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Bretton ZH, Kim H, Banich MT, Lewis-Peacock JA. Suppressing the Maintenance of Information in Working Memory Alters Long-term Memory Traces. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:2117-2136. [PMID: 38940738 PMCID: PMC11383534 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The sensory recruitment hypothesis conceptualizes information in working memory as being activated representations of information in long-term memory. Accordingly, changes made to an item in working memory would be expected to influence its subsequent retention. Here, we tested the hypothesis that suppressing information from working memory, which can reduce short-term access to that information, may also alter its long-term neural representation. We obtained fMRI data (n = 25; 13 female / 12 male participants) while participants completed a working memory removal task with scene images as stimuli, followed by a final surprise recognition test of the examined items. We applied a multivariate pattern analysis to the data to quantify the engagement of suppression on each trial, to track the contents of working memory during suppression, and to assess representational changes afterward. Our analysis confirms previous reports that suppression of information in working memory involves focused attention to target and remove unwanted information. Furthermore, our findings provide new evidence that even a single dose of suppression of an item in working memory can (if engaged with sufficient strength) produce lasting changes in its neural representation, particularly weakening the unique, item-specific features, which leads to forgetting. Our study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the suppression of unwanted thoughts and highlights the dynamic interplay between working memory and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyojeong Kim
- University of Texas at Austin
- University of Colorado
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2
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Pacheco-Estefan D, Fellner MC, Kunz L, Zhang H, Reinacher P, Roy C, Brandt A, Schulze-Bonhage A, Yang L, Wang S, Liu J, Xue G, Axmacher N. Maintenance and transformation of representational formats during working memory prioritization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8234. [PMID: 39300141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory depends on both material-specific brain areas in the ventral visual stream (VVS) that support the maintenance of stimulus representations and on regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that control these representations. How executive control prioritizes working memory contents and whether this affects their representational formats remains an open question, however. Here, we analyzed intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings in epilepsy patients with electrodes in VVS and PFC who performed a multi-item working memory task involving a retro-cue. We employed Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) with various Deep Neural Network (DNN) architectures to investigate the representational format of prioritized VWM content. While recurrent DNN representations matched PFC representations in the beta band (15-29 Hz) following the retro-cue, they corresponded to VVS representations in a lower frequency range (3-14 Hz) towards the end of the maintenance period. Our findings highlight the distinct coding schemes and representational formats of prioritized content in VVS and PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pacheco-Estefan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marie-Christin Fellner
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Reinacher
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Roy
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Armin Brandt
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Linglin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
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3
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Tragantzopoulou P, Giannouli V. Spatial Orientation Assessment in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of Current Tests. Brain Sci 2024; 14:898. [PMID: 39335393 PMCID: PMC11430543 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial orientation and navigation are complex cognitive functions that integrate sensory information, attention, and memory, enabling individuals to locate themselves in their environment. These abilities decline with age, signaling cognitive impairment in neurological patients, and significantly limit the autonomy of the elderly. Current neuropsychological assessments fall short in accurately measuring everyday wayfinding abilities, particularly in borderline cases of cognitive decline. This paper reviews various neuropsychological assessments, including Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation Test, the Almeria Spatial Memory Recognition Test, the Spatial Span subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Spatial Orientation in Immersive Virtual Environment Maze Test, evaluating their effectiveness in delineating spatial orientation and navigation skills. The review identifies significant gaps in the validity and reliability of these tests, particularly in their shortened versions, and highlights the potential of virtual reality environments as promising tools for improving diagnostic precision. The findings underscore the need for further research to refine these tools, ensuring they accurately capture cognitive decline and improve the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Such advancements hold promise for enhancing the quality of care and autonomy for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaitsa Giannouli
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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4
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Miller JA, Constantinidis C. Timescales of learning in prefrontal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:597-610. [PMID: 38937654 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in humans and other primates is critical for immediate, goal-directed behaviour and working memory, which are classically considered distinct from the cognitive and neural circuits that support long-term learning and memory. Over the past few years, a reconsideration of this textbook perspective has emerged, in that different timescales of memory-guided behaviour are in constant interaction during the pursuit of immediate goals. Here, we will first detail how neural activity related to the shortest timescales of goal-directed behaviour (which requires maintenance of current states and goals in working memory) is sculpted by long-term knowledge and learning - that is, how the past informs present behaviour. Then, we will outline how learning across different timescales (from seconds to years) drives plasticity in the primate lateral PFC, from single neuron firing rates to mesoscale neuroimaging activity patterns. Finally, we will review how, over days and months of learning, dense local and long-range connectivity patterns in PFC facilitate longer-lasting changes in population activity by changing synaptic weights and recruiting additional neural resources to inform future behaviour. Our Review sheds light on how the machinery of plasticity in PFC circuits facilitates the integration of learned experiences across time to best guide adaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Miller
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christos Constantinidis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Kandemir G, Olivers C. Comparing Neural Correlates of Memory Encoding and Maintenance for Foveal and Peripheral Stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1807-1826. [PMID: 38940724 PMCID: PMC11324249 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Visual working memory is believed to rely on top-down attentional mechanisms that sustain active sensory representations in early visual cortex, a mechanism referred to as sensory recruitment. However, both bottom-up sensory input and top-down attentional modulations thereof appear to prioritize the fovea over the periphery, such that initially peripheral percepts may even be assimilated by foveal processes. This raises the question whether and how visual working memory differs for central and peripheral input. To address this, we conducted a delayed orientation recall task in which an orientation was presented either at the center of the screen or at 15° eccentricity to the left or right. Response accuracy, EEG activity, and gaze position were recorded from 30 participants. Accuracy was slightly but significantly higher for foveal versus peripheral memories. Decoding of EEG recordings revealed a clear dissociation between early sensory and later maintenance signals. Although sensory signals were clearly decodable for foveal stimuli, they were not for peripheral input. In contrast, maintenance signals were equally decodable for both foveal and peripheral memories, suggesting comparable top-down components regardless of eccentricity. Moreover, although memory representations were initially spatially specific and reflected in voltage fluctuations, later during the maintenance period, they generalized across locations, as emerged in alpha oscillations, thus revealing a dynamic transformation within memory from separate sensory traces to what we propose are common output-related codes. Furthermore, the combined absence of reliable decoding of sensory signals and robust presence of maintenance decoding indicates that storage activity patterns as measured by EEG reflect signals beyond primary visual cortex. We discuss the implications for the sensory recruitment hypothesis.
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de Sardenberg Schmid L, Hardiess G. Inter-individual variability (but intra-individual stability) of overt versus covert rehearsal strategies in a digital Corsi task. J Vis 2024; 24:2. [PMID: 39087936 PMCID: PMC11305427 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Corsi (block-tapping) paradigm is a classic and well-established visuospatial working memory task in humans involving internal computations (memorizing of item sequences, organizing and updating the memorandum, and recall processes), as well as both overt and covert shifts of attention to facilitate rehearsal, serving to maintain the Corsi sequences during the retention phase. Here, we introduce a novel digital version of a Corsi task in which i) the difficulty of the memorandum (using sequence lengths ranging from 3 to 8) was controlled, ii) the execution of overt and/or covert attention as well as the visuospatial working memory load during the retention phase was manipulated, and iii) shifts of attention were quantified in all experimental phases. With this, we present behavioral data that demonstrate, characterize, and classify the individual effects of overt and covert strategies used as a means of encoding and rehearsal. In a full within-subject design, we tested 28 participants who had to solve three different Corsi conditions. While in condition A neither of the two strategies were restricted, in condition B the overt and in condition C the overt as well as the covert strategies were suppressed. Analyzing Corsi span, (eye) exploration index, and pupil size (change), data clearly show a continuum between overt and covert strategies over all participants (indicating inter-individual variability). Further, all participants showed stable strategy choice (indicating intra-individual stability), meaning that the preferred strategy was maintained in all three conditions, phases, and sequence lengths of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian de Sardenberg Schmid
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Systems Neuroscience & Neuroengineering, MPI for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Hardiess
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Zhong X, Dai Y, Xu M, Jiang C. Volleyball training improves working memory in children aged 7 to 12 years old: an fNIRS study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae275. [PMID: 39030744 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-wk extracurricular volleyball training on working memory from both behavioral and cerebral aspects. A total of 80 children were randomized assigned to (i) the experimental group, who engaged in extracurricular volleyball training for 60 min, thrice a week for 12 wk, and (ii) the control group, who maintained their regular daily routine. Working memory was evaluated in both groups using the N-back task before and after the intervention. Furthermore, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to monitor the level of oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex. The experimental group performed better in the behavioral task than the control group, as evidenced by a shorter response time and a higher correct rate. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy results suggested that the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. In addition, correlation analyses showed that the enhancement of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was significantly correlated with decreasing response time and improving response accuracy in the N-back task. These findings suggest that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely the neural substrate for improved working memory performance elicited by 12-wk open skill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Zhong
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, No. 18, Wulongjiang Middle Avenue, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian, China
| | - Yuanfu Dai
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchao Xu
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Changhao Jiang
- The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
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Santander T, Leslie S, Li LJ, Skinner HE, Simonson JM, Sweeney P, Deen KP, Miller MB, Brunye TT. Towards optimized methodological parameters for maximizing the behavioral effects of transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1305446. [PMID: 39015825 PMCID: PMC11250584 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1305446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) administers low-intensity direct current electrical stimulation to brain regions via electrodes arranged on the surface of the scalp. The core promise of tDCS is its ability to modulate brain activity and affect performance on diverse cognitive functions (affording causal inferences regarding regional brain activity and behavior), but the optimal methodological parameters for maximizing behavioral effects remain to be elucidated. Here we sought to examine the effects of 10 stimulation and experimental design factors across a series of five cognitive domains: motor performance, visual search, working memory, vigilance, and response inhibition. The objective was to identify a set of optimal parameter settings that consistently and reliably maximized the behavioral effects of tDCS within each cognitive domain. Methods We surveyed tDCS effects on these various cognitive functions in healthy young adults, ultimately resulting in 721 effects across 106 published reports. Hierarchical Bayesian meta-regression models were fit to characterize how (and to what extent) these design parameters differentially predict the likelihood of positive/negative behavioral outcomes. Results Consistent with many previous meta-analyses of tDCS effects, extensive variability was observed across tasks and measured outcomes. Consequently, most design parameters did not confer consistent advantages or disadvantages to behavioral effects-a domain-general model suggested an advantage to using within-subjects designs (versus between-subjects) and the tendency for cathodal stimulation (relative to anodal stimulation) to produce reduced behavioral effects, but these associations were scarcely-evident in domain-specific models. Discussion These findings highlight the urgent need for tDCS studies to more systematically probe the effects of these parameters on behavior to fulfill the promise of identifying causal links between brain function and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Santander
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Sara Leslie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Luna J. Li
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Henri E. Skinner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Jessica M. Simonson
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Sweeney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlyn P. Deen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Tad T. Brunye
- U. S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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9
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Samona EA, Chowdury A, Kopchick J, Thomas P, Rajan U, Khatib D, Zajac-Benitez C, Amirsadri A, Haddad L, Stanley JA, Diwadkar VA. The importance of covert memory consolidation in schizophrenia: Dysfunctional network profiles of the hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 340:111805. [PMID: 38447230 PMCID: PMC11188056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Altered brain network profiles in schizophrenia (SCZ) during memory consolidation are typically observed during task-active periods such as encoding or retrieval. However active processes are also sub served by covert periods of memory consolidation. These periods are active in that they allow memories to be recapitulated even in the absence of overt sensorimotor processing. It is plausible that regions central to memory formation like the dlPFC and the hippocampus, exert network signatures during covert periods. Are these signatures altered in patients? The question is clinically relevant because real world learning and memory is facilitated by covert processing, and may be impaired in schizophrenia. Here, we compared network signatures of the dlPFC and the hippocampus during covert periods of a learning and memory task. Because behavioral proficiency increased non-linearly, functional connectivity of the dlPFC and hippocampus [psychophysiological interaction (PPI)] was estimated for each of the Early (linear increases in performance) and Late (asymptotic performance) covert periods. During Early periods, we observed hypo-modulation by the hippocampus but hyper-modulation by dlPFC. Conversely, during Late periods, we observed hypo-modulation by both the dlPFC and the hippocampus. We stitch these results into a conceptual model of network deficits during covert periods of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A Samona
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - John Kopchick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Patricia Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Usha Rajan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Caroline Zajac-Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alireza Amirsadri
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Luay Haddad
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
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10
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Toba MN, Malkinson TS, Howells H, Mackie MA, Spagna A. Same, Same but Different? A Multi-Method Review of the Processes Underlying Executive Control. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:418-454. [PMID: 36967445 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Attention, working memory, and executive control are commonly considered distinct cognitive functions with important reciprocal interactions. Yet, longstanding evidence from lesion studies has demonstrated both overlap and dissociation in their behavioural expression and anatomical underpinnings, suggesting that a lower dimensional framework could be employed to further identify processes supporting goal-directed behaviour. Here, we describe the anatomical and functional correspondence between attention, working memory, and executive control by providing an overview of cognitive models, as well as recent data from lesion studies, invasive and non-invasive multimodal neuroimaging and brain stimulation. We emphasize the benefits of considering converging evidence from multiple methodologies centred on the identification of brain mechanisms supporting goal-driven behaviour. We propose that expanding on this approach should enable the construction of a comprehensive anatomo-functional framework with testable new hypotheses, and aid clinical neuroscience to intervene on impairments of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica N Toba
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), University Hospital of Amiens and University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- CHU Amiens Picardie - Site Sud, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Avenue René Laënnec, 80054, Amiens Cedex 1, France.
| | - Tal Seidel Malkinson
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Henrietta Howells
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa-Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA.
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11
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Santo-Angles A, Temudo A, Babushkin V, Sreenivasan KK. Effective connectivity of working memory performance: a DCM study of MEG data. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1339728. [PMID: 38501039 PMCID: PMC10944968 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1339728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory (WM) engages several nodes of a large-scale network that includes frontal, parietal, and visual regions; however, little is understood about how these regions interact to support WM behavior. In particular, it is unclear whether network dynamics during WM maintenance primarily represent feedforward or feedback connections. This question has important implications for current debates about the relative roles of frontoparietal and visual regions in WM maintenance. In the current study, we investigated the network activity supporting WM using MEG data acquired while healthy subjects performed a multi-item delayed estimation WM task. We used computational modeling of behavior to discriminate correct responses (high accuracy trials) from two different types of incorrect responses (low accuracy and swap trials), and dynamic causal modeling of MEG data to measure effective connectivity. We observed behaviorally dependent changes in effective connectivity in a brain network comprising frontoparietal and early visual areas. In comparison with high accuracy trials, frontoparietal and frontooccipital networks showed disrupted signals depending on type of behavioral error. Low accuracy trials showed disrupted feedback signals during early portions of WM maintenance and disrupted feedforward signals during later portions of maintenance delay, while swap errors showed disrupted feedback signals during the whole delay period. These results support a distributed model of WM that emphasizes the role of visual regions in WM storage and where changes in large scale network configurations can have important consequences for memory-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniol Santo-Angles
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Brain and Health, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ainsley Temudo
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vahan Babushkin
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kartik K. Sreenivasan
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Brain and Health, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Zeng Y, Lao J, Wu Z, Lin G, Wang Q, Yang M, Zhang S, Xu D, Zhang M, Liang S, Liu Q, Yao K, Li J, Ning Y, Zhong X. Altered resting-state brain oscillation and the associated cognitive impairments in late-life depression with different depressive severity: An EEG power spectrum and functional connectivity study. J Affect Disord 2024; 348:124-134. [PMID: 37918574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairments are prevalent in late-life depression (LLD). However, it remains unclear whether there are concurrent brain oscillation alterations in resting condition across varying level of depression severity. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the characteristics of altered resting-state oscillations, including power spectrum and functional connectivity, and their association with the cognitive impairments in LLD with different depression severity. METHODS A total of 65 patients with LLD and 40 elder participants without depression were recruited. Global cognition and subtle cognitive domains were evaluated. A five-minute resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was conducted under eyes-closed conditions. Measurements included the ln-transformed absolute power for power spectrum analysis and the weighted phase lag index (wPLI) for functional connectivity analysis. RESULTS Attentional and executive dysfunction were exhibited in Moderate-Severe LLD group. Enhanced posterior upper gamma power was observed in both LLD groups. Additionally, enhanced parietal and fronto-parietal/occipital theta connectivity were observed in Moderate-Severe LLD group, which were associated with the attentional impairment. LIMITATIONS Limitations include a small sample size, concomitant medication use, and a relatively higher proportion of females. CONCLUSIONS Current study observed aberrant brain activity patterns in LLD across different levels of depression severity, which were linked to cognitive impairments. The altered posterior brain oscillations may be trait marker of LLD. Moreover, cognitive impairments and associated connectivity alterations were exhibited in moderate-severe group, which may be a state-like marker of moderate-to severe LLD. The study deepens understanding of cognitive impairments with the associated oscillation changes, carrying implications for neuromodulation targets in LLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zeng
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Lao
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangying Wu
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaohong Lin
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Yao
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou.
| | - Xiaomei Zhong
- Geriatric Neuroscience Center, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou.
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13
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Yiling Y, Klon-Lipok J, Shapcott K, Lazar A, Singer W. Dynamic fading memory and expectancy effects in the monkey primary visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314855121. [PMID: 38354261 PMCID: PMC10895277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314855121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the involvement of the primary visual cortex (V1) in working memory (WM), parallel, multisite recordings of multi-unit activity were obtained from monkey V1 while the animals performed a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. During the delay period, V1 population firing rate vectors maintained a lingering trace of the sample stimulus that could be reactivated by intervening impulse stimuli that enhanced neuronal firing. This fading trace of the sample did not require active engagement of the monkeys in the DMS task and likely reflects the intrinsic dynamics of recurrent cortical networks in lower visual areas. This renders an active, attention-dependent involvement of V1 in the maintenance of WM contents unlikely. By contrast, population responses to the test stimulus depended on the probabilistic contingencies between sample and test stimuli. Responses to tests that matched expectations were reduced which agrees with concepts of predictive coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yiling
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - Johanna Klon-Lipok
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Katharine Shapcott
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - Andreea Lazar
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - Wolf Singer
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
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14
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Shin JH, Kang MJ, Lee SA. Wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy for measuring dissociable activation dynamics of prefrontal cortex subregions during working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26619. [PMID: 38339822 PMCID: PMC10858338 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been extensively studied in relation to various cognitive abilities, including executive function, attention, and memory. Nevertheless, there is a gap in our scientific knowledge regarding the functionally dissociable neural dynamics across the PFC during a cognitive task and their individual differences in performance. Here, we explored this possibility using a delayed match-to-sample (DMTS) working memory (WM) task using NIRSIT, a high-density, wireless, wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system. First, upon presentation of the sample stimulus, we observed an immediate signal increase in the ventral (orbitofrontal) region of the anterior PFC, followed by activity in the dorsolateral PFC. After the DMTS test stimulus appeared, the orbitofrontal cortex activated once again, while the rest of the PFC showed overall disengagement. Individuals with higher accuracy showed earlier and sustained activation of the PFC across the trial. Furthermore, higher network efficiency and functional connectivity in the PFC were correlated with individual WM performance. Our study sheds new light on the dynamics of PFC subregional activity during a cognitive task and its potential applicability in explaining individual differences in experimental, educational, or clinical populations. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) captured dissociable temporal dynamics across prefrontal subregions during a delayed match-to-sample task. Anterior regions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activated first during the delay period, followed by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). PFC disengaged overall after the delay, but the OFC reactivated to the test stimulus. Earlier and sustained activation of PFC was associated with better accuracy. Functional connectivity and network efficiency also varied with task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Han Shin
- Program of Brain and Cognitive EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonSouth Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Min Jun Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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15
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Pickering HE, Peters JL, Crewther SG. A Role for Visual Memory in Vocabulary Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2023; 33:803-833. [PMID: 36136174 PMCID: PMC10770228 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Although attention and early associative learning in preverbal children is predominantly driven by rapid eye-movements in response to moving visual stimuli and sounds/words (e.g., associating the word "bottle" with the object), the literature examining the role of visual attention and memory in ongoing vocabulary development across childhood is limited. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis examined the association between visual memory and vocabulary development, including moderators such as age and task selection, in neurotypical children aged 2-to-12 years, from the brain-based perspective of cognitive neuroscience. Visual memory tasks were classified according to the visual characteristics of the stimuli and the neural networks known to preferentially process such information, including consideration of the distinction between the ventral visual stream (processing more static visuo-perceptual details, such as form or colour) and the more dynamic dorsal visual stream (processing spatial temporal action-driven information). Final classifications included spatio-temporal span tasks, visuo-perceptual or spatial concurrent array tasks, and executive judgment tasks. Visuo-perceptual concurrent array tasks, reliant on ventral stream processing, were moderately associated with vocabulary, while tasks measuring spatio-temporal spans, associated with dorsal stream processing, and executive judgment tasks (central executive), showed only weak correlations with vocabulary. These findings have important implications for health professionals and researchers interested in language, as they advocate for the development of more targeted language learning interventions that include specific and relevant aspects of visual processing and memory, such as ventral stream visuo-perceptual details (i.e., shape or colour).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Pickering
- Department of Psychology, Counselling, and Therapy, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jessica L Peters
- Department of Psychology, Counselling, and Therapy, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology, Counselling, and Therapy, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
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16
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Vandendoorent B, Nackaerts E, Zoetewei D, Hulzinga F, Gilat M, Orban de Xivry JJ, Nieuwboer A. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on learning in older adults with and without Parkinson's disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Cogn 2023; 171:106073. [PMID: 37611344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Older adults with and without Parkinson's disease show impaired retention after training of motor or cognitive skills. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to investigate whether adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to motor or cognitive training versus placebo boosts motor sequence and working memory training. The effects of interest were estimated between three time points, i.e. pre-training, post-training and follow-up. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42022348885). Electronic databases were searched from conception to March 2023. Following initial screening, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis and 20 could be included in the meta-analysis, of which 5 studies concerned motor sequence learning (total n = 186) and 15 working memory training (total n = 650). Results were pooled using an inverse variance random effects meta-analysis. The findings showed no statistically significant additional effects of tDCS over placebo on motor sequence learning outcomes. However, there was a strong trend showing that tDCS boosted working memory training, although methodological limitations and some heterogeneity were also apparent. In conclusion, the present findings do not support wide implementation of tDCS as an add-on to motor sequence training at the moment, but the promising results on cognitive training warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Vandendoorent
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Evelien Nackaerts
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Zoetewei
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Femke Hulzinga
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moran Gilat
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Zhang Z, Lewis-Peacock JA. Bend but don't break: Prioritization protects working memory from displacement but leaves it vulnerable to distortion from distraction. Cognition 2023; 239:105574. [PMID: 37541028 PMCID: PMC11122694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual distraction distorts visual working memory representations. Previous research has shown that memory responses are systematically biased towards passively viewed visual distractors that are similar to the memoranda. However, it remains unclear whether the prioritization of one working memory representation over another reduces the impact of perceptual distractors. We designed a study with five different types of visual distraction that varied in engagement and found evidence for both subtle distortions and catastrophic failures of memory. Importantly, prioritization protected working memories from catastrophic loss (fewer "swap errors") but rendered them more vulnerable to distortion (greater attractive "biases" towards the distractor). Our findings demonstrate that prioritization does not simply protect working memory from any and all interference, but rather it reduces the likelihood of catastrophic disruption from perceptual distraction at the cost of an increased likelihood of distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, USA.
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18
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D'Esposito M. A Tale about the Frontal Lobes as Told by a Neurologist. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1423-1431. [PMID: 37315335 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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19
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Torbaghan ME, Moghimi A, Kobravi HR, Fereidoni M, Bigdeli I. Effect of stress on spatial working memory and EEG signal dynamics in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in young single girls. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3166. [PMID: 37488720 PMCID: PMC10498068 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Women undergo behavioral changes during the menstrual cycle. This study aimed to investigate the effect of estradiol (Es) on stress and effect of stress on spatial working memory (WM) and also to investigate electroencephalogram (EEG) signal's dynamics in the early and late follicular (EF and LF) and luteal (LU) phases of unmarried girls' menstrual cycle. METHODS Stress was induced by presentation of a short (3 min) movie clip. Simultaneous with a memory test and stress induction, EEG, serum Es levels, and galvanic skin response (GSR) were assessed. RESULTS Serum Es concentrations were decreased in LF, LU, and EF phases. The mean GSR score decreased after stress induction in all three phases, but it increased in the LF and LU phases versus the EF phase. Spatial WM diminished after stress induction in all three phases, but it increased in the LF phase versus the two phases before and after stress induction. Average power spectrum density in all frequency bands increased after stress induction in the frontal and prefrontal channels in the spatial WM test. CONCLUSION The results showed that stress led to spatial WM dysfunction; however, Es improved spatial WM performance in the LF phase versus the other two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Rayan Research Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Hamid Reza Kobravi
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad BranchIslamic Azad UniversityMashhadIran
| | - Masoud Fereidoni
- Rayan Research Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Imanollah Bigdeli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and PsychologyFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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20
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Sridhar S, Khamaj A, Asthana MK. Cognitive neuroscience perspective on memory: overview and summary. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1217093. [PMID: 37565054 PMCID: PMC10410470 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1217093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores memory from a cognitive neuroscience perspective and examines associated neural mechanisms. It examines the different types of memory: working, declarative, and non-declarative, and the brain regions involved in each type. The paper highlights the role of different brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex in working memory and the hippocampus in declarative memory. The paper also examines the mechanisms that underlie the formation and consolidation of memory, including the importance of sleep in the consolidation of memory and the role of the hippocampus in linking new memories to existing cognitive schemata. The paper highlights two types of memory consolidation processes: cellular consolidation and system consolidation. Cellular consolidation is the process of stabilizing information by strengthening synaptic connections. System consolidation models suggest that memories are initially stored in the hippocampus and are gradually consolidated into the neocortex over time. The consolidation process involves a hippocampal-neocortical binding process incorporating newly acquired information into existing cognitive schemata. The paper highlights the role of the medial temporal lobe and its involvement in autobiographical memory. Further, the paper discusses the relationship between episodic and semantic memory and the role of the hippocampus. Finally, the paper underscores the need for further research into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying non-declarative memory, particularly conditioning. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive overview from a cognitive neuroscience perspective of the different processes involved in memory consolidation of different types of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sridhar
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Khamaj
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Kumar Asthana
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Department of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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21
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Zhu Y, Wu D, Sun K, Chen X, Wang Y, He Y, Xiao W. Alpha and Theta Oscillations Are Causally Linked to Interference Inhibition: Evidence from High-Definition Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1026. [PMID: 37508958 PMCID: PMC10377194 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The Go/NoGo task and color-word Stroop task were used to investigate the effect of applying different frequency bands of neural oscillations to the lDLPFC on inhibitory control modulation. (2) Methods: Participants were randomly categorized into four groups and received HD-tACS at 6, 10, and 20 Hz or sham stimulation at 1.5 mA for 20 min. All participants performed a color-word Stroop task and Go/NoGo task before and immediately after the stimulation; closed-eye resting-state EEG signals were acquired for 3 min before and after the tasks. (3) Results: There were no significant differences in the Go/NoGo behavioral indices task across the four groups. In the color-word Stroop task, the Stroop effect of response time was significantly reduced by 6 and 10 Hz stimulations compared to sham stimulation, and the Stroop effect of accuracy was significantly reduced by 10 Hz stimulation. There were no significant differences in the frequency range-specific (delta, theta, alpha, beta, or gamma) resting EEG power before and after stimulation. (4) Conclusions: HD-tACS at 6 and 10 Hz effectively improved participants' performance on the color-word Stroop task, demonstrating the importance of the lDLPFC in interference inhibition and supporting a causal relationship between theta and alpha oscillations in interference inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xianglong Chen
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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22
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Shine JM, Lewis LD, Garrett DD, Hwang K. The impact of the human thalamus on brain-wide information processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:416-430. [PMID: 37237103 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is a small, bilateral structure in the diencephalon that integrates signals from many areas of the CNS. This critical anatomical position allows the thalamus to influence whole-brain activity and adaptive behaviour. However, traditional research paradigms have struggled to attribute specific functions to the thalamus, and it has remained understudied in the human neuroimaging literature. Recent advances in analytical techniques and increased accessibility to large, high-quality data sets have brought forth a series of studies and findings that (re-)establish the thalamus as a core region of interest in human cognitive neuroscience, a field that otherwise remains cortico-centric. In this Perspective, we argue that using whole-brain neuroimaging approaches to investigate the thalamus and its interaction with the rest of the brain is key for understanding systems-level control of information processing. To this end, we highlight the role of the thalamus in shaping a range of functional signatures, including evoked activity, interregional connectivity, network topology and neuronal variability, both at rest and during the performance of cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura D Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas D Garrett
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Hwang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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23
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Wang X, Zhou H, Hu Y. Altered neural associations with cognitive and emotional functions in cannabis dependence. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8724-8733. [PMID: 37143177 PMCID: PMC10505425 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative emotional state has been found to correlate with poor cognitive performance in cannabis-dependent (CD) individuals, but not healthy controls (HCs). To examine the neural substrates underlying such unusual emotion-cognition coupling, we analyzed the behavioral and resting state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project and found opposite brain-behavior associations in the CD and HC groups: (i) although the cognitive performance was positively correlated with the within-network functional connectivity strength and segregation (i.e. clustering coefficient and local efficiency) of the cognitive network in HCs, these correlations were inversed in CDs; (ii) although the cognitive performance was positively correlated with the within-network Granger effective connectivity strength and integration (i.e. characteristic path length) of the cognitive network in CDs, such associations were not significant in HCs. In addition, we also found that the effective connectivity strength within cognition network mediated the behavioral coupling between emotional state and cognitive performance. These results indicate a disorganization of the cognition network in CDs, and may help improve our understanding of substance use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
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24
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Ramírez R, Huang BH, Salazar K, Eik M. Predictors of Reading Development Among School-Age Bilingual Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Scoping Review. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37059083 DOI: 10.1044/2023_lshss-22-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Systematic reviews of bilingual children's reading development are very limited, and none of which solely focus on predictors of reading difficulties among those with developmental language disorder (DLD). The present scoping review fills an important need by analyzing the recent research literature on the reading outcomes of bilingual children with DLD. Specifically, this study aims to identify predictors of reading difficulties among bilingual children with DLD to improve early identification. METHOD The search parameters used in this scoping review included peer-reviewed journal articles written in English from 2000 to 2022 in order to synthesize the most recent empirical work, a focus on early childhood through early adolescent (pre-K to eighth grade) bilinguals with DLD, and research designs that included case study, descriptive, cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, longitudinal, and qualitative methods. RESULTS The present review yielded nine articles, which all examined the predictive validity of either a measure or task with the ultimate goal of improving early identification of reading difficulties. Significant predictors of reading difficulties, such as rapid naming and blending in first language (L1), were found to aid in identifying bilingual children who have DLD. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, this review demonstrates that this is a highly under-researched topic. To have ended up including only nine articles that fit the criteria of our search reveals a large gap in the research and a limitation of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rica Ramírez
- Department of Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching, University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Becky H Huang
- Department of Teaching and Learning and Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | - Mari Eik
- Department of Counseling, University of Texas at San Antonio
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25
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Zhang Z, Lewis-Peacock JA. Prioritization sharpens working memories but does not protect them from distraction. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:1158-1174. [PMID: 36395057 PMCID: PMC10188656 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual distraction distorts visual working memory representations. Previous research has shown that memory responses are systematically biased toward visual distractors that are similar to the memoranda. However, it remains unclear whether the prioritization of one working memory representation over another reduces the impact of perceptual distractors. In five behavioral experiments, we used different forms of retrospective cues (indicating the likelihood of testing each item and/or the reward for responding correctly to each item) to manipulate the prioritization of items in working memory before visual distraction. We examined the effects of distraction with nonparametric analyses and a novel distractor intrusion model. We found that memory responses were more precise (lower absolute response errors and stronger memory signals) for items that were prioritized. However, these prioritized items were not immune to distraction, and their memory responses were biased toward the visual distractors to the same degree as were unprioritized items. Our findings demonstrate that the benefits associated with prioritization in working memory do not include protection from distraction biases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
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26
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Grosu ȘA, Chirilă M, Rad F, Enache A, Handra CM, Ghiță I. The Effects of Four Compounds That Act on the Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems on Working Memory in Animal Studies; A Literature Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040546. [PMID: 37190512 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic and serotonergic systems are two of the most important neuronal pathways in the human brain. Almost all psychotropic medications impact at least one neurotransmitter system. As a result, investigating how they affect memory could yield valuable insights into potential therapeutic applications or unanticipated side effects. The aim of this literature review was to collect literature data from animal studies regarding the effects on memory of four drugs known to act on the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. The studies included in this review were identified in the PubMed database using selection criteria from the PRISMA protocol. We analyzed 29 articles investigating one of four different dopaminergic or serotonergic compounds. Studies conducted on bromocriptine have shown that stimulating D2 receptors may enhance working memory in rodents, whereas inhibiting these receptors could have the opposite effect, reducing working memory performance. The effects of serotonin on working memory are not clearly established as studies on fluoxetine and ketanserin have yielded conflicting results. Further studies with better-designed methodologies are necessary to explore the impact of compounds that affect both the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on working memory.
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Daley RT, Kensinger EA. Cognitive decline, socioemotional change, or both? How the science of aging can inform future research on sacrificial moral dilemmas. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:272-299. [PMID: 34933658 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.2019183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Older adults comprise the fastest-growing population in the United States. By exercising their right to vote, guiding the value systems of future generations, and holding political office, they shape the moral context of society. It is therefore imperative that we understand older adults' capacity for moral decision-making. Although the vast majority of research on moral decision-making has either focused specifically on younger adults or has not considered age, recent work points to age-related differences in sacrificial moral decision-making, with cognitively healthy older adults making more deontological decisions relative to younger adults. Although only a small number of studies have to date examined age-related differences, there is a wealth of relevant literature on cognitive aging, as well as on sacrificial moral decision-making in younger adults, that point to possible mechanistic explanations for the observed age-related differences. The goal of this review is to situate these age-related differences in sacrificial moral decision-making in the context of these existing literatures in order to guide future, theory-informed, research in this area. We specifically highlight age-related decline in cognitive abilities purported to support utilitarian moral decision-making in younger adults, along with age-related changes to socioemotional information processing as potential mechanistic explanations for these age-related differences. The last section of this review discusses how age-related neural changes may contribute to both cognitive decline and motivational shifts, highlighting the importance for future research to understand brain-behavior relationships on the topic of sacrificial moral decision-making and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Daley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Levin EJ, Brissenden JA, Fengler A, Badre D. Predicted utility modulates working memory fidelity in the brain. Cortex 2023; 160:115-133. [PMID: 36841093 PMCID: PMC10023440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The predicted utility of information stored in working memory (WM) is hypothesized to influence the strategic allocation of WM resources. Prior work has shown that when information is prioritized, it is remembered with greater precision relative to other remembered items. However, these paradigms often complicate interpretation of the effects of predicted utility on item fidelity due to a concurrent memory load. Likewise, no fMRI studies have examined whether the predicted utility of an item modulates fidelity in the neural representation of items during the memory delay without a concurrent load. In the current study, we used fMRI to investigate whether predicted utility influences fidelity of WM representations in the brain. Using a generative model multivoxel analysis approach to estimate the quality of remembered representations across predicted utility conditions, we observed that items with greater predicted utility are maintained in memory with greater fidelity, even when they are the only item being maintained. Further, we found that this pattern follows a parametric relationship where more predicted utility corresponded to greater fidelity. These precision differences could not be accounted for based on a redistribution of resources among already-remembered items. Rather, we interpret these results in terms of a gating mechanism that allows for pre-allocation of resources based on predicted value alone. This evidence supports a theoretical distinction between resource allocation that occurs as a result of load and resource pre-allocation that occurs as a result of predicted utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Levin
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, USA; University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA.
| | - James A Brissenden
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexander Fengler
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, USA
| | - David Badre
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, USA
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Nikolin S, Martin D, Loo CK, Boonstra TW. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Working Memory Maintenance Processes in Healthy Individuals. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:468-484. [PMID: 36603051 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at the pFC are often investigated using cognitive paradigms, particularly working memory tasks. However, the neural basis for the neuromodulatory cognitive effects of tDCS, including which subprocesses are affected by stimulation, is not completely understood. We investigated the effects of tDCS on working memory task-related spectral activity during and after tDCS to gain better insights into the neurophysiological changes associated with stimulation. We reanalyzed data from 100 healthy participants grouped by allocation to receive either sham (0 mA, 0.016 mA, and 0.034 mA) or active (1 mA or 2 mA) stimulation during a 3-back task. EEG data were used to analyze event-related spectral power in frequency bands associated with working memory performance. Frontal theta event-related synchronization (ERS) was significantly reduced post-tDCS in the active group. Participants receiving active tDCS had slower RTs following tDCS compared with sham, suggesting interference with practice effects associated with task repetition. Theta ERS was not significantly correlated with RTs or accuracy. tDCS reduced frontal theta ERS poststimulation, suggesting a selective disruption to working memory cognitive control and maintenance processes. These findings suggest that tDCS selectively affects specific subprocesses during working memory, which may explain heterogenous behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Nikolin
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donel Martin
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colleen K Loo
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tjeerd W Boonstra
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Poole BJ, Lah S. Difficulties with mathematics experienced by adults with epilepsy in daily life: An online study. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 138:109000. [PMID: 36446269 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mathematics encompass a variety of skills, broadly grouped into basic numeracy to complex secondary mathematical skills. In children with epilepsy difficulties with mathematics are common and related to a multicomponent working memory capacity. Little is known about mathematical skills of adults with epilepsy in daily life. Hence, we aimed to compare basic and secondary mathematical skills of adults with epilepsy to controls, examine relations between mathematical skills and working memory, and explored relationships between mathematical skills and epilepsy variables (age of onset, seizure frequency, and anti-seizure medication). METHODS Eighty four people with epilepsy and 86 healthy controls completed questionnaires on their subjective experience of using mathematics and working memory skills in daily life: The Dyscalculia Checklist (DC) and Working Memory Questionnaire (WMQ; including attention, storage, and executive scales), respectively. Questionnaires also collected demographic and epilepsy variables. RESULTS Adults with epilepsy reported greater difficulties in basic and secondary mathematical skills on the DC compared with controls. Only one epilepsy variable, a younger age of epilepsy onset, related to higher DC scores (greater mathematical difficulties), but was not significantly related in regression analyses. Instead, the WMQ explained 33% of the variance on the DC; the poorer storage and attention (but not executive) on the WMQ were associated with the higher DC score, when demographic and epilepsy variables were accounted for. SIGNIFICANCE Adults with epilepsy reported significant difficulties with mathematics in daily life, which were not explained by epilepsy variables but by poor working memory. While our findings suggest that daily difficulties with mathematics may be comorbid with epilepsy rather than epilepsy related, it is important to be cognizant of mathematical difficulties experienced by patients with epilepsy as they have potential to impact understanding of numerical information provided in patient care, such as risks associated with different epilepsy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Poole
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Fox HC, Milivojevic V, Sinha R. Therapeutics for Substance-Using Women: The Need to Elucidate Sex-Specific Targets for Better-Tailored Treatments. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 282:127-161. [PMID: 37592081 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, alcohol consumption in the US has risen by 84% in women compared with 35% in men. Furthermore, research has shown that sex- and gender-related differences may disadvantage women in terms of developing a range of psychological, cognitive, and medical problems considerably earlier in their drinking history than men, and despite consuming a similar quantity of substances. While this "telescoping" process has been acknowledged in the literature, a concomitant understanding of the underlying biobehavioral mechanisms, and an increase in the development of specific treatments tailored to women, has not occurred. In the current chapter we focus on understanding why the need for personalized, sex-specific medications is imperative, and highlight some of the potential sex-specific gonadal and stress-related adaptations underpinning the accelerated progress from controlled to compulsive drug and alcohol seeking in women. We additionally discuss the efficacy of these mechanisms as novel targets for medications development, using exogenous progesterone and guanfacine as examples. Finally, we assess some of the challenges faced and progress made in terms of developing innovative medications in women. We suggest that agents such as exogenous progesterone and adrenergic medications, such as guanfacine, may provide some efficacy in terms of attenuating stress-induced craving for several substances, as well as improving the ability to emotionally regulate in the face of stress, preferentially in women. However, to fully leverage the potential of these therapeutics in substance-using women, greater focus needs to the placed on reducing barriers to treatment and research by encouraging women into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Fox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Verica Milivojevic
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Sato J, Safar K, Vogan VM, Taylor MJ. Functional connectivity changes during working memory in autism spectrum disorder: A two-year longitudinal MEG study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103364. [PMID: 36878149 PMCID: PMC9999263 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Working memory impairments have been reported in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and associated with functional outcomes and social difficulties. However, little is known about the developmental trajectory of working memory in youth with ASD. The current magnetoencephalography (MEG) study is the first to examine the longitudinal development over two years of working memory networks in youth with ASD. We analysed MEG data from 32 children and adolescents with and without ASD (64 datasets; 7-14 years), all tested twice at a two-year interval, during a visual n-back task, with two loads (1- and 2-back). We performed a whole-brain functional connectivity analysis to examine the networks during the successful recognition of visual stimuli. We demonstrate that youth with ASD show decreased connectivity in the theta frequency (4-7 Hz) in the higher memory load (2-back) condition compared to typically developing (TD) controls. This hypo-connected theta network was anchored in primary visual areas with connections to frontal, parietal and limbic regions. These network differences were found despite similar task performance between ASD and TD groups. Within the TD group, we found an increase in alpha (8-14 Hz) connectivity at Time 2 compared to Time 1 in both the 1- and 2-back conditions. These findings demonstrate the continued development of working memory mechanisms over middle childhood, which were not apparent in youth with ASD. Together, our findings support a network-based approach to understanding atypical neural functioning in ASD and the developmental trajectories of working memory processes over middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kristina Safar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa M Vogan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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The brain responses to the gating opening mechanism on perceptual and conceptual mismatches in the 1-back matching task. Neuroreport 2022; 33:771-776. [PMID: 36250431 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although working memory performance is predicted by the gating mechanism, which is part of attentional control, the attentional control effect on domain-specific matching processes in the 1-back task, is lack of neural evidence. METHOD This study adopted event-related potential (ERP) technique, and employed both perceptual and conceptual matching conditions in a digital 1-back task, requiring to judge whether the current number was perceptually or quantitatively identical to the prior one. Three types of number pairs were adopted: shape/value match (S + V +, e.g., '3 3' or ' '), shape mismatch/value match (S - V + , e.g., '3 ' or ' 5') and shape/value mismatch (S - V - , e.g., '3 5' or ' '). MAIN RESULTS The ERP results showed that both S - V + and S - V - elicited similar larger P2 amplitudes and longer N2 and P3 latencies than S + V + in both conditions, reflecting the gate opening for perceptual input. Moreover, a task-relevance effect on P3 amplitudes was observed, with a deflection for S - V - in the conceptual matching condition and for S - V + and S - V - in the perceptual matching condition, suggesting that the gating opening mechanism enabled the retrieval of relevant information. CONCLUSION Hence, the matching effect on P3 supported the gating opening mechanism on the matching subprocess underlying the N-back task.
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Minami F, Hirano J, Ueda R, Takamiya A, Yamagishi M, Kamiya K, Mimura M, Yamagata B. Intergenerational concordance of brain structure between depressed mothers and their never-depressed daughters. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:579-586. [PMID: 36082981 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Parents have significant genetic and environmental influences, which are known as intergenerational effects, on the cognition, behavior, and brain of their offspring. These intergenerational effects are observed in patients with mood disorders, with a particularly strong association of depression between mothers and daughters. The main purpose of our study was to investigate female-specific intergenerational transmission patterns in the human brain among patients with depression and their never-depressed offspring. METHODS We recruited 78 participants from 34 families, which included remitted parents with a history of depression and their never-depressed biological offspring. We used source-based and surface-based morphometry analyses of magnetic resonance imaging data to examine the degree of associations in brain structure between four types of parent-offspring dyads (i.e. mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter, and father-son). RESULTS Using independent component analysis, we found a significant positive correlation of gray matter structure between exclusively the mother-daughter dyads within brain regions located in the default mode and central executive networks, such as the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, middle frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and left angular gyrus. These similar observations were not identified in other three parent-offspring dyads. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides biological evidence for greater vulnerability of daughters, but not sons, in developing depression whose mothers have a history of depression. Our findings extend our knowledge on the pathophysiology of major psychiatric conditions that show sex biases and may contribute to the development of novel interventions targeting high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusaka Minami
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinichi Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueda
- Office of Radiation Technology, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takamiya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Yamagishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kamiya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bun Yamagata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wood JL, Clark DE, Nee DE. Hippocampal activity supporting working memory is contingent upon specific task demands. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:220-222. [PMID: 36200870 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2131748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is the ability to maintain and manipulate internal representations. WM recruits varying brain regions based on task demands. Although the hippocampus has historically been associated with long-term memory (LTM), several studies provide evidence for its involvement during WM tasks. Slotnick (this issue) posits that this involvement is due to LTM processes. This argument rests on the assumption that processes are not shared among WM and LTM, and that WM processes are necessarily sustained. We argue that there are processes utilized by both WM and LTM, and that such processes need not be sustained to support WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Wood
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Danielle E Clark
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Derek Evan Nee
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Rubin LH, Bekhbat M, Turkson S, Mehta CC, Maki PM, Anastos K, Gustafson D, Spence AB, Milam J, Chow FC, Weber K, Springer G, Gange SJ, Neigh GN. Glucocorticoid Receptor Function and Cognitive Performance in Women With HIV. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:893-903. [PMID: 36044614 PMCID: PMC9553273 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) function may be a risk factor for cognitive complications among older people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We evaluated whether HIV serostatus and age modify the GCR function-cognition association among women. METHODS Eighty women with HIV ( n = 40, <40 years of age [younger]; n = 40, >50 years of age [older]) and 80 HIV-uninfected women ( n = 40 older, n = 40 younger) enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected concurrent with neuropsychological testing were assessed for GCR function. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to examine whether a) HIV serostatus and age were associated with GCR function, and b) GCR function-cognition associations are moderated by HIV serostatus and age adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS Among older women, higher baseline FKBP5 expression level was associated with lower attention/working memory performance among women with HIV ( B = 6.4, standard error = 1.7, p = .0003) but not in women without HIV infection ( B = -1.7, standard error = 1.9, p = .37). There were no significant HIV serostatus by age interactions on dexamethasone (DEX)-stimulated expression of the genes regulated by the GCR or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor α levels (with or without DEX stimulation; p values > .13). HIV serostatus was associated with GC target genes PER1 ( p = .006) and DUSP1 ( p = .02), but not TSC22D3 ( p = .32), after DEX stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest that HIV serostatus and age may modify the influence of the GCR, such that the receptor is likely engaged to a similar extent, but the downstream influence of the receptor is altered, potentially through epigenetic modification of target genes.
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Shebani Z, Carota F, Hauk O, Rowe JB, Barsalou LW, Tomasello R, Pulvermüller F. Brain correlates of action word memory revealed by fMRI. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16053. [PMID: 36163225 PMCID: PMC9512810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding language semantically related to actions activates the motor cortex. This activation is sensitive to semantic information such as the body part used to perform the action (e.g. arm-/leg-related action words). Additionally, motor movements of the hands/feet can have a causal effect on memory maintenance of action words, suggesting that the involvement of motor systems extends to working memory. This study examined brain correlates of verbal memory load for action-related words using event-related fMRI. Seventeen participants saw either four identical or four different words from the same category (arm-/leg-related action words) then performed a nonmatching-to-sample task. Results show that verbal memory maintenance in the high-load condition produced greater activation in left premotor and supplementary motor cortex, along with posterior-parietal areas, indicating that verbal memory circuits for action-related words include the cortical action system. Somatotopic memory load effects of arm- and leg-related words were observed, but only at more anterior cortical regions than was found in earlier studies employing passive reading tasks. These findings support a neurocomputational model of distributed action-perception circuits (APCs), according to which language understanding is manifest as full ignition of APCs, whereas working memory is realized as reverberant activity receding to multimodal prefrontal and lateral temporal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaida Shebani
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
- Psychology Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Francesca Carota
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
- Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Hauk
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Lawrence W Barsalou
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosario Tomasello
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Matters of Activity. Image Space Material', Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Pulvermüller
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Matters of Activity. Image Space Material', Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany
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Cellier D, Petersen IT, Hwang K. Dynamics of Hierarchical Task Representations. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7276-7284. [PMID: 35985836 PMCID: PMC9512570 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0233-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Task representations are critical for cognitive control and adaptive behavior. The hierarchical organization of task representations allows humans to maintain goals, integrate information across varying contexts, and select potential responses. In this study we characterized the structure and interactive dynamics of task representations that facilitate cognitive control. Human participants (both males and females) performed a hierarchical task that required them to select a response rule while considering the contingencies from different contextual inputs. By applying time- and frequency-resolved representational similarity analysis to human electroencephalography data, we characterized properties of task representations that are otherwise difficult to observe. We found that participants formed multiple representations of task-relevant contexts and features from the presented stimuli, beyond simple stimulus-response mappings. These disparate representations were hierarchically structured, with higher-order contextual representations dominantly influencing subordinate representations of task features and response rules. Furthermore, this cascade of top-down interactions facilitated faster responses. Our results describe key properties of task representations that support hierarchical cognitive control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans can adjust their actions in response to contingencies imposed by the environment. Although it has long been hypothesized that this ability depends on mental representations of tasks, the neural dynamics of task representations have been difficult to characterize. Our study used electroencephalography data from human participants to demonstrate the neural organization and interactive dynamics of task representations. Our results revealed a top-down, hierarchically organized representational structure that encoded multiple contexts and features from the environment. To support cognitive control, higher-level contextual representations influenced subordinate representations of task-relevant features and potential responses, facilitating response selection in a context-dependent manner. Our results provide direct evidence of organizational properties of task representations, which are cornerstones of cognitive control theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillan Cellier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Isaac T Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Kai Hwang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Manglani HR, Fountain-Zaragoza S, Shankar A, Nicholas JA, Prakash RS. Employing Connectome-Based Models to Predict Working Memory in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Connect 2022; 12:502-514. [PMID: 34309408 PMCID: PMC10039278 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2021.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are vulnerable to deficits in working memory (WM), but the search for neural correlates of WM within circumscribed areas has been inconclusive. Given the widespread neural alterations observed in MS, predictive modeling approaches that capitalize on whole-brain connectivity may better capture individual differences in WM. Materials and Methods: We applied connectome-based predictive modeling to functional magnetic resonance imaging data from WM tasks in two independent samples with relapsing-remitting MS. In the internal sample (ninternal = 36), cross-validation was used to train a model to predict accuracy on the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test from functional connectivity. We hypothesized that this MS-specific model would successfully predict performance on the N-back task in the validation cohort (nvalidation = 36). In addition, we assessed the generalizability of existing WM networks derived in healthy young adults to these samples, and we explored anatomical differences between the healthy and MS networks. Results: We successfully derived an MS-specific predictive model of WM in the internal sample (full: rs = 0.47, permuted p = 0.011), but the predictions were not significant in the validation cohort (rs = -0.047; p = 0.78, mean squared error [MSE] = 0.006, R2 = -2.21%). In contrast, the healthy networks successfully predicted WM in both MS samples (internal: rs = 0.33 p = 0.049, MSE = 0.009, R2 = 13.4%; validation cohort: rs = 0.46, p = 0.005, MSE = 0.005, R2 = 16.9%), demonstrating their translational potential. Discussion: Functional networks identified in a large sample of healthy individuals predicted significant variance in WM in MS. Networks derived in small samples of people with MS may have limited generalizability, potentially due to disease-related heterogeneity. The robustness of models derived in large clinical samples warrants further investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03244696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena R Manglani
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie Fountain-Zaragoza
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anita Shankar
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Ruchika Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Jiang LX, Huang GD, Wang HL, Zhang C, Yu X. The protocol for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2703. [PMID: 35849713 PMCID: PMC9392537 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory capacity (WMC) is the ability to maintain information over a few seconds. Although it has been extensively studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks have been developed to measure such changes in rodents. Many procedures have been used to measure WM in rodents, including the radial arm maze, the WM version of the Morris swimming task, and various delayed matching and nonmatching-to-sample tasks. It should be noted, however, that the memory components assessed in these procedures do not include memory capacity. METHODS We developed an olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) paradigm to assess the WMC of 3-month-old 5×FAD mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The task is divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule learning for nonmatching to a single sample odor (NMSS), rule learning for nonmatching to multiple sample odors (NMMS), and capacity testing. RESULTS In the NMSS rule-learning phase, there was no difference between wild-type (WT) mice and 5×FAD mice in the performance correct rate, correct option rate, and correct rejection rate. The WT mice and 5×FAD mice showed similar memory capacity in the NMMS rule-learning phase. After capacity test, we found that the WMC was significantly diminished in 5×FAD mice. As the memory load increased, 5×FAD mice also made significantly more errors than WT mice. CONCLUSION The OWMC task, based on a nonmatch-to-sample rule, is a sensitive and robust behavioral assay that we validated as a reliable method for measuring WMC and exploring different components of memory in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Jiang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China
| | - Geng-Di Huang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua-Li Wang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Capital Medical University, Youanmenwai, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China
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41
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Sun Y, Wang L, Sun N, Li S. Modulation of similarity on the distraction resistance of visual working memory representation. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14153. [PMID: 35843992 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the distraction resistance of priority items in visual working memory (VWM). The protection account proposes that high-priority items resist distraction more than low-priority items, while the vulnerability account proposes that distractors impair high-priority items more. We proposed another available resource threshold account: distraction will not impair items if available resources exceed their threshold needed for sufficient processing. Using a change-detection paradigm, we manipulated item priority by color similarity and inserted distractors during VWM retention. We investigated the effect of similarity on distraction resistance of relevant (color) and irrelevant (shape) feature representations (Experiments 1-2), and the neural mechanism of this effect using event-related potentials (ERPs; Experiment 3). Behavioral results showed distractors impaired the accuracy of dissimilar items when relevant features were memorized and of similar items when irrelevant features were memorized under simultaneous presentation of similar and dissimilar items. Moreover, distractors impaired the accuracy of dissimilar items when relevant features were memorized and of both similar and dissimilar items when irrelevant features were memorized under separate presentation of items. ERP results showed a smaller negative slow wave and P2 but larger N2 under the similar condition. Similarity protected relevant features of similar items against distraction by reducing memory load, decreasing attentional resources allocated to distractors, and strengthening inhibition of distractors. However, similarity did not protect irrelevant features of similar items. Our results support the available resource threshold account, suggesting that VWM is a flexible and intelligent system despite its limited capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Sun
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Sun
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxin Li
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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42
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Breitinger E, Pokorny L, Biermann L, Jarczok TA, Dundon NM, Roessner V, Bender S. What makes somatosensory short-term memory maintenance effective? An EEG study comparing contralateral delay activity between sighted participants and participants who are blind. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119407. [PMID: 35752414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory short-term memory is essential for object recognition, sensorimotor learning, and, especially, Braille reading for people who are blind. This study examined how visual sensory deprivation and a compensatory focus on somatosensory information influences memory processes in this domain. We measured slow cortical negativity developing during short-term tactile memory maintenance (tactile contralateral delay activity, tCDA) in frontal and somatosensory areas while a sample of 24 sighted participants and 22 participants who are blind completed a tactile change-detection task where varying loads of Braille pin patterns served as stimuli. Auditory cues, appearing at varying latencies between sample arrays, could be used to reduce memory demands during maintenance. Participants who are blind (trained Braille readers) outperformed sighted participants behaviorally. In addition, while task-related frontal activation featured in both groups, participants who are blind uniquely showed higher tCDA amplitudes specifically over somatosensory areas. The site specificity of this component's functional relevance in short-term memory maintenance was further supported by somatosensory tCDA amplitudes first correlating across the whole sample with behavioral performance, and secondly showing sensitivity to varying memory load. The results substantiate sensory recruitment models and provide new insights into the effects of visual sensory deprivation on tactile processing. Between-group differences in the interplay between frontal and somatosensory areas during somatosensory maintenance also suggest that efficient maintenance of complex tactile stimuli in short-term memory is primarily facilitated by lateralized activity in somatosensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Breitinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lena Pokorny
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea Biermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomasz Antoni Jarczok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, KJF Klinik Josefinum, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Neil M Dundon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C. G. Carus, Germany
| | - Stephan Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
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Alhusaini M, Eissa N, Saad AK, Beiram R, Sadek B. Revisiting Preclinical Observations of Several Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists/Inverse Agonists in Cognitive Impairment, Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep-Wake Cycle Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861094. [PMID: 35721194 PMCID: PMC9198498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship appears to exist between dysfunction of brain histamine (HA) and various neuropsychiatric brain disorders. The possible involvement of brain HA in neuropathology has gained attention recently, and its role in many (patho)physiological brain functions including memory, cognition, and sleep-wake cycle paved the way for further research on the etiology of several brain disorders. Histamine H3 receptor (H3R) evidenced in the brains of rodents and humans remains of special interest, given its unique position as a pre- and postsynaptic receptor, controlling the synthesis and release of HA as well as different other neurotransmitters in different brain regions, respectively. Despite several disappointing outcomes for several H3R antagonists/inverse agonists in clinical studies addressing their effectiveness in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and schizophrenia (SCH), numerous H3R antagonists/inverse agonists showed great potentials in modulating memory and cognition, mood, and sleep-wake cycle, thus suggesting its potential role in neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD, SCH, narcolepsy, and major depression in preclinical rodent models. In this review, we present preclinical applications of selected H3R antagonists/inverse agonists and their pharmacological effects on cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and sleep-wake cycle disorders. Collectively, the current review highlights the behavioral impact of developments of H3R antagonists/inverse agonists, aiming to further encourage researchers in the preclinical drug development field to profile the potential therapeutic role of novel antagonists/inverse agonists targeting histamine H3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mera Alhusaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nermin Eissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali K Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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44
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Neural Mechanisms of the Maintenance and Manipulation of Gustatory Working Memory in Orbitofrontal Cortex. Cognit Comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-022-10035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Sensory recruitment in visual short-term memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sensory visual cortex interference using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1594-1624. [PMID: 35606595 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sensory visual areas are involved in encoding information in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Yet it remains unclear whether sensory visual cortex is a necessary component of the brain network for maintenance of information in VSTM. Here, we aimed to systematically review studies that have investigated the role of the sensory visual cortex in VSTM using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and to quantitatively explore these effects using meta-analyses. Fourteen studies were identified and reviewed. Eight studies provided sufficient data for meta-analysis. Two meta-analyses, one regarding the VSTM encoding phase (17 effect sizes) and one regarding the VSTM maintenance phase (15 effect sizes), two meta-regressions (32 effect sizes in each), and one exploratory meta-analysis were conducted. Our results indicate that the sensory visual cortex is similarly involved in both the encoding and maintenance VSTM phase. We suggest that some cases where evidence did not show significant TMS effects was due to low memory or perceptual task demands. Overall, these findings support the idea that sensory visual areas are part of the brain network responsible for successfully maintaining information in VSTM.
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46
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Henderson MM, Rademaker RL, Serences JT. Flexible utilization of spatial- and motor-based codes for the storage of visuo-spatial information. eLife 2022; 11:e75688. [PMID: 35522567 PMCID: PMC9075954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory provides flexible storage of information in service of upcoming behavioral goals. Some models propose specific fixed loci and mechanisms for the storage of visual information in working memory, such as sustained spiking in parietal and prefrontal cortex during working memory maintenance. An alternative view is that information can be remembered in a flexible format that best suits current behavioral goals. For example, remembered visual information might be stored in sensory areas for easier comparison to future sensory inputs, or might be re-coded into a more abstract action-oriented format and stored in motor areas. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a visuo-spatial working memory task where the required behavioral response was either known or unknown during the memory delay period. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate decoding, we found that there was less information about remembered spatial position in early visual and parietal regions when the required response was known versus unknown. Furthermore, a representation of the planned motor action emerged in primary somatosensory, primary motor, and premotor cortex during the same task condition where spatial information was reduced in early visual cortex. These results suggest that the neural networks supporting working memory can be strategically reconfigured depending on specific behavioral requirements during a canonical visual working memory paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Henderson
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Rosanne L Rademaker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
| | - John T Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Kavli Foundation for the Brain and Mind, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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47
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Li M, Fan J, Lin L, Shang Z, Wan H. Elevated Gamma Connectivity in Nidopallium Caudolaterale of Pigeons during Spatial Path Adjustment. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1019. [PMID: 35454265 PMCID: PMC9026408 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that spatial navigation depends on a local network including multiple brain regions with strong interactions. However, it is still not fully understood whether and how the neural patterns in avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), which is suggested to play a key role in navigation as a higher cognitive structure, are modulated by the behaviors during spatial navigation, especially involved path adjustment needs. Hence, we examined neural activity in the NCL of pigeons and explored the local field potentials' (LFPs) spectral and functional connectivity patterns in a goal-directed spatial cognitive task with the detour paradigm. We found the pigeons progressively learned to solve the path adjustment task when the learned path was blocked suddenly. Importantly, the behavioral changes during the adjustment were accompanied by the modifications in neural patterns in the NCL. Specifically, the spectral power in lower bands (1-4 Hz and 5-12 Hz) decreased as the pigeons were tested during the adjustment. Meanwhile, an elevated gamma (31-45 Hz and 55-80 Hz) connectivity in the NCL was also detected. These results and the partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) modeling analysis provide insights into the neural activities in the avian NCL during the spatial path adjustment, contributing to understanding the potential mechanism of avian spatial encoding. This study suggests the important role of the NCL in spatial learning, especially path adjustment in avian navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.L.); (J.F.)
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jiantao Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Lubo Lin
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China;
| | - Zhigang Shang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.L.); (J.F.)
- Institute of Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.L.); (J.F.)
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48
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Spinola S, De Vita MJ, Gilmour CE, Maisto SA. Effects of acute alcohol administration on working memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:695-708. [PMID: 35075512 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol-induced executive function deficits may underlie associations between alcohol, self-regulation, and hazardous behaviors. Studies examining the effects of alcohol administration on working memory, an important executive functioning component, have produced mixed findings. Acute alcohol effects on working memory remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of acute alcohol administration on working memory outcomes in studies of healthy adults. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO from inception to June 2021. Studies were included if they met criteria, including healthy participants and administration of quantified alcohol doses against comparative controls. Data extracted included primary working memory outcomes, alcohol doses, and study characteristics. Study quality was assessed using an established validity measure. Working memory task type, alcohol dose, control condition type, and sex/gender composition were explored as moderators using mixed-effects models and meta-regressions. RESULTS Thirty-two studies (1629 participants) provided sufficient data for 54 comparisons between alcohol and control conditions. Random-effects meta-analysis indicated that alcohol administration produced significant, small- to medium-sized working memory decrements (g [95% CI] = - 0.300 [- 0.390 to - 0.211], p < 0.001). Moderation analyses suggested that these effects differed as a function of task type, dose, control condition type, and sex/gender composition. The average quality rating across studies was good. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol administration significantly impaired working memory performance, particularly when executive-related manipulation processes were involved. Future research is needed to investigate how alcohol-induced working memory impairments relate to compromised self-regulation, hazardous behavior, and negative drinking consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Spinola
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA. .,VA Connecticut Healthcare System-West Haven, West Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, NY, USA.
| | - Martin J De Vita
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Behavioral Health, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christina E Gilmour
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen A Maisto
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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49
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Albouy P, Martinez-Moreno ZE, Hoyer RS, Zatorre RJ, Baillet S. Supramodality of neural entrainment: Rhythmic visual stimulation causally enhances auditory working memory performance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9782. [PMID: 35196074 PMCID: PMC8865801 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The frontoparietal network is involved in multiple tasks, such as visual mental rotation, working memory, or arithmetic. Whether those different cognitive processes are supported by the same supramodal network or distinct, but overlapping, functional systems is unresolved. We investigate whether frontoparietal activity can be selectively entrained by rhythmic sensory stimulations (visual rotation) and whether this entrainment can causally modulate task performance in another modality (auditory working memory). We show that rhythmic visual presentations of rotating shapes, known to activate the dorsal pathway, increase frontoparietal connectivity at stimulation frequency as measured with MEG/EEG. We then show that frontoparietal theta oscillations predict auditory working memory performance. Last, we demonstrate that theta rhythmic visual stimulation applied during auditory memory causally enhances performance, and both the rotating properties of the stimulus and its flickering frequency drive the effect. This study provides causal evidence of the supramodal role of the frontoparietal network in human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Albouy
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), CRBLM, Montreal, QC H2V 2J2, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Zaida E. Martinez-Moreno
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Roxane S. Hoyer
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Robert J. Zatorre
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), CRBLM, Montreal, QC H2V 2J2, Canada
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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50
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Al Qasem W, Abubaker M, Kvašňák E. Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation-State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822545. [PMID: 35237214 PMCID: PMC8882605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a cognitive process that involves maintaining and manipulating information for a short period of time. WM is central to many cognitive processes and declines rapidly with age. Deficits in WM are seen in older adults and in patients with dementia, schizophrenia, major depression, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, etc. The frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices are significantly involved in WM processing and all brain oscillations are implicated in tackling WM tasks, particularly theta and gamma bands. The theta/gamma neural code hypothesis assumes that retained memory items are recorded via theta-nested gamma cycles. Neuronal oscillations can be manipulated by sensory, invasive- and non-invasive brain stimulations. Transcranial alternating-current stimulation (tACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are frequency-tuned non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that have been used to entrain endogenous oscillations in a frequency-specific manner. Compared to rTMS, tACS demonstrates superior cost, tolerability, portability, and safety profile, making it an attractive potential tool for improving cognitive performance. Although cognitive research with tACS is still in its infancy compared to rTMS, a number of studies have shown a promising WM enhancement effect, especially in the elderly and patients with cognitive deficits. This review focuses on the various methods and outcomes of tACS on WM in healthy and unhealthy human adults and highlights the established findings, unknowns, challenges, and perspectives important for translating laboratory tACS into realistic clinical settings. This will allow researchers to identify gaps in the literature and develop frequency-tuned tACS protocols with promising safety and efficacy outcomes. Therefore, research efforts in this direction should help to consider frequency-tuned tACS as a non-pharmacological tool of cognitive rehabilitation in physiological aging and patients with cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Al Qasem
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czechia
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