1
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Johnston IG. The Nitroplast and Its Relatives Support a Universal Model of Features Predicting Gene Retention in Endosymbiont and Organelle Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae132. [PMID: 38900924 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic relationships have shaped eukaryotic life. As endosymbionts coevolve with their host, toward full integration as organelles, their genomes tend to shrink, with genes being completely lost or transferred to the host nucleus. Modern endosymbionts and organelles show diverse patterns of gene retention, and why some genes and not others are retained in these genomes is not fully understood. Recent bioinformatic study has explored hypothesized influences on these evolutionary processes, finding that hydrophobicity and amino acid chemistry predict patterns of gene retention, both in organelles across eukaryotes and in less mature endosymbiotic relationships. The exciting ongoing elucidation of endosymbiotic relationships affords an independent set of instances to test this theory. Here, we compare the properties of retained genes in the nitroplast, recently reported to be an integrated organelle, two related cyanobacterial endosymbionts that form "spheroid bodies" in their host cells, and a range of other endosymbionts, with free-living relatives of each. We find that in each case, the symbiont's genome encodes proteins with higher hydrophobicity and lower amino pKa than their free-living relative, supporting the data-derived model predicting the retention propensity of genes across endosymbiont and organelle genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Bennett GM, Kwak Y, Maynard R. Endosymbioses Have Shaped the Evolution of Biological Diversity and Complexity Time and Time Again. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae112. [PMID: 38813885 PMCID: PMC11154151 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth comprises prokaryotes and a broad assemblage of endosymbioses. The pages of Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution have provided an essential window into how these endosymbiotic interactions have evolved and shaped biological diversity. Here, we provide a current perspective on this knowledge by drawing on decades of revelatory research published in Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution, and insights from the field at large. The accumulated work illustrates how endosymbioses provide hosts with novel phenotypes that allow them to transition between adaptive landscapes to access environmental resources. Such endosymbiotic relationships have shaped and reshaped life on Earth. The early serial establishment of mitochondria and chloroplasts through endosymbioses permitted massive upscaling of cellular energetics, multicellularity, and terrestrial planetary greening. These endosymbioses are also the foundation upon which all later ones are built, including everything from land-plant endosymbioses with fungi and bacteria to nutritional endosymbioses found in invertebrate animals. Common evolutionary mechanisms have shaped this broad range of interactions. Endosymbionts generally experience adaptive and stochastic genome streamlining, the extent of which depends on several key factors (e.g. mode of transmission). Hosts, in contrast, adapt complex mechanisms of resource exchange, cellular integration and regulation, and genetic support mechanisms to prop up degraded symbionts. However, there are significant differences between endosymbiotic interactions not only in how partners have evolved with each other but also in the scope of their influence on biological diversity. These differences are important considerations for predicting how endosymbioses will persist and adapt to a changing planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M Bennett
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
- National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institute—INSITE, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Younghwan Kwak
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
- National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institute—INSITE, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Reo Maynard
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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3
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Su T, Zhang XF, Wu GZ. Functional conservation of GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 in plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112053. [PMID: 38417718 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling between plastids and the nucleus is vital for chloroplast biogenesis and environmental responses. GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1) was proposed to be a central integrator of multiple retrograde signaling pathways in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). However, the function of GUN1 orthologs in other plant species has not been well studied. Here, we found that many GUN1 orthologs from the Solanaceae family have a short N-terminus before the first pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motif which is predicted as intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Functional analyses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) GUN1 (SlGUN1), which does not contain N-terminal IDRs, show that it can complement the GUN phenotype of the Arabidopsis gun1 mutant (Atgun1). However, in contrast to the AtGUN1 protein, which does contain the N-terminal IDRs, the SlGUN1 protein is highly accumulated even after chloroplast biogenesis is completed, suggesting that the N-terminal IDRs may determine the stability of the GUN1 protein. Furthermore, we generated tomato Slgun1 genome-edited mutants via the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The Slgun1 mutants exhibited a typical GUN phenotype under lincomycin (Lin) or norflurazon (NF) treatment. Moreover, Slgun1 mutants are hypersensitive to low concentrations of Lin or NF. Taken together, our results suggest that, although lacking the N-terminal IDRs, SlGUN1 plays conserved roles in plastid retrograde signaling in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
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4
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Giannakis K, Richards L, Dauda KA, Johnston IG. Connecting Species-Specific Extents of Genome Reduction in Mitochondria and Plastids. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae097. [PMID: 38758976 PMCID: PMC11144018 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and plastids have both dramatically reduced their genomes since the endosymbiotic events that created them. The similarities and differences in the evolution of the two organelle genome types have been the target of discussion and investigation for decades. Ongoing work has suggested that similar mechanisms may modulate the reductive evolution of the two organelles in a given species, but quantitative data and statistical analyses exploring this picture remain limited outside of some specific cases like parasitism. Here, we use cross-eukaryote organelle genome data to explore evidence for coevolution of mitochondrial and plastid genome reduction. Controlling for differences between clades and pseudoreplication due to relatedness, we find that extents of mtDNA and ptDNA gene retention are related to each other across taxa, in a generally positive correlation that appears to differ quantitatively across eukaryotes, for example, between algal and nonalgal species. We find limited evidence for coevolution of specific mtDNA and ptDNA gene pairs, suggesting that the similarities between the two organelle types may be due mainly to independent responses to consistent evolutionary drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Richards
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kazeem A Dauda
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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5
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van der Gulik PTS, Hoff WD, Speijer D. The contours of evolution: In defence of Darwin's tree of life paradigm. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400012. [PMID: 38436469 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Both the concept of a Darwinian tree of life (TOL) and the possibility of its accurate reconstruction have been much criticized. Criticisms mostly revolve around the extensive occurrence of lateral gene transfer (LGT), instances of uptake of complete organisms to become organelles (with the associated subsequent gene transfer to the nucleus), as well as the implications of more subtle aspects of the biological species concept. Here we argue that none of these criticisms are sufficient to abandon the valuable TOL concept and the biological realities it captures. Especially important is the need to conceptually distinguish between organismal trees and gene trees, which necessitates incorporating insights of widely occurring LGT into modern evolutionary theory. We demonstrate that all criticisms, while based on important new findings, do not invalidate the TOL. After considering the implications of these new insights, we find that the contours of evolution are best represented by a TOL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wouter D Hoff
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Qu CL, Jin H, Zhang B, Chen WJ, Zhang Y, Xu YY, Wang R, Lao YM. Haematococcus lacustris Carotenogensis: A Historical Event of Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth's Oxygenation. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:576. [PMID: 38792597 PMCID: PMC11121925 DOI: 10.3390/life14050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Oxygen has exerted a great effect in shaping the environment and driving biological diversity in Earth's history. Green lineage has evolved primary and secondary carotenoid biosynthetic systems to adapt to Earth's oxygenation, e.g., Haematococcus lacustris, which accumulates the highest amount of secondary astaxanthin under stresses. The two systems are controlled by lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE) and β-cyclase (LCYB), which leave an important trace in Earth's oxygenation. (2) Objectives: This work intends to disclose the underlying molecular evolutionary mechanism of Earth's oxygenation in shaping green algal carotenogensis with a special focus on lycopene cyclases. (3) Methods: The two kinds of cyclases were analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis, phylogeny, divergence time and functional divergence. (4) Results: Green lineage LCYEs appeared at ~1.5 Ga after the first significant appearance and accumulation of atmospheric oxygen, the so-called Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), from which LCYBs diverged by gene duplication. Bacterial β-bicyclases evolved from β-monocyclase. Enhanced catalytic activity accompanied evolutionary transformation from ε-/β-monocyclase to β-bicyclase. Strong positive selection occurred in green lineage LCYEs after the GOE and in algal LCYBs during the second oxidation, the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event (NOE). Positively selected sites in the catalytic cavities of the enzymes controlled the mono-/bicyclase activity, respectively. Carotenoid profiling revealed that oxidative adaptation has been wildly preserved in evolution. (5) Conclusions: the functionalization of the two enzymes is a result of primary to secondary adaptations to Earth's oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Lan Qu
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China;
| | - Bing Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Jian Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Min Lao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Park S, An B, Park S. Dynamic changes in the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of the angiosperm Corydalis pauciovulata (Papaveraceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:303. [PMID: 38644497 PMCID: PMC11034061 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corydalis DC., the largest genus in the family Papaveraceae, comprises > 465 species. Complete plastid genomes (plastomes) of Corydalis show evolutionary changes, including syntenic arrangements, gene losses and duplications, and IR boundary shifts. However, little is known about the evolution of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) in Corydalis. Both the organelle genomes and transcriptomes are needed to better understand the relationships between the patterns of evolution in mitochondrial and plastid genomes. RESULTS We obtained complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes from Corydalis pauciovulata using a hybrid assembly of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies reads to assess the evolutionary parallels between the organelle genomes. The mitogenome and plastome of C. pauciovulata had sizes of 675,483 bp and 185,814 bp, respectively. Three ancestral gene clusters were missing from the mitogenome, and expanded IR (46,060 bp) and miniaturized SSC (202 bp) regions were identified in the plastome. The mitogenome and plastome of C. pauciovulata contained 41 and 67 protein-coding genes, respectively; the loss of genes was a plastid-specific event. We also generated a draft genome and transcriptome for C. pauciovulata. A combination of genomic and transcriptomic data supported the functional replacement of acetyl-CoA carboxylase subunit β (accD) by intracellular transfer to the nucleus in C. pauciovulata. In contrast, our analyses suggested a concurrent loss of the NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase (ndh) complex in both the nuclear and plastid genomes. Finally, we performed genomic and transcriptomic analyses to characterize DNA replication, recombination, and repair (DNA-RRR) genes in C. pauciovulata as well as the transcriptomes of Liriodendron tulipifera and Nelumbo nuicifera. We obtained 25 DNA-RRR genes and identified their structure in C. pauciovulata. Pairwise comparisons of nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitution rates revealed that several DNA-RRR genes in C. pauciovulata have higher dN and dS values than those in N. nuicifera. CONCLUSIONS The C. pauciovulata genomic data generated here provide a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of Corydalis organelle genomes. The first mitogenome of Papaveraceae provides an example that can be explored by other researchers sequencing the mitogenomes of related plants. Our results also provide fundamental information about DNA-RRR genes in Corydalis and their related rate variation, which elucidates the relationships between DNA-RRR genes and organelle genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Institute of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea.
| | - Boram An
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - SeonJoo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea.
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8
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Cho A, Lax G, Livingston SJ, Masukagami Y, Naumova M, Millar O, Husnik F, Keeling PJ. Genomic analyses of Symbiomonas scintillans show no evidence for endosymbiotic bacteria but does reveal the presence of giant viruses. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011218. [PMID: 38557755 PMCID: PMC11008856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Symbiomonas scintillans Guillou et Chrétiennot-Dinet, 1999 is a tiny (1.4 μm) heterotrophic microbial eukaryote. The genus was named based on the presence of endosymbiotic bacteria in its endoplasmic reticulum, however, like most such endosymbionts neither the identity nor functional association with its host were known. We generated both amplification-free shotgun metagenomics and whole genome amplification sequencing data from S. scintillans strains RCC257 and RCC24, but were unable to detect any sequences from known lineages of endosymbiotic bacteria. The absence of endobacteria was further verified with FISH analyses. Instead, numerous contigs in assemblies from both RCC24 and RCC257 were closely related to prasinoviruses infecting the green algae Ostreococcus lucimarinus, Bathycoccus prasinos, and Micromonas pusilla (OlV, BpV, and MpV, respectively). Using the BpV genome as a reference, we assembled a near-complete 190 kbp draft genome encoding all hallmark prasinovirus genes, as well as two additional incomplete assemblies of closely related but distinct viruses from RCC257, and three similar draft viral genomes from RCC24, which we collectively call SsVs. A multi-gene tree showed the three SsV genome types branched within highly supported clades with each of BpV2, OlVs, and MpVs, respectively. Interestingly, transmission electron microscopy also revealed a 190 nm virus-like particle similar the morphology and size of the endosymbiont originally reported in S. scintillans. Overall, we conclude that S. scintillans currently does not harbour an endosymbiotic bacterium, but is associated with giant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cho
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon Lax
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samuel J. Livingston
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yumiko Masukagami
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mariia Naumova
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Olivia Millar
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Filip Husnik
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Patrick J. Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Brockhurst MA, Cameron DD, Beckerman AP. Fitness trade-offs and the origins of endosymbiosis. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002580. [PMID: 38607979 PMCID: PMC11014431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiosis drives evolutionary innovation and underpins the function of diverse ecosystems. The mechanistic origins of symbioses, however, remain unclear, in part because early evolutionary events are obscured by subsequent evolution and genetic drift. This Essay highlights how experimental studies of facultative, host-switched, and synthetic symbioses are revealing the important role of fitness trade-offs between within-host and free-living niches during the early-stage evolution of new symbiotic associations. The mutational targets underpinning such trade-offs are commonly regulatory genes, such that single mutations have major phenotypic effects on multiple traits, thus enabling and reinforcing the transition to a symbiotic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Brockhurst
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan D. Cameron
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Beckerman
- School of Biosciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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10
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Liu M, Yu J, Yang M, Cao L, Chen C. Adaptive evolution of chloroplast division mechanisms during plant terrestrialization. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113950. [PMID: 38489264 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the origin and evolution of the chloroplast division machinery remain unclear. Here, we employ recently sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of Archaeplastida clades to identify the core components of chloroplast division and reconstruct their evolutionary histories, respectively. Our findings show that complete division ring structures emerged in Charophytes. We find that Glaucophytes experienced strong selection pressure, generating diverse variants adapted to the changing terrestrial environments. By integrating the functions of chloroplast division genes (CDGs) annotated in a workflow developed using large-scale multi-omics data, we further show that dispersed duplications acquire more species-specific functions under stronger selection pressures. Notably, PARC6, a dispersed duplicate CDG, regulates leaf color and plant growth in Solanum lycopersicum, demonstrating neofunctionalization. Our findings provide an integrated perspective on the functional evolution of chloroplast division machinery and highlight the potential of dispersed duplicate genes as the primary source of adaptive evolution of chloroplast division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyang Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Goold HD, Moseley JL, Lauersen KJ. The synthetic future of algal genomes. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100505. [PMID: 38395701 PMCID: PMC10943592 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Algae are diverse organisms with significant biotechnological potential for resource circularity. Taking inspiration from fermentative microbes, engineering algal genomes holds promise to broadly expand their application ranges. Advances in genome sequencing with improvements in DNA synthesis and delivery techniques are enabling customized molecular tool development to confer advanced traits to algae. Efforts to redesign and rebuild entire genomes to create fit-for-purpose organisms currently being explored in heterotrophic prokaryotes and eukaryotic microbes could also be applied to photosynthetic algae. Future algal genome engineering will enhance yields of native products and permit the expression of complex biochemical pathways to produce novel metabolites from sustainable inputs. We present a historical perspective on advances in engineering algae, discuss the requisite genetic traits to enable algal genome optimization, take inspiration from whole-genome engineering efforts in other microbes for algal systems, and present candidate algal species in the context of these engineering goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Goold
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jeffrey L Moseley
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Phycoil Biotechnology International, Inc., Fremont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Kyle J Lauersen
- Bioengineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Li T, Ma Z, Ding T, Yang Y, Wang F, Wan X, Liang F, Chen X, Yao H. Codon usage bias and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genome in 36 gracilariaceae species. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:45. [PMID: 38429550 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Gracilariaceae is a group of marine large red algae and main source of agar with important economic and ecological value. The codon usage patterns of chloroplast genomes in 36 species from Graciliaceae show that GC range from 0.284 to 0.335, the average GC3 range from 0.135 to 0.243 and the value of ENC range from 35.098 to 42.327, which indicates these genomes are rich in AT and prefer to use codons ending with AT in these species. Nc plot, PR2 plot, neutrality plot analyses and correlation analysis indicate that these biases may be caused by multiple factors, such as natural selection and mutation pressure, but prolonged natural selection is the main driving force influencing codon usage preference. The cluster analysis and phylogenetic analysis show that the differentiation relationship of them is different and indicate that codons with weak or unbiased preferences may also play an irreplaceable role in these species' evolution. In addition, we identified 26 common high-frequency codons and 8-18 optimal codons all ending in A/U in these 36 species. Our results will not only contribute to carrying out transgenic work in Gracilariaceae species to maximize the protein yield in the future, but also lay a theoretical foundation for further exploring systematic classification of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiemei Ding
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjing Wan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyun Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huipeng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Jinkerson RE, Poveda-Huertes D, Cooney EC, Cho A, Ochoa-Fernandez R, Keeling PJ, Xiang T, Andersen-Ranberg J. Biosynthesis of chlorophyll c in a dinoflagellate and heterologous production in planta. Curr Biol 2024; 34:594-605.e4. [PMID: 38157859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll c is a key photosynthetic pigment that has been used historically to classify eukaryotic algae. Despite its importance in global photosynthetic productivity, the pathway for its biosynthesis has remained elusive. Here we define the CHLOROPHYLL C SYNTHASE (CHLCS) discovered through investigation of a dinoflagellate mutant deficient in chlorophyll c. CHLCSs are proteins with chlorophyll a/b binding and 2-oxoglutarate-Fe(II) dioxygenase (2OGD) domains found in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates; other chlorophyll c-containing algae utilize enzymes with only the 2OGD domain or an unknown synthase to produce chlorophyll c. 2OGD-containing synthases across dinoflagellate, diatom, cryptophyte, and haptophyte lineages form a monophyletic group, 8 members of which were also shown to produce chlorophyll c. Chlorophyll c1 to c2 ratios in marine algae are dictated in part by chlorophyll c synthases. CHLCS heterologously expressed in planta results in the accumulation of chlorophyll c1 and c2, demonstrating a path to augment plant pigment composition with algal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Jinkerson
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Daniel Poveda-Huertes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth C Cooney
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna Cho
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rocio Ochoa-Fernandez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tingting Xiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Johan Andersen-Ranberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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14
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Lian Q, Li S, Kan S, Liao X, Huang S, Sloan DB, Wu Z. Association Analysis Provides Insights into Plant Mitonuclear Interactions. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae028. [PMID: 38324417 PMCID: PMC10875325 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytonuclear interaction refers to the complex and ongoing process of coevolution between nuclear and organelle genomes, which are responsible for cellular respiration, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism, etc. and play a significant role in adaptation and speciation. There have been a large number of studies to detect signatures of cytonuclear interactions. However, identification of the specific nuclear and organelle genetic polymorphisms that are involved in these interactions within a species remains relatively rare. The recent surge in whole genome sequencing has provided us an opportunity to explore cytonuclear interaction from a population perspective. In this study, we analyzed a total of 3,439 genomes from 7 species to identify signals of cytonuclear interactions by association (linkage disequilibrium) analysis of variants in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes across flowering plants. We also investigated examples of nuclear loci identified based on these association signals using subcellular localization assays, gene editing, and transcriptome sequencing. Our study provides a novel perspective on the investigation of cytonuclear coevolution, thereby enriching our understanding of plant fitness and offspring sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenglong Kan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xuezhu Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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15
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He J, Huang Y, Li L, Lin S, Ma M, Wang Y, Lin S. Novel Plastid Genome Characteristics in Fugacium kawagutii and the Trend of Accelerated Evolution of Plastid Proteins in Dinoflagellates. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evad237. [PMID: 38155596 PMCID: PMC10781511 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical (peridinin-containing) dinoflagellates possess plastid genomes composed of small plasmids named "minicircles". Despite the ecological importance of dinoflagellate photosynthesis in corals and marine ecosystems, the structural characteristics, replication dynamics, and evolutionary forcing of dinoflagellate plastid genomes remain poorly understood. Here, we sequenced the plastid genome of the symbiodiniacean species Fugacium kawagutii and conducted comparative analyses. We identified psbT-coding minicircles, features previously not found in Symbiodiniaceae. The copy number of F. kawagutii minicircles showed a strong diel dynamics, changing between 3.89 and 34.3 copies/cell and peaking in mid-light period. We found that F. kawagutii minicircles are the shortest among all dinoflagellates examined to date. Besides, the core regions of the minicircles are highly conserved within genus in Symbiodiniaceae. Furthermore, the codon usage bias of the plastid genomes in Heterocapsaceae, Amphidiniaceae, and Prorocentraceae species are greatly influenced by selection pressure, and in Pyrocystaceae, Symbiodiniaceae, Peridiniaceae, and Ceratiaceae species are influenced by both natural selection pressure and mutation pressure, indicating a family-level distinction in codon usage evolution in dinoflagellates. Phylogenetic analysis using 12 plastid-encoded proteins and five nucleus-encoded plastid proteins revealed accelerated evolution trend of both plastid- and nucleus-encoded plastid proteins in peridinin- and fucoxanthin-dinoflagellate plastids compared to plastid proteins of nondinoflagellate algae. These findings shed new light on the structure and evolution of plastid genomes in dinoflagellates, which will facilitate further studies on the evolutionary forcing and function of the diverse dinoflagellate plastids. The accelerated evolution documented here suggests plastid-encoded sequences are potentially useful for resolving closely related dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin He
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sitong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minglei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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16
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Anderson SI, Fronda C, Barton AD, Clayton S, Rynearson TA, Dutkiewicz S. Phytoplankton thermal trait parameterization alters community structure and biogeochemical processes in a modeled ocean. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17093. [PMID: 38273480 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplankton exhibit diverse physiological responses to temperature which influence their fitness in the environment and consequently alter their community structure. Here, we explored the sensitivity of phytoplankton community structure to thermal response parameterization in a modelled marine phytoplankton community. Using published empirical data, we evaluated the maximum thermal growth rates (μmax ) and temperature coefficients (Q10 ; the rate at which growth scales with temperature) of six key Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFTs): coccolithophores, cyanobacteria, diatoms, diazotrophs, dinoflagellates, and green algae. Following three well-documented methods, PFTs were either assumed to have (1) the same μmax and the same Q10 (as in to Eppley, 1972), (2) a unique μmax but the same Q10 (similar to Kremer et al., 2017), or (3) a unique μmax and a unique Q10 (following Anderson et al., 2021). These trait values were then implemented within the Massachusetts Institute of Technology biogeochemistry and ecosystem model (called Darwin) for each PFT under a control and climate change scenario. Our results suggest that applying a μmax and Q10 universally across PFTs (as in Eppley, 1972) leads to unrealistic phytoplankton communities, which lack diatoms globally. Additionally, we find that accounting for differences in the Q10 between PFTs can significantly impact each PFT's competitive ability, especially at high latitudes, leading to altered modeled phytoplankton community structures in our control and climate change simulations. This then impacts estimates of biogeochemical processes, with, for example, estimates of export production varying by ~10% in the Southern Ocean depending on the parameterization. Our results indicate that the diversity of thermal response traits in phytoplankton not only shape community composition in the historical and future, warmer ocean, but that these traits have significant feedbacks on global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I Anderson
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara Fronda
- Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Andrew D Barton
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sophie Clayton
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana A Rynearson
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Weston EJ, Eglit Y, Simpson AGB. Kaonashia insperata gen. et sp. nov., a eukaryotrophic flagellate, represents a novel major lineage of heterotrophic stramenopiles. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13003. [PMID: 37803921 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotrophic protists are ecologically significant and possess characteristics key to understanding the evolution of eukaryotes; however, they remain poorly studied, due partly to the complexities of maintaining predator-prey cultures. Kaonashia insperata, gen. nov., et sp. nov., is a free-swimming biflagellated eukaryotroph with a conspicuous ventral groove, a trait observed in distantly related lineages across eukaryote diversity. Di-eukaryotic (predator-prey) cultures of K. insperata with three marine algae (Isochrysis galbana, Guillardia theta, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) were established by single-cell isolation. Growth trials showed that the studied K. insperata clone grew particularly well on G. theta, reaching a peak abundance of 1.0 × 105 ± 4.0 × 104 cells ml-1 . Small-subunit ribosomal DNA phylogenies infer that K. insperata is a stramenopile with moderate support; however, it does not fall within any well-defined phylogenetic group, including environmental sequence clades (e.g. MASTs), and its specific placement remains unresolved. Electron microscopy shows traits consistent with stramenopile affinity, including mastigonemes on the anterior flagellum and tubular mitochondrial cristae. Kaonashia insperata may represent a novel major lineage within stramenopiles, and be important for understanding the evolutionary history of the group. While heterotrophic stramenopile flagellates are considered to be predominantly bacterivorous, eukaryotrophy may be relatively widespread amongst this assemblage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Weston
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yana Eglit
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Institute for Comparative Genomics, and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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18
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Xie J, Miao Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Guo B, Luo G, Huang L. Comparative complete chloroplast genome of Geum japonicum: evolution and phylogenetic analysis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:37-48. [PMID: 37917204 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Geum japonicum (Rosaceae) has been widely used in China as a traditional herbal medicine due to its high economic and medicinal value. However, the appearance of Geum species is relatively similar, making identification difficult by conventional phenotypic methods, and the studies of genomics and species evolution are lacking. To better distinguish the medicinal varieties and fill this gap, we carried out relevant research on the chloroplast genome of G. japonicum. Results show a typical quadripartite structure of the chloroplast genome of G. japonicum with a length of 156,042 bp. There are totally 131 unique genes in the genome, including 87 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, and there were also 87 SSRs identified and mostly mononucleotide Adenine-Thymine. We next compared the plastid genomes among four Geum species and obtained 14 hypervariable regions, including ndhF, psbE, trnG-UCC, ccsA, trnQ-UUG, rps16, psbK, trnL-UAA, ycf1, ndhD, atpA, petN, rps14, and trnK-UUU. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. japonicum is most closely related to Geum aleppicum, and possibly has some evolutionary relatedness with an ancient relic plant Taihangia rupestris. This research enriched the genome resources and provided fundamental insights for evolutionary studies and the phylogeny of Geum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yujing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangming Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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19
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Park S, Park S. Intrageneric structural variation in organelle genomes from the genus Dystaenia (Apiaceae): genome rearrangement and mitochondrion-to-plastid DNA transfer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1283292. [PMID: 38116150 PMCID: PMC10728875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1283292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During plant evolution, intracellular DNA transfer (IDT) occurs not only from organelles to the nucleus but also between organelles. To further comprehend these events, both organelle genomes and transcriptomes are needed. Methods In this study, we constructed organelle genomes and transcriptomes for two Dystaenia species and described their dynamic IDTs between their nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, or plastid and mitochondrial genomes (plastome and mitogenome). Results and Discussion We identified the putative functional transfers of the mitochondrial genes 5' rpl2, rps10, rps14, rps19, and sdh3 to the nucleus in both Dystaenia species and detected two transcripts for the rpl2 and sdh3 genes. Additional transcriptomes from the Apicaceae species also provided evidence for the transfers and duplications of these mitochondrial genes, showing lineage-specific patterns. Intrageneric variations of the IDT were found between the Dystaenia organelle genomes. Recurrent plastid-to-mitochondrion DNA transfer events were only identified in the D. takeshimana mitogenome, and a pair of mitochondrial DNAs of plastid origin (MIPTs) may generate minor alternative isoforms. We only found a mitochondrion-to-plastid DNA transfer event in the D. ibukiensis plastome. This event may be linked to inverted repeat boundary shifts in its plastome. We inferred that the insertion region involved an MIPT that had already acquired a plastid sequence in its mitogenome via IDT. We propose that the MIPT acts as a homologous region pairing between the donor and recipient sequences. Our results provide insight into the evolution of organelle genomes across the family Apiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Institute of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJoo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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20
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Mathur J, Kunjumon TK, Mammone A, Mathur N. Membrane contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum modulate plastid morphology and behaviour. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293906. [PMID: 38111880 PMCID: PMC10726010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastid behaviour often occurs in tandem with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dynamics. In order to understand the underlying basis for such linked behaviour we have used time-lapse imaging-based analysis of plastid movement and pleomorphy, including the extension and retraction of stromules. Stable transgenic plants that simultaneously express fluorescent fusion proteins targeted to the plastid stroma, and the ER along with BnCLIP1-eGFP, an independent plastid envelope localized membrane contact site (MCS) marker were utilized. Our experiments strongly suggest that transient MCS formed between the plastid envelope and the ER are responsible for their concomitant behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Fernie AR, Skirycz A. Plant metabolism: A protein map of the photosynthetic organelle. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1147-R1150. [PMID: 37935127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
While chloroplasts are commonly recognized as a hub in photosynthetic metabolism, our understanding of the protein functionality and spatial organization remains fragmentary. A recent study provides insights into a number of poorly characterized proteins, including unexpected spatial distributions of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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22
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Arzac MI, Miranda-Apodaca J, Gasulla F, Arce-Guerrero M, Fernández-Marín B, García-Plazaola JI. Acquisition of Desiccation Tolerance Unveiled: Polar Lipid Profiles of Streptophyte Algae Offer Insights. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14073. [PMID: 38148218 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization by photosynthetic eukaryotes took place in the two branches of green microalgae: Chlorophyta and Charophyta. Within the latter, the paraphyletic streptophytic algae divide into two clades. These are named Klebsormidiophyceae-Chlorokybophyceae-Mesostigmatophyceae (KCM), which is the oldest, and Zygnematophyceae-Coleochaetophyceae-Charophyceae (ZCC), which contains the closest relatives of vascular plants. Terrestrialization required the emergence of adaptations in response to new challenges, such as irradiance, temperature oscillations and water deprivation. In this study, we evaluated lipid composition in species representative of distinct phylogenetic clusters within Charophyta and Chlorophyta. We aim to study whether the inherent thylakoid lipid composition, as well as its adaptability in response to desiccation, were fundamental factors for the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. The results showed that the lipid composition was similar to that found in flowering land plants, differing only in betaine lipids. Likewise, the largest constitutive pool of oligogalactolipids (OGL) was found only in the fully desiccation-tolerant species Klebsormidium nitens. After desiccation, the content of polar lipids decreased in all species. Conversely, the content of OGL increased, particularly trigalactosyldiacylglycerol and tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol in the ZCC clade. The analysis of the molecular species composition of the newly formed OGL may suggest a different biosynthetic route for the KCM and ZCC clades. We speculate that the appearance of a new OGL synthesis pathway, which eventually arose during the streptophyte evolutionary process, endowed algae with a much more dynamic regulation of thylakoid composition in response to stress, which ultimately contributed to the colonization of terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jon Miranda-Apodaca
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - María Arce-Guerrero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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Liang H, Chen H, Liu X, Wang Z, Li P, Lu S. Heterologous Production in the Synechocystis Chassis Suggests the Biosynthetic Pathway of Astaxanthin in Cyanobacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1826. [PMID: 37891905 PMCID: PMC10604110 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid species with the highest antioxidant capability. Its natural resource is very rare. The biosynthesis of astaxanthin from β-carotene includes a hydroxylation step and a ketolation step, for which the corresponding enzymes have been characterized in a few species. However, the sequence of these two reactions is unclear, and may vary with different organisms. In this study, we aimed to elucidate this sequence in Synechocystis, which is an ideal cyanobacterial synthetic biology chassis. We first silenced the endogenous carotene oxygenase gene SyneCrtO to avoid its possible interference in the carotenoid metabolic network. We then introduced the β-carotene ketolase gene from Haematococcus pluvialis (HpBKT) and the CrtZ-type carotene β-hydroxylase gene from Pantoea agglomerans (PaCrtZ) to this δCrtO strain. Our pigment analysis demonstrated that both the endogenous CrtR-type carotene hydroxylase SyneCrtR and HpBKT have the preference to use β-carotene as their substrate for hydroxylation and ketolation reactions to produce zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin, respectively. However, the endogenous SyneCrtR is not able to further catalyze the 3,3'-hydroxylation of canthaxanthin to generate astaxanthin. From our results, a higher accumulation of canthaxanthin and a much lower level of astaxanthin, as confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, were detected in our transgenic BKT+/CrtZ+/δCrtO cells. Therefore, we proposed that the bottleneck for the heterologous production of astaxanthin in Synechocystis might exist at the hydroxylation step, which requires a comprehensive screening or genetic engineering for the corresponding carotene hydroxylase to enable the industrial production of astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hongjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pengfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Brown AL, Casarez GA, Moeller HV. Acquired Phototrophy as an Evolutionary Path to Mixotrophy. Am Nat 2023; 202:458-470. [PMID: 37792914 DOI: 10.1086/725918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcquired photosynthesis transforms genotypically heterotrophic lineages into autotrophs. Transient acquisitions of eukaryotic chloroplasts may provide key evolutionary insight into the endosymbiosis process-the hypothesized mechanism by which eukaryotic cells obtained new functions via organelle retention. Here, we use an eco-evolutionary model to study the environmental conditions under which chloroplast retention is evolutionarily favorable. We focus on kleptoplastidic lineages-which steal functional chloroplasts from their prey-as hypothetical evolutionary intermediates. Our adaptive dynamics analysis reveals a spectrum of evolutionarily stable strategies ranging from phagotrophy to phototrophy to obligate kleptoplasty. Our model suggests that a low-light niche and weak (or absent) trade-offs between chloroplast retention and overall digestive ability favor the evolution of phototrophy. In contrast, when consumers experience strong trade-offs, obligate kleptoplasty emerges as an evolutionary end point. Therefore, the preevolved trade-offs that underlie an evolving lineage's physiology will likely constrain its evolutionary trajectory.
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25
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Borg M, Krueger-Hadfield SA, Destombe C, Collén J, Lipinska A, Coelho SM. Red macroalgae in the genomic era. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:471-488. [PMID: 37649301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhodophyta (or red algae) are a diverse and species-rich group that forms one of three major lineages in the Archaeplastida, a eukaryotic supergroup whose plastids arose from a single primary endosymbiosis. Red algae are united by several features, such as relatively small intron-poor genomes and a lack of cytoskeletal structures associated with motility like flagella and centrioles, as well as a highly efficient photosynthetic capacity. Multicellular red algae (or macroalgae) are one of the earliest diverging eukaryotic lineages to have evolved complex multicellularity, yet despite their ecological, evolutionary, and commercial importance, they have remained a largely understudied group of organisms. Considering the increasing availability of red algal genome sequences, we present a broad overview of fundamental aspects of red macroalgal biology and posit on how this is expected to accelerate research in many domains of red algal biology in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Borg
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory, Wachapreague, VA, 23480, USA
| | - Christophe Destombe
- International Research Laboratory 3614 (IRL3614) - Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Jonas Collén
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M, UMR8227), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Agnieszka Lipinska
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The origin of modern eukaryotes is one of the key transitions in life's history, and also one of the least understood. Although the fossil record provides the most direct view of this process, interpreting the fossils of early eukaryotes and eukaryote-grade organisms is not straightforward. We present two end-member models for the evolution of modern (i.e., crown) eukaryotes-one in which modern eukaryotes evolved early, and another in which they evolved late-and interpret key fossils within these frameworks, including where they might fit in eukaryote phylogeny and what they may tell us about the evolution of eukaryotic cell biology and ecology. Each model has different implications for understanding the rise of complex life on Earth, including different roles of Earth surface oxygenation, and makes different predictions that future paleontological studies can test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah M Porter
- Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA;
| | - Leigh Anne Riedman
- Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA;
- Earth Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA;
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27
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Sørensen MES, Zlatogursky VV, Onuţ-Brännström I, Walraven A, Foster RA, Burki F. A novel kleptoplastidic symbiosis revealed in the marine centrohelid Meringosphaera with evidence of genetic integration. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3571-3584.e6. [PMID: 37536342 PMCID: PMC7615077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastid symbioses between heterotrophic hosts and algae are widespread and abundant in surface oceans. They are critically important both for extant ecological systems and for understanding the evolution of plastids. Kleptoplastidy, where the plastids of prey are temporarily retained and continuously re-acquired, provides opportunities to study the transitional states of plastid establishment. Here, we investigated the poorly studied marine centrohelid Meringosphaera and its previously unidentified symbionts using culture-independent methods from environmental samples. Investigations of the 18S rDNA from single-cell assembled genomes (SAGs) revealed uncharacterized genetic diversity within Meringosphaera that likely represents multiple species. We found that Meringosphaera harbors plastids of Dictyochophyceae origin (stramenopiles), for which we recovered six full plastid genomes and found evidence of two distinct subgroups that are congruent with host identity. Environmental monitoring by qPCR and catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) revealed seasonal dynamics of both host and plastid. In particular, we did not detect the plastids for 6 months of the year, which, combined with the lack of plastids in some SAGs, suggests that the plastids are temporary and the relationship is kleptoplastidic. Importantly, we found evidence of genetic integration of the kleptoplasts as we identified host-encoded plastid-associated genes, with evolutionary origins likely from the plastid source as well as from other alga sources. This is only the second case where host-encoded kleptoplast-targeted genes have been predicted in an ancestrally plastid-lacking group. Our results provide evidence for gene transfers and protein re-targeting as relatively early events in the evolution of plastid symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E S Sørensen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vasily V Zlatogursky
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioana Onuţ-Brännström
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0562 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Walraven
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rachel A Foster
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabien Burki
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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He S, Crans VL, Jonikas MC. The pyrenoid: the eukaryotic CO2-concentrating organelle. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3236-3259. [PMID: 37279536 PMCID: PMC10473226 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrenoid is a phase-separated organelle that enhances photosynthetic carbon assimilation in most eukaryotic algae and the land plant hornwort lineage. Pyrenoids mediate approximately one-third of global CO2 fixation, and engineering a pyrenoid into C3 crops is predicted to boost CO2 uptake and increase yields. Pyrenoids enhance the activity of the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco by supplying it with concentrated CO2. All pyrenoids have a dense matrix of Rubisco associated with photosynthetic thylakoid membranes that are thought to supply concentrated CO2. Many pyrenoids are also surrounded by polysaccharide structures that may slow CO2 leakage. Phylogenetic analysis and pyrenoid morphological diversity support a convergent evolutionary origin for pyrenoids. Most of the molecular understanding of pyrenoids comes from the model green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). The Chlamydomonas pyrenoid exhibits multiple liquid-like behaviors, including internal mixing, division by fission, and dissolution and condensation in response to environmental cues and during the cell cycle. Pyrenoid assembly and function are induced by CO2 availability and light, and although transcriptional regulators have been identified, posttranslational regulation remains to be characterized. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of pyrenoid function, structure, components, and dynamic regulation in Chlamydomonas and extrapolate to pyrenoids in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Victoria L Crans
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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29
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Chang H, Bai J, Zhang H, Huang R, Chu H, Wang Q, Liu H, Cheng J, Jiang H. Origin and evolution of the main starch biosynthetic enzymes. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:462-468. [PMID: 37692203 PMCID: PMC10485787 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch, a semi-crystalline energy storage form primarily found in plant plastids plays a crucial role in various food or no-food applications. Despite the starch biosynthetic pathway's main enzymes have been characterized, their origin and evolution remained a subject of debate. In this study, we conducted the comprehensive phylogenetic and structural analysis of three types of starch biosynthetic enzymes: starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and isoamylase-type debranching enzyme (ISA) from 51,151 annotated genomes. Our findings provide valuable insights into the possible scenario for the origin and evolution of the starch biosynthetic pathway. Initially, the ancestor of SBE can be traced back to an unidentified bacterium that existed before the formation of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This transfer event likely provided the eukaryote ancestor with the ability to synthesize glycogen. Furthermore, during the emergence of Archaeplastida, one clade of SS was transferred from Deltaproteobacteria by HGT, while ISA and the other clade of SS originated from Chlamydiae through endosymbiosis gene transfer (EGT). Both these transfer events collectively contributed to the establishment of the original starch biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, after the divergence of Viridiplantae from Rhodophyta, all three enzymes underwent multiple duplications and N-terminus extension domain modifications, resulting in the formation of functionally specialized isoforms and ultimately leading to the complete starch biosynthetic pathway. By shedding light on the evolutionary origins of key enzymes involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway, this study provides important insights into the evolutionary events of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jie Bai
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Hejian Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huanyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
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30
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Wang L, Patena W, Van Baalen KA, Xie Y, Singer ER, Gavrilenko S, Warren-Williams M, Han L, Harrigan HR, Hartz LD, Chen V, Ton VTNP, Kyin S, Shwe HH, Cahn MH, Wilson AT, Onishi M, Hu J, Schnell DJ, McWhite CD, Jonikas MC. A chloroplast protein atlas reveals punctate structures and spatial organization of biosynthetic pathways. Cell 2023; 186:3499-3518.e14. [PMID: 37437571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are eukaryotic photosynthetic organelles that drive the global carbon cycle. Despite their importance, our understanding of their protein composition, function, and spatial organization remains limited. Here, we determined the localizations of 1,034 candidate chloroplast proteins using fluorescent protein tagging in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The localizations provide insights into the functions of poorly characterized proteins; identify novel components of nucleoids, plastoglobules, and the pyrenoid; and reveal widespread protein targeting to multiple compartments. We discovered and further characterized cellular organizational features, including eleven chloroplast punctate structures, cytosolic crescent structures, and unexpected spatial distributions of enzymes within the chloroplast. We also used machine learning to predict the localizations of other nuclear-encoded Chlamydomonas proteins. The strains and localization atlas developed here will serve as a resource to accelerate studies of chloroplast architecture and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Weronika Patena
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kelly A Van Baalen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Emily R Singer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sophia Gavrilenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Linqu Han
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Henry R Harrigan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Linnea D Hartz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Vivian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Vinh T N P Ton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Saw Kyin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Henry H Shwe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew H Cahn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexandra T Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Danny J Schnell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Claire D McWhite
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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31
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Millette NC, Gast RJ, Luo JY, Moeller HV, Stamieszkin K, Andersen KH, Brownlee EF, Cohen NR, Duhamel S, Dutkiewicz S, Glibert PM, Johnson MD, Leles SG, Maloney AE, Mcmanus GB, Poulton N, Princiotta SD, Sanders RW, Wilken S. Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2023; 45:576-596. [PMID: 37483910 PMCID: PMC10361813 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Phago-mixotrophy, the combination of photoautotrophy and phagotrophy in mixoplankton, organisms that can combine both trophic strategies, have gained increasing attention over the past decade. It is now recognized that a substantial number of protistan plankton species engage in phago-mixotrophy to obtain nutrients for growth and reproduction under a range of environmental conditions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of mixoplankton in aquatic systems significantly lags behind our understanding of zooplankton and phytoplankton, limiting our ability to fully comprehend the role of mixoplankton (and phago-mixotrophy) in the plankton food web and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we put forward five research directions that we believe will lead to major advancement in the field: (i) evolution: understanding mixotrophy in the context of the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to photoautotrophy; (ii) traits and trade-offs: identifying the key traits and trade-offs constraining mixotrophic metabolisms; (iii) biogeography: large-scale patterns of mixoplankton distribution; (iv) biogeochemistry and trophic transfer: understanding mixoplankton as conduits of nutrients and energy; and (v) in situ methods: improving the identification of in situ mixoplankton and their phago-mixotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca J Gast
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jessica Y Luo
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1120 Noble Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Karen Stamieszkin
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Ken H Andersen
- Center for Ocean Life, Natl. Inst. of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, Kongens Lyngby 2840, Denmark
| | - Emily F Brownlee
- Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, 18952 E. Fisher Road, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686, USA
| | - Natalie R Cohen
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, 1007 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02874, USA
| | - Patricia M Glibert
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 2020 Horns Point Rd, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Suzana G Leles
- Department of Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ashley E Maloney
- Geosciences Department, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - George B Mcmanus
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nicole Poulton
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Sarah D Princiotta
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, Schuylkill Campus, 200 University Drive, Schuylkill Haven, PA 17972, USA
| | - Robert W Sanders
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Susanne Wilken
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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32
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Yee DP, Samo TJ, Abbriano RM, Shimasaki B, Vernet M, Mayali X, Weber PK, Mitchell BG, Hildebrand M, Decelle J, Tresguerres M. The V-type ATPase enhances photosynthesis in marine phytoplankton and further links phagocytosis to symbiogenesis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2541-2547.e5. [PMID: 37263270 PMCID: PMC10326425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores are dominant groups of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton that are collectively responsible for the majority of primary production in the ocean.1 These phytoplankton contain additional intracellular membranes around their chloroplasts, which are derived from ancestral engulfment of red microalgae by unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that led to secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis.2 However, the selectable evolutionary advantage of these membranes and the physiological significance for extant phytoplankton remain poorly understood. Since intracellular digestive vacuoles are ubiquitously acidified by V-type H+-ATPase (VHA),3 proton pumps were proposed to acidify the microenvironment around secondary chloroplasts to promote the dehydration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into CO2, thus enhancing photosynthesis.4,5 We report that VHA is localized around the chloroplasts of centric diatoms and that VHA significantly contributes to their photosynthesis across a wide range of oceanic irradiances. Similar results in a pennate diatom, dinoflagellate, and coccolithophore, but not green or red microalgae, imply the co-option of phagocytic VHA activity into a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) is common to secondary endosymbiotic phytoplankton. Furthermore, analogous mechanisms in extant photosymbiotic marine invertebrates6,7,8 provide functional evidence for an adaptive advantage throughout the transition from endosymbiosis to symbiogenesis. Based on the contribution of diatoms to ocean biogeochemical cycles, VHA-mediated enhancement of photosynthesis contributes at least 3.5 Gtons of fixed carbon per year (or 7% of primary production in the ocean), providing an example of a symbiosis-derived evolutionary innovation with global environmental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Yee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Cell and Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, and IRIG, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France.
| | - Ty J Samo
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Raffaela M Abbriano
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bethany Shimasaki
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria Vernet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xavier Mayali
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - B Greg Mitchell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark Hildebrand
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Johan Decelle
- Cell and Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, and IRIG, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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33
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Tillmann U, Wietkamp S, Kretschmann J, Chacón J, Gottschling M. Spatial fragmentation in the distribution of diatom endosymbionts from the taxonomically clarified dinophyte Kryptoperidinium triquetrum (= Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Peridiniales). Sci Rep 2023; 13:8593. [PMID: 37237053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the photosynthetically active dinophytes, the Kryptoperidiniaceae are unique in having a diatom as endosymbiont instead of the widely present peridinin chloroplast. Phylogenetically, it is unresolved at present how the endosymbionts are inherited, and the taxonomic identities of two iconic dinophyte names, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum and Kryptoperidinium triquetrum, are also unclear. Multiple strains were newly established from the type locality in the German Baltic Sea off Wismar and inspected using microscopy as well as molecular sequence diagnostics of both host and endosymbiont. All strains were bi-nucleate, shared the same plate formula (i.e., po, X, 4', 2a, 7'', 5c, 7s, 5''', 2'''') and exhibited a narrow and characteristically L-shaped precingular plate 7''. Within the molecular phylogeny of Bacillariaceae, endosymbionts were scattered over the tree in a highly polyphyletic pattern, even if they were gained from different strains of a single species, namely K. triquetrum. Notably, endosymbionts from the Baltic Sea show molecular sequences distinct from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, which is the first report of such a spatial fragmentation in a planktonic species of dinophytes. The two names K. foliaceum and K. triquetrum are taxonomically clarified by epitypification, with K. triquetrum having priority over its synonym K. foliaceum. Our study underlines the need of stable taxonomy for central questions in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Juliane Kretschmann
- Department Biologie, Systematics, Biodiversity & Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliana Chacón
- Department Biologie, Systematics, Biodiversity & Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematics, Biodiversity & Evolution of Plants, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, Munich, Germany.
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Lee C, Ruhlman TA, Jansen RK. Rate accelerations in plastid and mitochondrial genomes of Cyperaceae occur in the same clades. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107760. [PMID: 36921696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyperaceae, the second largest family in the monocot order Poales, comprises >5500 species and includes the genus Eleocharis with ∼ 250 species. A previous study of complete plastomes of two Eleocharis species documented extensive structural heteroplasmy, gene order changes, high frequency of dispersed repeats along with gene losses and duplications. To better understand the phylogenetic distribution of gene and intron content as well as rates and patterns of sequence evolution within and between mitochondrial and plastid genomes of Eleocharis and Cyperaceae, an additional 29 Eleocharis organelle genomes were sequenced and analyzed. Eleocharis experienced extensive gene loss in both genomes while loss of introns was mitochondria-specific. Eleocharis has higher rates of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions in the plastid and mitochondrion than most sampled angiosperms, and the pattern was distinct from other eudicot lineages with accelerated rates. Several clades showed higher dS and dN in mitochondrial genes than in plastid genes. Furthermore, nucleotide substitution rates of mitochondrial genes were significantly accelerated on the branch leading to Cyperaceae compared to most angiosperms. Mitochondrial genes of Cyperaceae exhibited dramatic loss of RNA editing sites and a negative correlation between RNA editing and dS values was detected among angiosperms. Mutagenic retroprocessing and dysfunction of DNA replication, repair and recombination genes are the most likely cause of striking rate accelerations and loss of edit sites and introns in Eleocharis and Cyperaceae organelle genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaehee Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Tracey A Ruhlman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert K Jansen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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35
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Teng L, Liang M, Wang C, Li Y, Urbach JM, Kobe B, Xing Q, Han W, Ye N. Exon shuffling potentiates a diverse repertoire of brown algal NB-ARC-TPR candidate immune receptor proteins via alternative splicing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:246-261. [PMID: 36738111 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Like other organisms, brown algae are subject to diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Brown algal immunity mechanisms are not well characterized; however, there is evidence suggesting that pathogen receptors exist in brown algae. One key protein family likely associated with brown algal innate immunity possesses an NB-ARC domain analogous to innate immune proteins in plants and animals. In this study, we conducted an extensive survey of NB-ARC genes in brown algae and obtained insights into the domain organization and evolutionary history of the encoded proteins. Our data show that brown algae possess an ancient NB-ARC-tetratricopeptide repeat (NB-TPR) domain architecture. We identified an N-terminal effector domain, the four-helix bundle, which was not previously found associated with NB-ARC domains. The phylogenetic tree including NB-ARC domains from all kingdoms of life suggests the three clades of brown algal NB-TPRs are likely monophyletic, whereas their TPRs seem to have distinct origins. One group of TPRs exhibit intense exon shuffling, with various alternative splicing and diversifying selection acting on them, suggesting exon shuffling is an important mechanism for evolving ligand-binding specificities. The reconciliation of gene duplication and loss events of the NB-ARC genes reveals that more independent gene gains than losses have occurred during brown algal evolution, and that tandem duplication has played a major role in the expansion of NB-ARC genes. Our results substantially enhance our understanding of the evolutionary history and exon shuffling mechanisms of the candidate innate immune repertoire of brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Miao Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Jonathan M Urbach
- Ragon Institute, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Qikun Xing
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Wentao Han
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Naihao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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36
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Belshaw N, Grouneva I, Aram L, Gal A, Hopes A, Mock T. Efficient gene replacement by CRISPR/Cas-mediated homologous recombination in the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:438-452. [PMID: 36307966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas enables targeted genome editing in many different plant and algal species including the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. However, efficient gene targeting by homologous recombination (HR) to date is only reported for photosynthetic organisms in their haploid life-cycle phase. Here, a CRISPR/Cas construct, assembled using Golden Gate cloning, enabled highly efficient HR in a diploid photosynthetic organism. Homologous recombination was induced in T. pseudonana using sequence-specific CRISPR/Cas, paired with a dsDNA donor matrix, generating substitution of the silacidin, nitrate reductase and urease genes by a resistance cassette (FCP:NAT). Up to c. 85% of NAT-resistant T. pseudonana colonies screened positive for HR by nested PCR. Precise integration of FCP:NAT at each locus was confirmed using an inverse PCR approach. The knockout of the nitrate reductase and urease genes impacted growth on nitrate and urea, respectively, while the knockout of the silacidin gene in T. pseudonana caused a significant increase in cell size, confirming the role of this gene for cell-size regulation in centric diatoms. Highly efficient gene targeting by HR makes T. pseudonana as genetically tractable as Nannochloropsis and Physcomitrella, hence rapidly advancing functional diatom biology, bionanotechnology and biotechnological applications targeted on harnessing the metabolic potential of diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Belshaw
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Irina Grouneva
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lior Aram
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Amanda Hopes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Christian R, Labbancz J, Usadel B, Dhingra A. Understanding protein import in diverse non-green plastids. Front Genet 2023; 14:969931. [PMID: 37007964 PMCID: PMC10063809 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.969931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectacular diversity of plastids in non-green organs such as flowers, fruits, roots, tubers, and senescing leaves represents a Universe of metabolic processes in higher plants that remain to be completely characterized. The endosymbiosis of the plastid and the subsequent export of the ancestral cyanobacterial genome to the nuclear genome, and adaptation of the plants to all types of environments has resulted in the emergence of diverse and a highly orchestrated metabolism across the plant kingdom that is entirely reliant on a complex protein import and translocation system. The TOC and TIC translocons, critical for importing nuclear-encoded proteins into the plastid stroma, remain poorly resolved, especially in the case of TIC. From the stroma, three core pathways (cpTat, cpSec, and cpSRP) may localize imported proteins to the thylakoid. Non-canonical routes only utilizing TOC also exist for the insertion of many inner and outer membrane proteins, or in the case of some modified proteins, a vesicular import route. Understanding this complex protein import system is further compounded by the highly heterogeneous nature of transit peptides, and the varying transit peptide specificity of plastids depending on species and the developmental and trophic stage of the plant organs. Computational tools provide an increasingly sophisticated means of predicting protein import into highly diverse non-green plastids across higher plants, which need to be validated using proteomics and metabolic approaches. The myriad plastid functions enable higher plants to interact and respond to all kinds of environments. Unraveling the diversity of non-green plastid functions across the higher plants has the potential to provide knowledge that will help in developing climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Christian
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - June Labbancz
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit Dhingra,
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38
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Johnson MD, Moeller HV, Paight C, Kellogg RM, McIlvin MR, Saito MA, Lasek-Nesselquist E. Functional control and metabolic integration of stolen organelles in a photosynthetic ciliate. Curr Biol 2023; 33:973-980.e5. [PMID: 36773606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Stealing prey plastids for metabolic gain is a common phenomenon among protists within aquatic ecosystems.1 Ciliates of the Mesodinium rubrum species complex are unique in that they also steal a transcriptionally active but non-dividing prey nucleus, the kleptokaryon, from certain cryptophytes.2 The kleptokaryon enables full control and replication of kleptoplastids but has a half-life of about 10 days.2 Once the kleptokaryon is lost, the ciliate experiences a slow loss of photosynthetic metabolism and eventually death.2,3,4 This transient ability to function phototrophically allows M. rubrum to form productive blooms in coastal waters.5,6,7,8 Here, we show, using multi-omics approaches, that an Antarctic strain of the ciliate not only depends on stolen Geminigera cryophila organelles for photosynthesis but also for anabolic synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, and other essential macromolecules. Transcription of diverse pathways was higher in the kleptokaryon than that in G. cryophila, and many increased in higher light. Proteins of major biosynthetic pathways were found in greater numbers in the kleptokaryon relative to M. rubrum, implying anabolic dependency on foreign metabolism. We show that despite losing transcriptional control of the kleptokaryon, M. rubrum regulates kleptoplastid pigments with changing light, implying an important role for post-transcriptional control. These findings demonstrate that the integration of foreign organelles and their gene and protein expression, energy metabolism, and anabolism occur in the absence of a stable endosymbiotic association. Our results shed light on potential events early in the process of complex plastid acquisition and broaden our understanding of symbiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Johnson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Christopher Paight
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Riss M Kellogg
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Matthew R McIlvin
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mak A Saito
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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García Pascual B, Nordbotten JM, Johnston IG. Cellular and environmental dynamics influence species-specific extents of organelle gene retention. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222140. [PMID: 36883279 PMCID: PMC9993063 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and plastids rely on many nuclear-encoded genes, but retain small subsets of the genes they need to function in their own organelle DNA (oDNA). Different species retain different numbers of oDNA genes, and the reasons for these differences are not completely understood. Here, we use a mathematical model to explore the hypothesis that the energetic demands imposed by an organism's changing environment influence how many oDNA genes it retains. The model couples the physical biology of cell processes of gene expression and transport to a supply-and-demand model for the environmental dynamics to which an organism is exposed. The trade-off between fulfilling metabolic and bioenergetic environmental demands, and retaining genetic integrity, is quantified for a generic gene encoded either in oDNA or in nuclear DNA. Species in environments with high-amplitude, intermediate-frequency oscillations are predicted to retain the most organelle genes, whereas those in less dynamic or noisy environments the fewest. We discuss support for, and insight from, these predictions with oDNA data across eukaryotic taxa, including high oDNA gene counts in sessile organisms exposed to day-night and intertidal oscillations (including plants and algae) and low counts in parasites and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iain G. Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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40
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Waheeda K, Kitchel H, Wang Q, Chiu PL. Molecular mechanism of Rubisco activase: Dynamic assembly and Rubisco remodeling. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1125922. [PMID: 36845545 PMCID: PMC9951593 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1125922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) enzyme is the limiting step of photosynthetic carbon fixation, and its activation is regulated by its co-evolved chaperone, Rubisco activase (Rca). Rca removes the intrinsic sugar phosphate inhibitors occupying the Rubisco active site, allowing RuBP to split into two 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) molecules. This review summarizes the evolution, structure, and function of Rca and describes the recent findings regarding the mechanistic model of Rubisco activation by Rca. New knowledge in these areas can significantly enhance crop engineering techniques used to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Waheeda
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Heidi Kitchel
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Quan Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Po-Lin Chiu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,*Correspondence: Po-Lin Chiu,
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41
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Leterme S, Bastien O, Aiese Cigliano R, Amato A, Michaud M. Phylogenetic and Structural Analyses of VPS13 Proteins in Archaeplastida Reveal Their Complex Evolutionary History in Viridiplantae. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2023; 6:25152564231211976. [PMID: 38033810 PMCID: PMC10683392 DOI: 10.1177/25152564231211976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
VPS13 is a lipid transfer protein family conserved among Eukaryotes and playing roles in fundamental processes involving vesicular transport and membrane expansion including autophagy and organelle biogenesis. VPS13 folds into a long hydrophobic tunnel, allowing lipid transport, decorated by distinct domains involved in protein localization and regulation. Whereas VPS13 organization and function have been extensively studied in yeast and mammals, information in organisms originating from primary endosymbiosis is scarce. In the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana, four paralogs, AtVPS13S, X, M1, and M2, were identified, AtVPS13S playing a role in the regulation of root growth, cell patterning, and reproduction. In this work, we performed phylogenetic, as well as domain and structural modeling of VPS13 proteins in Archaeplastida in order to understand their general organization and evolutionary history. We confirmed the presence of human VPS13B orthologues in some phyla and described two new VPS13 families presenting a particular domain arrangement: VPS13R in Rhodophytes and VPS13Y in Chlorophytes and Streptophytes. By focusing on Viridiplantae, we were able to draw the evolutionary history of these proteins made by multiple gene gains and duplications as well as domain rearrangements. We showed that some Chlorophytes have only three (AtVPS13M, S, Y) whereas some Charophytes have up to six VPS13 paralogs (AtVPS13M1, M2, S, Y, X, B). We also highlighted specific structural features of VPS13M and X paralogs. This study reveals the complex evolution of VPS13 family and opens important perspectives for their functional characterization in photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Leterme
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Alberto Amato
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
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Bhattacharya D, Etten JV, Benites LF, Stephens TG. Endosymbiotic ratchet accelerates divergence after organelle origin: The Paulinella model for plastid evolution: The Paulinella model for plastid evolution. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200165. [PMID: 36328783 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that as one of the most consequential events in evolution, primary endosymbiosis accelerates lineage divergence, a process we refer to as the endosymbiotic ratchet. Our proposal is supported by recent work on the photosynthetic amoeba, Paulinella, that underwent primary plastid endosymbiosis about 124 Mya. This amoeba model allows us to explore the early impacts of photosynthetic organelle (plastid) origin on the host lineage. The current data point to a central role for effective population size (Ne ) in accelerating divergence post-endosymbiosis due to limits to dispersal and reproductive isolation that reduce Ne , leading to local adaptation. We posit that isolated populations exploit different strategies and behaviors and assort themselves in non-overlapping niches to minimize competition during the early, rapid evolutionary phase of organelle integration. The endosymbiotic ratchet provides a general framework for interpreting post-endosymbiosis lineage evolution that is driven by disruptive selection and demographic and population shifts. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/gYXrFM6Zz6Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julia Van Etten
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - L Felipe Benites
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Timothy G Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Gololobova MA, Belyakova GA. Position of Algae on the Tree of Life. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2022; 507:312-326. [PMID: 36781528 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622060035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Issues related to evolution of algal chloroplasts are considered. The position of algae on the Tree of Life is discussed. Algae are now included in five of the monophyletic eukaryotic supergroups: Archaeplastida (Glaucocystophyta, Rhodophyta, Prasinodermophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta), TSAR (Ochrophyta; Dinophyta; Chlorarachniophyta; and photosynthetic species of the genera Chromera, Vetrella, and Paulinella), Haptista (Prymnesiophyta and Rappemonads), Cryptista (Cryptophyta), and Discoba (Euglenophyta). The algal divisions and the respective supergroups are characterized in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gololobova
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - G A Belyakova
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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44
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Maciszewski K, Fells A, Karnkowska A. Challenging the Importance of Plastid Genome Structure Conservation: New Insights From Euglenophytes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6834297. [PMID: 36403966 PMCID: PMC9728796 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids, similar to mitochondria, are organelles of endosymbiotic origin, which retained their vestigial genomes (ptDNA). Their unique architecture, commonly referred to as the quadripartite (four-part) structure, is considered to be strictly conserved; however, the bulk of our knowledge on their variability and evolutionary transformations comes from studies of the primary plastids of green algae and land plants. To broaden our perspective, we obtained seven new ptDNA sequences from freshwater species of photosynthetic euglenids-a group that obtained secondary plastids, known to have dynamically evolving genome structure, via endosymbiosis with a green alga. Our analyses have demonstrated that the evolutionary history of euglenid plastid genome structure is exceptionally convoluted, with a patchy distribution of inverted ribosomal operon (rDNA) repeats, as well as several independent acquisitions of tandemly repeated rDNA copies. Moreover, we have shown that inverted repeats in euglenid ptDNA do not share their genome-stabilizing property documented in chlorophytes. We hypothesize that the degeneration of the quadripartite structure of euglenid plastid genomes is connected to the group II intron expansion. These findings challenge the current global paradigms of plastid genome architecture evolution and underscore the often-underestimated divergence between the functionality of shared traits in primary and complex plastid organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicja Fells
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Evolutionary inference across eukaryotes identifies universal features shaping organelle gene retention. Cell Syst 2022; 13:874-884.e5. [PMID: 36115336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and plastids power complex life. Why some genes and not others are retained in their organelle DNA (oDNA) genomes remains a debated question. Here, we attempt to identify the properties of genes and associated underlying mechanisms that determine oDNA retention. We harness over 15k oDNA sequences and over 300 whole genome sequences across eukaryotes with tools from structural biology, bioinformatics, machine learning, and Bayesian model selection. Previously hypothesized features, including the hydrophobicity of a protein product, and less well-known features, including binding energy centrality within a protein complex, predict oDNA retention across eukaryotes, with additional influences of nucleic acid and amino acid biochemistry. Notably, the same features predict retention in both organelles, and retention models learned from one organelle type quantitatively predict retention in the other, supporting the universality of these features-which also distinguish gene profiles in more recent, independent endosymbiotic relationships. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.
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46
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Ceriotti LF, Gatica-Soria L, Sanchez-Puerta MV. Cytonuclear coevolution in a holoparasitic plant with highly disparate organellar genomes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:673-688. [PMID: 35359176 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contrasting substitution rates in the organellar genomes of Lophophytum agree with the DNA repair, replication, and recombination gene content. Plastid and nuclear genes whose products form multisubunit complexes co-evolve. The organellar genomes of the holoparasitic plant Lophophytum (Balanophoraceae) show disparate evolution. In the plastid, the genome has been severely reduced and presents a > 85% AT content, while in the mitochondria most protein-coding genes have been replaced by homologs acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from their hosts (Fabaceae). Both genomes carry genes whose products form multisubunit complexes with those of nuclear genes, creating a possible hotspot of cytonuclear coevolution. In this study, we assessed the evolutionary rates of plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and their impact on cytonuclear evolution of genes involved in multisubunit complexes related to lipid biosynthesis and proteolysis in the plastid and those in charge of the oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Genes from the plastid and the mitochondria (both native and foreign) of Lophophytum showed extremely high and ordinary substitution rates, respectively. These results agree with the biased loss of plastid-targeted proteins involved in angiosperm organellar repair, replication, and recombination machinery. Consistent with the high rate of evolution of plastid genes, nuclear-encoded subunits of plastid complexes showed disproportionate increases in non-synonymous substitution rates, while those of the mitochondrial complexes did not show different rates than the control (i.e. non-organellar nuclear genes). Moreover, the increases in the nuclear-encoded subunits of plastid complexes were positively correlated with the level of physical interaction they possess with the plastid-encoded ones. Overall, these results suggest that a structurally-mediated compensatory factor may be driving plastid-nuclear coevolution in Lophophytum, and that mito-nuclear coevolution was not altered by HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Ceriotti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Gatica-Soria
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M Virginia Sanchez-Puerta
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Matsuo E, Morita K, Nakayama T, Yazaki E, Sarai C, Takahashi K, Iwataki M, Inagaki Y. Comparative Plastid Genomics of Green-Colored Dinoflagellates Unveils Parallel Genome Compaction and RNA Editing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918543. [PMID: 35898209 PMCID: PMC9309888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates possess plastids that are diverse in both pigmentation and evolutionary background. One of the plastid types found in dinoflagellates is pigmented with chlorophylls a and b (Chl a + b) and originated from the endosymbionts belonging to a small group of green algae, Pedinophyceae. The Chl a + b-containing plastids have been found in three distantly related dinoflagellates Lepidodinium spp., strain MGD, and strain TGD, and were proposed to be derived from separate partnerships between a dinoflagellate (host) and a pedinophycean green alga (endosymbiont). Prior to this study, a plastid genome sequence was only available for L. chlorophorum, which was reported to bear the features that were not found in that of the pedinophycean green alga Pedinomonas minor, a putative close relative of the endosymbiont that gave rise to the current Chl a + b-containing plastid. In this study, we sequenced the plastid genomes of strains MGD and TGD to compare with those of L. chlorophorum as well as pedinophycean green algae. The mapping of the RNA-seq reads on the corresponding plastid genome identified RNA editing on plastid gene transcripts in the three dinoflagellates. Further, the comparative plastid genomics revealed that the plastid genomes of the three dinoflagellates achieved several features, which are not found in or much less obvious than the pedinophycean plastid genomes determined to date, in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Morita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakayama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Sarai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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48
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Cote-L’Heureux A, Maurer-Alcalá XX, Katz LA. Old genes in new places: A taxon-rich analysis of interdomain lateral gene transfer events. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010239. [PMID: 35731825 PMCID: PMC9255765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical inheritance is foundational to Darwinian evolution, but fails to explain major innovations such as the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria and the origin of photosynthesis in eukaryotes. While lateral gene transfer (LGT) is recognized as an evolutionary force in prokaryotes, the role of LGT in eukaryotic evolution is less clear. With the exception of the transfer of genes from organelles to the nucleus, a process termed endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT), the extent of interdomain transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes is highly debated. A common critique of studies of interdomain LGT is the reliance on the topology of single-gene trees that attempt to estimate more than one billion years of evolution. We take a more conservative approach by identifying cases in which a single clade of eukaryotes is found in an otherwise prokaryotic gene tree (i.e. exclusive presence). Starting with a taxon-rich dataset of over 13,600 gene families and passing data through several rounds of curation, we identify and categorize the function of 306 interdomain LGT events into diverse eukaryotes, including 189 putative EGTs, 52 LGTs into Opisthokonta (i.e. animals, fungi and their microbial relatives), and 42 LGTs nearly exclusive to anaerobic eukaryotes. To assess differential gene loss as an explanation for exclusive presence, we compare branch lengths within each LGT tree to a set of vertically-inherited genes subsampled to mimic gene loss (i.e. with the same taxonomic sampling) and consistently find shorter relative distance between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in LGT trees, a pattern inconsistent with gene loss. Our methods provide a framework for future studies of interdomain LGT and move the field closer to an understanding of how best to model the evolutionary history of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auden Cote-L’Heureux
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Laura A. Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Organismic Biology and Evolution, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Camus MF, Alexander-Lawrie B, Sharbrough J, Hurst GDD. Inheritance through the cytoplasm. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:31-43. [PMID: 35525886 PMCID: PMC9273588 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most heritable information in eukaryotic cells is encoded in the nuclear genome, with inheritance patterns following classic Mendelian segregation. Genomes residing in the cytoplasm, however, prove to be a peculiar exception to this rule. Cytoplasmic genetic elements are generally maternally inherited, although there are several exceptions where these are paternally, biparentally or doubly-uniparentally inherited. In this review, we examine the diversity and peculiarities of cytoplasmically inherited genomes, and the broad evolutionary consequences that non-Mendelian inheritance brings. We first explore the origins of vertical transmission and uniparental inheritance, before detailing the vast diversity of cytoplasmic inheritance systems across Eukaryota. We then describe the evolution of genomic organisation across lineages, how this process has been shaped by interactions with the nuclear genome and population genetics dynamics. Finally, we discuss how both nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have evolved to co-inhabit the same host cell via one of the longest symbiotic processes, and all the opportunities for intergenomic conflict that arise due to divergence in inheritance patterns. In sum, we cannot understand the evolution of eukaryotes without understanding hereditary symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Camus
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
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50
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Gabr A, Zournas A, Stephens TG, Dismukes GC, Bhattacharya D. Evidence for a robust photosystem II in the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:934-945. [PMID: 35211975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paulinella represents the only known case of an independent primary plastid endosymbiosis, outside Archaeplastida, that occurred c. 120 (million years ago) Ma. These photoautotrophs grow very slowly in replete culture medium with a doubling time of 6-7 d at optimal low light, and are highly sensitive to photodamage under moderate light levels. We used genomic and biophysical methods to investigate the extreme slow growth rate and light sensitivity of Paulinella, which are key to photosymbiont integration. All photosystem II (PSII) genes except psb28-2 and all cytochrome b6 f complex genes except petM and petL are present in Paulinella micropora KR01 (hereafter, KR01). Biophysical measurements of the water oxidation complex, variable chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthesis-irradiance curves show no obvious evidence of PSII impairment. Analysis of photoacclimation under high-light suggests that although KR01 can perform charge separation, it lacks photoprotection mechanisms present in cyanobacteria. We hypothesize that Paulinella species are restricted to low light environments because they are deficient in mitigating the formation of reactive oxygen species formed within the photosystems under peak solar intensities. The finding that many photoprotection genes have been lost or transferred to the host-genome during endosymbiont genome reduction, and may lack light-regulation, is consistent with this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Gabr
- Graduate Program in Molecular Bioscience and Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Nelson Lab-604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Apostolos Zournas
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Timothy G Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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