness, as well as revealing the inner workings of the human brain. Specifically, modern imaging techniques enable us to examine how the brain adapts and "re-wires" itself as a result of changes in behavior, the environment, injury, or disease; a process referred to as neuroplasticity. Following an overview of commonly employed neuroimaging techniques, we discuss structural and functional neuroplastic brain changes associated with profound visual deprivation. In particular, we highlight how associated structural changes often occur within areas that process intact senses (such as hearing, touch, and smell) while functional changes tend to implicate areas of the brain normally ascribed to the processing of visual information. Evidence will primarily focus on profound blindness due to ocular cause, but related work in cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI) will also be discussed. The potential importance of these findings within the context of education and rehabilitation is proposed.
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Tong Z, Han C, Qiang M, Wang W, Lv J, Zhang S, Luo W, Li H, Luo H, Zhou J, Wu B, Su T, Yang X, Wang X, Liu Y, He R. Age-related formaldehyde interferes with DNA methyltransferase function, causing memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:100-10. [PMID: 25282336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampus-related topographic amnesia is the most common symptom of memory disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Recent studies have revealed that experience-mediated DNA methylation, which is regulated by enzymes with DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity, is required for the formation of recent memory as well as the maintenance of remote memory. Notably, overexpression of DNMT3a in the hippocampus can reverse spatial memory deficits in aged mice. However, a decline in global DNA methylation was found in the autopsied hippocampi of patients with AD. Exactly, what endogenous factors that affect DNA methylation still remain to be elucidated. Here, we report a marked increase in endogenous formaldehyde levels is associated with a decline in global DNA methylation in the autopsied hippocampus from AD patients. In vitro and in vivo results show that formaldehyde in excess of normal physiological levels reduced global DNA methylation by interfering DNMTs. Interestingly, intrahippocampal injection of excess formaldehyde before spatial learning in healthy adult rats can mimic the learning difficulty of early stage of AD. Moreover, injection of excess formaldehyde after spatial learning can mimic the loss of remote spatial memory observed in late stage of AD. These findings suggest that aging-associated formaldehyde contributes to topographic amnesia in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chanshuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jihui Lv
- Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wenhong Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjun Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangning Zhou
- University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Buchy L, Hawco C, Bodnar M, Izadi S, Dell'Elce J, Messina K, Lepage M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of external source memory and its relation to cognitive insight in non-clinical subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:683-91. [PMID: 24612152 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous research has linked cognitive insight (a measure of self-reflectiveness and self-certainty) in psychosis with neurocognitive and neuroanatomical disturbances in the fronto-hippocampal neural network. The authors' goal was to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of cognitive insight during an external source memory paradigm in non-clinical subjects. METHODS At encoding, 24 non-clinical subjects travelled through a virtual city where they came across 20 separate people, each paired with a unique object in a distinct location. fMRI data were then acquired while participants viewed images of the city, and completed source recognition memory judgments of where and with whom objects were seen, which is known to involve prefrontal cortex. Cognitive insight was assessed with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. RESULTS External source memory was associated with neural activity in a widespread network consisting of frontal cortex, including ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), temporal and occipital cortices. Activation in VLPFC correlated with higher self-reflectiveness and activation in midbrain correlated with lower self-certainty during source memory attributions. Neither self-reflectiveness nor self-certainty significantly correlated with source memory accuracy. CONCLUSION By means of virtual reality and in the context of an external source memory paradigm, the study identified a preliminary functional neural basis for cognitive insight in the VLPFC in healthy people that accords with our fronto-hippocampal theoretical model as well as recent neuroimaging data in people with psychosis. The results may facilitate the understanding of the role of neural mechanisms in psychotic disorders associated with cognitive insight distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Buchy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Glikmann-Johnston Y, Saling MM, Chen J, O’Keefe G, Gong S, Tochon-Danguy H, Mulligan R, Reutens DC. Hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor binding is related to object–location memory in humans. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:559-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Willment KC, Golby A. Hemispheric lateralization interrupted: material-specific memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:546. [PMID: 24032014 PMCID: PMC3759288 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemispheric lateralization of memory has largely been informed through the study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy originating from medial temporal sources (mTLE). The material-specific model of memory relies on the basic framework that the left temporal lobe mediates verbal memories, while the right temporal lobe mediates non-verbal memories. Over the years, this model has been refined, and even challenged, as our understanding of the material-specific memory deficits in mTLE has been further elaborated in the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature. The first goal of this mini-review is to highlight the major findings in the mTLE literature that have advanced and expanded our understanding of material-specific memory deficits in mTLE. Second, we will review how functional neuroimaging patterns of material-specific hemispheric lateralization in mTLE are being translated into the innovative clinical application of preoperative fMRI memory mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Celone Willment
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA ; Golby Lab, A Surgical Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
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Baxendale S, Smith N. Right hippocampal pathology inhibits the Flynn effect in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:1033-40. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2012.711812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Palombo DJ, Williams LJ, Abdi H, Levine B. The survey of autobiographical memory (SAM): a novel measure of trait mnemonics in everyday life. Cortex 2012; 49:1526-40. [PMID: 23063319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the abundance of laboratory-based memory tasks, few measures exist to assess self-reported memory function. This need is particularly important for naturalistic mnemonic capacities, such as autobiographical memory (recall of events and facts from one's past), because it is difficult to reliably assess in the laboratory. Furthermore, naturalistic mnemonic capacities may show stable individual differences that evade the constraints of laboratory testing. The Survey of Autobiographical Memory (SAM) was designed to assess such trait mnemonics, or the dimensional characterization of self-reported mnemonic characteristics. The SAM comprises items assessing self-reported episodic autobiographical, semantic, and spatial memory, as well as future prospection. In a large sample of healthy young adults, the latent dimensional structure of the SAM was characterized with multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). This analysis revealed dimensions corresponding to general mnemonic abilities (i.e., good vs poor memory across subtypes), spatial memory, and future prospection. While episodic and semantic items did not separate in this data-driven analysis, these categories did show expected dissociations in relation to depression history and to laboratory-based measures of recollection. Remote spatial memory as assessed by the SAM showed the expected advantage for males over females. Spatial memory was also related to autobiographical memory performance. Brief versions of the SAM are provided for efficient research applications. Individual differences in memory function are likely related to other health-related factors, including personality, psychopathology, dementia risk, brain structure and function, and genotype. In conjunction with laboratory or performance based assessments, the SAM can provide a useful measure of naturalistic self-report trait mnemonics for probing these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Palombo
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Stoppel CM, Boehler CN, Strumpf H, Krebs RM, Heinze HJ, Hopf JM, Schoenfeld MA. Distinct Representations of Attentional Control During Voluntary and Stimulus-Driven Shifts Across Objects and Locations. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:1351-61. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Casanova R, Whitlow CT, Wagner B, Espeland MA, Maldjian JA. Combining graph and machine learning methods to analyze differences in functional connectivity across sex. Open Neuroimag J 2012; 6:1-9. [PMID: 22312418 PMCID: PMC3271304 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001206010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we combine machine learning methods and graph theoretical analysis to investigate gender associated differences in resting state brain network connectivity. The set of all correlations computed from the fMRI resting state data is used as input features for classification. Two ensemble learning methods are used to perform the detection of the set of discriminative edges between groups (males vs. females) of brain networks: 1) Random Forest and 2) an ensemble method based on least angle shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regressors. Permutation testing is used not only to assess significance of classification accuracy but also to evaluate significance of feature selection. Finally, these methods are applied to data downloaded from the Connectome Project website. Our results suggest that gender differences in brain function may be related to sexually dimorphic regional connectivity between specific critical nodes via gender-discriminative edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Casanova
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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19
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Chiu TC, Gramann K, Ko LW, Duann JR, Jung TP, Lin CT. Alpha modulation in parietal and retrosplenial cortex correlates with navigation performance. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:43-55. [PMID: 21824156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the brain dynamics accompanying spatial navigation based on distinct reference frames. Participants preferentially using an allocentric or an egocentric reference frame navigated through virtual tunnels and reported their homing direction at the end of each trial based on their spatial representation of the passage. Task-related electroencephalographic (EEG) dynamics were analyzed based on independent component analysis (ICA) and subsequent clustering of independent components. Parietal alpha desynchronization during encoding of spatial information predicted homing performance for participants using an egocentric reference frame. In contrast, retrosplenial and occipital alpha desynchronization during retrieval covaried with homing performance of participants using an allocentric reference frame. These results support the assumption of distinct neural networks underlying the computation of distinct reference frames and reveal a direct relationship of alpha modulation in parietal and retrosplenial areas with encoding and retrieval of spatial information for homing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Cheng Chiu
- Brain Research Center, University System of Taiwan, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Nickl-Jockschat T, Kleiman A, Schulz JB, Schneider F, Laird AR, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB, Reetz K. Neuroanatomic changes and their association with cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:115-25. [PMID: 21667303 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an acquired syndrome characterised by cognitive decline not affecting activities of daily living. Using a quantitative meta-analytic approach, we aimed to identify consistent neuroanatomic correlates of MCI and how they are related to cognitive dysfunction. The meta-analysis enrols 22 studies, involving 917 MCI (848 amnestic MCI) patients and 809 healthy controls. Only studies investigating local changes in grey matter and reporting whole-brain results in stereotactic coordinates were included and analysed using the activation likelihood estimation approach. Probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps were used to compare the localization of the obtained significant effects to histological areas. A correlation between the probability of grey matter changes and cognitive performance of MCI patients was performed. In MCI patients, the meta-analysis revealed three significant clusters of convergent grey matter atrophy, which were mainly situated in the bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, extending to the left medial temporal pole and thalamus, as well as in the bilateral precuneus. A sub-analysis in only amnestic MCI revealed a similar pattern. A voxel-wise analysis revealed a correlation between grey matter reduction and cognitive decline in the right hippocampus and amygdala as well as in the left thalamus. This study provides convergent evidence of a distinct neuroanatomical pattern in MCI. The correlation analysis with cognitive-mnestic decline further highlights the impact of limbic structures and the linkage with data from a functional neuroimaging database provides additional insight into underlying functions. Although different pathologies are underlying MCI, the observed neuroanatomical pattern of structural changes may reflect the common clinical denominator of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
The division of cortical visual processing into distinct dorsal and ventral streams is a key framework that has guided visual neuroscience. The characterization of the ventral stream as a 'What' pathway is relatively uncontroversial, but the nature of dorsal stream processing is less clear. Originally proposed as mediating spatial perception ('Where'), more recent accounts suggest it primarily serves non-conscious visually guided action ('How'). Here, we identify three pathways emerging from the dorsal stream that consist of projections to the prefrontal and premotor cortices, and a major projection to the medial temporal lobe that courses both directly and indirectly through the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. These three pathways support both conscious and non-conscious visuospatial processing, including spatial working memory, visually guided action and navigation, respectively.
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Lim TS, Iaria G, Moon SY. Topographical disorientation in mild cognitive impairment: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Clin Neurol 2010; 6:204-11. [PMID: 21264201 PMCID: PMC3024525 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2010.6.4.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To assess the neural substrates underlying topographical disorientation (TD) in patients affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI), forty-one patients diagnosed with MCI and 24 healthy control individuals were recruited. Methods TD was assessed clinically in all participants. Neurological and neuropsychological evaluations and a volumetric-head magnetic resonance imaging scan were performed in each participant. Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare patterns of gray-matter atrophy between patients with and without TD, and a group of normal controls. Results We found TD in 17 out of the 41 MCI patients (41.4%). The functional abilities were significantly impaired in MCI patients with TD compared to in MCI patients without TD. Voxel-based morphometry analyses showed that the presence of TD in MCI patients is associated with loss of gray matter in the medial temporal regions, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex, the fusiform gyrus, the inferior occipital gyrus, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Conclusions The findings found in this study represent the first evidence that the presence of TD in patients with MCI is associated with loss of gray matter in those brain regions that have been documented to be responsible for orientation in both neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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23
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van Elk M, Crajé C, Beeren M, Steenbergen B, van Schie H, Bekkering H. Neural evidence for impaired action selection in right hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Brain Res 2010; 1349:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bartsch T, Schönfeld R, Müller FJ, Alfke K, Leplow B, Aldenhoff J, Deuschl G, Koch JM. Focal lesions of human hippocampal CA1 neurons in transient global amnesia impair place memory. Science 2010; 328:1412-5. [PMID: 20538952 DOI: 10.1126/science.1188160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A critical role in place learning has been attributed to place cells within the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) sector of the hippocampus in rodents. The role of CA1 cells in the human hippocampus with regard to place learning remains elusive. Using a virtual Morris water maze, we investigated patients with acute transient global amnesia (TGA), a rare self-limiting dysfunction of the hippocampal system. Fourteen individuals with selective and focal lesions in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus showed a profound impairment in place learning. The size of the lesions and the duration of the TGA correlated with the deficit in the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bartsch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Wei G, Luo J. Sport expert's motor imagery: Functional imaging of professional motor skills and simple motor skills. Brain Res 2010; 1341:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dickerson BC, Eichenbaum H. The episodic memory system: neurocircuitry and disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:86-104. [PMID: 19776728 PMCID: PMC2882963 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to encode and retrieve our daily personal experiences, called episodic memory, is supported by the circuitry of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, which interacts extensively with a number of specific distributed cortical and subcortical structures. In both animals and humans, evidence from anatomical, neuropsychological, and physiological studies indicates that cortical components of this system have key functions in several aspects of perception and cognition, whereas the MTL structures mediate the organization and persistence of the network of memories whose details are stored in those cortical areas. Structures within the MTL, and particularly the hippocampus, have distinct functions in combining information from multiple cortical streams, supporting our ability to encode and retrieve details of events that compose episodic memories. Conversely, selective damage in the hippocampus, MTL, and other structures of the large-scale memory system, or deterioration of these areas in several diseases and disorders, compromises episodic memory. A growing body of evidence is converging on a functional organization of the cortical, subcortical, and MTL structures that support the fundamental features of episodic memory in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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27
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Leporé N, Shi Y, Lepore F, Fortin M, Voss P, Chou YY, Lord C, Lassonde M, Dinov ID, Toga AW, Thompson PM. Pattern of hippocampal shape and volume differences in blind subjects. Neuroimage 2009; 46:949-57. [PMID: 19285559 PMCID: PMC2736880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies in animals and humans have shown that the hippocampus (HP) is involved in spatial navigation and memory. Blind subjects, in particular, must memorize extensive information to compensate for their lack of immediate updating of spatial information. Increased demands on spatial cognition and memory may be associated with functional and structural HP plasticity. Here we examined local size and shape differences in the HP of blind and sighted individuals. A 3D parametric mesh surface was generated to represent right and left HPs in each individual, based on manual segmentations of 3D volumetric T1-weighted MR images of 22 blind subjects and 28 matched controls. Using a new surface mapping algorithm described in (Shi, Y., Thompson, P.M., de Zubicaray, G.I., Rose, S.E., Tu, Z., Dinov, I., Toga, A.W., Direct mapping of hippocampal surfaces with intrinsic shape context, NeuroImage, Available online May 24, (In Press).), we created an average hippocampal surface for the controls, and computed its normal distance to each individual surface. Statistical maps were created to visualize systematic anatomical differences between groups, and randomization tests were performed to correct for multiple comparisons. In both scaled and unscaled data, the anterior right HP was significantly larger, and the posterior right HP significantly smaller in blind individuals. No significant differences were found for left HP. These differences may reflect adaptive responses to sensory deprivation, and/or increased functional demands on memory systems. They offer a neuroanatomical substrate for future correlations with measures of navigation performance or functional activations related to variations in cognitive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Leporé
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging Department of Neorology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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28
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Spreng RN, Mar RA, Kim ASN. The Common Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memory, Prospection, Navigation, Theory of Mind, and the Default Mode: A Quantitative Meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:489-510. [PMID: 18510452 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1445] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A core brain network has been proposed to underlie a number of different processes, including remembering, prospection, navigation, and theory of mind [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57, 2007]. This purported network—medial prefrontal, medial-temporal, and medial and lateral parietal regions—is similar to that observed during default-mode processing and has been argued to represent self-projection [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57, 2007] or scene-construction [Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A. Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 299–306, 2007]. To date, no systematic and quantitative demonstration of evidence for this common network has been presented. Using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach, we conducted four separate quantitative meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on: (a) autobiographical memory, (b) navigation, (c) theory of mind, and (d) default mode. A conjunction analysis between these domains demonstrated a high degree of correspondence. We compared these findings to a separate ALE analysis of prospection studies and found additional correspondence. Across all domains, and consistent with the proposed network, correspondence was found within the medial-temporal lobe, precuneus, posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and the temporo-parietal junction. Additionally, this study revealed that the core network extends to lateral prefrontal and occipital cortices. Autobiographical memory, prospection, theory of mind, and default mode demonstrated further reliable involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral temporal cortices. Autobiographical memory and theory of mind, previously studied as distinct, exhibited extensive functional overlap. These findings represent quantitative evidence for a core network underlying a variety of cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nathan Spreng
- 1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre
- 2University of Toronto
| | | | - Alice S. N. Kim
- 1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre
- 2University of Toronto
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29
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Iaria G, Bogod N, Fox CJ, Barton JJ. Developmental topographical disorientation: Case one. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:30-40. [PMID: 18793658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Age differences in the formation and use of cognitive maps. Behav Brain Res 2009; 196:187-91. [PMID: 18817815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Baker TE, Holroyd CB. Which way do I go? Neural activation in response to feedback and spatial processing in a virtual T-maze. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1708-22. [PMID: 19073622 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2 human event-related brain potential (ERP) experiments, we examined the feedback error-related negativity (fERN), an ERP component associated with reward processing by the midbrain dopamine system, and the N170, an ERP component thought to be generated by the medial temporal lobe (MTL), to investigate the contributions of these neural systems toward learning to find rewards in a "virtual T-maze" environment. We found that feedback indicating the absence versus presence of a reward differentially modulated fERN amplitude, but only when the outcome was not predicted by an earlier stimulus. By contrast, when a cue predicted the reward outcome, then the predictive cue (and not the feedback) differentially modulated fERN amplitude. We further found that the spatial location of the feedback stimuli elicited a large N170 at electrode sites sensitive to right MTL activation and that the latency of this component was sensitive to the spatial location of the reward, occurring slightly earlier for rewards following a right versus left turn in the maze. Taken together, these results confirm a fundamental prediction of a dopamine theory of the fERN and suggest that the dopamine and MTL systems may interact in navigational learning tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P5, Canada.
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32
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Rusconi ML, Morganti F, Paladino A. Long-lasting topographical disorientation in new environments. J Neurol Sci 2008; 273:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Glikmann-Johnston Y, Saling MM, Chen J, Cooper KA, Beare RJ, Reutens DC. Structural and functional correlates of unilateral mesial temporal lobe spatial memory impairment. Brain 2008; 131:3006-18. [PMID: 18790820 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of preoperative and postoperative lateralized mesial temporal damage on three measures of spatial learning: navigation, object location and plan drawing, and to determine the relationship between volumetry of the hippocampus and memory performance. Fifteen patients with well-characterized unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, 15 patients who had undergone unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL), and a comparison group consisting of 15 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and 25 neurologically healthy participants explored a novel virtual environment. Volumetric analyses of both hippocampi were conducted on unilateral hippocampal sclerosis and idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients' T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Performance of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients (either unilateral hippocampal sclerosis or anterior temporal lobectomy) on the different spatial memory variables, namely navigation, object location and plan drawing, was significantly worse relative to the comparison groups (either idiopathic generalized epilepsy or controls). Patients with right TLE did not differ from patients with left TLE on any of the spatial memory measures. An index of absolute hippocampal asymmetry did not correlate with any of the spatial memory measures. Together, our lesion and volumetry findings suggest that the domain of spatial memory is systematically related to the integrity of both right and left mesial temporal lobe, and is unlikely to be a strongly lateralized function. From the standpoint of cerebral organization (lateralization), the notion of material-specificity, which postulates that all components of verbal and spatial memory are lateralized in their entirety to the left and right hemispheres, respectively, requires modification. Instead it would appear that the notion of task-specificity is a more accurate description of patterns of lateralization of spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Alemdar M, Iseri P, Yalug I, Kutlu H, Efendi H, Komsuoglu SS. Route Learning Impairment Associated with Encephalomalasia Secondary to Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:150-5. [DOI: 10.1080/09084280802073328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Riha PD, Rojas JC, Colorado RA, Gonzalez-Lima F. Animal model of posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism implicated in amnestic MCI and AD. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:112-24. [PMID: 18316212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the brain region displaying the earliest sign of energy hypometabolism in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) is selectively inhibited within the PCC in AD. The present study is the first experimental analysis designed to model in animals the localized cortical C.O. inhibition found as the earliest metabolic sign of early-stage AD in human neuroimaging studies. Rats were used to model local inhibition of C.O. by direct injection of the C.O. inhibitor sodium azide into the PCC. Learning and memory were examined in a spatial holeboard task and brains were analyzed using quantitative histochemical, morphological and biochemical techniques. Behavioral results showed that sodium azide-treated rats were impaired in their memory of the baited pattern in probe trials as compared to their training scores before treatment, without non-specific behavioral differences. Brain analyses showed that C.O. inhibition was specific to the PCC, and sodium azide increased lipid peroxidation, gliosis and neuron loss, and lead to a network functional disconnection between the PCC and interconnected hippocampal regions. It was concluded that impaired memory by local C.O. inhibition in the PCC may serve to model in animals a metabolic lesion similar to that found in patients with amnestic MCI and early-stage AD. This model may be useful as an in vivo testing platform to investigate neuroprotective strategies to prevent or reduce the amnestic effects produced by posterior cingulate energy hypometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Riha
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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36
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Iaria G, Lanyon LJ, Fox CJ, Giaschi D, Barton JJS. Navigational skills correlate with hippocampal fractional anisotropy in humans. Hippocampus 2008; 18:335-9. [PMID: 18172895 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iaria
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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37
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Chiang MC, Reiss AL, Lee AD, Bellugi U, Galaburda AM, Korenberg JR, Mills DL, Toga AW, Thompson PM. 3D pattern of brain abnormalities in Williams syndrome visualized using tensor-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2007; 36:1096-109. [PMID: 17512756 PMCID: PMC2713103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with deletion of approximately 20 contiguous genes in chromosome band 7q11.23. Individuals with WS exhibit mild to moderate mental retardation, but are relatively more proficient in specific language and musical abilities. We used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to visualize the complex pattern of gray/white matter reductions in WS, based on fluid registration of structural brain images. METHODS 3D T1-weighted brain MRIs of 41 WS subjects (age [mean+/-SD]: 29.2+/-9.2 years; 23F/18M) and 39 age-matched healthy controls (age: 27.5+/-7.4 years; 23F/16M) were fluidly registered to a minimum deformation target. Fine-scale volumetric differences were mapped between diagnostic groups. Local regions were identified where regional structure volumes were associated with diagnosis, and with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Brain asymmetry was also mapped and compared between diagnostic groups. RESULTS WS subjects exhibited widely distributed brain volume reductions (approximately 10-15% reduction; P<0.0002, permutation test). After adjusting for total brain volume, the frontal lobes, anterior cingulate, superior temporal gyrus, amygdala, fusiform gyrus and cerebellum were found to be relatively preserved in WS, but parietal and occipital lobes, thalamus and basal ganglia, and midbrain were disproportionally decreased in volume (P<0.0002). These regional volumes also correlated positively with performance IQ in adult WS subjects (age > or = 30 years, P = 0.038). CONCLUSION TBM facilitates 3D visualization of brain volume reductions in WS. Reduced parietal/occipital volumes may be associated with visuospatial deficits in WS. By contrast, frontal lobes, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus are relatively preserved or even enlarged, consistent with unusual affect regulation and language production in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Brain Mapping Division, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA
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38
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Kemp A, Manahan-Vaughan D. Hippocampal long-term depression: master or minion in declarative memory processes? Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:111-8. [PMID: 17234277 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms for the formation of declarative memory (memory for facts and events) are believed to be integrated from processes mediated by hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Traditionally, LTP has been designated as the main mediator of spatial memory storage in the hippocampus, whereas LTD has been assigned an auxiliary role in signal-to-noise regulation or in forgetting. It has recently become apparent, however, that LTD contributes directly to hippocampal information storage. In fact, LTD could dominate in the processing of precise spatial characteristics. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that LTP and LTD enable distinct and separate forms of information storage, which together facilitate the generation of a spatial cognitive map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kemp
- Learning and Memory Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, MABF 01/551, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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39
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Abstract
In a previous experiment with patients who had undergone unilateral temporal thermocoagulation lesions to alleviate intractable epilepsy, we demonstrated that the right parahippocampal cortex was critical for the performance of a spatial memory task (Bohbot et al. (1998) Neuropsychologia 36:1217-1238). Based on this evidence, we predicted that H.M., whose caudal parahippocampal cortex was structurally intact (Corkin et al. (1997) J Neurosci 17:3964-3979), would be able to learn the spatial memory task. This task was designed to be a human analogue of the Morris water maze in that it measured participants' ability to learn the location of a target, which was an invisible weight sensor placed under a carpet (Bohbot et al. (1998) Neuropsychologia 36:1217-1238). H.M. was first tested with the sensor under a small carpet (162 cm x 150 cm). Then, interspersed with the first sensor location, he was tested with the sensor in a second location, covered by a larger carpet (250 cm x 210 cm). He found the second target location in a direct path on only 10% of the trials. In contrast, when tested on the first sensor location, he walked directly toward the center of the testing area in 19/35 trials and from there found the sensor in a direct path on 15 of the 19 trials (80%). The number of direct hits at the first target location was significantly greater than chance (P < 0.0005). An analysis of H.M.'s paths showed that they were characteristic of fast learning, and that he did not rely on egocentric, short-term, or working memory strategies to learn the task. H.M's ability to locate the sensor is remarkable given his severe amnesia and his inability to explicitly recollect the testing episode. These findings underscore the role of the parahippocampal cortex in spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique D Bohbot
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.
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Ohnishi T, Matsuda H, Hirakata M, Ugawa Y. Navigation ability dependent neural activation in the human brain: An fMRI study. Neurosci Res 2006; 55:361-9. [PMID: 16735070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 04/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Visual-spatial navigation in familiar and unfamiliar environments is an essential requirement of daily life. Animal studies indicated the importance of the hippocampus for navigation. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated gender difference or strategies dependent difference of neural substrates for navigation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain activity related to navigation in four groups of normal volunteers: good navigators (males and females) and poor navigators (males and females). In a whole group analysis, task related activity was noted in the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, parietal association areas, and the visual association areas. In group comparisons, good navigators showed a stronger activation in the medial temporal area and precuneus than poor navigators. There was neither sex effect nor interaction effect between sex and navigation ability. The activity in the left medial temporal areas was positively correlated with task performance, whereas activity in the right parietal area was negatively correlated with task performance. Furthermore, the activity in the bilateral medial temporal areas was positively correlated with scores reflecting preferred navigation strategies, whereas activity in the bilateral superior parietal lobules was negatively correlated with them. Our data suggest that different brain activities related to navigation should reflect navigation skill and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Mental, Nervous and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa Higashi, Kodaira City, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
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Dean HL, Platt ML. Allocentric spatial referencing of neuronal activity in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. J Neurosci 2006; 26:1117-27. [PMID: 16436597 PMCID: PMC6674556 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2497-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity in posterior cingulate cortex (CGp) is modulated by visual stimulation, saccades, and eye position, suggesting a role for this area in visuospatial transformations. The goal of this study was to determine whether neuronal responses in CGp are anchored to the eyes, head, or outside the body (allocentrically). To discriminate retinocentric from nonretinocentric spatial referencing, the activity of single CGp neurons was recorded while monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed delayed-saccade trials initiated randomly from three different starting positions to a linear array of targets passing through the neuronal response field. For most neurons, tuning curves, segregated by fixation point, aligned more closely when plotted with respect to the display than when plotted with respect to the eye, suggesting a nonretinocentric frame of reference. A second experiment differentiated between spatial referencing in coordinates anchored to the head or body and allocentric spatial referencing. Monkeys shifted gaze from a central fixation point to the array of previously used targets both before and after whole-body rotation with respect to the display. For most neurons, tuning curves, segregated by fixation position, aligned more closely when plotted as a function of target position in the room than when plotted as a function of target position with respect to the monkey. These data indicate that a population of CGp neurons encodes visuospatial events in allocentric coordinates.
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Kircher TTJ, Thienel R. Functional brain imaging of symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 150:299-308. [PMID: 16186032 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography has provided novel insights into the neural correlates of cognitive function and psychopathological symptoms. In patients with mental disorders, cognitive and emotional processes are disrupted. In this chapter, we review the basic methodological and conceptual principles for neuroimaging studies in these patients. By taking schizophrenia as an example, we outline the cerebral processes involved in the symptoms of this disorder, such as auditory hallucinations and formal thought disorder. We also characterize the neural networks involved in their emotional and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo T J Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Rainville C, Joubert S, Felician O, Chabanne V, Ceccaldi M, Péruch P. Wayfinding in familiar and unfamiliar environments in a case of progressive topographical agnosia. Neurocase 2005; 11:297-309. [PMID: 16251131 DOI: 10.1080/13554790591006069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 71-year-old right-handed man (F.G.) presents with prosopagnosia and with an inability to recognize famous and familiar buildings. Despite his deficit, F.G. obtained normal scores on neuropsychological tests of executive functions, language, praxis and primary visuoperceptual skills. Brain MRI showed atrophy predominantly in the right temporal lobe, particularly in the fusiform gyrus and the parahippocampal cortex. The present study investigated F.G.'s ability to orient himself in familiar and new environments. His wayfinding abilities in a familiar environment (i.e., his hometown) were preserved despite an inability to recognize familiar and famous buildings, monuments and landmarks in this environment. Wayfinding was achieved through a heavy reliance on written indications (e.g., names of restaurants and streets), preservation of a pre-existing cognitive map of this familiar environment, and normal executive functions necessary to plan the execution of a given trajectory. In an unfamiliar environment, F.G.'s topographical agnosia resulted in severe wayfinding difficulties and in the inability to build an adequate cognitive spatial representation. F.G.'s topographical agnosia results from a high-level visuoperceptual deficit, characterized by an inability to access a global configuration of complex visual stimuli such as familiar and famous monuments, and an over-reliance on the processing of local features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constant Rainville
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie et de Neuropsychologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Chouinard S, Brière ME, Rainville C, Godbout R. Correlation between evening and morning waking EEG and spatial orientation. Brain Cogn 2003; 53:162-5. [PMID: 14607139 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal, frontal, and parietal EEG of 16 healthy young adults (seven men, nine women; age=22.57+/-4.2) was recorded during the waking state (eyes closed) in the evening before and the morning following a second consecutive night spent in a sleep laboratory. Following the morning EEG recording session, participants were tested in a human-size maze upon five learning trials of a four-intersection route. Results on the fifth trial served as the learning index. We found a significant positive correlation between time taken to carry out the route and prefrontal, frontal EEG alpha-2 (10.0-12.75 Hz), and sigma (11.5-14.5 Hz) frequency bands. We also found that prefrontal and frontal theta activity correlated negatively with number of errors. No correlation was found between performance and neither alpha-1 (8.0-9.75 Hz) nor parietal EEG activity. These results confirm the involvement of the prefrontal and frontal cortices in the mechanisms responsible for modulating spatial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chouinard
- Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, Hôpital Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, Canada
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Reference frames and cognitive strategies during navigation: is the left hippocampal formation involved in the sequential aspects of route memory? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(03)00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wilke M, Sohn JH, Byars AW, Holland SK. Bright spots: correlations of gray matter volume with IQ in a normal pediatric population. Neuroimage 2003; 20:202-15. [PMID: 14527581 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of brain areas related to cognitive functions has yet to be thoroughly explored in children. We therefore set out to apply volumetric, voxel-based, and structural connectivity analyses to magnetic resonance images from a large sample of healthy children. We could confirm a strong correlation of whole-brain gray matter volume and the individual intelligence quotient; however, this correlation only developed with age in our sample, in that it was not present in the younger children. With the application of an optimized protocol for voxel-based morphometry, the anterior cingulate was shown to be directly correlated with a measure of human intelligence. Furthermore, an analysis of structural connectivity identified gray matter volume in several distinct brain areas to be related to cognitive functions. The implications of our findings for normal development, pathological processes, and our understanding of cognition are discussed and related to previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Wilke
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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One-trial memory for object-place associations after separate lesions of hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal region in the monkey. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12629201 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-05-01956.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In earlier studies of one-trial spatial memory in monkeys (Parkinson et al., 1988; Angeli et al., 1993), severe and chronic memory impairment for both object-place association and place alone was found after ablation of the hippocampal formation. The results appeared to provide the first clear-cut evidence in the monkey of the essential role of the hippocampus in spatial memory, but that interpretation neglected the inclusion in the lesion of the underlying posterior parahippocampal region. To determine the separate contributions of the hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal region to these spatial forms of one-trial memory, we trained 10 rhesus monkeys, as before, to remember the spatial positions of either two different trial-unique objects overlying two of the wells in a three-well test tray (object-place trials) or simply two of the three wells (place trials). Six of the monkeys then received ibotenic acid lesions restricted to the hippocampal formation (group H), and the four others received selective ablations of the posterior parahippocampal region (group P), comprising mainly parahippocampal cortex, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Group H was found to be completely unaffected postoperatively on both types of trials, whereas group P sustained an impairment on both types equal in magnitude to that observed after the combined lesions in the original studies. Thus, contrary to the previous interpretation, one-trial memory for object-place association and, perhaps more fundamentally, one-trial memory for two different places appear to be critically dependent not on the hippocampal formation but rather on the posterior parahippocampal region.
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48
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Malkova L, Mishkin M. One-trial memory for object-place associations after separate lesions of hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal region in the monkey. J Neurosci 2003; 23:1956-65. [PMID: 12629201 PMCID: PMC6741967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2002] [Revised: 12/10/2002] [Accepted: 12/17/2002] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In earlier studies of one-trial spatial memory in monkeys (Parkinson et al., 1988; Angeli et al., 1993), severe and chronic memory impairment for both object-place association and place alone was found after ablation of the hippocampal formation. The results appeared to provide the first clear-cut evidence in the monkey of the essential role of the hippocampus in spatial memory, but that interpretation neglected the inclusion in the lesion of the underlying posterior parahippocampal region. To determine the separate contributions of the hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal region to these spatial forms of one-trial memory, we trained 10 rhesus monkeys, as before, to remember the spatial positions of either two different trial-unique objects overlying two of the wells in a three-well test tray (object-place trials) or simply two of the three wells (place trials). Six of the monkeys then received ibotenic acid lesions restricted to the hippocampal formation (group H), and the four others received selective ablations of the posterior parahippocampal region (group P), comprising mainly parahippocampal cortex, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Group H was found to be completely unaffected postoperatively on both types of trials, whereas group P sustained an impairment on both types equal in magnitude to that observed after the combined lesions in the original studies. Thus, contrary to the previous interpretation, one-trial memory for object-place association and, perhaps more fundamentally, one-trial memory for two different places appear to be critically dependent not on the hippocampal formation but rather on the posterior parahippocampal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludise Malkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Tsukiura T, Fujii T, Okuda J, Ohtake H, Kawashima R, Itoh M, Fukuda H, Yamadori A. Time-dependent contribution of the hippocampal complex when remembering the past: a PET study. Neuroreport 2002; 13:2319-23. [PMID: 12488819 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200212030-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of brain-damaged patients and functional neuro-imaging have consistently shown the importance of the hippocampal complex, i.e. the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, in episodic memory retrieval. We wished to determine whether patterns of brain activation during memory retrieval as measured by PET are same or different when the oldness of a to-be-retrieved episode is manipulated. Using cue words, subjects remembered related episodes from three periods of their life, childhood, adolescence and recent period. The results showed an increase of parahippocampal activities during recall of episodes from childhood and recent period, but not from adolescence. These data suggest a possibility of time-dependent hippocampal contribution in episodic recall, which cannot be understood in simple terms of recent remote memory dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsukiura
- Brain Architecture Analysis Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Japan.
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50
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Abstract
H.M. became amnesic in 1953. Since that time, nearly 100 investigators, first at the Montreal Neurological Institute and since 1966 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have participated in studying him. We all understand the rare opportunity we have had to work with him, and we are grateful for his dedication to research. He has taught us a great deal about the cognitive and neural organization of memory. We are in his debt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Corkin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the Clinical Research Center, NE20-392, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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