1
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Laetz EMJ, Kahyaoglu C, Borgstein NM, Merkx M, van der Meij SET, Verberk WCEP. Critical thermal maxima and oxygen uptake in Elysia viridis, a sea slug that steals chloroplasts to photosynthesize. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246331. [PMID: 38629207 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthetic animals produce oxygen, providing an ideal lens for studying how oxygen dynamics influence thermal sensitivity. The algivorous sea slug Elysia viridis can steal and retain chloroplasts from the marine alga Bryopsis sp. for months when starved, but chloroplast retention is mere weeks when they are fed another green alga, Chaetomorpha sp. To examine plasticity in thermal tolerance and changes in net oxygen exchange when fed and starving, slugs fed each alga were acclimated to 17°C (the current maximum temperature to which they are exposed in nature) and 22°C (the increase predicted for 2100) and measured at different points during starvation. We also examined increased illumination to evaluate a potential tradeoff between increased oxygen production but faster chloroplast degradation. Following acclimation, we subjected slugs to acute thermal stress to determine their thermal tolerance. We also measured net oxygen exchange before and after acute thermal stress. Thermal tolerance improved in slugs acclimated to 22°C, indicating they can acclimate to temperatures higher than they naturally experience. All slugs exhibited net oxygen uptake, and rates were highest in recently fed slugs before exposure to acute thermal stress. Oxygen uptake was suppressed following acute thermal stress. Under brighter light, slugs exhibited improved thermal tolerance, possibly because photosynthetic oxygen production alleviated oxygen limitation. Accordingly, this advantage disappeared later in starvation when photosynthesis ceased. Thus, E. viridis can cope with heatwaves by suppressing metabolism and plastically adjusting heat tolerance; however, starvation influences a slug's thermal tolerance and oxygen uptake such that continuous access to algal food for its potential nutritive and oxygenic benefits is critical when facing thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M J Laetz
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Can Kahyaoglu
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha M Borgstein
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Merkx
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sancia E T van der Meij
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Bock DG, Baeckens S, Kolbe JJ, Losos JB. When adaptation is slowed down: Genomic analysis of evolutionary stasis in thermal tolerance during biological invasion in a novel climate. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17075. [PMID: 37489260 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Research conducted during the past two decades has demonstrated that biological invasions are excellent models of rapid evolution. Even so, characteristics of invasive populations such as a short time for recombination to assemble optimal combinations of alleles may occasionally limit adaptation to new environments. Here, we investigated such genetic constraints to adaptation in the invasive brown anole (Anolis sagrei)-a tropical ectotherm that was introduced to the southeastern United States, a region with a much colder climate than in its native Caribbean range. We examined thermal physiology for 30 invasive populations and tested for a climatic cline in cold tolerance. Also, we used genomics to identify mechanisms that may limit adaptation. We found no support for a climatic cline, indicating that thermal tolerance did not shift adaptively. Concomitantly, population genomic results were consistent with the occurrence of recombination cold spots that comprise more than half of the genome and maintain long-range associations among alleles in invasive populations. These genomic regions overlap with both candidate thermal tolerance loci that we identified using a standard genome-wide association test. Moreover, we found that recombination cold spots do not have a large contribution to population differentiation in the invasive range, contrary to observations in the native range. We suggest that limited recombination is constraining the contribution of large swaths of the genome to adaptation in invasive brown anoles. Our study provides an example of evolutionary stasis during invasion and highlights the possibility that reduced recombination occasionally slows down adaptation in invasive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Bock
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Simon Baeckens
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Lab, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Gunderson AR. Disentangling physiological and physical explanations for body size-dependent thermal tolerance. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb245645. [PMID: 38426549 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The effects of climate change are often body size dependent. One contributing factor could be size-dependent thermal tolerance (SDTT), the propensity for heat and cold tolerance to vary with body size among species and among individuals within species. SDTT is hypothesized to be caused by size differences in the temperature dependence of underlying physiological processes that operate at the cellular and organ/system level (physiological SDTT). However, temperature-dependent physiology need not change with body size for SDTT to be observed. SDTT can also arise because of physical differences that affect the relative body temperature dynamics of large and small organisms (physical SDTT). In this Commentary, I outline how physical SDTT occurs, its mechanistic differences from physiological SDTT, and how physical and physiological SDTT make different predictions about organismal responses to thermal variation. I then describe how physical SDTT can influence the outcome of thermal tolerance experiments, present an experimental framework for disentangling physical and physiological SDTT, and provide examples of tests for physiological SDTT that control for physical effects using data from Anolis lizards. Finally, I discuss how physical SDTT can affect organisms in natural environments and influence their vulnerability to anthropogenic warming. Differentiating between physiological and physical SDTT is important because it has implications for how we design and interpret thermal tolerance experiments and our fundamental understanding of thermal ecology and thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Gunderson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Avenue, Lindy Boggs Building Room 400, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA
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4
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Swaegers J, De Cupere S, Gaens N, Lancaster LT, Carbonell JA, Sánchez Guillén RA, Stoks R. Plasticity and associated epigenetic mechanisms play a role in thermal evolution during range expansion. Evol Lett 2024; 8:76-88. [PMID: 38370551 PMCID: PMC10872138 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to global change, many species are shifting their distribution and are thereby confronted with novel thermal conditions at the moving range edges. Especially during the initial phases of exposure to a new environment, it has been hypothesized that plasticity and associated epigenetic mechanisms enable species to cope with environmental change. We tested this idea by capitalizing on the well-documented southward range expansion of the damselfly Ischnura elegans from France into Spain where the species invaded warmer regions in the 1950s in eastern Spain (old edge region) and in the 2010s in central Spain (new edge region). Using a common garden experiment at rearing temperatures matching the ancestral and invaded thermal regimes, we tested for evolutionary changes in (thermal plasticity in) larval life history and heat tolerance in these expansion zones. Through the use of de- and hypermethylating agents, we tested whether epigenetic mechanisms play a role in enabling heat tolerance during expansion. We used the phenotype of the native sister species in Spain, I. graellsii, as proxy for the locally adapted phenotype. New edge populations converged toward the phenotype of the native species through plastic thermal responses in life history and heat tolerance while old edge populations (partly) constitutively evolved a faster life history and higher heat tolerance than the core populations, thereby matching the native species. Only the heat tolerance of new edge populations increased significantly when exposed to the hypermethylating agent. This suggests that the DNA methylation machinery is more amenable to perturbation at the new edge and shows it is able to play a role in achieving a higher heat tolerance. Our results show that both (evolved) plasticity as well as associated epigenetic mechanisms are initially important when facing new thermal regimes but that their importance diminishes with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Swaegers
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon De Cupere
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noah Gaens
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lesley T Lancaster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - José A Carbonell
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Dewenter BS, Shah AA, Hughes J, Poff NL, Thompson R, Kefford BJ. The thermal breadth of temperate and tropical freshwater insects supports the climate variability hypothesis. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10937. [PMID: 38405410 PMCID: PMC10891360 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change involves increases in mean temperature and changes in temperature variability at multiple temporal scales but research rarely considers these temporal scales. The climate variability hypothesis (CVH) provides a conceptual framework for exploring the potential effects of annual scale thermal variability across climatic zones. The CVH predicts ectotherms in temperate regions tolerate a wider range of temperatures than those in tropical regions in response to greater annual variability in temperate regions. However, various other aspects of thermal regimes (e.g. diel variability), organisms' size and taxonomic identity are also hypothesised to influence thermal tolerance. Indeed, high temperatures in the tropics have been proposed as constraining organisms' ability to tolerate a wide range of temperatures, implying that high annual maximum temperatures would be associated with tolerating a narrow range of temperatures. We measured thermal regimes and critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin) of freshwater insects in the orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies) along elevation gradients in streams in temperate and tropical regions of eastern Australia and tested the CVH by determining which variables were most correlated with thermal breadth (T br = CTmax - CTmin). Consistent with the CVH, T br tended to increase with increasing annual temperature range. T br also increased with body size and T br was generally wider in Plecoptera than in Ephemeroptera or Trichoptera. We also find some support for a related hypothesis, the climate extreme hypothesis (CEH), particularly for predicting upper thermal limits. We found no evidence that higher annual maximum temperature constrained individuals' abilities to tolerate a wide range of temperatures. The support for the CVH we document suggests that temperate organisms may be able to tolerate wider ranges of temperatures than tropical organisms. There is an urgent need to investigate other aspects of thermal regimes, such as diel temperature cycling and minimum temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S. Dewenter
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Jane Hughes
- School of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityNathanQueenslandAustralia
| | - N. LeRoy Poff
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Ross Thompson
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Ben J. Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
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6
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Verberk WCEP, Hoefnagel KN, Peralta-Maraver I, Floury M, Rezende EL. Long-term forecast of thermal mortality with climate warming in riverine amphipods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5033-5043. [PMID: 37401451 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Forecasting long-term consequences of global warming requires knowledge on thermal mortality and how heat stress interacts with other environmental stressors on different timescales. Here, we describe a flexible analytical framework to forecast mortality risks by combining laboratory measurements on tolerance and field temperature records. Our framework incorporates physiological acclimation effects, temporal scale differences and the ecological reality of fluctuations in temperature, and other factors such as oxygen. As a proof of concept, we investigated the heat tolerance of amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Echinogammarus trichiatus in the river Waal, the Netherlands. These organisms were acclimated to different temperatures and oxygen levels. By integrating experimental data with high-resolution field data, we derived the daily heat mortality probabilities for each species under different oxygen levels, considering current temperatures as well as 1 and 2°C warming scenarios. By expressing heat stress as a mortality probability rather than a upper critical temperature, these can be used to calculate cumulative annual mortality, allowing the scaling up from individuals to populations. Our findings indicate a substantial increase in annual mortality over the coming decades, driven by projected increases in summer temperatures. Thermal acclimation and adequate oxygenation improved heat tolerance and their effects were magnified on longer timescales. Consequently, acclimation effects appear to be more effective than previously recognized and crucial for persistence under current temperatures. However, even in the best-case scenario, mortality of D. villosus is expected to approach 100% by 2100, while E. trichiatus appears to be less vulnerable with mortality increasing to 60%. Similarly, mortality risks vary spatially: In southern, warmer rivers, riverine animals will need to shift from the main channel toward the cooler head waters to avoid thermal mortality. Overall, this framework generates high-resolution forecasts on how rising temperatures, in combination with other environmental stressors such as hypoxia, impact ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Natan Hoefnagel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Peralta-Maraver
- Departamento de Ecología e Instituto del Agua, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mathieu Floury
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Medina-Báez OA, Lenard A, Muzychuk RA, da Silva CRB, Diamond SE. Life cycle complexity and body mass drive erratic changes in climate vulnerability across ontogeny in a seasonally migrating butterfly. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad058. [PMID: 37547363 PMCID: PMC10401068 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological traits are often used for vulnerability assessments of organismal responses to climate change. Trait values can change dramatically over the life cycle of organisms but are typically assessed at a single developmental stage. Reconciling ontogenetic changes in physiological traits with vulnerability assessments often reveals early life-stage vulnerabilities. The degree to which ontogenetic changes in physiological traits are due to changes in body mass over development versus stage-specific responses determines the degree to which mass can be used as a proxy for vulnerability. Here, we use the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, to test ontogenetic changes in two physiological traits, the acute thermal sensitivity of routine metabolic rate (RMR Q10) and the critical thermal maximum (CTmax). RMR Q10 generally followed ontogenetic changes in body mass, with stages characterized by smaller body mass exhibiting lower acute thermal sensitivity. However, CTmax was largely decoupled from ontogenetic changes in body mass. In contrast with trends from other studies showing increasing vulnerability among progressively earlier developmental stages, our study revealed highly erratic patterns of vulnerability across ontogeny. Specifically, we found the lowest joint-trait vulnerability (both RMR Q10 and CTmax) in the earliest developmental stage we tested (3rd instar larvae), the highest vulnerabilities in the next two developmental stages (4th and 5th instar larvae), and reduced vulnerability into the pupal and adult stages. Our study supports growing evidence of mechanistic decoupling of physiology across developmental stages and suggests that body mass is not a universal proxy for all physiological trait indicators of climate vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmary A Medina-Báez
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Tel: 1-216-368-0699.
| | - Angie Lenard
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rut A Muzychuk
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Carmen R B da Silva
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Anchor Court, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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8
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Sepúlveda Y, Goulson D. Feeling the heat: Bumblebee workers show no acclimation capacity of upper thermal tolerance to simulated heatwaves. J Therm Biol 2023; 116:103672. [PMID: 37531893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is our most significant challenge in the 21st century and among the main drivers of biodiversity loss. Recent distributional shifts and declines in crucial pollinators, such as bumblebees, seem to be associated to this phenomenon. However, despite future climate projections on climate warming, few studies have assessed the ability of temperate bumblebees to acclimate to extreme weather events, such as heatwaves. This study estimates the upper critical thermal limits (Critical Thermal Maximum (CTmax) and Heat Coma Temperature (HCT)), of the bumblebee subspecies Bombus terrestris audax, and assesses whether CTmax increases following exposure to a simulated heatwave. The critical thermal maximum occurred between 48.9 and 52.7 °C, while the heat coma temperature varied between 50.7 and 53.4 °C. After measurement of HCT, around 23% of bees survived 24 h or longer, but coordination was never recovered. There was no significant association between upper critical thermal limits and body mass, which highlights the need to investigate other factors to comprehend the mechanisms behind thermal tolerance limits. Furthermore, the heatwave treatments had no significant effect on the CTmax of bumblebee workers, indicating no acclimation capacity of upper thermal tolerance to simulated heatwaves. Our study provides insights into the upper thermal tolerance limits of Bombus terrestris audax and reveals that exposure to heatwave-like events does not change the upper thermal tolerance of bees, highlighting the need to develop effective strategies that might enable them to cope with extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Sepúlveda
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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9
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Arranz I, Grenouillet G, Cucherousset J. Human pressures modulate climate-warming-induced changes in size spectra of stream fish communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1072-1078. [PMID: 37264200 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming can negatively affect the body size of ectothermic organisms and, based on known temperature-size rules, tends to benefit small-bodied organisms. Our understanding of the interactive effects of climate warming and other environmental factors on the temporal changes of body size structure is limited. We quantified the annual trends in size spectra of 583 stream fish communities sampled for more than 20 years across France. The results show that climate warming steepened the slope of the community size spectrum in streams with limited impacts from other human pressures. These changes were caused by increasing abundance of small-bodied individuals and decreasing abundance of large-bodied individuals. However, opposite effects of climate warming on the size spectrum slopes were observed in streams facing high levels of other human pressures. This demonstrates that the effects of temperature on body size structure can depend on other human pressures, disrupting the natural patterns of size spectra in wild communities with potentially strong implications for the fluxes of energy and nutrients in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Arranz
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France.
| | - Gaël Grenouillet
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
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10
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Achury R, Staab M, Blüthgen N, Weisser WW. Forest gaps increase true bug diversity by recruiting open land species. Oecologia 2023:10.1007/s00442-023-05392-z. [PMID: 37270722 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Forests canopy gaps play an important role in forest ecology by driving the forest mosaic cycle and creating conditions for rapid plant reproduction and growth. The availability of young plants, which represent resources for herbivores, and modified environmental conditions with greater availability of light and higher temperatures, promote the colonization of animals. Remarkably, the role of gaps on insect communities has received little attention and the source of insects colonizing gaps has not been studied comprehensively. Using a replicated full-factorial forest experiment (treatments: Gap; Gap + Deadwood; Deadwood; Control), we show that following gap creation, there is a rapid change in the true bug (Heteroptera) community structure, with an increase in species that are mainly recruited from open lands. Compared with closed-canopy treatments (Deadwood and Control), open canopy treatments (Gap and Gap + Deadwood) promoted an overall increase in species (+ 59.4%, estimated as number of species per plot) and individuals (+ 76.3%) of true bugs, mainly herbivores and species associated to herbaceous vegetation. Community composition also differed among treatments, and all 17 significant indicator species (out of 117 species in total) were associated with the open canopy treatments. Based on insect data collected in grasslands and forests over an 11-year period, we found that the species colonizing experimental gaps had greater body size and a greater preference for open vegetation. Our results indicate that animal communities that assemble following gap creation contain a high proportion of habitat generalists that not occurred in closed forests, contributing significantly to overall diversity in forest mosaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Achury
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks Lab, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks Lab, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354, Germany
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11
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da Silva CRB, Beaman JE, Youngblood JP, Kellermann V, Diamond SE. Vulnerability to climate change increases with trophic level in terrestrial organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161049. [PMID: 36549538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The resilience of ecosystem function under global climate change is governed by individual species vulnerabilities and the functional groups they contribute to (e.g. decomposition, primary production, pollination, primary, secondary and tertiary consumption). Yet it remains unclear whether species that contribute to different functional groups, which underpin ecosystem function, differ in their vulnerability to climate change. We used existing upper thermal limit data across a range of terrestrial species (N = 1701) to calculate species warming margins (degrees distance between a species upper thermal limit and the maximum environmental temperature they inhabit), as a metric of climate change vulnerability. We examined whether species that comprise different functional groups exhibit differential vulnerability to climate change, and if vulnerability trends change across geographic space while considering evolutionary history. Primary producers had the broadest warming margins across the globe (μ = 18.72 °C) and tertiary consumers had the narrowest warming margins (μ = 9.64 °C), where vulnerability tended to increase with trophic level. Warming margins had a nonlinear relationship (second-degree polynomial) with absolute latitude, where warming margins were narrowest at about 33°, and were broader at lower and higher absolute latitudes. Evolutionary history explained significant variation in species warming margins, as did the methodology used to estimate species upper thermal limits. We investigated if variation in body mass across the trophic levels could explain why higher trophic level organisms had narrower warming margins than lower trophic level organisms, however, we did not find support for this hypothesis. This study provides a critical first step in linking individual species vulnerabilities with whole ecosystem responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen R B da Silva
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Julian E Beaman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jacob P Youngblood
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Biology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Shah AA, Hotaling S, Lapsansky AB, Malison RL, Birrell JH, Keeley T, Giersch JJ, Tronstad LM, Woods HA. Warming undermines emergence success in a threatened alpine stonefly: A multi‐trait perspective on vulnerability to climate change. Funct Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha A. Shah
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan USA
| | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
- Department of Watershed Sciences Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Anthony B. Lapsansky
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Rachel L. Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological Station University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Jackson H. Birrell
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Tylor Keeley
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - J. Joseph Giersch
- Flathead Lake Biological Station University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Lusha M. Tronstad
- Wyoming Natural Diversity Database University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
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13
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Wenda C, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Solano-Iguaran JJ, Nakamura A, Majcher BM, Ashton LA. Heat tolerance variation reveals vulnerability of tropical herbivore-parasitoid interactions to climate change. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:278-290. [PMID: 36468222 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the heat tolerance (CTmax) of organisms is central to understand the impact of climate change on biodiversity. While both environment and evolutionary history affect CTmax, it remains unclear how these factors and their interplay influence ecological interactions, communities and ecosystems under climate change. We collected and reared caterpillars and parasitoids from canopy and ground layers in different seasons in a tropical rainforest. We tested the CTmax and Thermal Safety Margins (TSM) of these food webs with implications for how species interactions could shift under climate change. We identified strong influence of phylogeny in herbivore-parasitoid community heat tolerance. The TSM of all insects were narrower in the canopy and parasitoids had lower heat tolerance compared to their hosts. Our CTmax-based simulation showed higher herbivore-parasitoid food web instability under climate change than previously assumed, highlighting the vulnerability of parasitoids and related herbivore control in tropical rainforests, particularly in the forest canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wenda
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- SWIRE Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jaiber J Solano-Iguaran
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Bartosz M Majcher
- Ecology and Biodiversity Area, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louise A Ashton
- Ecology and Biodiversity Area, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Leung BKH, Hui TY, Williams GA. Behavioural adaptation to heat stress: Shell lifting of the hermit crab Diogenes deflectomanus. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103476. [PMID: 37055101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural responses to heat and desiccation stress in ectotherms are crucial for their survival in habitats where environmental temperatures are close to or even exceed their upper thermal limits. During low tide periods when pools in intertidal sediments heat up, a novel shell lifting behaviour (when hermit crabs crawl out of pools and lift up their shells) was observed in the hermit crab, Diogenes deflectomanus, on tropical sandy shores. On-shore measurements revealed that the hermit crabs left pools and lifted their shells predominantly when pool water exceeded 35.4 °C. Standing on emersed substrates above the pool water, the hermit crabs maintained their body temperatures at 26 - 29 °C, ∼ 10 °C lower than temperatures at which their physiological performances (as measured using heart rate) reached the maximum. This mismatch between preferred body temperatures and temperatures at maximal physiological performance was also observed under a laboratory controlled thermal gradient, where hermit crabs spent more time at 22 - 26 °C as compared to > 30 °C. These behaviours suggest a thermoregulatory function of the shell lifting behaviour, where the hermit crabs can avoid further increase in body temperatures when pools heat up during low tide periods. Such a behavioural decision allows the hermit crabs to be less prone to the strong temporal fluctuation in temperatures experienced during emersion periods on thermally dynamic tropical sandy shores.
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15
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Wheeler CR, Lang BJ, Mandelman JW, Rummer JL. The upper thermal limit of epaulette sharks ( Hemiscyllium ocellatum) is conserved across three life history stages, sex and body size. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac074. [PMID: 36583221 PMCID: PMC9795165 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Owing to climate change, most notably the increasing frequency of marine heatwaves and long-term ocean warming, better elucidating the upper thermal limits of marine fishes is important for predicting the future of species and populations. The critical thermal maximum (CTmax), or the highest temperature a species can tolerate, is a physiological metric that is used to establish upper thermal limits. Among marine organisms, this metric is commonly assessed in bony fishes but less so in other taxonomic groups, such as elasmobranchs (subclass of sharks, rays and skates), where only thermal acclimation effects on CTmax have been assessed. Herein, we tested whether three life history stages, sex and body size affected CTmax in a tropical elasmobranch, the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), collected from the reef flats surrounding Heron Island, Australia. Overall, we found no difference in CTmax between life history stages, sexes or across a range of body sizes. Findings from this research suggest that the energetically costly processes (i.e. growth, maturation and reproduction) associated with the life history stages occupying these tropical reef flats do not change overall acute thermal tolerance. However, it is important to note that neither embryos developing in ovo, neonates, nor females actively encapsulating egg cases were observed in or collected from the reef flats. Overall, our findings provide the first evidence in an elasmobranch that upper thermal tolerance is not impacted by life history stage or size. This information will help to improve our understanding of how anthropogenic climate change may (or may not) disproportionally affect particular life stages and, as such, where additional conservation and management actions may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Wheeler
- Corresponding author: 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Queensland 4814, Australia. Tel: + 61 0480 129 737.
| | - Bethan J Lang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - John W Mandelman
- School for the Environment, The University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
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16
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Fitzgerald JL, Ogilvie JE, CaraDonna PJ. Ecological Drivers and Consequences of Bumble Bee Body Size Variation. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1055-1068. [PMID: 36373400 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Body size is arguably one of the most important traits influencing the physiology and ecology of animals. Shifts in animal body size have been observed in response to climate change, including in bumble bees (Bombus spp. [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). Bumble bee size shifts have occurred concurrently with the precipitous population declines of several species, which appear to be related, in part, to their size. Body size variation is central to the ecology of bumble bees, from their social organization to the pollination services they provide to plants. If bumble bee size is shifted or constrained, there may be consequences for the pollination services they provide and for our ability to predict their responses to global change. Yet, there are still many aspects of the breadth and role of bumble bee body size variation that require more study. To this end, we review the current evidence of the ecological drivers of size variation in bumble bees and the consequences of that variation on bumble bee fitness, foraging, and species interactions. In total we review: (1) the proximate determinants and physiological consequences of size variation in bumble bees; (2) the environmental drivers and ecological consequences of size variation; and (3) synthesize our understanding of size variation in predicting how bumble bees will respond to future changes in climate and land use. As global change intensifies, a better understanding of the factors influencing the size distributions of bumble bees, and the consequences of those distributions, will allow us to better predict future responses of these pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L Fitzgerald
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science & Action, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Jane E Ogilvie
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Paul J CaraDonna
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science & Action, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
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17
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Shokri M, Cozzoli F, Vignes F, Bertoli M, Pizzul E, Basset A. Metabolic rate and climate change across latitudes: evidence of mass-dependent responses in aquatic amphipods. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:280993. [PMID: 36337048 PMCID: PMC9720750 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Predictions of individual responses to climate change are often based on the assumption that temperature affects the metabolism of individuals independently of their body mass. However, empirical evidence indicates that interactive effects exist. Here, we investigated the response of individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) to annual temperature range and forecasted temperature rises of 0.6-1.2°C above the current maxima, under the conservative climate change scenario IPCC RCP2.6. As a model organism, we used the amphipod Gammarus insensibilis, collected across latitudes along the western coast of the Adriatic Sea down to the southernmost limit of the species' distributional range, with individuals varying in body mass (0.4-13.57 mg). Overall, we found that the effect of temperature on SMR is mass dependent. Within the annual temperature range, the mass-specific SMR of small/young individuals increased with temperature at a greater rate (activation energy: E=0.48 eV) than large/old individuals (E=0.29 eV), with a higher metabolic level for high-latitude than low-latitude populations. However, under the forecasted climate conditions, the mass-specific SMR of large individuals responded differently across latitudes. Unlike the higher-latitude population, whose mass-specific SMR increased in response to the forecasted climate change across all size classes, in the lower-latitude populations, this increase was not seen in large individuals. The larger/older conspecifics at lower latitudes could therefore be the first to experience the negative impacts of warming on metabolism-related processes. Although the ecological collapse of such a basic trophic level (aquatic amphipods) owing to climate change would have profound consequences for population ecology, the risk is significantly mitigated by phenotypic and genotypic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Shokri
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Francesco Cozzoli
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET–URT Lecce), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Fabio Vignes
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Bertoli
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pizzul
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Basset
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy,National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
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18
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Carilo Filho LM, Gomes L, Katzenberger M, Solé M, Orrico VGD. There and back again: A meta-analytical approach on the influence of acclimation and altitude in the upper thermal tolerance of amphibians and reptiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1017255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic predictions about the impacts of climate change onbiodiversity requires gathering ecophysiological data and the critical thermal maxima (CTMax) is the most frequently used index to assess the thermal vulnerability of species. In the present study, we performed a systematic review to understand how acclimation and altitude affect CTMax estimates for amphibian and non-avian reptile species. We retrieved CTMax data for anurans, salamanders, lizards, snakes, and turtles/terrapins. Data allowed to perform a multilevel random effects meta-analysis to answer how acclimation temperature affect CTMax of Anura, Caudata, and Squamata and also meta-regressions to assess the influence of altitude on CTMax of frogs and lizards. Acclimation temperature influenced CTMax estimates of tadpoles, adult anurans, salamanders, and lizards, but not of froglets. In general, the increase in acclimation temperature led to higher CTMax values. Altitudinal bioclimatic gradient had an inverse effect for estimating the CTMax of lizards and anuran amphibians. For lizards, CTMax was positively influenced by the mean temperature of the wettest quarter. For anurans, the relationship is inverse; we recover a trend of decreasing CTMax when max temperature of warmest month and precipitation seasonality increase. There is an urgent need for studies to investigate the thermal tolerance of subsampled groups or even for which we do not have any information such as Gymnophiona, Serpentes, Amphisbaena, and Testudines. Broader phylogenetic coverage is mandatory for more accurate analyses of macroecological and evolutionary patterns for thermal tolerance indices as CTMax.
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19
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Abstract
Rising temperatures represent a significant threat to the survival of ectothermic animals. As such, upper thermal limits represent an important trait to assess the vulnerability of ectotherms to changing temperatures. For instance, one may use upper thermal limits to estimate current and future thermal safety margins (i.e., the proximity of upper thermal limits to experienced temperatures), use this trait together with other physiological traits in species distribution models, or investigate the plasticity and evolvability of these limits for buffering the impacts of changing temperatures. While datasets on thermal tolerance limits have been previously compiled, they sometimes report single estimates for a given species, do not present measures of data dispersion, and are biased towards certain parts of the globe. To overcome these limitations, we systematically searched the literature in seven languages to produce the most comprehensive dataset to date on amphibian upper thermal limits, spanning 3,095 estimates across 616 species. This resource will represent a useful tool to evaluate the vulnerability of amphibians, and ectotherms more generally, to changing temperatures.
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20
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Verberk WCEP, Sandker JF, van de Pol ILE, Urbina MA, Wilson RW, McKenzie DJ, Leiva FP. Body mass and cell size shape the tolerance of fishes to low oxygen in a temperature-dependent manner. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5695-5707. [PMID: 35876025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6123770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic metabolism generates 15-20 times more energy (ATP) than anaerobic metabolism, which is crucial in maintaining energy budgets in animals, fueling metabolism, activity, growth and reproduction. For ectothermic water-breathers such as fishes, low dissolved oxygen may limit oxygen uptake and hence aerobic metabolism. Here, we assess, within a phylogenetic context, how abiotic and biotic drivers explain the variation in hypoxia tolerance observed in fishes. To do so, we assembled a database of hypoxia tolerance, measured as critical oxygen tensions (Pcrit ) for 195 fish species. Overall, we found that hypoxia tolerance has a clear phylogenetic signal and is further modulated by temperature, body mass, cell size, salinity and metabolic rate. Marine fishes were more susceptible to hypoxia than freshwater fishes. This pattern is consistent with greater fluctuations in oxygen and temperature in freshwater habitats. Fishes with higher oxygen requirements (e.g. a high metabolic rate relative to body mass) also were more susceptible to hypoxia. We also found evidence that hypoxia and warming can act synergistically, as hypoxia tolerance was generally lower in warmer waters. However, we found significant interactions between temperature and the body and cell size of a fish. Constraints in oxygen uptake related to cellular surface area to volume ratios and effects of viscosity on the thickness of the boundary layers enveloping the gills could explain these thermal dependencies. The lower hypoxia tolerance in warmer waters was particularly pronounced for fishes with larger bodies and larger cell sizes. Previous studies have found a wide diversity in the direction and strength of relationships between Pcrit and body mass. By including interactions with temperature, our study may help resolve these divergent findings, explaining the size dependency of hypoxia tolerance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen F Sandker
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris L E van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Félix P Leiva
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Verberk WCEP, Sandker JF, van de Pol ILE, Urbina MA, Wilson RW, McKenzie DJ, Leiva FP. Body mass and cell size shape the tolerance of fishes to low oxygen in a temperature-dependent manner. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5695-5707. [PMID: 35876025 PMCID: PMC9542040 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic metabolism generates 15-20 times more energy (ATP) than anaerobic metabolism, which is crucial in maintaining energy budgets in animals, fueling metabolism, activity, growth and reproduction. For ectothermic water-breathers such as fishes, low dissolved oxygen may limit oxygen uptake and hence aerobic metabolism. Here, we assess, within a phylogenetic context, how abiotic and biotic drivers explain the variation in hypoxia tolerance observed in fishes. To do so, we assembled a database of hypoxia tolerance, measured as critical oxygen tensions (Pcrit ) for 195 fish species. Overall, we found that hypoxia tolerance has a clear phylogenetic signal and is further modulated by temperature, body mass, cell size, salinity and metabolic rate. Marine fishes were more susceptible to hypoxia than freshwater fishes. This pattern is consistent with greater fluctuations in oxygen and temperature in freshwater habitats. Fishes with higher oxygen requirements (e.g. a high metabolic rate relative to body mass) also were more susceptible to hypoxia. We also found evidence that hypoxia and warming can act synergistically, as hypoxia tolerance was generally lower in warmer waters. However, we found significant interactions between temperature and the body and cell size of a fish. Constraints in oxygen uptake related to cellular surface area to volume ratios and effects of viscosity on the thickness of the boundary layers enveloping the gills could explain these thermal dependencies. The lower hypoxia tolerance in warmer waters was particularly pronounced for fishes with larger bodies and larger cell sizes. Previous studies have found a wide diversity in the direction and strength of relationships between Pcrit and body mass. By including interactions with temperature, our study may help resolve these divergent findings, explaining the size dependency of hypoxia tolerance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C. E. P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Biological and Environmental SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen F. Sandker
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Biological and Environmental SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Iris L. E. van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Biological and Environmental SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mauricio A. Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y OceanográficasUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO)Universidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | | | - David J. McKenzie
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Félix P. Leiva
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Biological and Environmental SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
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22
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Blasco FR, Taylor EW, Leite CAC, Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, McKenzie DJ. Tolerance of an acute warming challenge declines with body mass in Nile tilapia: evidence of a link to capacity for oxygen uptake. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276171. [PMID: 35909333 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that larger individuals within fish species may be more sensitive to global warming, due to limitations in their capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic metabolic activities. This could affect size distributions of populations in a warmer world but evidence is lacking. In Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n=18, mass range 21 - 313g), capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic activities (aerobic scope) was independent of mass at an acclimation temperature of 26 °C. Tolerance of acute warming, however, declined significantly with mass when evaluated as the critical temperature for fatigue from aerobic swimming (CTSmax). The CTSmax protocol challenges a fish to meet the oxygen demands of constant aerobic exercise while their demands for basal metabolism are accelerated by incremental warming, culminating in fatigue. CTSmax elicited pronounced increases in oxygen uptake in the tilapia but the maximum rates achieved prior to fatigue declined very significantly with mass. Mass-related variation in CTSmax and maximum oxygen uptake rates were positively correlated, which may indicate a causal relationship. When fish populations are faced with acute thermal stress, larger individuals may become constrained in their ability to perform aerobic activities at lower temperatures than smaller conspecifics. This could affect survival and fitness of larger fish in a future world with more frequent and extreme heatwaves, with consequences for population productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 14801-903, Araraquara SP, Brazil
| | - E W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D A Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - F T Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
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23
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Spinks RK, Donelson JM, Bonzi LC, Ravasi T, Munday PL. Parents exposed to warming produce offspring lower in weight and condition. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9044. [PMID: 35866024 PMCID: PMC9288889 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parental environment can alter offspring phenotypes via the transfer of non‐genetic information. Parental effects may be viewed as an extension of (within‐generation) phenotypic plasticity. Smaller size, poorer physical condition, and skewed sex ratios are common responses of organisms to global warming, yet whether parental effects alleviate, exacerbate, or have no impact on these responses has not been widely tested. Further, the relative non‐genetic influence of mothers and fathers and ontogenetic timing of parental exposure to warming on offspring phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we tested how maternal, paternal, and biparental exposure of a coral reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) to elevated temperature (+1.5°C) at different ontogenetic stages (development vs reproduction) influences offspring length, weight, condition, and sex. Fish were reared across two generations in present‐day and projected ocean warming in a full factorial design. As expected, offspring of parents exposed to present‐day control temperature that were reared in warmer water were shorter than their siblings reared in control temperature; however, within‐generation plasticity allowed maintenance of weight, resulting in a higher body condition. Parental exposure to warming, irrespective of ontogenetic timing and sex, resulted in decreased weight and condition in all offspring rearing temperatures. By contrast, offspring sex ratios were not strongly influenced by their rearing temperature or that of their parents. Together, our results reveal that phenotypic plasticity may help coral reef fishes maintain performance in a warm ocean within a generation, but could exacerbate the negative effects of warming between generations, regardless of when mothers and fathers are exposed to warming. Alternatively, the multigenerational impact on offspring weight and condition may be a necessary cost to adapt metabolism to increasing temperatures. This research highlights the importance of examining phenotypic plasticity within and between generations across a range of traits to accurately predict how organisms will respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Jennifer M Donelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Lucrezia C Bonzi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia.,Marine Climate Change Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Japan
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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24
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Mowery MA, Anthony SE, Dorison AN, Mason AC, Andrade MCB. Invasive Widow Spiders Perform Differently At Low Temperatures than Conspecifics from the Native Range. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:179-190. [PMID: 35648461 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature challenges are one of the leading abiotic causes of success or failure of non-native species in a novel environment, and this is particularly true for low temperatures. Establishing and reproducing in a novel thermal environment can alter survival, behaviour, and traits related to fitness. It has been proposed that plasticity or adaptation of thermal tolerance may allow an introduced species to thrive, or that successful invaders may be those with a thermal breadth in their native habitat that encompasses their new environment. Here, we tested these hypotheses using native and invasive populations of Australian redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti). We measured how exposure to temperatures (exposure to 15°C and 25°C, respectively) common to invasive and native range habitats affected behavioural and life-history traits and tradeoffs that may underlie fitness in an invasive population detected in 1995 in Japan and a native population from Australia. We found that the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) was higher in the invasive population from Japan than in the native population, but critical thermal maximum (CTmax) did not differ between populations. Compared to the invasive population, eggs from the native population had a longer development time and lower hatching success at 15°C. Both populations performed equally well at 25 °C, as measured by egg development time and hatching success. Invasive juveniles that developed at 15 °C were slower to explore a novel environment and less bold when tested at 25 °C vs. 15 °C. In comparison, the native population showed faster average exploration, with no differences in response at the two development or testing temperatures. Overall, L. hasselti from Japan maintained hatching success and development across a wider temperature range than the native population, indicating greater thermal breadth and higher behavioural plasticity. These results support the importance of plasticity in thermal tolerance and behaviour for a successful invasion under novel environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Mowery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan E Anthony
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra N Dorison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew C Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maydianne C B Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Atkins RL, Clancy KM, Ellis WT, Osenberg CW. Thermal Traits Vary with Mass and across Populations of the Marsh Periwinkle, Littoraria irrorata. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 242:173-196. [PMID: 35767414 DOI: 10.1086/719850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPhysiological processes influence how individuals perform in various environmental contexts. The basis of such processes, metabolism, scales allometrically with body mass and nonlinearly with temperature, as described by a thermal performance curve. Past studies of thermal performance curves tend to focus on effects of temperature on a single body size or population, rather than variation in the thermal performance curve across sizes and populations. Here, we estimate intraspecific variation in parameters of the thermal performance curve in the salt marsh gastropod Littoraria irrorata. First, we quantify the thermal performance curve for respiration rate as a function of both temperature and body size in Littoraria and evaluate whether the thermal parameters and body size scaling are interdependent. Next, we quantify how parameters in the thermal performance curve for feeding rate vary between three Littoraria populations that occur along a latitudinal gradient. Our work suggests that the thermal traits describing Littoraria respiration are dependent on body mass and that both the thermal traits and the mass scaling of feeding vary across sites. We found limited evidence to suggest that mass scaling of Littoraria feeding or respiration rates depends on temperature. Variation in the thermal performance curves interacts with the size structure of the Littoraria population to generate divergent population-level responses to temperature. These results highlight the importance of considering variation in population size structure and physiological allometry when attempting to predict how temperature change will affect physiological responses and consumer-resource interactions.
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26
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Peck MA, Glos J. Thermal tolerance and acclimation capacity in the European common frog (Rana temporaria) change throughout ontogeny. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:477-490. [PMID: 35226414 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity may allow ectotherms with complex life histories such as amphibians to cope with climate-driven changes in their environment. Plasticity in thermal tolerance (i.e., shifts of thermal limits via acclimation to higher temperatures) has been proposed as a mechanism to cope with warming and extreme thermal events. However, thermal tolerance and, hence, acclimation capacity, is known to vary with life stage. Using the common frog (Rana temporaria) as a model species, we measured the capacity to adjust lower (CTmin ) and upper (CTmax ) critical thermal limits at different acclimation temperatures. We calculated the acclimation response ratio as a metric to assess the stage-specific acclimation capacity at each of seven consecutive ontogenetic stages and tested whether acclimation capacity was influenced by body mass and/or age. We further examined how acclimation temperature, body mass, age, and ontogenetic stage influenced CTmin and CTmax . In the temperate population of R. temporaria that we studied, thermal tolerance and acclimation capacity were affected by the ontogenetic stage. However, acclimation capacity at both thermal limits was well below 100% at all life stages tested. The lowest and highest acclimation capacity in thermal limits was observed in young and late larvae, respectively. The relatively low acclimation capacity of young larvae highlights a clear risk of amphibian populations to ongoing climate change. Ignoring stage-specific differences in thermal physiology may drastically underestimate the climate vulnerability of species, which will hamper successful conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Myron A Peck
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Reduced physiological plasticity in a fish adapted to stable temperatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201919119. [PMID: 35617428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201919119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance Plastic individuals can buffer environmental changes, maintaining a stable performance across gradients. Plasticity is therefore thought to be particularly beneficial for the survival of wild populations that experience large environmental fluctuations, such as diel and seasonal temperature changes. Maintaining plasticity is widely assumed to be costly; however, empirical evidence demonstrating this cost is scarce. Here, we predict that if plasticity is costly, it would be readily lost in a stable environment, such as a laboratory. To test this, we measured a diverse range of phenotypic traits, spanning gene expression, physiology, and behavior, in wild and laboratory zebrafish acclimated to 15 temperatures. We show that laboratory fish have lost plasticity in many traits, demonstrating that maintaining plasticity carries a cost.
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28
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Missionário M, Fernandes JF, Travesso M, Freitas E, Calado R, Madeira D. Sex-specific thermal tolerance limits in the ditch shrimp Palaemon varians: Eco-evolutionary implications under a warming ocean. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103151. [PMID: 35027201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As global temperatures continue to rise due to global change, marine heatwaves are also becoming more frequent and intense, impacting marine biodiversity patterns worldwide. Organisms inhabiting shallow water environments, such as the commercially relevant ditch shrimp Palaemon varians, are expected to be the most affected by rising temperatures. Thus, addressing species' thermal ecology and climate extinction-risk is crucial to foster climate-smart conservation strategies for shallow water ecosystems. Here, we estimated sex-specific upper thermal tolerance limits for P. varians via the Critical Thermal Maximum method (CTmax), using loss of equilibrium as endpoint. We further calculated thermal safety margins for males and females and tested for correlations between upper thermal limits and shrimps' body size. To determine sex-biased variation in P. varians' traits (CTmax, weight and length), we compared trait variation between females and males through the coefficient of variation ratio (lnCVR). Females displayed an average CTmax value 1.8% lower than males (CTmaxfemales = 37.0 °C vs CTmaxmales = 37.7 °C). This finding may be related to the larger body size exhibited by females (156% heavier and 39% larger than males), as both length and weight had a significant effect on CTmax. The high energetic investment of females in offspring may also contribute to the differences recorded in thermal tolerance. Overall, organisms with a smaller body-size displayed a greater tolerance to elevated temperature, thus suggesting that smaller individuals may be positively selected in warmer environments. This selection may result in a reduction of size-at-maturity and shifts in sex ratio, given the sexual dimorphism in body size of shrimps. The thermal safety margin of P. varians was narrow (∼2.2 °C for males and ∼1.5 °C for females), revealing the vulnerability of this species to ocean warming and heatwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Missionário
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Joana Filipa Fernandes
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Margarida Travesso
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Freitas
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Diana Madeira
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal.
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29
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van de Pol ILE, Hermaniuk A, Verberk WCEP. Interacting Effects of Cell Size and Temperature on Gene Expression, Growth, Development and Swimming Performance in Larval Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738804. [PMID: 34950046 PMCID: PMC8691434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size may be important in understanding the thermal biology of ectotherms, as the regulation and consequences of cell size appear to be temperature dependent. Using a recently developed model system of triploid zebrafish (which have around 1.5-fold larger cells than their diploid counterparts) we examine the effects of cell size on gene expression, growth, development and swimming performance in zebrafish larvae at different temperatures. Both temperature and ploidy affected the expression of genes related to metabolic processes (citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase), growth and swimming performance. Temperature also increased development rate, but there was no effect of ploidy level. We did find interactive effects between ploidy and temperature for gene expression, body size and swimming performance, confirming that the consequences of cell size are temperature dependent. Triploids with larger cells performed best at cool conditions, while diploids performed better at warmer conditions. These results suggest different selection pressures on ectotherms and their cell size in cold and warm habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Louise Eleonora van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Adam Hermaniuk
- Department of Evolutionary and Physiological Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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30
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Braschler B, Chown SL, Duffy GA. Sub-critical limits are viable alternatives to critical thermal limits. J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103106. [PMID: 34879920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal traits are frequently used to explain variation in species distributions, abundance, and sensitivity to climate change. Due to their utility and ease of measurement, critical thermal limits in particular have proliferated across the ecophysiological literature. Critical limit assays can, however, have deleterious or even lethal effects on individuals and there is growing recognition that intermediate metrics of performance can provide a further, nuanced understanding of how species interact with their environments. Meanwhile, the scarcity of data describing sub-critical or voluntary limits, which have been proposed as alternatives to critical limits and can be collected under less extreme conditions, reduces their value in comparative analyses and broad-scale syntheses. To overcome these limitations and determine if sub-critical limits are viable proxies for upper and lower critical thermal limits we measured and compared the critical and sub-critical thermal limits of 2023 ants representing 51 species. Sub-critical limits in isolation were a satisfactory linear predictor for both individual and species critical limits and when species identity was also considered there were substantial gains in variance explained. These gains indicate that a species-specific conversion factor can further improve estimates of critical traits using sub-critical proxies. Sub-critical limits can, therefore, be integrated into broader syntheses of critical limits and confidently used to calculate common ecological metrics, such as warming tolerance, so long as uncertainty in estimates is explicitly acknowledged. Although lower thermal traits exhibited more variation than their upper counterparts, the stronger phylogenetic signal of lower thermal traits indicates that appropriate conversions for lower thermal traits can be inferred from congenerics or other closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Braschler
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Grant A Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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31
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Delclos PJ, Adhikari K, Hassan O, Cambric JE, Matuk AG, Presley RI, Tran J, Sriskantharajah V, Meisel RP. Thermal tolerance and preference are both consistent with the clinal distribution of house fly proto-Y chromosomes. Evol Lett 2021; 5:495-506. [PMID: 34621536 PMCID: PMC8484723 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection pressures can vary within localized areas and across massive geographical scales. Temperature is one of the best studied ecologically variable abiotic factors that can affect selection pressures across multiple spatial scales. Organisms rely on physiological (thermal tolerance) and behavioral (thermal preference) mechanisms to thermoregulate in response to environmental temperature. In addition, spatial heterogeneity in temperatures can select for local adaptation in thermal tolerance, thermal preference, or both. However, the concordance between thermal tolerance and preference across genotypes and sexes within species and across populations is greatly understudied. The house fly, Musca domestica, is a well-suited system to examine how genotype and environment interact to affect thermal tolerance and preference. Across multiple continents, house fly males from higher latitudes tend to carry the male-determining gene on the Y chromosome, whereas those from lower latitudes usually have the male determiner on the third chromosome. We tested whether these two male-determining chromosomes differentially affect thermal tolerance and preference as predicted by their geographical distributions. We identify effects of genotype and developmental temperature on male thermal tolerance and preference that are concordant with the natural distributions of the chromosomes, suggesting that temperature variation across the species range contributes to the maintenance of the polymorphism. In contrast, female thermal preference is bimodal and largely independent of congener male genotypes. These sexually dimorphic thermal preferences suggest that temperature-dependent mating dynamics within populations could further affect the distribution of the two chromosomes. Together, the differences in thermal tolerance and preference across sexes and male genotypes suggest that different selection pressures may affect the frequencies of the male-determining chromosomes across different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J. Delclos
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Kiran Adhikari
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Oluwatomi Hassan
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Jessica E. Cambric
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Anna G. Matuk
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Rebecca I. Presley
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Jessica Tran
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
| | - Vyshnika Sriskantharajah
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
- School of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexas77030
| | - Richard P. Meisel
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77004
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32
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Martinet B, Dellicour S, Ghisbain G, Przybyla K, Zambra E, Lecocq T, Boustani M, Baghirov R, Michez D, Rasmont P. Global effects of extreme temperatures on wild bumblebees. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1507-1518. [PMID: 33319368 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate plays a key role in shaping population trends and determining the geographic distribution of species because of limits in species' thermal tolerance. An evaluation of species tolerance to temperature change can therefore help predict their potential spatial shifts and population trends triggered by ongoing global warming. We assessed inter- and intraspecific variations in heat resistance in relation to body mass, local mean temperatures, and evolutionary relationships in 39 bumblebee species, a major group of pollinators in temperate and cold ecosystems, across 3 continents, 6 biomes, and 20 regions (2386 male specimens). Based on experimental bioassays, we measured the time before heat stupor of bumblebee males at a heatwave temperature of 40 °C. Interspecific variability was significant, in contrast to interpopulational variability, which was consistent with heat resistance being a species-specific trait. Moreover, cold-adapted species are much more sensitive to heat stress than temperate and Mediterranean species. Relative to their sensitivity to extreme temperatures, our results help explain recent population declines and range shifts in bumblebees following climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Martinet
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Paul Héger - CP 160/12, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12 50, av. FD Roosevelt, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Ghisbain
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Przybyla
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Ella Zambra
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lecocq
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
- INRAE, URAFPA, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Mira Boustani
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Ruslan Baghirov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Tomsk State University, Leninast 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovskiy Trakt, 2, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
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33
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Auer SK, Agreda E, Chen AH, Irshad M, Solowey J. Late-stage pregnancy reduces upper thermal tolerance in a live-bearing fish. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103022. [PMID: 34420649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Upper thermal limits are considered a key determinant of a population's ability to persist in the face of extreme heat events. However, these limits differ considerably among individuals within a population, and the mechanisms underlying this differential sensitivity are not well understood. Upper thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms is thought to be determined by a mismatch between oxygen supply and the increased metabolic demands associated with warmer waters. As such, tolerance is expected to decline during reproduction given the heightened oxygen demand for gamete production and maintenance. Among live-bearing species, upper thermal tolerance of reproductive adults may decline even further after fertilization due to the cost of meeting the increasing oxygen demands of developing embryos. We examined the upper thermal tolerance of live-bearing female Trinidadian guppies at different stages of reproduction and found that critical thermal maximum was similar during the egg yolking and early embryos stage but then declined by almost 0.5 °C during late pregnancy when oxygen demands are the greatest. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that oxygen limitation sets thermal limits and show that reproduction is associated with a decline in upper thermal tolerance.
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34
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Small CD, Davis JP, Crawford BD, Benfey TJ. Early, nonlethal ploidy and genome size quantification using confocal microscopy in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:496-510. [PMID: 34254444 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ploidy transitions through whole genome duplication have shaped evolution by allowing the sub- and neo-functionalization of redundant copies of highly conserved genes to express novel traits. The nuclear:cytoplasmic (n:c) ratio is maintained in polyploid vertebrates resulting in larger cells, but body size is maintained by a concomitant reduction in cell number. Ploidy can be manipulated easily in most teleosts, and the zebrafish, already well established as a model system for biomedical research, is therefore an excellent system in which to study the effects of increased cell size and reduced cell numbers in polyploids on development and physiology. Here we describe a novel technique using confocal microscopy to measure genome size and determine ploidy non-lethally at 48 h post-fertilization (hpf) in transgenic zebrafish expressing fluorescent histones. Volumetric analysis of myofiber nuclei using open-source software can reliably distinguish diploids and triploids from a mixed-ploidy pool of embryos for subsequent experimentation. We present an example of this by comparing heart rate between confirmed diploid and triploid embryos at 54 hpf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James P Davis
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Bryan D Crawford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Tillmann J Benfey
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
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35
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Oyen KJ, Jardine LE, Parsons ZM, Herndon JD, Strange JP, Lozier JD, Dillon ME. Body mass and sex, not local climate, drive differences in chill coma recovery times in common garden reared bumble bees. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:843-854. [PMID: 34173046 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The time required to recover from cold exposure (chill coma recovery time) may represent an important metric of performance and has been linked to geographic distributions of diverse species. Chill coma recovery time (CCRT) has rarely been measured in bumble bees (genus Bombus) but may provide insights regarding recent changes in their distributions. We measured CCRT of Bombus vosnesenskii workers reared in common garden laboratory conditions from queens collected across altitude and latitude in the Western United States. We also compared CCRTs of male and female bumble bees because males are often overlooked in studies of bumble bee ecology and physiology and may differ in their ability to respond to cold temperatures. We found no relationship between CCRT and local climate at the queen collection sites, but CCRT varied significantly with sex and body mass. Because differences in the ability to recover from cold temperatures have been shown in wild-caught Bombus, we predict that variability in CCRT may be strongly influenced by plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jeannet Oyen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura E Jardine
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Biology, Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zachary M Parsons
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - James D Herndon
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Pollinating Insect Biology Management and Systematics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT, USA
| | - James P Strange
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Pollinating Insect Biology Management and Systematics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT, USA.,Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Dept 3166, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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36
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Jørgensen LB, Malte H, Ørsted M, Klahn NA, Overgaard J. A unifying model to estimate thermal tolerance limits in ectotherms across static, dynamic and fluctuating exposures to thermal stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12840. [PMID: 34145337 PMCID: PMC8213714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature tolerance is critical for defining the fundamental niche of ectotherms and researchers classically use either static (exposure to a constant temperature) or dynamic (ramping temperature) assays to assess tolerance. The use of different methods complicates comparison between studies and here we present a mathematical model (and R-scripts) to reconcile thermal tolerance measures obtained from static and dynamic assays. Our model uses input data from several static or dynamic experiments and is based on the well-supported assumption that thermal injury accumulation rate increases exponentially with temperature (known as a thermal death time curve). The model also assumes thermal stress at different temperatures to be additive and using experiments with Drosophila melanogaster, we validate these central assumptions by demonstrating that heat injury attained at different heat stress intensities and durations is additive. In a separate experiment we demonstrate that our model can accurately describe injury accumulation during fluctuating temperature stress and further we validate the model by successfully converting literature data of ectotherm heat tolerance (both static and dynamic assays) to a single, comparable metric (the temperature tolerated for 1 h). The model presented here has many promising applications for the analysis of ectotherm thermal tolerance and we also discuss potential pitfalls that should be considered and avoided using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Ørsted
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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37
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McKenzie DJ, Zhang Y, Eliason EJ, Schulte PM, Claireaux G, Blasco FR, Nati JJH, Farrell AP. Intraspecific variation in tolerance of warming in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1536-1555. [PMID: 33216368 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in key traits such as tolerance of warming can have profound effects on ecological and evolutionary processes, notably responses to climate change. The empirical evidence for three primary elements of intraspecific variation in tolerance of warming in fishes is reviewed. The first is purely mechanistic that tolerance varies across life stages and as fishes become mature. The limited evidence indicates strongly that this is the case, possibly because of universal physiological principles. The second is intraspecific variation that is because of phenotypic plasticity, also a mechanistic phenomenon that buffers individuals' sensitivity to negative impacts of global warming in their lifetime, or to some extent through epigenetic effects over successive generations. Although the evidence for plasticity in tolerance to warming is extensive, more work is required to understand underlying mechanisms and to reveal whether there are general patterns. The third element is intraspecific variation based on heritable genetic differences in tolerance, which underlies local adaptation and may define long-term adaptability of a species in the face of ongoing global change. There is clear evidence of local adaptation and some evidence of heritability of tolerance to warming, but the knowledge base is limited with detailed information for only a few model or emblematic species. There is also strong evidence of structured variation in tolerance of warming within species, which may have ecological and evolutionary significance irrespective of whether it reflects plasticity or adaptation. Although the overwhelming consensus is that having broader intraspecific variation in tolerance should reduce species vulnerability to impacts of global warming, there are no sufficient data on fishes to provide insights into particular mechanisms by which this may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Patricia M Schulte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | - Felipe R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Julie J H Nati
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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38
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Frakes JI, Birrell JH, Shah AA, Woods HA. Flow increases tolerance of heat and hypoxia of an aquatic insect. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210004. [PMID: 33975487 PMCID: PMC8113891 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments support the idea that upper thermal limits of aquatic insects arise, at least in part, from a lack of sufficient oxygen: rising temperatures typically stimulate metabolic demand for oxygen more than they increase rates of oxygen supply from the environment. Consequently, factors influencing oxygen supply, like water flow, should also affect thermal and hypoxia tolerance. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effects of experimentally manipulated flows on the heat and hypoxia tolerance of aquatic nymphs of the giant salmonfly (Plecoptera: Pteronarcys californica), a common stonefly in western North America. As predicted, stoneflies in flowing water (10 cm s-1) tolerated water that was approximately 4°C warmer and that contained approximately 15% less oxygen than did those in standing water. Our results imply that the impacts of climate change on streamflow, such as changes in patterns of precipitation and decreased snowpack, will magnify the threats to aquatic insects from warmer water temperatures and lower oxygen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Frakes
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jackson H Birrell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Alisha A Shah
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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39
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Barbarossa V, Bosmans J, Wanders N, King H, Bierkens MFP, Huijbregts MAJ, Schipper AM. Threats of global warming to the world's freshwater fishes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1701. [PMID: 33723261 PMCID: PMC7960982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change poses a significant threat to global biodiversity, but freshwater fishes have been largely ignored in climate change assessments. Here, we assess threats of future flow and water temperature extremes to ~11,500 riverine fish species. In a 3.2 °C warmer world (no further emission cuts after current governments’ pledges for 2030), 36% of the species have over half of their present-day geographic range exposed to climatic extremes beyond current levels. Threats are largest in tropical and sub-arid regions and increases in maximum water temperature are more threatening than changes in flow extremes. In comparison, 9% of the species are projected to have more than half of their present-day geographic range threatened in a 2 °C warmer world, which further reduces to 4% of the species if warming is limited to 1.5 °C. Our results highlight the need to intensify (inter)national commitments to limit global warming if freshwater biodiversity is to be safeguarded. Climate change is a threat to global biodiversity, but the potential effects on freshwater fishes have not been well studied. Here the authors model future flow and water temperature extremes and predict that increases in water temperature in particular will pose serious threats to freshwater fishes
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Barbarossa
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Joyce Bosmans
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Wanders
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry King
- Unilever R&D, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Marc F P Bierkens
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Deltares, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
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40
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Lefevre S, Wang T, McKenzie DJ. The role of mechanistic physiology in investigating impacts of global warming on fishes. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238840. [PMID: 33627469 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Warming of aquatic environments as a result of climate change is already having measurable impacts on fishes, manifested as changes in phenology, range shifts and reductions in body size. Understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying these seemingly universal patterns is crucial if we are to reliably predict the fate of fish populations with future warming. This includes an understanding of mechanisms for acute thermal tolerance, as extreme heatwaves may be a major driver of observed effects. The hypothesis of gill oxygen limitation (GOL) is claimed to explain asymptotic fish growth, and why some fish species are decreasing in size with warming; but its underlying assumptions conflict with established knowledge and direct mechanistic evidence is lacking. The hypothesis of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has stimulated a wave of research into the role of oxygen supply capacity and thermal performance curves for aerobic scope, but results vary greatly between species, indicating that it is unlikely to be a universal mechanism. As thermal performance curves remain important for incorporating physiological tolerance into models, we discuss potentially fruitful alternatives to aerobic scope, notably specific dynamic action and growth rate. We consider the limitations of estimating acute thermal tolerance by a single rapid measure whose mechanism of action is not known. We emphasise the continued importance of experimental physiology, particularly in advancing our understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also the challenge of making this knowledge relevant to the more complex reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David J McKenzie
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
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41
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Verberk WC, Atkinson D, Hoefnagel KN, Hirst AG, Horne CR, Siepel H. Shrinking body sizes in response to warming: explanations for the temperature-size rule with special emphasis on the role of oxygen. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:247-268. [PMID: 32959989 PMCID: PMC7821163 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Body size is central to ecology at levels ranging from organismal fecundity to the functioning of communities and ecosystems. Understanding temperature-induced variations in body size is therefore of fundamental and applied interest, yet thermal responses of body size remain poorly understood. Temperature-size (T-S) responses tend to be negative (e.g. smaller body size at maturity when reared under warmer conditions), which has been termed the temperature-size rule (TSR). Explanations emphasize either physiological mechanisms (e.g. limitation of oxygen or other resources and temperature-dependent resource allocation) or the adaptive value of either a large body size (e.g. to increase fecundity) or a short development time (e.g. in response to increased mortality in warm conditions). Oxygen limitation could act as a proximate factor, but we suggest it more likely constitutes a selective pressure to reduce body size in the warm: risks of oxygen limitation will be reduced as a consequence of evolution eliminating genotypes more prone to oxygen limitation. Thus, T-S responses can be explained by the 'Ghost of Oxygen-limitation Past', whereby the resulting (evolved) T-S responses safeguard sufficient oxygen provisioning under warmer conditions, reflecting the balance between oxygen supply and demands experienced by ancestors. T-S responses vary considerably across species, but some of this variation is predictable. Body-size reductions with warming are stronger in aquatic taxa than in terrestrial taxa. We discuss whether larger aquatic taxa may especially face greater risks of oxygen limitation as they grow, which may be manifested at the cellular level, the level of the gills and the whole-organism level. In contrast to aquatic species, terrestrial ectotherms may be less prone to oxygen limitation and prioritize early maturity over large size, likely because overwintering is more challenging, with concomitant stronger end-of season time constraints. Mechanisms related to time constraints and oxygen limitation are not mutually exclusive explanations for the TSR. Rather, these and other mechanisms may operate in tandem. But their relative importance may vary depending on the ecology and physiology of the species in question, explaining not only the general tendency of negative T-S responses but also variation in T-S responses among animals differing in mode of respiration (e.g. water breathers versus air breathers), genome size, voltinism and thermally associated behaviour (e.g. heliotherms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C.E.P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - David Atkinson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and BehaviourUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBU.K.
| | - K. Natan Hoefnagel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ocean Ecosystems — Energy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Hirst
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GPU.K.
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU AquaTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Curtis R. Horne
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GPU.K.
| | - Henk Siepel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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42
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Verspagen N, Leiva FP, Janssen IM, Verberk WCEP. Effects of developmental plasticity on heat tolerance may be mediated by changes in cell size in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1244-1256. [PMID: 31829515 PMCID: PMC7687148 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the physiology underpinning heat tolerance of ectotherms and their responses to the ongoing rise in temperature. However, there is no consensus about the underlying physiological mechanisms. According to "the maintain aerobic scope and regulate oxygen supply" hypothesis, responses to warming at different organizational levels contribute to the ability to safeguard energy metabolism via aerobic pathways. At the cellular level, a decrease in cell size increases the capacity for the uptake of resources (e.g., food and oxygen), but the maintenance of electrochemical gradients across cellular membranes implies greater energetic costs in small cells. In this study, we investigated how different rearing temperatures affected cell size and heat tolerance in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We tested the hypothesis that smaller-celled flies are more tolerant to acute, intense heat stress whereas larger-celled flies are more tolerant to chronic, mild heat stress. We used the thermal tolerance landscape framework, which incorporates the intensity and duration of thermal challenge. Rearing temperatures strongly affected both cell size and survival times. We found different effects of developmental plasticity on tolerance to either chronic or acute heat stress. Warm-reared flies had both smaller cells and exhibited higher survival times under acute, intense heat stress when compared to cold-reared flies. However, under chronic, mild heat stress, the situation was reversed and cold-reared flies, consisting of larger cells, showed better survival. These differences in heat tolerance could have resulted from direct effects of rearing temperature or they may be mediated by the correlated changes in cell size. Notably, our results are consistent with the idea that a smaller cell size may confer tolerance to acute temperatures via enhanced oxygen supply, while a larger cell may confer greater tolerance to chronic and less intense heat stress via more efficient use of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Verspagen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Félix P. Leiva
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Irene M. Janssen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wilco C. E. P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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43
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Madeira D, Madeira C, Costa PM, Vinagre C, Pörtner HO, Diniz MS. Different sensitivity to heatwaves across the life cycle of fish reflects phenotypic adaptation to environmental niche. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105192. [PMID: 33142110 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicting responses of marine organisms to global change requires eco-physiological assessments across the complex life cycles of species. Here, we experimentally tested the vulnerability of a demersal temperate fish (Sparus aurata) to long-lasting heatwaves, on larval, juvenile and adult life-stages. Fish were exposed to simulated coastal (18 °C), estuarine (24 °C) summer temperatures, and heatwave conditions (30 °C) and their physiological responses were assessed based on cellular stress response biomarkers (heat shock protein 70 kDa, ubiquitin, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation) and phenotypic measures (histopathology, condition and mortality). Life-stage vulnerability can be ranked as larvae > adults > juveniles, based on mortality, tissue pathology and the capacity to employ cellular stress responses, reflecting the different environmental niches of each life stage. While larvae lacked acclimation capacity, which resulted in damage to tissues and elevated mortality, juveniles coped well with elevated temperature. The rapid induction of cytoprotective proteins maintained the integrity of vital organs in juveniles, suggesting adaptive phenotypic plasticity in coastal and estuarine waters. Adults displayed lower plasticity to heatwaves as they transition to deeper habitats for maturation, showing tissue damage in brain, liver and muscle. Life cycle closure of sea breams in coastal habitats will therefore be determined by larval and adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Madeira
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; ECOMARE - Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal.
| | - Carolina Madeira
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Costa
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Vinagre
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Mário S Diniz
- UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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44
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Oxygen limitation may affect the temperature and size dependence of metabolism in aquatic ectotherms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31963-31968. [PMID: 33257544 PMCID: PMC7749359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003292117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal responses to climate change are mediated through its effects on physiology and metabolism. In aquatic environments, both water temperature and oxygen availability may modulate these responses by altering the aerobic metabolism fueling physiological performance. However, ecological models aimed at predicting how environmental factors shape aerobic metabolism disregard the role of oxygen supply. Here, we expand on these models by explicitly incorporating oxygen supply. Our results show that warmer water increases oxygen demand relative to supply, and the resulting reduction in aerobic scope appears to be stronger in larger individuals. Smaller aerobic scopes in warming water imply that climate change will reduce energy budgets needed to support the activities of aquatic animals and their physiological performance in the future. Both oxygen and temperature are fundamental factors determining metabolic performance, fitness, ecological niches, and responses of many aquatic organisms to climate change. Despite the importance of physical and physiological constraints on oxygen supply affecting aerobic metabolism of aquatic ectotherms, ecological theories such as the metabolic theory of ecology have focused on the effects of temperature rather than oxygen. This gap currently impedes mechanistic models from accurately predicting metabolic rates (i.e., oxygen consumption rates) of aquatic organisms and restricts predictions to resting metabolism, which is less affected by oxygen limitation. Here, we expand on models of metabolic scaling by accounting for the role of oxygen availability and temperature on both resting and active metabolic rates. Our model predicts that oxygen limitation is more likely to constrain metabolism in larger, warmer, and active fish. Consequently, active metabolic rates are less responsive to temperature than are resting metabolic rates, and metabolism scales to body size with a smaller exponent whenever temperatures or activity levels are higher. Results from a metaanalysis of fish metabolic rates are consistent with our model predictions. The observed interactive effects of temperature, oxygen availability, and body size predict that global warming will limit the aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms and may place a greater metabolic burden on larger individuals, impairing their physiological performance in the future. Our model reconciles the metabolic theory with empirical observations of oxygen limitation and provides a formal, quantitative framework for predicting both resting and active metabolic rate and hence aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms.
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45
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Rebolledo AP, Sgrò CM, Monro K. Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits and breadth in early life. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb233254. [PMID: 33071221 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding thermal performance at life stages that limit persistence is necessary to predict responses to climate change, especially for ectotherms whose fitness (survival and reproduction) depends on environmental temperature. Ectotherms often undergo stage-specific changes in size, complexity and duration that are predicted to modify thermal performance. Yet performance is mostly explored for adults, while performance at earlier stages that typically limit persistence remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally isolate thermal performance curves at fertilization, embryo development and larval development stages in an aquatic ectotherm whose early planktonic stages (gametes, embryos and larvae) govern adult abundances and dynamics. Unlike previous studies based on short-term exposures, responses with unclear links to fitness or proxies in lieu of explicit curve descriptors (thermal optima, limits and breadth), we measured performance as successful completion of each stage after exposure throughout, and at temperatures that explicitly capture curve descriptors at all stages. Formal comparisons of descriptors using a combination of generalized linear mixed modelling and parametric bootstrapping reveal important differences among life stages. Thermal performance differs significantly from fertilization to embryo development (with thermal optimum declining by ∼2°C, thermal limits shifting inwards by ∼8-10°C and thermal breadth narrowing by ∼10°C), while performance declines independently of temperature thereafter. Our comparisons show that thermal performance at one life stage can misrepresent performance at others, and point to gains in complexity during embryogenesis, rather than subsequent gains in size or duration of exposure, as a key driver of thermal sensitivity in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Rebolledo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3800
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3800
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3800
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46
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Martin BT, Dudley PN, Kashef NS, Stafford DM, Reeder WJ, Tonina D, Del Rio AM, Scott Foott J, Danner EM. The biophysical basis of thermal tolerance in fish eggs. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201550. [PMID: 33081621 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A warming climate poses a fundamental problem for embryos that develop within eggs because their demand for oxygen (O2) increases much more rapidly with temperature than their capacity for supply, which is constrained by diffusion across the egg surface. Thus, as temperatures rise, eggs may experience O2 limitation due to an imbalance between O2 supply and demand. Here, we formulate a mathematical model of O2 limitation and experimentally test whether this mechanism underlies the upper thermal tolerance in large aquatic eggs. Using Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as a model system, we show that the thermal tolerance of eggs varies systematically with features of the organism and environment. Importantly, this variation can be precisely predicted by the degree to which these features shift the balance between O2 supply and demand. Equipped with this mechanistic understanding, we predict and experimentally confirm that the thermal tolerance of these embryos in their natural habitat is substantially lower than expected from laboratory experiments performed under normoxia. More broadly, our biophysical model of O2 limitation provides a mechanistic explanation for the elevated thermal sensitivity of fish embryos relative to other life stages, global patterns in egg size and the extreme fecundity of large teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Martin
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter N Dudley
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neosha S Kashef
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M Stafford
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William J Reeder
- Center for Ecohydraulics Research, University of Idaho, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Daniele Tonina
- Center for Ecohydraulics Research, University of Idaho, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Annelise M Del Rio
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Scott Foott
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, CA-NV Fish Health Center, Anderson, CA, USA
| | - Eric M Danner
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA
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47
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Herrera-R GA, Oberdorff T, Anderson EP, Brosse S, Carvajal-Vallejos FM, Frederico RG, Hidalgo M, Jézéquel C, Maldonado M, Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Ortega H, Radinger J, Torrente-Vilara G, Zuanon J, Tedesco PA. The combined effects of climate change and river fragmentation on the distribution of Andean Amazon fishes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5509-5523. [PMID: 32785968 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Upstream range shifts of freshwater fishes have been documented in recent years due to ongoing climate change. River fragmentation by dams, presenting physical barriers, can limit the climatically induced spatial redistribution of fishes. Andean freshwater ecosystems in the Neotropical region are expected to be highly affected by these future disturbances. However, proper evaluations are still missing. Combining species distribution models and functional traits of Andean Amazon fishes, coupled with dam locations and climatic projections (2070s), we (a) evaluated the potential impacts of future climate on species ranges, (b) investigated the combined impact of river fragmentation and climate change and (c) tested the relationships between these impacts and species functional traits. Results show that climate change will induce range contraction for most of the Andean Amazon fish species, particularly those inhabiting highlands. Dams are not predicted to greatly limit future range shifts for most species (i.e., the Barrier effect). However, some of these barriers should prevent upstream shifts for a considerable number of species, reducing future potential diversity in some basins. River fragmentation is predicted to act jointly with climate change in promoting a considerable decrease in the probability of species to persist in the long-term because of splitting species ranges in smaller fragments (i.e., the Isolation effect). Benthic and fast-flowing water adapted species with hydrodynamic bodies are significantly associated with severe range contractions from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Herrera-R
- UMR Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS 5174, IRD 253, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Earth and Environment and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thierry Oberdorff
- UMR Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS 5174, IRD 253, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elizabeth P Anderson
- Department of Earth and Environment and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sébastien Brosse
- UMR Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS 5174, IRD 253, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fernando M Carvajal-Vallejos
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Renata G Frederico
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Max Hidalgo
- Departamento de Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Céline Jézéquel
- UMR Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS 5174, IRD 253, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mabel Maldonado
- Unidad de Limnología y Recursos Acuáticos, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Javier A Maldonado-Ocampo
- Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Laboratorio de Ictiología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Ortega
- Departamento de Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Johannes Radinger
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jansen Zuanon
- Coordenacão de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Tedesco
- UMR Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS 5174, IRD 253, UPS, Toulouse, France
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48
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Claunch NM, Nix E, Royal AE, Burgos LP, Corn M, DuBois PM, Ivey KN, King EC, Rucker KA, Shea TK, Stepanek J, Vansdadia S, Taylor EN. Body size impacts critical thermal maximum measurements in lizards. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:96-107. [PMID: 32851814 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind critical thermal maxima (CTmax; the high body temperature at which neuromuscular coordination is lost) of organisms is central to understanding ectotherm thermal tolerance. Body size is an often overlooked variable that may affect interpretation of CTmax, and consequently, how CTmax is used to evaluate mechanistic hypotheses of thermal tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that body size affects CTmax and its interpretation in two experimental contexts. First, in four Sceloporus species, we examined how inter- and intraspecific variation in body size affected CTmax at normoxic and experimentally induced hypoxic conditions, and cloacal heating rate under normoxic conditions. Negative relationships between body size and CTmax were exaggerated in larger species, and hypoxia-related reductions in CTmax were unaffected by body size. Smaller individuals had faster cloacal heating rates and higher CTmax, and variation in cloacal heating rate affected CTmax in the largest species. Second, we examined how body size interacted with the location of body temperature measurements (i.e., cloaca vs. brain) in Sceloporus occidentalis, then compared this in living and deceased lizards. Brain temperatures were consistently lower than cloacal temperatures. Smaller lizards had larger brain-cloacal temperature differences than larger lizards, due to a slower cloacal heating rate in large lizards. Both live and dead lizards had lower brain than cloacal temperatures, suggesting living lizards do not actively maintain lower brain temperatures when they cannot pant. Thermal inertia influences CTmax data in complex ways, and body size should therefore be considered in studies involving CTmax data on species with variable sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Claunch
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Emmeleia Nix
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Averil E Royal
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Luis P Burgos
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Megan Corn
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - P Mason DuBois
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kathleen N Ivey
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Elina C King
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kiley A Rucker
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Tanner K Shea
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - John Stepanek
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Sunny Vansdadia
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Emily N Taylor
- Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
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49
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Johnson DJ, Stahlschmidt ZR. City limits: Heat tolerance is influenced by body size and hydration state in an urban ant community. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4944-4955. [PMID: 32551072 PMCID: PMC7297767 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities are rapidly expanding, and global warming is intensified in urban environments due to the urban heat island effect. Therefore, urban animals may be particularly susceptible to warming associated with ongoing climate change. We used a comparative and manipulative approach to test three related hypotheses about the determinants of heat tolerance or critical thermal maximum (CT max) in urban ants-specifically, that (a) body size, (b) hydration status, and (c) chosen microenvironments influence CT max. We further tested a fourth hypothesis that native species are particularly physiologically vulnerable in urban environments. We manipulated water access and determined CT max for 11 species common to cities in California's Central Valley that exhibit nearly 300-fold variation in body size. There was a moderate phylogenetic signal influencing CT max, and inter (but not intra) specific variation in body size influenced CT max where larger species had higher CT max. The sensitivity of ants' CT max to water availability exhibited species-specific thresholds where short-term water limitation (8 hr) reduced CT max and body water content in some species while longer-term water limitation (32 hr) was required to reduce these traits in other species. However, CT max was not related to the temperatures chosen by ants during activity. Further, we found support for our fourth hypothesis because CT max and estimates of thermal safety margin in native species were more sensitive to water availability relative to non-native species. In sum, we provide evidence of links between heat tolerance and water availability, which will become critically important in an increasingly warm, dry, and urbanized world that others have shown may be selecting for smaller (not larger) body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of the PacificStocktonCalifornia
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50
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Rocha-Ortega M, Rodríguez P, Bried J, Abbott J, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Why do bugs perish? Range size and local vulnerability traits as surrogates of Odonata extinction risk. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192645. [PMID: 32228412 PMCID: PMC7209059 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite claims of an insect decline worldwide, our understanding of extinction risk in insects is incomplete. Using bionomic data of all odonate (603 dragonflies and damselflies) North American species, we assessed (i) regional extinction risk and whether this is related to local extirpation; (ii) whether these two patterns are similar altitudinally and latitudinally; and (iii) the areas of conservation concern. We used geographic range size as a predictor of regional extinction risk and body size, thermal limits and habitat association as predictors of local extirpation. We found that (i) greater regional extinction risk is related to narrow thermal limits, lotic habitat use and large body size (this in damselflies but not dragonflies); (ii) southern species are more climate tolerant but with more limited geographic range size than northern species; and (iii) two priority areas for odonate conservation are the cold temperate to sub-boreal northeastern USA and the transversal neo-volcanic system. Our approach can be used to estimate insect extinction risk as it compensates for the lack of abundance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Pilar Rodríguez
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur 4903 Col. Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan, CP 14010 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Jason Bried
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, MC 652, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - John Abbott
- Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Box 870340, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
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