1
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Foltman M, Sanchez-Diaz A. TOR Complex 1: Orchestrating Nutrient Signaling and Cell Cycle Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15745. [PMID: 37958727 PMCID: PMC10647266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved TOR signaling pathway is crucial for coordinating cellular growth with the cell cycle machinery in eukaryotes. One of the two TOR complexes in budding yeast, TORC1, integrates environmental cues and promotes cell growth. While cells grow, they need to copy their chromosomes, segregate them in mitosis, divide all their components during cytokinesis, and finally physically separate mother and daughter cells to start a new cell cycle apart from each other. To maintain cell size homeostasis and chromosome stability, it is crucial that mechanisms that control growth are connected and coordinated with the cell cycle. Successive periods of high and low TORC1 activity would participate in the adequate cell cycle progression. Here, we review the known molecular mechanisms through which TORC1 regulates the cell cycle in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have been extensively used as a model organism to understand the role of its mammalian ortholog, mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Foltman
- Mechanisms and Regulation of Cell Division Research Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Diaz
- Mechanisms and Regulation of Cell Division Research Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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2
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A review on regulation of cell cycle by extracellular matrix. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123426. [PMID: 36708893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of structural proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans that assists independent cells in aggregating and forming highly organized functional structures. ECM serves numerous purposes and is an essential component of tissue structure and functions. Initially, the role of ECM was considered to be confined to passive functions like providing mechanical strength and structural identity to tissues, serving as barriers and platforms for cells. The doors to understanding ECM's proper role in tissue functioning opened with the discovery of cellular receptors, integrins to which ECM components binds and influences cellular activities. Understanding and utilizing ECM's potential to control cellular function has become a topic of much interest in recent decades, providing different outlooks to study processes involved in developmental programs, wound healing and tumour progression. On another front, the regulatory mechanisms operating to prevent errors in the cell cycle have been topics of a titanic amount of studies. This is expected as many diseases, most infamously cancer, are associated with defects in their functioning. This review focuses on how ECM, through different methods, influences the progression of the somatic cell cycle and provides deeper insights into molecular mechanisms of functional communication between adhesion complex, signalling pathways and cell cycle machinery.
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3
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Palacios-Blanco I, Martín-Castellanos C. Cyclins and CDKs in the regulation of meiosis-specific events. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1069064. [PMID: 36523509 PMCID: PMC9745066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1069064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
How eukaryotic cells control their duplication is a fascinating example of how a biological system self-organizes specific activities to temporally order cellular events. During cell cycle progression, the cellular level of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) activity temporally orders the different cell cycle phases, ensuring that DNA replication occurs prior to segregation into two daughter cells. CDK activity requires the binding of a regulatory subunit (cyclin) to the core kinase, and both CDKs and cyclins are well conserved throughout evolution from yeast to humans. As key regulators, they coordinate cell cycle progression with metabolism, DNA damage, and cell differentiation. In meiosis, the special cell division that ensures the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, cyclins and CDKs have acquired novel functions to coordinate meiosis-specific events such as chromosome architecture, recombination, and synapsis. Interestingly, meiosis-specific cyclins and CDKs are common in evolution, some cyclins seem to have evolved to acquire CDK-independent functions, and even some CDKs associate with a non-cyclin partner. We will review the functions of these key regulators in meiosis where variation has specially flourished.
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4
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Basu S, Greenwood J, Jones AW, Nurse P. Core control principles of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Nature 2022; 607:381-386. [PMID: 35676478 PMCID: PMC9279155 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) lie at the heart of eukaryotic cell cycle control, with different cyclin-CDK complexes initiating DNA replication (S-CDKs) and mitosis (M-CDKs)1,2. However, the principles on which cyclin-CDK complexes organize the temporal order of cell cycle events are contentious3. One model proposes that S-CDKs and M-CDKs are functionally specialized, with substantially different substrate specificities to execute different cell cycle events4-6. A second model proposes that S-CDKs and M-CDKs are redundant with each other, with both acting as sources of overall CDK activity7,8. In this model, increasing CDK activity, rather than CDK substrate specificity, orders cell cycle events9,10. Here we reconcile these two views of core cell cycle control. Using phosphoproteomic assays of in vivo CDK activity in fission yeast, we find that S-CDK and M-CDK substrate specificities are remarkably similar, showing that S-CDKs and M-CDKs are not completely specialized for S phase and mitosis alone. Normally, S-CDK cannot drive mitosis but can do so when protein phosphatase 1 is removed from the centrosome. Thus, increasing S-CDK activity in vivo is sufficient to overcome substrate specificity differences between S-CDK and M-CDK, and allows S-CDK to carry out M-CDK function. Therefore, we unite the two opposing views of cell cycle control, showing that the core cell cycle engine is largely based on a quantitative increase in CDK activity through the cell cycle, combined with minor and surmountable qualitative differences in catalytic specialization of S-CDKs and M-CDKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradeep Basu
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. .,DeepMind, London, UK.
| | | | - Andrew W Jones
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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5
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A hybrid control model for the eukaryotic cell cycle. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-01173-5. [PMID: 35676349 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Zhou J, Flores-Bellver M, Pan J, Benito-Martin A, Shi C, Onwumere O, Mighty J, Qian J, Zhong X, Hogue T, Amponsah-Antwi B, Einbond L, Gharbaran R, Wu H, Chen BJ, Zheng Z, Tchaikovskaya T, Zhang X, Peinado H, Canto-Soler MV, Redenti S. Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21128. [PMID: 34702879 PMCID: PMC8548301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying retinal development have not been completely elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in developmental processes. Nevertheless, the identification of EVs in human retinal tissue, characterization of their cargo, and analysis of their potential role in retina development has not been accomplished. Three-dimensional retinal tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provide an ideal developmental system to achieve this goal. Here we report that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids release exosomes and microvesicles with small noncoding RNA cargo. EV miRNA cargo-predicted targetome correlates with Gene Ontology (GO) pathways involved in mechanisms of retinogenesis relevant to specific developmental stages corresponding to hallmarks of native human retina development. Furthermore, uptake of EVs by human retinal progenitor cells leads to changes in gene expression correlated with EV miRNA cargo predicted gene targets, and mechanisms involved in retinal development, ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Miguel Flores-Bellver
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz- Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alberto Benito-Martin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Division, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Cui Shi
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | | | - Jason Mighty
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tasmim Hogue
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | | | - Linda Einbond
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | | | - Hao Wu
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bo-Juen Chen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Zhiliang Zheng
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Tatyana Tchaikovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Computational Genomics Core in Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz- Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Stephen Redenti
- Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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7
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Single-cell adhesion strength and contact density drops in the M phase of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18500. [PMID: 34531409 PMCID: PMC8445979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high throughput, cost effective and sensitive quantification of cell adhesion strength at the single-cell level is still a challenging task. The adhesion force between tissue cells and their environment is crucial in all multicellular organisms. Integrins transmit force between the intracellular cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. This force is not only a mechanical interaction but a way of signal transduction as well. For instance, adhesion-dependent cells switch to an apoptotic mode in the lack of adhesion forces. Adhesion of tumor cells is a potential therapeutic target, as it is actively modulated during tissue invasion and cell release to the bloodstream resulting in metastasis. We investigated the integrin-mediated adhesion between cancer cells and their RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif displaying biomimetic substratum using the HeLa cell line transfected by the Fucci fluorescent cell cycle reporter construct. We employed a computer-controlled micropipette and a high spatial resolution label-free resonant waveguide grating-based optical sensor calibrated to adhesion force and energy at the single-cell level. We found that the overall adhesion strength of single cancer cells is approximately constant in all phases except the mitotic (M) phase with a significantly lower adhesion. Single-cell evanescent field based biosensor measurements revealed that at the mitotic phase the cell material mass per unit area inside the cell-substratum contact zone is significantly less, too. Importantly, the weaker mitotic adhesion is not simply a direct consequence of the measured smaller contact area. Our results highlight these differences in the mitotic reticular adhesions and confirm that cell adhesion is a promising target of selective cancer drugs as the vast majority of normal, differentiated tissue cells do not enter the M phase and do not divide.
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8
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Fujimitsu K, Yamano H. Dynamic regulation of mitotic ubiquitin ligase APC/C by coordinated Plx1 kinase and PP2A phosphatase action on a flexible Apc1 loop. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107516. [PMID: 34291488 PMCID: PMC8441438 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase essential for cell cycle control, is regulated by reversible phosphorylation. APC/C phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) promotes Cdc20 co-activator loading in mitosis to form active APC/C-Cdc20. However, detailed phospho-regulation of APC/C dynamics through other kinases and phosphatases is still poorly understood. Here, we show that an interplay between polo-like kinase (Plx1) and PP2A-B56 phosphatase on a flexible loop domain of the subunit Apc1 (Apc1-loop500 ) controls APC/C activity and mitotic progression. Plx1 directly binds to the Apc1-loop500 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and promotes the formation of APC/C-Cdc20 via Apc3 phosphorylation. Upon phosphorylation of loop residue T532, PP2A-B56 is recruited to the Apc1-loop500 and differentially promotes dissociation of Plx1 and PP2A-B56 through dephosphorylation of Plx1-binding sites. Stable Plx1 binding, which prevents PP2A-B56 recruitment, prematurely activates the APC/C and delays APC/C dephosphorylation during mitotic exit. Furthermore, the phosphorylation status of the Apc1-loop500 is controlled by distant Apc3-loop phosphorylation. Our study suggests that phosphorylation-dependent feedback regulation through flexible loop domains within a macromolecular complex coordinates the activity and dynamics of the APC/C during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Fujimitsu
- Cell Cycle Control GroupUCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hiroyuki Yamano
- Cell Cycle Control GroupUCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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9
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Pickering M, Magner M, Keifenheim D, Rhind N. The fission yeast S-phase cyclin Cig2 can drive mitosis. Genetics 2021; 217:1-12. [PMID: 33683349 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Commitment to mitosis is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the major B-type cyclin, Cdc13, is necessary and sufficient to drive mitotic entry. Furthermore, Cdc13 is also sufficient to drive S phase, demonstrating that a single cyclin can regulate alternating rounds of replication and mitosis, and providing the foundation of the quantitative model of CDK function. It has been assumed that Cig2, a B-type cyclin expressed only during S phase and incapable of driving mitosis in wild-type cells, was specialized for S-phase regulation. Here, we show that Cig2 is capable of driving mitosis. Cig2/CDK activity drives mitotic catastrophe-lethal mitosis in inviably small cells-in cells that lack CDK inhibition by tyrosine-phosphorylation. Moreover, Cig2/CDK can drive mitosis in the absence of Cdc13/CDK activity and constitutive expression of Cig2 can rescue loss of Cdc13 activity. These results demonstrate that in fission yeast, not only can the presumptive M-phase cyclin drive S phase, but the presumptive S-phase cyclin can drive M phase, further supporting the quantitative model of CDK function. Furthermore, these results provide an explanation, previously proposed on the basis of computational analyses, for the surprising observation that cells expressing a single-chain Cdc13-Cdc2 CDK do not require Y15 phosphorylation for viability. Their viability is due to the fact that in such cells, which lack Cig2/CDK complexes, Cdc13/CDK activity is unable to drive mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Pickering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mira Magner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dan Keifenheim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas Rhind
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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10
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Barberis M. Quantitative model of eukaryotic Cdk control through the Forkhead CONTROLLER. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34117265 PMCID: PMC8196193 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, synchronization of waves of mitotic cyclins that activate the Cdk1 kinase occur through Forkhead transcription factors. These molecules act as controllers of their sequential order and may account for the separation in time of incompatible processes. Here, a Forkhead-mediated design principle underlying the quantitative model of Cdk control is proposed for budding yeast. This design rationalizes timing of cell division, through progressive and coordinated cyclin/Cdk-mediated phosphorylation of Forkhead, and autonomous cyclin/Cdk oscillations. A "clock unit" incorporating this design that regulates timing of cell division is proposed for both yeast and mammals, and has a DRIVER operating the incompatible processes that is instructed by multiple CLOCKS. TIMERS determine whether the clocks are active, whereas CONTROLLERS determine how quickly the clocks shall function depending on external MODULATORS. This "clock unit" may coordinate temporal waves of cyclin/Cdk concentration/activity in the eukaryotic cell cycle making the driver operate the incompatible processes, at separate times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Barberis
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Pirincci Ercan D, Chrétien F, Chakravarty P, Flynn HR, Snijders AP, Uhlmann F. Budding yeast relies on G 1 cyclin specificity to couple cell cycle progression with morphogenetic development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0007. [PMID: 34088668 PMCID: PMC8177710 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two models have been put forward for cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) control of the cell cycle. In the qualitative model, cell cycle events are ordered by distinct substrate specificities of successive cyclin waves. Alternatively, in the quantitative model, the gradual rise of Cdk activity from G1 phase to mitosis leads to ordered substrate phosphorylation at sequential thresholds. Here, we study the relative contributions of qualitative and quantitative Cdk control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae All S phase and mitotic cyclins can be replaced by a single mitotic cyclin, albeit at the cost of reduced fitness. A single cyclin can also replace all G1 cyclins to support ordered cell cycle progression, fulfilling key predictions of the quantitative model. However, single-cyclin cells fail to polarize or grow buds and thus cannot survive. Our results suggest that budding yeast has become dependent on G1 cyclin specificity to couple cell cycle progression to essential morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Chrétien
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Helen R Flynn
- Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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12
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Bustamante-Jaramillo LF, Ramos C, Martín-Castellanos C. The Meiosis-Specific Crs1 Cyclin Is Required for Efficient S-Phase Progression and Stable Nuclear Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115483. [PMID: 34067465 PMCID: PMC8196990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclins and CDKs (Cyclin Dependent Kinases) are key players in the biology of eukaryotic cells, representing hubs for the orchestration of physiological conditions with cell cycle progression. Furthermore, as in the case of meiosis, cyclins and CDKs have acquired novel functions unrelated to this primal role in driving the division cycle. Meiosis is a specialized developmental program that ensures proper propagation of the genetic information to the next generation by the production of gametes with accurate chromosome content, and meiosis-specific cyclins are widespread in evolution. We have explored the diversification of CDK functions studying the meiosis-specific Crs1 cyclin in fission yeast. In addition to the reported role in DSB (Double Strand Break) formation, this cyclin is required for meiotic S-phase progression, a canonical role, and to maintain the architecture of the meiotic chromosomes. Crs1 localizes at the SPB (Spindle Pole Body) and is required to stabilize the cluster of telomeres at this location (bouquet configuration), as well as for normal SPB motion. In addition, Crs1 exhibits CDK(Cdc2)-dependent kinase activity in a biphasic manner during meiosis, in contrast to a single wave of protein expression, suggesting a post-translational control of its activity. Thus, Crs1 displays multiple functions, acting both in cell cycle progression and in several key meiosis-specific events.
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13
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Carballar R, Martínez-Láinez JM, Samper B, Bru S, Bállega E, Mirallas O, Ricco N, Clotet J, Jiménez J. CDK-mediated Yku80 Phosphorylation Regulates the Balance Between Non-homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Directed Recombination (HDR). J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166715. [PMID: 33217428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are two major pathways for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs): homologous directed recombination (HDR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). While NHEJ functions throughout the cell cycle, HDR is only possible during S/G2 phases, suggesting that there are cell cycle-specific mechanisms regulating the balance between the two repair systems. The regulation exerted by CDKs on HDR has been extensively demonstrated, and here we present evidence that the CDK Pho85, in association with the G1 cyclin Pcl1, phosphorylates Yku80 on Ser 623 to regulate NHEJ activity. Cells bearing a non-phosphorylatable version of Yku80 show increased NHEJ and reduced HDR activity. Accordingly, yku80S623A cells present diminished viability upon treatment with the DSB-producer bleomycin, specifically in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, the mutation of the equivalent residue in human Ku80 increases sensitivity to bleomycin in several cancer cell lines, suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in humans. Altogether, our results reveal a new mechanism whereby G1-CDKs mediate the choice between HDR and NHEJ repair pathways, putting the error prone NHEJ on a leash and enabling error free HDR in G2 when homologous sequences are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Carballar
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan M Martínez-Láinez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Samper
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Bru
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Bállega
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Mirallas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Ricco
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Touati SA, Hofbauer L, Jones AW, Snijders AP, Kelly G, Uhlmann F. Cdc14 and PP2A Phosphatases Cooperate to Shape Phosphoproteome Dynamics during Mitotic Exit. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2105-2119.e4. [PMID: 31722221 PMCID: PMC6857435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal control over protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation and for completion of the cell division cycle during exit from mitosis. In budding yeast, the Cdc14 phosphatase is thought to be a major regulator at this time, while in higher eukaryotes PP2A phosphatases take a dominant role. Here, we use time-resolved phosphoproteome analysis in budding yeast to evaluate the respective contributions of Cdc14, PP2ACdc55, and PP2ARts1. This reveals an overlapping requirement for all three phosphatases during mitotic progression. Our time-resolved phosphoproteome resource reveals how Cdc14 instructs the sequential pattern of phosphorylation changes, in part through preferential recognition of serine-based cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) substrates. PP2ACdc55 and PP2ARts1 in turn exhibit a broad substrate spectrum with some selectivity for phosphothreonines and a role for PP2ARts1 in sustaining Aurora kinase activity. These results illustrate synergy and coordination between phosphatases as they orchestrate phosphoproteome dynamics during mitotic progression. Cdc14, PP2ACdc55, and PP2ARts1 phosphatases cooperate during budding yeast mitosis Cdc14 targets serine Cdk motifs for rapid dephosphorylation PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Cdk and Plk substrates on threonine residues PP2ARts1 displays regulatory crosstalk with Aurora kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Lorena Hofbauer
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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15
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Padgett J, Santos SDM. From clocks to dominoes: lessons on cell cycle remodelling from embryonic stem cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2031-2045. [PMID: 32535913 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is a fundamental cellular process and the evolutionarily conserved networks that control cell division cycles adapt during development, tissue regeneration, cell de-differentiation and reprogramming, and a variety of pathological conditions. Embryonic development is a prime example of such versatility: fast, clock-like divisions hallmarking embryonic cells at early developmental stages become slower and controlled during cellular differentiation and lineage specification. In this review, we compare and contrast the unique cell cycle of mouse and human embryonic stem cells with that of early embryonic cells and of differentiated cells. We propose that embryonic stem cells provide an extraordinarily useful model system to understand cell cycle remodelling during embryonic-to-somatic transitions. We discuss how cell cycle networks help sustain embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal and how they safeguard cell identity and proper cell number in differentiated cells. Finally, we highlight the incredible diversity in cell cycle regulation within mammals and discuss the implications of studying cell cycle remodelling for understanding healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Padgett
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Silvia D M Santos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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16
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Du Y, Wang WL, He T, Sun YX, Lv XT, Wu QY, Hu HY. Chlorinated effluent organic matter causes higher toxicity than chlorinated natural organic matter by inducing more intracellular reactive oxygen species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134881. [PMID: 31710900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During unplanned indirect potable reuse, treated wastewater that contains effluent organic matter (EOM) enters the drinking water source, resulting in different toxicity from natural organic matter (NOM) in surface water during chlorination. This study found that, during chlorination, EOM formed more total organic halogen (TOX) and highly toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) like dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane than NOM did. Oxidative stress including both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells substantially increased when exposed to chlorinated EOM and chlorinated NOM. The excessive ROS damaged biological macromolecules including DNA, RNA to form 8-hydroxy-(deoxy)guanosine and proteins to form protein carbonyls. Impaired macromolecule further triggered cell cycle arrest at the S and G2 phases, led to cell apoptosis and eventual necrosis. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorinated EOM were both higher than those of chlorinated NOM. Adding the blocker L-buthionine-sulfoximine of intracellular antioxidant glutathione demonstrating that oxidative stress might be responsible for toxicity. ROS was further identified to be the main cause of toxicity induction. These findings highlight the risk from chlorinated EOM in the case of unplanned indirect potable reuse, because it showed higher level of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than chlorinated NOM via inducing more ROS in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao He
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Protein Phosphatases in G1 Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020395. [PMID: 31936296 PMCID: PMC7013402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells make the decision to proliferate, to differentiate or to cease dividing during G1, before passage through the restriction point or Start. Keeping cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity low during this period restricts commitment to a new cell cycle and is essential to provide the adequate timeframe for the sensing of environmental signals. Here, we review the role of protein phosphatases in the modulation of CDK activity and as the counteracting force for CDK-dependent substrate phosphorylation, in budding and fission yeast. Moreover, we discuss recent findings that place protein phosphatases in the interface between nutritional signalling pathways and the cell cycle machinery.
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18
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Lemmens B, Lindqvist A. DNA replication and mitotic entry: A brake model for cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3892-3902. [PMID: 31712253 PMCID: PMC6891093 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemmens and Lindqvist discuss how DNA replication and mitosis are coordinated and propose a cell cycle model controlled by brakes. The core function of the cell cycle is to duplicate the genome and divide the duplicated DNA into two daughter cells. These processes need to be carefully coordinated, as cell division before DNA replication is complete leads to genome instability and cell death. Recent observations show that DNA replication, far from being only a consequence of cell cycle progression, plays a key role in coordinating cell cycle activities. DNA replication, through checkpoint kinase signaling, restricts the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote cell division. The S/G2 transition is therefore emerging as a crucial regulatory step to determine the timing of mitosis. Here we discuss recent observations that redefine the coupling between DNA replication and cell division and incorporate these insights into an updated cell cycle model for human cells. We propose a cell cycle model based on a single trigger and sequential releases of three molecular brakes that determine the kinetics of CDK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Hseu YC, Cho HJ, Gowrisankar YV, Thiyagarajan V, Chen XZ, Lin KY, Huang HC, Yang HL. Kalantuboside B induced apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in human melanoma A2058 cells: An in vitro and in vivo study. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:397-411. [PMID: 31442557 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kalantuboside B (KB), a natural bufadienolide derivative extracted from the succulent plant Kalanchoe tubiflora, is well-known for its cardiotonic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we tested in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer efficacy with low concentrations of KB (5-30 ng/mL; 8.7-52.2 nM) on A2058 melanoma cells; and for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. KB significantly inhibited the cell viability and colony formation via arresting the cell cycle at G2/M phase. There was an association with a decrease in Cyclin A/B1, Cdc25C, and Cdc2 expressions. Further, this treatment indicated the induction of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3, -8, -9, and -12 activation, and PARP cleavage, which shows that mitochondrial, death-receptor, and ER-stress signaling pathways are involved. KB-induced autophagy was apparent from enhanced LC3-II accumulation, GFP-LC3 puncta, and AVO formation. Surprisingly, KB-mediated cell death was potentiated by 3-MA and CQ to suggest the role of autophagy as a cytoprotective mechanism. Moreover, KB-treated A2058 cells enhanced intracellular ROS generation and antioxidant NAC prevented apoptosis and reversed cytoprotective autophagy. Interestingly, KB-induced apoptosis (PARP cleavage) and cytoprotective autophagy (LC3-II accumulation) were mediated by the up-regulation of the ERK signaling pathway. It was also shown that KB promoted cytoprotective autophagy by a calcium dependent-p53 downregulation pathway. In vivo data showed that KB suppressed tumor growth significantly in A2058-xenografted nude mice. A Western blot indicated cell-cycle inhibition (cyclin A reduction), apoptosis induction (PARP cleavage and Bcl-2 inhibition), and cytoprotective autophagy (LC3-II upregulation and p53 downregulation) in KB-treated A2058-xenografted mice. Our findings suggested that KB-induced ROS pathway plays a role in mediating the apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in human melanoma cells. Thus, KB is considered to be a putative anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Cho
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yugandhar Vudhya Gowrisankar
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Varadharajan Thiyagarajan
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Xuan-Zao Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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20
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Bállega E, Carballar R, Samper B, Ricco N, Ribeiro MP, Bru S, Jiménez J, Clotet J. Comprehensive and quantitative analysis of G1 cyclins. A tool for studying the cell cycle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218531. [PMID: 31237904 PMCID: PMC6592645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is driven by the actions of several cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and an array of regulatory proteins called cyclins, due to the cyclical expression patterns of the latter. In yeast, the accepted pattern of cyclin waves is based on qualitative studies performed by different laboratories using different strain backgrounds, different growing conditions and media, and different kinds of genetic manipulation. Additionally, only the subset of cyclins regulating Cdc28 was included, while the Pho85 cyclins were excluded. We describe a comprehensive, quantitative and accurate blueprint of G1 cyclins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that, in addition to validating previous conclusions, yields new findings and establishes an accurate G1 cyclin blueprint. For the purposes of this research, we produced a collection of strains with all G1 cyclins identically tagged using the same and most respectful procedure possible. We report the contribution of each G1 cyclin for a broad array of growing and stress conditions, describe an unknown role for Pcl2 in heat-stress conditions and demonstrate the importance of maintaining the 3’UTR sequence of cyclins untouched during the tagging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Bállega
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reyes Carballar
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Samper
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Ricco
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana P. Ribeiro
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Bru
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJ); (JC)
| | - Josep Clotet
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJ); (JC)
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21
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Karasu ME, Bouftas N, Keeney S, Wassmann K. Cyclin B3 promotes anaphase I onset in oocyte meiosis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1265-1281. [PMID: 30723090 PMCID: PMC6446836 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclins control the switch-like cell cycle transitions that orchestrate orderly duplication and segregation of genomes. Karasu et al. delineate an essential function for mouse cyclin B3 for anaphase onset in the first meiotic division of oocytes. Meiosis poses unique challenges because two rounds of chromosome segregation must be executed without intervening DNA replication. Mammalian cells express numerous temporally regulated cyclins, but how these proteins collaborate to control meiosis remains poorly understood. Here, we show that female mice genetically ablated for cyclin B3 are viable—indicating that the protein is dispensable for mitotic divisions—but are sterile. Mutant oocytes appear normal until metaphase I but then display a highly penetrant failure to transition to anaphase I. They arrest with hallmarks of defective anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activation, including no separase activity, high CDK1 activity, and high cyclin B1 and securin levels. Partial APC/C activation occurs, however, as exogenously expressed APC/C substrates can be degraded. Cyclin B3 forms active kinase complexes with CDK1, and meiotic progression requires cyclin B3–associated kinase activity. Cyclin B3 homologues from frog, zebrafish, and fruit fly rescue meiotic progression in cyclin B3–deficient mouse oocytes, indicating conservation of the biochemical properties and possibly cellular functions of this germline-critical cyclin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet E Karasu
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nora Bouftas
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7622, Paris, France
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France .,Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7622, Paris, France
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22
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CDK contribution to DSB formation and recombination in fission yeast meiosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007876. [PMID: 30640914 PMCID: PMC6331086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) associate with different cyclins to form different CDK-complexes that are fundamental for an ordered cell cycle progression, and the coordination of this progression with different aspects of the cellular physiology. During meiosis programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate recombination that in addition to generating genetic variability are essential for the reductional chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division, and therefore for genome stability and viability of the gametes. However, how meiotic progression and DSB formation are coordinated, and the role CDKs have in the process, is not well understood. We have used single and double cyclin deletion mutants, and chemical inhibition of global CDK activity using the cdc2-asM17 allele, to address the requirement of CDK activity for DSB formation and recombination in fission yeast. We report that several cyclins (Cig1, Cig2, and the meiosis-specific Crs1) control DSB formation and recombination, with a major contribution of Crs1. Moreover, complementation analysis indicates specificity at least for this cyclin, suggesting that different CDK complexes might act in different pathways to promote recombination. Down-regulation of CDK activity impinges on the formation of linear elements (LinEs, protein complexes required for break formation at most DSB hotspot sites). This defect correlates with a reduction in the capability of one structural component (Rec25) to bind chromatin, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which CDK controls break formation. However, reduction in DSB formation in cyclin deletion mutants does not always correspondingly correlate with a proportional reduction in meiotic recombination (crossovers), suggesting that specific CDK complexes might also control downstream events balancing repair pathways. Therefore, our work points to CDK regulation of DSB formation as a key conserved feature in the initiation of meiotic recombination, in addition to provide a view of possible roles CDK might have in other steps of the recombination process. Meiotic division is a cell division process where a single round of DNA replication is followed by two sequential chromosome segregations, the first reductional (homologous chromosomes separate) and the second equational (sister chromatids segregate). As a consequence diploid organisms halve ploidy, producing haploid gametes that after fertilization generate a new diploid organism with a complete chromosome complement. At early stages of meiosis physical exchange between homologous chromosomes ensures the accurate following reductional segregation. Physical exchange is provided by recombination that initiates with highly-controlled self-inflicted DNA damage (DSBs, double strand breaks). We have found that the conserved CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) activity controls DSB formation in fission yeast. Available data were uncertain about the conservation of CDK in the process, and thus our work points to a broad evolutionary conservation of this regulation. Regulation is exerted at least by controlling chromatin-binding of one structural component of linear elements, a protein complex related to the synaptonemal complex and required for high levels of DSBs. Correspondingly, depletion of CDK activity impairs formation of these structures. In addition, CDK might control homeostatic mechanisms, critical to maintain efficient levels of recombination across the genome and, therefore, high rates of genetic exchange between parental chromosomes.
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23
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Mi D, Manuel M, Huang YT, Mason JO, Price DJ. Pax6 Lengthens G1 Phase and Decreases Oscillating Cdk6 Levels in Murine Embryonic Cortical Progenitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:419. [PMID: 30498434 PMCID: PMC6249377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a key regulator of the rates of progenitor cell division in cerebral corticogenesis. Previous work has suggested that this action is mediated at least in part by regulation of the cell cycle gene Cdk6, which acts largely on the transition from G1 to S phase. We began the present study by investigating whether, in addition to Cdk6, other Pax6-regulated cell cycle genes are likely to be primary mediators of Pax6’s actions on cortical progenitor cell cycles. Following acute cortex-specific deletion of Pax6, Cdk6 showed changes in expression a day earlier than any other Pax6-regulated cell cycle gene suggesting that it is the primary mediator of Pax6’s actions. We then used flow cytometry to show that progenitors lacking Pax6 have a shortened G1 phase and that their Cdk6 levels are increased in all phases. We found that Cdk6 levels oscillate during the cell cycle, increasing from G1 to M phase. We propose a model in which loss of Pax6 shortens G1 phase by raising overall Cdk6 levels, thereby shortening the time taken for Cdk6 levels to cross a threshold triggering transition to S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Mi
- Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Manuel
- Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John O Mason
- Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J Price
- Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhang H, Liu J, Li G, Wei J, Chen H, Zhang C, Zhao J, Wang Y, Dang S, Li X, Fang X, Liu L, Liu M. Fresh red raspberry phytochemicals suppress the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by PTEN/AKT pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:55-65. [PMID: 30195065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a common fruit worldwide and its extract has been found to inhibit the growth of many types of tumors, mainly because it is rich in bioactive phytochemicals. However, the mechanism underlying its anticancer activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well understood. Herein, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of red raspberry phytochemicals on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and to elucidate its biochemical and molecular targets. CCK8 and colony formation, as well as flow cytometry assays, were employed to determine the effects of red raspberry extract (RRE) on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution in HCC cells. Our results showed that RRE significantly inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression at the S phase in HCC cells. RRE increased the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) by reducing the methylation status of the PTEN gene promoter and inhibiting DNMT1 expression and regulated AKT signaling pathway. These findings show that red raspberry phytochemicals inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells by regulating PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, providing evidence that RRE may be used as a potential auxiliary therapy for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiaren Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jinlu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shuwei Dang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xuan Fang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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25
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Ovejero S, Ayala P, Malumbres M, Pimentel-Muiños FX, Bueno A, Sacristán MP. Biochemical analyses reveal amino acid residues critical for cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of human Cdc14A phosphatase by cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11871. [PMID: 30089874 PMCID: PMC6082843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc14 enzymes compose a family of highly conserved phosphatases that are present in a wide range of organisms, including yeast and humans, and that preferentially reverse the phosphorylation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk) substrates. The budding yeast Cdc14 orthologue has essential functions in the control of late mitosis and cytokinesis. In mammals, however, the two Cdc14 homologues, Cdc14A and Cdc14B, do not play a prominent role in controlling late mitotic events, suggesting that some Cdc14 functions are not conserved across species. Moreover, in yeast, Cdc14 is regulated by changes in its subcellular location and by phosphorylation events. In contrast, little is known about the regulation of human Cdc14 phosphatases. Here, we have studied how the human Cdc14A orthologue is regulated during the cell cycle. We found that Cdc14A is phosphorylated on Ser411, Ser453 and Ser549 by Cdk1 early in mitosis and becomes dephosphorylated during late mitotic stages. Interestingly, in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that, unlike in yeast, Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of human Cdc14A did not control its catalytic activity but likely modulated its interaction with other proteins in early mitosis. These findings point to differences in Cdk1-mediated mechanisms of regulation between human and yeast Cdc14 orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ovejero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Ayala
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe X Pimentel-Muiños
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Avelino Bueno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María P Sacristán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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26
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Lemmens B, Hegarat N, Akopyan K, Sala-Gaston J, Bartek J, Hochegger H, Lindqvist A. DNA Replication Determines Timing of Mitosis by Restricting CDK1 and PLK1 Activation. Mol Cell 2018; 71:117-128.e3. [PMID: 30008317 PMCID: PMC6039720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, cells need to replicate their DNA before dividing. Upon completion of bulk DNA synthesis, the mitotic kinases CDK1 and PLK1 become active and drive entry into mitosis. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that DNA replication determines the timing of mitotic kinase activation. Using an optimized double-degron system, together with kinase inhibitors to enforce tight inhibition of key proteins, we find that human cells unable to initiate DNA replication prematurely enter mitosis. Preventing DNA replication licensing and/or firing causes prompt activation of CDK1 and PLK1 in S phase. In the presence of DNA replication, inhibition of CHK1 and p38 leads to premature activation of mitotic kinases, which induces severe replication stress. Our results demonstrate that, rather than merely a cell cycle output, DNA replication is an integral signaling component that restricts activation of mitotic kinases. DNA replication thus functions as a brake that determines cell cycle duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadia Hegarat
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan Sala-Gaston
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Gihana GM, Musser TR, Thompson O, Lacefield S. Prolonged cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition results in septin perturbations during return to growth and mitosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2429-2443. [PMID: 29743192 PMCID: PMC6028541 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By investigating how yeast cells coordinate polarity and division in a special type of cell division called return to growth, Gihana et al. discover that although checkpoints are normally beneficial, prolonged activation of the morphogenesis checkpoint is instead detrimental to the cell. We investigated how Saccharomyces cerevisiae coordinate polarization, budding, and anaphase during a unique developmental program called return to growth (RTG) in which cells in meiosis return to mitosis upon nutrient shift. Cells reentering mitosis from prophase I deviate from the normal cell cycle by budding in G2 instead of G1. We found that cells do not maintain the bipolar budding pattern, a characteristic of diploid cells. Furthermore, strict temporal regulation of M-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK; M-CDK) is important for polarity establishment and morphogenesis. Cells with premature M-CDK activity caused by loss of checkpoint kinase Swe1 failed to polarize and underwent anaphase without budding. Mutants with increased Swe1-dependent M-CDK inhibition showed additional or more penetrant phenotypes in RTG than mitosis, including elongated buds, multiple buds, spindle mispositioning, and septin perturbation. Surprisingly, the enhanced and additional phenotypes were not exclusive to RTG but also occurred with prolonged Swe1-dependent CDK inhibition in mitosis. Our analysis reveals that prolonged activation of the Swe1-dependent checkpoint can be detrimental instead of beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oscar Thompson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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28
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Touati SA, Kataria M, Jones AW, Snijders AP, Uhlmann F. Phosphoproteome dynamics during mitotic exit in budding yeast. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798745. [PMID: 29650682 PMCID: PMC5978319 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell division cycle culminates in mitosis when two daughter cells are born. As cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity reaches its peak, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is activated to trigger sister chromatid separation and mitotic spindle elongation, followed by spindle disassembly and cytokinesis. Degradation of mitotic cyclins and activation of Cdk-counteracting phosphatases are thought to cause protein dephosphorylation to control these sequential events. Here, we use budding yeast to analyze phosphorylation dynamics of 3,456 phosphosites on 1,101 proteins with high temporal resolution as cells progress synchronously through mitosis. This reveals that successive inactivation of S and M phase Cdks and of the mitotic kinase Polo contributes to order these dephosphorylation events. Unexpectedly, we detect as many new phosphorylation events as there are dephosphorylation events. These correlate with late mitotic kinase activation and identify numerous candidate targets of these kinases. These findings revise our view of mitotic exit and portray it as a dynamic process in which a range of mitotic kinases contribute to order both protein dephosphorylation and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Meghna Kataria
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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29
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Ly T, Whigham A, Clarke R, Brenes-Murillo AJ, Estes B, Madhessian D, Lundberg E, Wadsworth P, Lamond AI. Proteomic analysis of cell cycle progression in asynchronous cultures, including mitotic subphases, using PRIMMUS. eLife 2017; 6:e27574. [PMID: 29052541 PMCID: PMC5650473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal regulation of protein abundance and post-translational modifications is a key feature of cell division. Recently, we analysed gene expression and protein abundance changes during interphase under minimally perturbed conditions (Ly et al., 2014, 2015). Here, we show that by using specific intracellular immunolabelling protocols, FACS separation of interphase and mitotic cells, including mitotic subphases, can be combined with proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry. Using this PRIMMUS (PRoteomic analysis of Intracellular iMMUnolabelled cell Subsets) approach, we now compare protein abundance and phosphorylation changes in interphase and mitotic fractions from asynchronously growing human cells. We identify a set of 115 phosphorylation sites increased during G2, termed 'early risers'. This set includes phosphorylation of S738 on TPX2, which we show is important for TPX2 function and mitotic progression. Further, we use PRIMMUS to provide the first a proteome-wide analysis of protein abundance remodeling between prophase, prometaphase and anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ly
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Arlene Whigham
- CAST Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Clarke
- CAST Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alejandro J Brenes-Murillo
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Brett Estes
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsMassachusettsUnited States
- Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Diana Madhessian
- Science for Life LaboratoryRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life LaboratoryRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Patricia Wadsworth
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsMassachusettsUnited States
- Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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30
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Gopalakrishnan V, Tan CR, Li S. Sequential phosphorylation of CST subunits by different cyclin-Cdk1 complexes orchestrate telomere replication. Cell Cycle 2017. [PMID: 28650257 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1312235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of linear chromosomes. Telomere homeostasis is central to maintaining genomic integrity. In budding yeast, Cdk1 phosphorylates the telomere-specific binding protein, Cdc13, promoting the recruitment of telomerase to telomere and thereby telomere elongation. Cdc13 is also an integral part of the CST (Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1) complex that is essential for telomere capping and counteracting telomerase-dependent telomere elongation. Therefore, telomere length homeostasis is a balance between telomerase-extendable and CST-unextendable states. In our earlier work, we showed that Cdk1 also phosphorylates Stn1 which occurs sequentially following Cdc13 phosphorylation during cell cycle progression. This stabilizes the CST complex at the telomere and results in telomerase inhibition. Hence Cdk1-dependent phosphorylations of Stn1 acts like a molecular switch that drives Cdc13 to complex with Stn1-Ten1 rather than with telomerase. However, the underlying mechanism of how a single cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylates Cdc13 and Stn1 in temporally distinct windows is largely unclear. Here, we show that S phase cyclins are necessary for telomere maintenance. The S phase and mitotic cyclins facilitate Cdc13 and Stn1 phosphorylation respectively, to exert opposing outcomes at the telomere. Thus, our results highlight a previously unappreciated role for cyclins in telomere replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherylin Ruiling Tan
- b Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shang Li
- a Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,c Department of Physiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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31
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Talarek N, Gueydon E, Schwob E. Homeostatic control of START through negative feedback between Cln3-Cdk1 and Rim15/Greatwall kinase in budding yeast. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28600888 PMCID: PMC5484617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells coordinate growth and division is key for size homeostasis. Phosphorylation by G1-CDK of Whi5/Rb inhibitors of SBF/E2F transcription factors triggers irreversible S-phase entry in yeast and metazoans, but why this occurs at a given cell size is not fully understood. We show that the yeast Rim15-Igo1,2 pathway, orthologous to Gwl-Arpp19/ENSA, is up-regulated in early G1 and helps promoting START by preventing PP2ACdc55 to dephosphorylate Whi5. RIM15 overexpression lowers cell size while IGO1,2 deletion delays START in cells with low CDK activity. Deletion of WHI5, CDC55 and ectopic CLN2 expression suppress the START delay of igo1,2∆ cells. Rim15 activity increases after cells switch from fermentation to respiration, where Igo1,2 contribute to chromosome maintenance. Interestingly Cln3-Cdk1 also inhibits Rim15 activity, which enables homeostatic control of Whi5 phosphorylation and cell cycle entry. We propose that Rim15/Gwl regulation of PP2A plays a hitherto unappreciated role in cell size homeostasis during metabolic rewiring of the cell cycle. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26233.001
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Etienne Schwob
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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32
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Müllers E, Silva Cascales H, Burdova K, Macurek L, Lindqvist A. Residual Cdk1/2 activity after DNA damage promotes senescence. Aging Cell 2017; 16:575-584. [PMID: 28345297 PMCID: PMC5418196 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, a cell can be forced to permanently exit the cell cycle and become senescent. Senescence provides an early barrier against tumor development by preventing proliferation of cells with damaged DNA. By studying single cells, we show that Cdk activity persists after DNA damage until terminal cell cycle exit. This low level of Cdk activity not only allows cell cycle progression, but also promotes cell cycle exit at a decision point in G2 phase. We find that residual Cdk1/2 activity is required for efficient p21 production, allowing for nuclear sequestration of Cyclin B1, subsequent APC/CCdh1‐dependent degradation of mitotic inducers and induction of senescence. We suggest that the same activity that triggers mitosis in an unperturbed cell cycle enforces senescence in the presence of DNA damage, ensuring a robust response when most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Müllers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Kamila Burdova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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33
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Godfrey M, Touati SA, Kataria M, Jones A, Snijders AP, Uhlmann F. PP2A Cdc55 Phosphatase Imposes Ordered Cell-Cycle Phosphorylation by Opposing Threonine Phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2017; 65:393-402.e3. [PMID: 28132839 PMCID: PMC5296252 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the quantitative model of cell-cycle control, progression from G1 through S phase and into mitosis is ordered by thresholds of increasing cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity. How such thresholds are read out by substrates that respond with the correct phosphorylation timing is not known. Here, using the budding yeast model, we show that the abundant PP2ACdc55 phosphatase counteracts Cdk phosphorylation during interphase and delays phosphorylation of late Cdk substrates. PP2ACdc55 specifically counteracts phosphorylation on threonine residues, and consequently, we find that threonine-directed phosphorylation occurs late in the cell cycle. Furthermore, the late phosphorylation of a model substrate, Ndd1, depends on threonine identity of its Cdk target sites. Our results support a model in which Cdk-counteracting phosphatases contribute to cell-cycle ordering by imposing Cdk thresholds. They also unveil a regulatory principle based on the phosphoacceptor amino acid, which is likely to apply to signaling pathways beyond cell-cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Godfrey
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Meghna Kataria
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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34
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Emerging Roles for Ciz1 in Cell Cycle Regulation and as a Driver of Tumorigenesis. Biomolecules 2016; 7:biom7010001. [PMID: 28036012 PMCID: PMC5372713 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise duplication of the genome is a prerequisite for the health and longevity of multicellular organisms. The temporal regulation of origin specification, replication licensing, and firing at replication origins is mediated by the cyclin-dependent kinases. Here the role of Cip1 interacting Zinc finger protein 1 (Ciz1) in regulation of cell cycle progression is discussed. Ciz1 contributes to regulation of the G1/S transition in mammalian cells. Ciz1 contacts the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) through cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6) interactions and aids localization of cyclin A- cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity to chromatin and the nuclear matrix during initiation of DNA replication. We discuss evidence that Ciz1 serves as a kinase sensor that regulates both initiation of DNA replication and prevention of re-replication. Finally, the emerging role for Ciz1 in cancer biology is discussed. Ciz1 is overexpressed in common tumors and tumor growth is dependent on Ciz1 expression, suggesting that Ciz1 is a driver of tumor growth. We present evidence that Ciz1 may contribute to deregulation of the cell cycle due to its ability to alter the CDK activity thresholds that are permissive for initiation of DNA replication. We propose that Ciz1 may contribute to oncogenesis by induction of DNA replication stress and that Ciz1 may be a multifaceted target in cancer therapy.
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35
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Swaffer MP, Jones AW, Flynn HR, Snijders AP, Nurse P. CDK Substrate Phosphorylation and Ordering the Cell Cycle. Cell 2016; 167:1750-1761.e16. [PMID: 27984725 PMCID: PMC5161751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S phase and mitotic onset are brought about by the action of multiple different cyclin-CDK complexes. However, it has been suggested that changes in the total level of CDK kinase activity, rather than substrate specificity, drive the temporal ordering of S phase and mitosis. Here, we present a phosphoproteomics-based systems analysis of CDK substrates in fission yeast and demonstrate that the phosphorylation of different CDK substrates can be temporally ordered during the cell cycle by a single cyclin-CDK. This is achieved by rising CDK activity and the differential sensitivity of substrates to CDK activity over a wide dynamic range. This is combined with rapid phosphorylation turnover to generate clearly resolved substrate-specific activity thresholds, which in turn ensures the appropriate ordering of downstream cell-cycle events. Comparative analysis with wild-type cells expressing multiple cyclin-CDK complexes reveals how cyclin-substrate specificity works alongside activity thresholds to fine-tune the patterns of substrate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Swaffer
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Helen R Flynn
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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36
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Araujo AR, Gelens L, Sheriff RSM, Santos SDM. Positive Feedback Keeps Duration of Mitosis Temporally Insulated from Upstream Cell-Cycle Events. Mol Cell 2016; 64:362-375. [PMID: 27768873 PMCID: PMC5077699 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is characterized by a sequence of events by which a cell gives rise to two daughter cells. Quantitative measurements of cell-cycle dynamics in single cells showed that despite variability in G1-, S-, and G2 phases, duration of mitosis is short and remarkably constant. Surprisingly, there is no correlation between cell-cycle length and mitotic duration, suggesting that mitosis is temporally insulated from variability in earlier cell-cycle phases. By combining live cell imaging and computational modeling, we showed that positive feedback is the molecular mechanism underlying the temporal insulation of mitosis. Perturbing positive feedback gave rise to a sluggish, variable entry and progression through mitosis and uncoupled duration of mitosis from variability in cell cycle length. We show that positive feedback is important to keep mitosis short, constant, and temporally insulated and anticipate it might be a commonly used regulatory strategy to create modularity in other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Araujo
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lendert Gelens
- Laboratory of Dynamics in Biological Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rahuman S M Sheriff
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Silvia D M Santos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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37
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Abstract
The mitotic cell cycle is driven by Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK). CDK activation requires the binding of activatory subunits termed cyclins. Different waves of cyclins are expressed during the cell cycle, enabling CDKs to trigger phase specific events. For instance, S phase cyclins promote the initiation of DNA replication but not chromosome segregation. There are at least 2 explanations for how such regulation is achieved. According to one of the visions, cyclins confer intrinsic substrate specificity to the CDK catalytic subunit. Alternatively a quantitative model has been proposed, according to which ever-increasing CDK activity is required to trigger cell cycle events from G1 to M. If a quantitative control prevails, then an early cyclin should trigger later cycle events if accumulated at high enough levels at the right time and place. We show here that a G1 phase cyclin bears the potential to trigger DNA replication and promote S and G2 phase specific transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Palou
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona ; Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Asrar Malik
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona ; Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Gloria Palou
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona ; Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Fanli Zeng
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona ; Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Ping Ren
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona ; Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
| | - David G Quintana
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona ; Bellaterra , Catalonia , Spain
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38
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Lu D, Girard JR, Li W, Mizrak A, Morgan DO. Quantitative framework for ordered degradation of APC/C substrates. BMC Biol 2015; 13:96. [PMID: 26573515 PMCID: PMC4647693 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During cell-cycle progression, substrates of a single master regulatory enzyme can be modified in a specific order. Here, we used experimental and computational approaches to dissect the quantitative mechanisms underlying the ordered degradation of the substrates of the ubiquitin ligase APC/CCdc20, a key regulator of chromosome segregation in mitosis. Results We show experimentally that the rate of catalysis varies with different substrates of APC/CCdc20. Using a computational model based on multi-step ubiquitination, we then show how changes in the interaction between a single substrate and APC/CCdc20 can alter the timing of degradation onset relative to APC/CCdc20 activation, while ensuring a fast degradation rate. Degradation timing and dynamics depend on substrate affinity for the enzyme as well as the catalytic rate at which the substrate is modified. When two substrates share the same pool of APC/CCdc20, their relative enzyme affinities and rates of catalysis influence the partitioning of APC/CCdc20 among substrates, resulting in substrate competition. Depending on how APC/CCdc20 is partitioned among its substrates, competition can have minor or major effects on the degradation of certain substrates. We show experimentally that increased expression of the early APC/CCdc20 substrate Clb5 does not delay the degradation of the later substrate securin, arguing against a role for competition with Clb5 in establishing securin degradation timing. Conclusions The degradation timing of APC/CCdc20 substrates depends on the multi-step nature of ubiquitination, differences in substrate-APC/CCdc20 interactions, and competition among substrates. Our studies provide a conceptual framework for understanding how ordered modification can be established among substrates of the same regulatory enzyme, and facilitate our understanding of how precise temporal control is achieved by a small number of master regulators to ensure a successful cell division cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0205-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Weihan Li
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Arda Mizrak
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - David O Morgan
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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39
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Miller DP, Hall H, Chaparian R, Mara M, Mueller A, Hall MC, Shannon KB. Dephosphorylation of Iqg1 by Cdc14 regulates cytokinesis in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2913-26. [PMID: 26085509 PMCID: PMC4571329 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis separates cells by contraction of a ring composed of filamentous actin (F-actin) and type II myosin. Iqg1, an IQGAP family member, is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for assembly and contraction of the actomyosin ring. Localization of F-actin to the ring occurs only after anaphase and is mediated by the calponin homology domain (CHD) of Iqg1, but the regulatory mechanisms that temporally restrict actin ring assembly are not well defined. We tested the hypothesis that dephosphorylation of four perfect cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) sites flanking the CHD promotes actin ring formation, using site-specific alanine mutants. Cells expressing the nonphosphorylatable iqg1-4A allele formed actin rings before anaphase and exhibited defects in myosin contraction and cytokinesis. The Cdc14 phosphatase is required for normal cytokinesis and acts on specific Cdk phosphorylation sites. Overexpression of Cdc14 resulted in premature actin ring assembly, whereas inhibition of Cdc14 function prevented actin ring formation. Cdc14 associated with Iqg1, dependent on several CHD-flanking Cdk sites, and efficiently dephosphorylated these sites in vitro. Of importance, the iqg1-4A mutant rescued the inability of cdc14-1 cells to form actin rings. Our data support a model in which dephosphorylation of Cdk sites around the Iqg1 CHD by Cdc14 is both necessary and sufficient to promote actin ring formation. Temporal control of actin ring assembly by Cdk and Cdc14 may help to ensure that cytokinesis onset occurs after nuclear division is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401
| | - Hana Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ryan Chaparian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Madison Mara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401
| | - Alison Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401
| | - Mark C. Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Katie B. Shannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401
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Machín F, Quevedo O, Ramos-Pérez C, García-Luis J. Cdc14 phosphatase: warning, no delay allowed for chromosome segregation! Curr Genet 2015; 62:7-13. [PMID: 26116076 PMCID: PMC4723626 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cycling events in nature start and end to restart again and again. In the cell cycle, whose purpose is to become two where there was only one, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the beginning and, therefore, phosphatases must play a role in the ending. Since CDKs are drivers of the cell cycle and cancer cells uncontrollably divide, much attention has been put into knocking down CDK activity. However, much less is known on the consequences of interfering with the phosphatases that put an end to the cell cycle. We have addressed in recent years the consequences of transiently inactivating the only master cell cycle phosphatase in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc14. Transient inactivation is expected to better mimic the pharmacological action of drugs. Interestingly, we have found that yeast cells tolerate badly a relatively brief inactivation of Cdc14 when cells are already committed into anaphase, the first cell cycle stage where this phosphatase plays important roles. First, we noticed that the segregation of distal regions in the chromosome arm that carries the ribosomal DNA array was irreversibly impaired, leading to an anaphase bridge (AB). Next, we found that this AB could eventually be severed by cytokinesis and led to two different types of genetically compromised daughter cells. All these previous studies were done in haploid cells. We have now recently expanded this analysis to diploid cells and used the advantage of making hybrid diploids to study chromosome rearrangements and changes in the ploidy of the surviving progeny. We have found that the consequences for the genome integrity were far more dramatic than originally envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Center for Chromosome Stability and Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Ramos-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Cell Cycle Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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41
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Chen HS, Bai MH, Zhang T, Li GD, Liu M. Ellagic acid induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1730-8. [PMID: 25647396 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide and preventive therapy could reverse or delay the devastating impact of this disease. Ellagic acid (EA), a dietary flavonoid polyphenol which is present in abundance in pomegranate, muscadine grapes, walnuts and strawberries, has been shown to inhibit cancer cells proliferation and induce apoptosis. Here, we investigated the growth inhibitory effects of EA on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In the present study, we first found that EA inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells mainly mediated by arresting cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, gene expression profiling of MCF-7 breast cancer cell line treated with EA for 6, 12 and 24 h was performed using cDNA microarray. A total of 4,738 genes were found with a >2.0-fold change after 24 h of EA treatment. Among these genes, 2,547 were downregulated and 2,191 were upregulated. Furthermore, the changes of 16 genes, which belong to TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway, were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and/or western blot analysis. TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway was found as the potential molecular mechanism of EA to regulate breast cancer cell cycle arrest in vitro. Therefore, the regulation of TGF-β/Smads pathway in breast cancer cells could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Further studies with in vitro models, as well as an analysis of additional human samples, are still needed to confirm the molecular mechanisms of EA in inhibition or prevention of breast cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Han Bai
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Godfrey M, Kuilman T, Uhlmann F. Nur1 dephosphorylation confers positive feedback to mitotic exit phosphatase activation in budding yeast. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004907. [PMID: 25569132 PMCID: PMC4287440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate dephosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-opposing phosphatase, Cdc14, is vital for many events during budding yeast mitotic exit. Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus through inhibitory binding to Net1, from which it is released in anaphase following Net1 phosphorylation. Initial Net1 phosphorylation depends on Cdk itself, in conjunction with proteins of the Cdc14 Early Anaphase Release (FEAR) network. Later on, the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) signaling cascade maintains Cdc14 release. An important unresolved question is how Cdc14 activity can increase in early anaphase, while Cdk activity, that is required for Net1 phosphorylation, decreases and the MEN is not yet active. Here we show that the nuclear rim protein Nur1 interacts with Net1 and, in its Cdk phosphorylated form, inhibits Cdc14 release. Nur1 is dephosphorylated by Cdc14 in early anaphase, relieving the inhibition and promoting further Cdc14 release. Nur1 dephosphorylation thus describes a positive feedback loop in Cdc14 phosphatase activation during mitotic exit, required for faithful chromosome segregation and completion of the cell division cycle. During the cell cycle, a specific sequence of events leads to the formation of two daughter cells from one mother cell. Progression through the cell cycle is tightly controlled, with events occurring in the right place at the right time. Exactly how this is achieved is still being elucidated. In budding yeast, the events occurring during the final cell cycle phase – “mitotic exit” – are controlled by the phosphatase Cdc14. It is kept sequestered and inactive until it is needed for mitotic exit, at which time it is rapidly released. In this study, we have identified a new regulator of Cdc14 activity, the protein Nur1. In a series of experiments, we saw that Nur1 acts both upstream and downstream of Cdc14 activation, thereby creating a positive feedback loop. On the one hand, Nur1 contributes to inhibiting Cdc14 until the start of mitotic exit. On the other hand, through the actions of Cdc14 itself, Nur1 is disabled as an opponent of the phosphatase. This creates a robust system, rapidly switching between two opposing states and thus driving forward the mitotic exit transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Godfrey
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kuilman
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Komaki Y, Mariñas BJ, Plewa MJ. Toxicity of drinking water disinfection byproducts: cell cycle alterations induced by the monohaloacetonitriles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11662-9. [PMID: 25185076 DOI: 10.1021/es5032344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are a chemical class of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that form from reactions between disinfectants and nitrogen-containing precursors, the latter more prevalent in water sources impacted by algae bloom and municipal wastewater effluent discharge. HANs, previously demonstrated to be genotoxic, were investigated for their effects on the mammalian cell cycle. Treating Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with monoHANs followed by the release from the chemical treatment resulted in the accumulation of abnormally high DNA content in cells over time (hyperploid). The potency for the cell cycle alteration followed the order: iodoacetonitrile (IAN) > bromoacetonitrile (BAN) ≫ chloroacetonitrile (CAN). Exposure to 6 μM IAN, 12 μM BAN and 900 μM CAN after 26 h post-treatment incubation resulted in DNA repair; however, subsequent cell cycle alteration effects were observed. Cell proliferation of HAN-treated cells was suppressed for as long as 43 to 52 h. Enlarged cell size was observed after 52 h post-treatment incubation without the induction of cytotoxicity. The HAN-mediated cell cycle alteration was mitosis- and proliferation-dependent, which suggests that HAN treatment induced mitosis override, and that HAN-treated cells proceeded into S phase and directly into the next cell cycle. Cells with multiples genomes would result in aneuploidy (state of abnormal chromosome number and DNA content) at the next mitosis since extra centrosomes could compromise the assembly of bipolar spindles. There is accumulating evidence of a transient tetraploid state proceeding to aneuploidy in cancer progression. Biological self-defense systems to ensure genomic stability and to eliminate tetraploid cells exist in eukaryotic cells. A key tumor suppressor gene, p53, is oftentimes mutated in various types of human cancer. It is possible that HAN disruption of the normal cell cycle and the generation of aberrant cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes may contribute to cancer induction and perhaps be involved in the induction of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with long-term consumption of disinfected water. Here we present the first observation of the induction of hyperploidy by a class of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Komaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Munakata T, Inada M, Tokunaga Y, Wakita T, Kohara M, Nomoto A. Suppression of hepatitis C virus replication by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:79-87. [PMID: 24893207 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of chronic hepatitis. Although the standard therapy for HCV-infected patients consists of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, this treatment is associated with serious side effects and high costs, and fails in some patients infected with specific HCV genotypes. To address this problem, we are developing small-molecule inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) as novel anti-HCV drug candidates. Previous data showed that HCV replication is inhibited by retinoblastoma protein, which is itself inactivated by CDK-mediated phosphorylation. Here, we report that CDK inhibitors suppress HCV replication in vitro and in vivo, and that CDK4 is required for efficient HCV replication. These findings shed light on the development of novel anti-HCV drugs that target host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Munakata
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Makoto Inada
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokunaga
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Akio Nomoto
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiohsaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Stochastic variation in cell cycle time is a consistent feature of otherwise similar cells within a growing population. Classic studies concluded that the bulk of the variation occurs in the G1 phase, and many mathematical models assume a constant time for traversing the S/G2/M phases. By direct observation of transgenic fluorescent fusion proteins that report the onset of S phase, we establish that dividing B and T lymphocytes spend a near-fixed proportion of total division time in S/G2/M phases, and this proportion is correlated between sibling cells. This result is inconsistent with models that assume independent times for consecutive phases. Instead, we propose a stretching model for dividing lymphocytes where all parts of the cell cycle are proportional to total division time. Data fitting based on a stretched cell cycle model can significantly improve estimates of cell cycle parameters drawn from DNA labeling data used to monitor immune cell dynamics.
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46
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Molecular mechanisms of DNA replication checkpoint activation. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:147-75. [PMID: 24705291 PMCID: PMC3978517 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge of the cell cycle is to deliver an intact, and fully duplicated, genetic material to the daughter cells. To this end, progression of DNA synthesis is monitored by a feedback mechanism known as replication checkpoint that is untimely linked to DNA replication. This signaling pathway ensures coordination of DNA synthesis with cell cycle progression. Failure to activate this checkpoint in response to perturbation of DNA synthesis (replication stress) results in forced cell division leading to chromosome fragmentation, aneuploidy, and genomic instability. In this review, we will describe current knowledge of the molecular determinants of the DNA replication checkpoint in eukaryotic cells and discuss a model of activation of this signaling pathway crucial for maintenance of genomic stability.
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47
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Lacefield S. CDK modulation coordinates G 1 events after S phase. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:683-4. [PMID: 24526124 PMCID: PMC3979897 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington, IN USA
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48
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Polycomb protein SCML2 regulates the cell cycle by binding and modulating CDK/CYCLIN/p21 complexes. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001737. [PMID: 24358021 PMCID: PMC3866099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors of genes involved in development and differentiation, and also maintain repression of key genes involved in the cell cycle, indirectly regulating cell proliferation. The human SCML2 gene, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila PcG protein SCM, encodes two protein isoforms: SCML2A that is bound to chromatin and SCML2B that is predominantly nucleoplasmic. Here, we purified SCML2B and found that it forms a stable complex with CDK/CYCLIN/p21 and p27, enhancing the inhibitory effect of p21/p27. SCML2B participates in the G1/S checkpoint by stabilizing p21 and favoring its interaction with CDK2/CYCE, resulting in decreased kinase activity and inhibited progression through G1. In turn, CDK/CYCLIN complexes phosphorylate SCML2, and the interaction of SCML2B with CDK2 is regulated through the cell cycle. These findings highlight a direct crosstalk between the Polycomb system of cellular memory and the cell-cycle machinery in mammals.
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49
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Kõivomägi M, Örd M, Iofik A, Valk E, Venta R, Faustova I, Kivi R, Balog ERM, Rubin SM, Loog M. Multisite phosphorylation networks as signal processors for Cdk1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:1415-24. [PMID: 24186061 PMCID: PMC3855452 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The order and timing of cell-cycle events is controlled by changing substrate specificity and different activity thresholds of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). However, it is not understood how a single protein kinase can trigger hundreds of switches in a sufficiently time-resolved fashion. We show that cyclin-Cdk1-Cks1-dependent phosphorylation of multisite targets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by key substrate parameters including distances between phosphorylation sites, distribution of serines and threonines as phosphoacceptors and positioning of cyclin-docking motifs. The component mediating the key interactions in this process is Cks1, the phosphoadaptor subunit of the cyclin-Cdk1-Cks1 complex. We propose that variation of these parameters within networks of phosphorylation sites in different targets provides a wide range of possibilities for differential amplification of Cdk1 signals, thus providing a mechanism to generate a wide range of thresholds in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna Iofik
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rainis Venta
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Rait Kivi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Rose M. Balog
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Seth M. Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
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50
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Ball DA, Adames NR, Reischmann N, Barik D, Franck CT, Tyson JJ, Peccoud J. Measurement and modeling of transcriptional noise in the cell cycle regulatory network. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3203-18. [PMID: 24013422 PMCID: PMC3865016 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years of genetic and molecular experiments have revealed a wealth of molecular interactions involved in the control of cell division. In light of the complexity of this control system, mathematical modeling has proved useful in analyzing biochemical hypotheses that can be tested experimentally. Stochastic modeling has been especially useful in understanding the intrinsic variability of cell cycle events, but stochastic modeling has been hampered by a lack of reliable data on the absolute numbers of mRNA molecules per cell for cell cycle control genes. To fill this void, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to collect single molecule mRNA data for 16 cell cycle regulators in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From statistical distributions of single-cell mRNA counts, we are able to extract the periodicity, timing, and magnitude of transcript abundance during the cell cycle. We used these parameters to improve a stochastic model of the cell cycle to better reflect the variability of molecular and phenotypic data on cell cycle progression in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ball
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
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