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Sakai T, Sasaki Y, Abe Y, Shoji M, Nishise S, Sato H, Yagi M, Mizumoto N, Onozato Y, Takashi K, Miyano Y, Murakami R, Umehara M, Nakamura S, Ito M, Watabe T, Tsuchiya H, Goto H, Miura T, Sato R, Ueno Y. Decreased Abundance of Genus Slackia in Individuals With Obesity and Colorectal Adenoma. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2024; 3:573-582. [PMID: 39165419 PMCID: PMC11330935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aims The increasing prevalence of obesity has significantly contributed to the global burden of colorectal cancer and the precancerous colorectal adenoma (CRA). Gut microbiota vary at each stage of colorectal carcinogenesis and participate in energy homeostasis. Elucidating gut microbiotal characteristics in obesity-related CRA may help prevent and treat colorectal tumors; however, this remains unclarified. Therefore, this study investigated the gut microbiota profile of patients with obesity-related CRA. Methods This hospital setting-based cross-sectional study included 113 participants (66 [without CRA control group] and 37 [with CRA group]; each group was divided into obese and nonobese groups) who underwent screening colonoscopy between June 2019 and January 2020. Gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA and polymerase chain reaction techniques and the data compared between the aforementioned groups. Results No between-group difference was observed in the diversity index; however, α diversity was the lowest in the obese CRA group. The CRA group had significantly higher and lower numbers of 26 and 17 genera, respectively. Genus Slackia was significantly lower in the obese CRA group than in the nonobese CRA group. Multivariate analysis of the quartiles according to genus Slackia relative abundance rates revealed that the first quartile was an independent risk factor for CRA (odds ratio, 3.57; 95% confidence interval 1.19-10.7). The proportion of equol reductase-positive participants was lowest in the obese CRA group (P = .04). Multivariate odds ratio for CRA was 5.46 (95% confidence interval 1.35-22.0) for genus Slackia and equol reductase-negative participants. Conclusion Decreased abundance of genus Slackia and absence of equol reductase potentially influence obesity-related CRA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sakai
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yu Sasaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Abe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
- Division of Endoscopy, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masakuni Shoji
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Sato
- Division of Multi-omics Research, Yamagata University Well-Being Institute, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Makoto Yagi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
- Division of Endoscopy, Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Naoko Mizumoto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onozato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kon Takashi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyano
- Division of Multi-omics Research, Yamagata University Well-Being Institute, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryoko Murakami
- Division of Multi-omics Research, Yamagata University Well-Being Institute, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Matsuki Umehara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Minami Ito
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watabe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miura
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Kumari N, Kumari R, Dua A, Singh M, Kumar R, Singh P, Duyar-Ayerdi S, Pradeep S, Ojesina AI, Kumar R. From Gut to Hormones: Unraveling the Role of Gut Microbiota in (Phyto)Estrogen Modulation in Health and Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300688. [PMID: 38342595 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota regulates estrogen metabolism through the "estrobolome," the collection of bacterial genes that encode enzymes like β-glucuronidases and β-glucosidases. These enzymes deconjugate and reactivate estrogen, influencing circulating levels. The estrobolome mediates the enterohepatic circulation and bioavailability of estrogen. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and estrobolome function have been associated with estrogen-related diseases like breast cancer, enometrial cancer, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This is likely due to dysregulated estrogen signaling partly contributed by the microbial impacts on estrogen metabolism. Dietary phytoestrogens also undergo bacterial metabolism into active metabolites like equol, which binds estrogen receptors and exhibits higher estrogenic potency than its precursor daidzein. However, the ability to produce equol varies across populations, depending on the presence of specific gut microbes. Characterizing the estrobolome and equol-producing genes across populations can provide microbiome-based biomarkers. Further research is needed to investigate specific components of the estrobolome, phytoestrogen-microbiota interactions, and mechanisms linking dysbiosis to estrogen-related pathology. However, current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is an integral regulator of estrogen status with clinical relevance to women's health and hormonal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Kumari
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Zoology, College of Commerce, Arts & Science, Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar, 800020, India
| | - Ankita Dua
- Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110027, India
| | - Mona Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Roushan Kumar
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
| | - Susan Duyar-Ayerdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Akinyemi I Ojesina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, 824234, India
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Shen C, Chen Z, Zhang W, Chen X, Zheng B, Shi C. Preliminary study of the effect of gut microbiota on the development of prostatitis. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:35. [PMID: 38273299 PMCID: PMC10809527 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbacteriosis of intestinal tract may cause systemic inflammation, making distant anatomical locations more susceptible to illness. Recent research has demonstrated that the microbiome can affect both prostatitis and the inflammation of the prostate that is linked to prostate cancer. It is still unclear, though, whether this relationship indicates causation. We conducted a Mendelian randomization investigation on two samples to fully uncover gut microbiota's potential genetic causal role in prostatitis. METHOD Prostatitis (1859 prostatitis cases and 72,799 controls) was utilized as the outcome, while SNPs highly linked with 196 microbial taxa (18 340 people) were chosen as instrumental factors. Random effects, inverse variance weighting, weighted medians, and MR-Egger were used to analyze causal effects. The Cochran's Q test, funnel plot, leave-one-out analysis, and MR-Egger intercept test were all used in the sensitivity analysis. RESULTS A causal effect in lowering the incidence of prostatitis is anticipated for five gut microorganisms (Methanobacteria, Methanobacteriaceae, Erysipelatoclostridium, Parasutterella, and Slackia; P < 0.05). Four gut bacteria, including Faecalibacterium, LachnospiraceaeUCG004, Sutterella, and Gastranaerophilales, are predicted to play a causal role in increasing the risk of prostatitis (P < 0.05). There were no discernible estimates of pleiotropy or heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Our investigation established the genetic links between nine gut microorganisms and prostatitis, which may offer fresh perspectives and a theoretical framework for the future prevention and management of prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunmei Shi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Turner TA, Lehman P, Ghimire S, Shahi SK, Mangalam A. Game of microbes: the battle within - gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2387794. [PMID: 39114974 PMCID: PMC11313001 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2387794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathobiology of the disease. While human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have emerged as the strongest genetic factor, consensus on environmental risk factors are lacking. Recently, trillions of microbes residing in our gut (microbiome) have emerged as a potential environmental factor linked with the pathobiology of MS as PwMS show gut microbial dysbiosis (altered gut microbiome). Thus, there has been a strong emphasis on understanding the factors (host and environmental) regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and the mechanism(s) through which gut microbes contribute to MS disease, especially through immune system modulation. A better understanding of these interactions will help harness the enormous potential of the gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach to treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Ara Turner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Lehman
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Experimental Pathology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shailesh K. Shahi
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mangalam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Experimental Pathology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Li Y, Du X, Pian H, Fan X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zhai F, Abro SM, Yu D. Effects of dietary supplement with licorice and rutin mixture on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota in quails (Turnix tanki). Poult Sci 2023; 102:103038. [PMID: 37729679 PMCID: PMC10514455 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of licorice and rutin on production performance, egg quality, and mucosa antioxidant levels in Chinese yellow quail. A total of 240 Chinese Yellow Quail (400-day-old) were randomly distributed into 5 groups: the Control group, fed with a basic diet; the LR1 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 300 + 100 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet; the LR2 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 300 + 200 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet; the LR3 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 600 + 100 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet and the LR4 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 600 + 200 mg licorice and rutin mixture/kg diet. Compared with the control, supplementation with the licorice and rutin mixture improved the laying rate and eggshell thickness whereas decreased the feed conversion ratio of quails. Moreover, dietary supplementation with the licorice and rutin mixture improved the antioxidant capacity by increasing the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and decreasing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the jejunal mucosa. The licorice and rutin mixture altered the composition of intestinal microbiota by influencing the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides. The relative abundances of the Bacteroidetes were significantly related to the laying rate of quails. In addition, the mixture of licorice and rutin was also effective in reducing the relative abundance of intestinal Proteobacteria and Enterobacter in quails, reducing the accumulation of antibiotic-resistance genes. The results revealed that supplementation of licorice and rutin mixture to the diet improved production performance, egg quality, and antioxidant capacity and modified the composition of intestinal microbiota in quails. This study provides a reference for Chinese herbal additives to promote production performance by modulating quail gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xubin Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Huifang Pian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoji Fan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tingzhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Tangrenshen Group Shares Co, Ltd., Zhuzhou, Hunan, PR China
| | - Sarang Mazhar Abro
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety of Ministry of Education & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Debing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Gong Y, Lv J, Pang X, Zhang S, Zhang G, Liu L, Wang Y, Li C. Advances in the Metabolic Mechanism and Functional Characteristics of Equol. Foods 2023; 12:2334. [PMID: 37372545 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equol is the most potent soy isoflavone metabolite and is produced by specific intestinal microorganisms of mammals. It has promising application possibilities for preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and prostate cancer due to its high antioxidant activity and hormone-like activity. Thus, it is of great significance to systematically study the efficient preparation method of equol and its functional activity. This paper elaborates on the metabolic mechanism of equol in humans; focuses on the biological characteristics, synthesis methods, and the currently isolated equol-producing bacteria; and looks forward to its future development and application direction, aiming to provide guidance for the application and promotion of equol in the field of food and health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Gong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yunna Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin 150030, China
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Shen C, Simpson J, Clawson JB, Lam S, Kingsley K. Prevalence of Oral Pathogen Slackia exigua among Clinical Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Saliva Samples. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040867. [PMID: 37110290 PMCID: PMC10146681 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Slackia exigua (SE) is a recently identified intestinal microbe, which recent oral surveys suggest may be associated with oral diseases including caries and periodontal disease. Based upon the lack of information regarding this organism, the primary objective of this study was to determine the oral prevalence of this microbe and any potential associations with patient characteristics such as age, sex, or the presence of orthodontic appliances. This retrospective study involved the screening of an existing saliva repository composed of previously collected unstimulated clinical saliva samples. More specifically, N = 266 were identified and screened using a spectrophotometer at absorbances of A260 and A280 nm to determine their DNA purity and concentration. qPCR screening of these samples revealed a higher prevalence of Slackia exigua positive samples among pediatric patients (63.1%) compared with adults (36.9%) in this clinic population, p = 0.0007. In addition, higher percentages of Slackia exigua were observed among orthodontic patients (71.2%) compared with non-orthodontic patients (28.8%), p = 0.0001. These results did not vary by sex with nearly equal percentages of Slackia exigua positive males and females among adult and pediatric patients, as well as orthodontic and non-orthodontic samples. These results suggest a strong potential for association between the prevalence of this organism with age as well as orthodontic status, given that younger patients and those with orthodontic brackets (regardless of age) were most likely to harbor this pathogen in sufficient levels to be detected in saliva. More research will be needed to determine any associations with specific outcomes, such as caries or periodontal disease, among Slackia exigua positive patients within these specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Shen
- Department of Advanced Education in Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Justin Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - James Brigham Clawson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Steven Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-774-2623
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Zhang X, Fujiyoshi A, Kadota A, Kondo K, Torii S, Okami Y, Hisamatsu T, Yano Y, Barinas-Mitchell E, Magnani J, Miura K, Ueshima H, Sekikawa A. Cross-sectional association of equol producing status with aortic calcification in Japanese men aged 40-79 years. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20114. [PMID: 36418419 PMCID: PMC9684435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is an isoflavone (ISF)-derived metabolite by the gut microbiome in certain individuals termed equol-producers (EP). Equol might be the critical anti-atherogenic component of ISFs. In a population-based study of 979 Japanese men aged 40-79 without cardiovascular (CVD) or chronic kidney disease, we measured the urinary levels of equol and ISFs. Aortic calcification (AC) in the entire aorta was assessed by electron-beam or multi-detector-row computed tomography. Subjects with log10 (urinary equol to daidzein concentration) > - 1.5 were classified as EP. EP was further classified as person with low- and high-equol. We analyzed the association between equol-producing status and AC presence, defined as AC score > 0, by the logistic regressions. We found that EP (50% of the sample) had significantly lower odds of AC presence (odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39, 0.98) compared to non-EP. This association was independent of CVD risk factors. For the dose-response association, compared to non-EP, subjects with low and high levels of equol had ORs of 0.51 (95% CI 0.30, 0.84) and 0.67 (95% CI 0.39, 1.14) after adjusting for major CVD risk factors (p for trend = 0.06). ISFs concentrations were not significantly associated with AC presence (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.69). In conclusion, EP had a significantly lower burden of AC than non-EP, while ISFs were not associated with AC presence in Japanese men aged 40-79 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 331, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- grid.412857.d0000 0004 1763 1087Department of Hygiene, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Keiko Kondo
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Sayuki Torii
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okami
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisamatsu
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Emma Barinas-Mitchell
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 331, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jared Magnani
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 331, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Kydd L, Shiveshwarkar P, Jaworski J. Engineering Escherichia coli for Conversion of Dietary Isoflavones in the Gut. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3575-3582. [PMID: 36282591 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Introducing metabolic pathways to the gut is important to tailor the biochemical components ultimately absorbed by the host. Given identical diets, hosts possessing different consortia of gut bacteria can exhibit distinct health outcomes regulated by metabolic capabilities of the gut microbiota. The disparate competency of the population to metabolize isoflavones, such as dietary daidzein, has shown health benefits for those individuals possessing gut bacteria capable of producing equol from daidzein-rich diets. To begin addressing health inequalities due to gut metabolic pathway deficiencies, we developed a probiotic that allows metabolism of isoflavones to provide a gut phenotype paralleling that of natural equol producers. Toward this goal, we engineered Escherichia coli to produce the enzymes necessary for conversion of daidzein to equol, and as demonstrated in a murine model, these bacteria enabled elevated serum equol levels to dietary daidzein, thus serving as a starting point for more sophisticated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeNaiya Kydd
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Priyanka Shiveshwarkar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Justyn Jaworski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
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Zhang G, Lv X, Cheng Y, Lai XH, Yang J, Jin D, Lu S, Pu J, Liu L, Xu J. New members of the family Eggerthellaceae isolated from Marmota himalayana: Xiamenia xianingshaonis gen. nov., sp. nov., from intestinal contents, and Berryella wangjianweii sp. nov., from trachea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, urease-, oxidase- and catalase-negative, rod-shaped strains (zg-886T/zg-887 and zg-1050T/zg-1084) were isolated from Marmota himalayana. Comparison analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that the two strain pairs belong to the family
Eggerthellaceae
: zg-1050T and zg-1084 were most closely related to
Berryella intestinalis
68-1-3T (97.2 %), while zg-886T/zg-887 had the highest similarity to
Slackia piriformis
YIT 12062T (91.6 %), followed by
Paraeggerthella hongkongensis
DSM 16106T (91.4 %) and
Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens
DSM 27213T (91.4 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and genomes showed that the two strain pairs represent two different lineages within the family
Eggerthellaceae
. The genomic G+C contents of strains zg-886T and zg-1050T were 63.0 and 66.3 mol%, respectively. The values of digital DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and the percentage of conserved proteins between the two new type strains and members of the family
Eggerthellaceae
were lower than the respective thresholds for delineation of a species or genus. In contrast to the absence of any known quinones in strain zg-1050T, strain zg-886T contained MK-6 (42.5 %), MMK-6 (25.0 %) and DMMK-6 (32.5 %). The four strains grew optimally at pH 7.0, 37 ºC and 0.5 % NaCl (w/v). According to these polyphasic analyses, two new members within the family
Eggerthellaceae
are proposed, Xiamenia xianingshaonis gen. nov., sp. nov. (zg-886T=JCM 34097T=GDMCC 1.1710T) and Berryella wangjianweii sp. nov. (zg-1050T=GDMCC 1.2426T=JCM 34748T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Xianglian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518073, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xin-He Lai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dong Jin
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Shan Lu
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Ji Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
- Institute of Public Health, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
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11
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Iglesias-Aguirre C, Vallejo F, Beltrán D, Aguilar-Aguilar E, Puigcerver J, Alajarín M, Berná J, Selma MV, Espín JC. Lunularin Producers versus Non-producers: Novel Human Metabotypes Associated with the Metabolism of Resveratrol by the Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10521-10531. [PMID: 35981285 PMCID: PMC9449969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe here for the first time the consistent observation of two metabotypes associated with resveratrol metabolism by the human gut microbiota, that is, lunularin (LUNU)-producers and LUNU non-producers. In healthy volunteers (n = 195), resveratrol was reduced to dihydroresveratrol, which only in the LUNU-producer metabotype was sequentially dehydroxylated at the 5-position to yield LUNU and the 3-position to produce 4-hydroxydibenzyl. These metabolites (also 3,4'-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene in some LUNU-producers) were detected in the urine and (or) feces of 74% of volunteers after consuming resveratrol, while 26% lacked these dehydroxylase activities. The LUNU non-producer metabotype was more prevalent in females (P < 0.05) but independent of individuals' BMI and age. A 4-styrylphenol reductase in both metabotypes converted stilbenes to their corresponding dibenzyls, while no 4-dehydroxylation in stilbenes or dibenzyls was observed. 4-Hydroxy-trans-stilbene, pinosylvin, dihydropinosylvin, 3-hydroxydibenzyl, and 3-hydroxy-trans-stilbene were not detected in vivo or in vitro. Further research on LUNU metabotypes, their associated gut microbiota, and their impact on health is worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
E. Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Fernando Vallejo
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - David Beltrán
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Elena Aguilar-Aguilar
- Nutrition
and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Julio Puigcerver
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarín
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - José Berná
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - María V. Selma
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
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12
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Scott MB, Styring AK, McCullagh JSO. Polyphenols: Bioavailability, Microbiome Interactions and Cellular Effects on Health in Humans and Animals. Pathogens 2022; 11:770. [PMID: 35890016 PMCID: PMC9324685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds have a variety of functions in plants including protecting them from a range of abiotic and biotic stresses such as pathogenic infections, ionising radiation and as signalling molecules. They are common constituents of human and animal diets, undergoing extensive metabolism by gut microbiota in many cases prior to entering circulation. They are linked to a range of positive health effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and disease-specific activities but the relationships between polyphenol bio-transformation products and their interactions in vivo are less well understood. Here we review the state of knowledge in this area, specifically what happens to dietary polyphenols after ingestion and how this is linked to health effects in humans and animals; paying particular attention to farm animals and pigs. We focus on the chemical transformation of polyphenols after ingestion, through microbial transformation, conjugation, absorption, entry into circulation and uptake by cells and tissues, focusing on recent findings in relation to bone. We review what is known about how these processes affect polyphenol bioactivity, highlighting gaps in knowledge. The implications of extending the use of polyphenols to treat specific pathogenic infections and other illnesses is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Scott
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK;
| | - Amy K. Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK;
| | - James S. O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
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13
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Metabolism of Daidzein and Genistein by Gut Bacteria of the Class Coriobacteriia. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112741. [PMID: 34829025 PMCID: PMC8618169 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of isoflavones is presumed to be associated with health benefits in humans, but also potential adverse effects of isoflavones are controversially discussed. Isoflavones can be metabolized by gut bacteria leading to modulation of the bioactivity, such as estrogenic effects. Especially bacterial strains of the Eggerthellaceae, a well-known bacterial family of the human gut microbiota, are able to convert the isoflavone daidzein into equol. In addition, metabolization of genistein is also described for strains of the Eggerthellaceae. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate gut bacterial strains of the family Eggerthellaceae as well as the narrowly related family Coriobacteriaceae which are able to metabolize daidzein and genistein. This study provides a comprehensive, polyphasic approach comprising in silico analysis of the equol gene cluster, detection of genes associated with the daidzein, and genistein metabolism via PCR and fermentation of these isoflavones. The in silico search for protein sequences that are associated with daidzein metabolism identified sequences with high similarity values in already well-known equol-producing strains. Furthermore, protein sequences that are presumed to be associated with daidzein and genistein metabolism were detected in the two type strains 'Hugonella massiliensis' and Senegalimassilia faecalis which were not yet described to metabolize these isoflavones. An alignment of these protein sequences showed that the equol gene cluster is highly conserved. In addition, PCR amplification supported the presence of genes associated with daidzein and genistein metabolism. Furthermore, the metabolism of daidzein and genistein was investigated in fermentations of pure bacterial cultures under strictly anaerobic conditions and proofed the metabolism of daidzein and genistein by the strains 'Hugonella massiliensis' DSM 101782T and Senegalimassilia faecalis KGMB04484T.
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14
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Iglesias-Aguirre CE, Cortés-Martín A, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Selma MV, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Main drivers of (poly)phenol effects on human health: metabolite production and/or gut microbiota-associated metabotypes? Food Funct 2021; 12:10324-10355. [PMID: 34558584 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high human interindividual variability in response to (poly)phenol consumption, the cause-and-effect relationship between some dietary (poly)phenols (flavanols and olive oil phenolics) and health effects (endothelial function and prevention of LDL oxidation, respectively) has been well established. Most of the variables affecting this interindividual variability have been identified (food matrix, gut microbiota, single-nucleotide-polymorphisms, etc.). However, the final drivers for the health effects of (poly)phenol consumption have not been fully identified. At least partially, these drivers could be (i) the (poly)phenols ingested that exert their effect in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the bioavailable metabolites that exert their effects systemically and/or (iii) the gut microbial ecology associated with (poly)phenol metabolism (i.e., gut microbiota-associated metabotypes). However, statistical associations between health effects and the occurrence of circulating and/or excreted metabolites, as well as cross-sectional studies that correlate gut microbial ecologies and health, do not prove a causal role unequivocally. We provide a critical overview and perspective on the possible main drivers of the effects of (poly)phenols on human health and suggest possible actions to identify the putative actors responsible for the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Á Ávila-Gálvez
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan A Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María V Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Zhang X, Veliky CV, Birru RL, Barinas-Mitchell E, Magnani JW, Sekikawa A. Potential Protective Effects of Equol (Soy Isoflavone Metabolite) on Coronary Heart Diseases-From Molecular Mechanisms to Studies in Humans. Nutrients 2021; 13:3739. [PMID: 34835997 PMCID: PMC8622975 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol, a soy isoflavone-derived metabolite of the gut microbiome, may be the key cardioprotective component of soy isoflavones. Systematic reviews have reported that soy isoflavones have no to very small effects on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, the potential mechanistic mode of action of equol on non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors has not been systematically reviewed. We searched the PubMed through to July 2021 by using terms for equol and each of the following markers: inflammation, oxidation, endothelial function, vasodilation, atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and coronary heart disease. Of the 231 records identified, 69 articles met the inclusion criteria and were summarized. Our review suggests that equol is more lipophilic, bioavailable, and generally more potent compared to soy isoflavones. Cell culture, animal, and human studies show that equol possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory properties and improves arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis. Many of these actions are mediated through the estrogen receptor β. Overall, equol may have a greater cardioprotective benefit than soy isoflavones. Clinical studies of equol are warranted because equol is available as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Z.); (C.V.V.); (R.L.B.); (E.B.-M.)
| | - Cole V. Veliky
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Z.); (C.V.V.); (R.L.B.); (E.B.-M.)
| | - Rahel L. Birru
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Z.); (C.V.V.); (R.L.B.); (E.B.-M.)
| | - Emma Barinas-Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Z.); (C.V.V.); (R.L.B.); (E.B.-M.)
| | - Jared W. Magnani
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.Z.); (C.V.V.); (R.L.B.); (E.B.-M.)
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16
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Guadamuro L, Azcárate-Peril MA, Tojo R, Mayo B, Delgado S. Impact of Dietary Isoflavone Supplementation on the Fecal Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157939. [PMID: 34360231 PMCID: PMC8345437 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are metabolized by components of the gut microbiota and can also modulate their composition and/or activity. This study aimed to analyze the modifications of the fecal microbial populations and their metabolites in menopausal women under dietary treatment with soy isoflavones for one month. Based on the level of urinary equol, the women had been stratified previously as equol-producers (n = 3) or as equol non-producers (n = 5). The composition of the fecal microbiota was assessed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and the changes in fatty acid excretion in feces were analyzed by gas chromatography. A greater proportion of sequence reads of the genus Slackia was detected after isoflavone supplementation. Sequences of members of the family Lachnospiraceae and the genus Pseudoflavonifractor were significantly increased in samples from equol-producing women. Multivariable analysis showed that, after isoflavone treatment, the fecal microbial communities of equol producers were more like each other. Isoflavone supplementation increased the production of caproic acid, suggesting differential microbial activity, leading to a high fecal excretion of this compound. However, differences between equol producers and non-producers were not scored. These results may contribute to characterizing the modulating effect of isoflavones on the gut microbiota, which could lead to unravelling of their beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guadamuro
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Departament of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.G.); (B.M.)
| | - M. Andrea Azcárate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Microbiome Core, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC 2759, USA;
| | - Rafael Tojo
- Gastroenterology Department, Cabueñes University Hospital, 33203 Gijón, Spain;
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Departament of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.G.); (B.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Departament of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.G.); (B.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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17
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Aboushanab SA, Khedr SM, Gette IF, Danilova IG, Kolberg NA, Ravishankar GA, Ambati RR, Kovaleva EG. Isoflavones derived from plant raw materials: bioavailability, anti-cancer, anti-aging potentials, and microbiome modulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:261-287. [PMID: 34251921 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1946006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary metabolites that represent the most abundant category of plant polyphenols. Dietary soy, kudzu, and red clover contain primarily genistein, daidzein, glycitein, puerarin, formononetin, and biochanin A. The structural similarity of these compounds to β-estradiol has demonstrated protection against age-related and hormone-dependent diseases in both genders. Demonstrative shreds of evidence confirmed the fundamental health benefits of the consumption of these isoflavones. These relevant activities are complex and largely driven by the source, active ingredients, dose, and administration period of the bioactive compounds. However, the preclinical and clinical studies of these compounds are greatly variable, controversial, and still with no consensus due to the non-standardized research protocols. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies, and the safety profile of isoflavones have been far limited. This highlights a major gap in understanding the potentially critical role of these isoflavones as prospective replacement therapy. Our general review exclusively focuses attention on the crucial role of isoflavones derived from these plant materials and critically highlights their bioavailability, possible anticancer, antiaging potentials, and microbiome modulation. Despite their fundamental health benefits, plant isoflavones reveal prospective therapeutic effects that worth further standardized analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied A Aboushanab
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Shaimaa M Khedr
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Irina F Gette
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Natalia A Kolberg
- Integrated Laboratory Complex, Ural State University of Economics, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gokare A Ravishankar
- C. D. Sagar Centre for Life Sciences, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation of Science, Technology and Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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18
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Illescas O, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Gariboldi M. Mediterranean Diet to Prevent the Development of Colon Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Gut Microbiota Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072234. [PMID: 34209683 PMCID: PMC8308215 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a common feature in colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Adoption of the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for the prevention of multiple diseases, and one of its mechanisms of action is the modulation of the microbiota. We aimed to determine whether MD can be used as a preventive measure against cancer and inflammation-related diseases of the gut, based on its capacity to modulate the local microbiota. A joint meta-analysis of publicly available 16S data derived from subjects following MD or other diets and from patients with CRC, IBD, or other gut-related diseases was conducted. We observed that the microbiota associated with MD was enriched in bacteria that promote an anti-inflammatory environment but low in taxa with pro-inflammatory properties capable of altering intestinal barrier functions. We found an opposite trend in patients with intestinal diseases, including cancer. Some of these differences were maintained even when MD was compared to healthy controls without a defined diet. Our findings highlight the unique effects of MD on the gut microbiota and suggest that integrating MD principles into a person’s lifestyle may serve as a preventive method against cancer and other gut-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Illescas
- Genetic Epidemiology and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla C.P. 54090, MEX, Mexico;
| | - Manuela Gariboldi
- Genetic Epidemiology and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-2-23902042
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19
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Guo Y, Zhao L, Fang X, Zhong Q, Liang H, Liang W, Wang L. Isolation and identification of a human intestinal bacterium capable of daidzein conversion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6261181. [PMID: 33930123 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol, which produced from daidzein (one of the principal isoflavones), is recognized to be the most resultful in stimulating an estrogenic and antioxidant response. The daidzein transformation was studied during fermentation of five growth media inoculated with feces from a healthy human, and a daidzein conversion strain was isolated. To enrich the bacterial population involved in daidzein metabolism in a complex mixture, fecal samples were treated with antibiotics. The improved propidium monoazide combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMAxx-qPCR) assay showed that the ampicillin treatment of samples did result in a reduction of the total visible bacteria counts by 52.2% compared to the treatment without antibiotics. On this basis, the newly isolated rod-shaped, Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, named strain Y11 (MN560033), was able to metabolize daidzein to equol under anaerobic conditions, with a conversion ratio (equol ratio: the amount of equol produced/amount of supplemented daizein) of 0.56 over 120 h. The 16S rRNA partial sequence of the strain Y11 exhibited 99.8% identity to that of Slackia equolifaciens strain DZE (NR116295). This study will provide new insights into the biotransformation of equol from daidzein by intestinal microbiota from the strain-level and explore the possibility of probiotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Guo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichao Zhao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Liang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenou Liang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Makarewicz M, Drożdż I, Tarko T, Duda-Chodak A. The Interactions between Polyphenols and Microorganisms, Especially Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:188. [PMID: 33525629 PMCID: PMC7911950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the comprehensive knowledge about the bidirectional relationship between polyphenols and the gut microbiome. The first part is related to polyphenols' impacts on various microorganisms, especially bacteria, and their influence on intestinal pathogens. The research data on the mechanisms of polyphenol action were collected together and organized. The impact of various polyphenols groups on intestinal bacteria both on the whole "microbiota" and on particular species, including probiotics, are presented. Moreover, the impact of polyphenols present in food (bound to the matrix) was compared with the purified polyphenols (such as in dietary supplements) as well as polyphenols in the form of derivatives (such as glycosides) with those in the form of aglycones. The second part of the paper discusses in detail the mechanisms (pathways) and the role of bacterial biotransformation of the most important groups of polyphenols, including the production of bioactive metabolites with a significant impact on the human organism (both positive and negative).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Duda-Chodak
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-149 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (I.D.); (T.T.)
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21
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Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of disease demand a sound understanding of the underlying mechanisms, determining any Achilles' heel that can be targeted in effective therapies. Throughout history, this endeavour to decipher the origin and mechanism of transformation of a normal cell into cancer has led to various theories-from cancer as a curse to an understanding at the level of single-cell heterogeneity, meaning even among a single sub-type of cancer there are myriad molecular challenges to overcome. With increasing insight into cancer genetics and biology, the disease has become ever more complex to understand. The complexity of cancer as a disease was distilled into key traits by Hanahan and Weinberg in their seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' reviews. This lucid conceptualization of complex cancer biology is widely accepted and has helped advance cancer therapeutics by targeting the various hallmarks but, with the advancement in technologies, there is greater granularity in how we view cancer as a disease, and the additional understanding over the past decade requires us to revisit the hallmarks of cancer. Based on extensive study of the cancer research literature, we propose four novel hallmarks of cancer, namely, the ability of cells to regress from a specific specialized functional state, epigenetic changes that can affect gene expression, the role of microorganisms and neuronal signalling, to be included in the hallmark conceptualization along with evidence of various means to exploit them therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasi S. Senga
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen
Mary University of London, London EC1M
6BQ, UK
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen
Mary University of London, London EC1M
6BQ, UK
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22
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Singh B, Mal G, Sharma D, Sharma R, Antony CP, Kalra RS. Gastrointestinal biotransformation of phytochemicals: Towards futuristic dietary therapeutics and functional foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Metabolism of Soy Isoflavones by Intestinal Bacteria: Genome Analysis of an Adlercreutzia Equolifaciens Strain That Does Not Produce Equol. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060950. [PMID: 32586036 PMCID: PMC7355428 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are transformed in the gut into more estrogen-like compounds or into inactive molecules. However, neither the intestinal microbes nor the pathways leading to the synthesis of isoflavone-derived metabolites are fully known. In the present work, 73 fecal isolates from three women with an equol-producing phenotype were considered to harbor equol-related genes by qPCR. After typing, 57 different strains of different taxa were tested for their ability to act on the isoflavones daidzein and genistein. Strains producing small to moderate amounts of dihydrodaidzein and/or O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) from daidzein and dihydrogenistein from genistein were recorded. However, either alone or in several strain combinations, equol producers were not found, even though one of the strains, W18.34a (also known as IPLA37004), was identified as Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, a well-described equol-producing species. Analysis and comparison of A. equolifaciens W18.34a and A. equolifaciens DSM19450T (an equol producer bacterium) genome sequences suggested a deletion in the former involving a large part of the equol operon. Furthermore, genome comparison of A. equolifaciens and Asaccharobacter celatus (other equol-producing species) strains from databases indicated many of these also showed deletions within the equol operon. The present results contribute to our knowledge to the activity of gut bacteria on soy isoflavones.
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24
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Wu ZY, Sang LX, Chang B. Isoflavones and inflammatory bowel disease. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:2081-2091. [PMID: 32548137 PMCID: PMC7281056 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i11.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones constitute a class of plant hormones including genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, and irilone, and the major source of human intake is soybeans. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and indeterminate colitis, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and has become a global health problem. Although the pathogenesis of IBD is not very clear, many factors are thought to be related to the occurrence and development of IBD such as genes, immunity, and intestinal flora. How to control IBD effectively for a long time is still a problem for gastroenterologists. Diet has an important effect on IBD. Patients with IBD should pay more attention to diet. To date, many studies have reported that isoflavones have both good and bad effects on IBD. Isoflavones have many activities such as regulating the inflammatory signal pathways and affecting intestinal barrier functions and gut flora. They can also act through estrogen receptors, as they have a similar structure to estrogen. Isoflavones are easy to get from diet for human. Whether they are valuable to be applied to the treatment of IBD is worth studying. This review summarizes the relationship between isoflavones and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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25
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Liang W, Zhao L, Zhang J, Fang X, Zhong Q, Liao Z, Wang J, Guo Y, Liang H, Wang L. Colonization Potential to Reconstitute a Microbe Community in Pseudo Germ-Free Mice After Fecal Microbe Transplant From Equol Producer. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32582121 PMCID: PMC7291926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the conversion of isoflavones into equol. Usually, human microbiota-associated (HMA) animal models are used, since it is difficult to establish the mechanism and causal relationship between equol and microbiota in human studies. Currently, several groups have successfully established HMA animal models that produce equol through germ-free mice or rats; however, the HMA model of producing equol through pseudo germ-free mice has not been established. The objective of this study is to establish an HMA mice model for equol production through pseudo germ-free mice, mimicking the gut microbiota of an adult human equol producer. First, a higher female equol producer was screened as a donor from 15 volunteers. Then, mice were exposed to vancomycin, neomycin sulfate, metronidazole, and ampicillin for 3 weeks to obtain pseudo germ-free mice. Finally, pseudo germ-free mice were inoculated with fecal microbiota of the equol producer for 3 weeks to establish HMA mice of producing equol. The results showed that (i) the ability to produce equol was partially transferred from the donor to the HMA mice. (ii) Most of the original intestinal microbiota of mice were eliminated after broad-spectrum antibiotic administration. (iii) The taxonomy data from HMA mice revealed similar taxa to the donor sample, and the species richness returned to the level close to the donor. (iv) The family Coriobacteriaceae and genera Collinsella were successfully transferred from the donor to HMA mice. In conclusion, the HMA mice model for equol production, based on pseudo germ-free mice, can replace the model established by germ-free mice. The model also provides a basis for studying microbiota during the conversion from isoflavones into equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenou Liang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichao Zhao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Liao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyu Guo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Liang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Cortés-Martín A, Selma MV, Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900952. [PMID: 32196920 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The full consensus on the role of dietary polyphenols as human-health-promoting compounds remains elusive. The two-way interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota (GM) (i.e., modulation of GM by polyphenols and their catabolism by the GM) is determinant in polyphenols' effects. The identification of human metabotypes associated with a differential gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols has opened new research scenarios to explain the inter-individual variability upon polyphenols consumption. The metabotypes unequivocally identified so far are those involved in the metabolism of isoflavones (equol and(or) O-desmethylangolesin producers versus non-producers) and ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes, including producers of only urolithin-A (UM-A), producers of urolithin-A, isourolithin-A, and urolithin-B (UM-B), and non-producers (UM-0)). In addition, the microbial metabolites (phenolic-derived postbiotics) such as equol, urolithins, valerolactones, enterolactone, and enterodiol, and 8-prenylnaringenin, among others, can exert differential health effects. The knowledge is updated and position is taken here on i) the two-way interaction between GM and polyphenols, ii) the evidence between phenolic-derived postbiotics and health, iii) the role of metabotypes as biomarkers of GM and the clustering of individuals depending on their metabotypes (metabotyping) to explain polyphenols' effects, and iv) the gut microbial metabolism of catecholamines to illustrate the intersection between personalized nutrition and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - María Victoria Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco Abraham Tomás-Barberán
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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27
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Thomaz FS, Tomsett KI, Panchal SK, Worrall S, Dekker Nitert M. Wasabi supplementation alters the composition of the gut microbiota of diet-induced obese rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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28
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Dual Function of a Novel Bacterium, Slackia sp. D-G6: Detoxifying Deoxynivalenol and Producing the Natural Estrogen Analogue, Equol. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020085. [PMID: 31991913 PMCID: PMC7076803 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a highly abundant mycotoxin that exerts many adverse effects on humans and animals. Much effort has been made to control DON in the past, and bio-transformation has emerged as the most promising method. However, useful and effective application of bacterial bio-transformation for the purpose of inhibiting DON remains urgently needed. The current study isolated a novel DON detoxifying bacterium, Slackia sp. D-G6 (D-G6), from chicken intestines. D-G6 is a Gram-positive, non-sporulating bacterium, which ranges in size from 0.2–0.4 μm × 0.6–1.0 μm. D-G6 de-epoxidizes DON into a non-toxic form called DOM-1. Optimum conditions required for degradation of DON are 37–47 °C and a pH of 6–10 in WCA medium containing 50% chicken intestinal extract. Besides DON detoxification, D-G6 also produces equol (EQL) from daidzein (DZN), which shows high estrogenic activity, and prevents estrogen-dependent and age-related diseases effectively. Furthermore, the genome of D-G6 was sequenced and characterized. Thirteen genes that show potential for DON de-epoxidation were identified via comparative genomics. In conclusion, a novel bacterium that exhibits the dual function of detoxifying DON and producing the beneficial natural estrogen analogue, EQL, was identified.
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29
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Jinglong X, Xiaobin L, Fang Z, Chenchen W, Kailun Y. Isolation and identification of an isoflavone reducing bacterium from feces from a pregnant horse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223503. [PMID: 31738752 PMCID: PMC6860936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to isolate bacteria capable of biotransforming daidzein from fresh feces from pregnant horses. A Hungate anaerobic roller tube was used for anaerobic culture. Single colonies were picked at random and incubated with daidzein. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect whether the isolated bacteria were able to biotransform the substrate. A strain capable of reducing daidzein was selected and characterized using sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The morphological physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain were investigated. A facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium capable of converting daidzein to dihydrodaidzein was isolated and named HXBM408 (MF992210). A BLAST search of HXBM408's 16S rDNA sequence against the GenBank database suggested that the strain has 99% similarity with Pediococcus acidilactici strain DSM (NR042057). The morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of HXBM408 are very similar to those of Pediococcus. Based on these characteristics, the strain was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The bacterial strain HXBM408 isolated from the feces of pregnant horses was able to reduce the isoflavone daidzein to dihydrodaidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Jinglong
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Xiaobin
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhao Fang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wang Chenchen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Kailun
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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30
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Mayo B, Vázquez L, Flórez AB. Equol: A Bacterial Metabolite from The Daidzein Isoflavone and Its Presumed Beneficial Health Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2231. [PMID: 31527435 PMCID: PMC6770660 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of isoflavones from soy reduces the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders, such as menopause symptoms in women, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Equol, produced from daidzein, is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Consequently, equol has been endorsed as having many beneficial effects on human health. The conversion of daidzein into equol takes place in the intestine via the action of reductase enzymes belonging to incompletely characterized members of the gut microbiota. While all animal species analyzed so far produce equol, only between one third and one half of human subjects (depending on the community) are able to do so, ostensibly those that harbor equol-producing microbes. Conceivably, these subjects might be the only ones who can fully benefit from soy or isoflavone consumption. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microorganisms involved in, the genetic background to, and the biochemical pathways of, equol biosynthesis. It also outlines the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses on the effects of equol on different areas of human health and discusses briefly its presumptive mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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31
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Peirotén Á, Bravo D, Landete JM. Bacterial metabolism as responsible of beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1922-1937. [PMID: 31161778 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1622505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (PE) are compounds found in plants such as soy (isoflavones), flax seeds and cereals (lignans) and pomegranates (ellagitannins). PE have shown estrogenic/antiestrogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and apoptotic activities. The human studies are showing promising although inconsistent results about the beneficial effects of PE on ameliorating the menopausal symptoms or reducing the risk of certain cancers, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The effects of PE on the organism are mediated by the intestinal microbiota, which transforms them into bioactive PE such as genistein, equol, enterolignans and certain urolithins. In this work, we review the most recent findings about the bacteria able to metabolize PE, together with the latest studies on the effects of PE on health. In addition, we describe the possible factors hindering the demonstration of the beneficial effect of PE on health, evincing the importance of measuring the actual circulating PE in order to encompass the variability of PE metabolism due to the intestinal microbiota. With this in mind, we also explore an approach to ensure the access to bioactive PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Peirotén
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Bravo
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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32
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Transcriptional Regulation of the Equol Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Adlercreutzia equolifaciens DSM19450 T. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050993. [PMID: 31052328 PMCID: PMC6566806 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the emerging evidence of equol’s benefit to human health, understanding its synthesis and regulation in equol-producing bacteria is of paramount importance. Adlercreutzia equolifaciens DSM19450T is a human intestinal bacterium—for which the whole genome sequence is publicly available—that produces equol from the daidzein isoflavone. In the present work, daidzein (between 50 to 200 μM) was completely metabolized by cultures of A. equolifaciens DSM19450T after 10 h of incubation. However, only about one third of the added isoflavone was transformed into dihydrodaidzein and then into equol. Transcriptional analysis of the ORFs and intergenic regions of the bacterium’s equol gene cluster was therefore undertaken using RT-PCR and RT-qPCR techniques with the aim of identifying the genetic elements of equol biosynthesis and its regulation mechanisms. Compared to controls cultured without daidzein, the expression of all 13 contiguous genes in the equol cluster was enhanced in the presence of the isoflavone. Depending on the gene and the amount of daidzein in the medium, overexpression varied from 0.5- to about 4-log10 units. Four expression patterns of transcription were identified involving genes within the cluster. The genes dzr, ddr and tdr, which code for daidzein reductase, dihydrodaidzein reductase and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase respectively, and which have been shown involved in equol biosynthesis, were among the most strongly expressed genes in the cluster. These expression patterns correlated with the location of four putative ρ-independent terminator sequences in the cluster. All the intergenic regions were amplified by RT-PCR, indicating the operon to be transcribed as a single RNA molecule. These findings provide new knowledge on the metabolic transformation of daidzein into equol by A. equolifaciens DSM19450T, which might help in efforts to increase the endogenous formation of this compound and/or its biotechnological production.
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33
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Iino C, Shimoyama T, Iino K, Yokoyama Y, Chinda D, Sakuraba H, Fukuda S, Nakaji S. Daidzein Intake Is Associated with Equol Producing Status through an Increase in the Intestinal Bacteria Responsible for Equol Production. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020433. [PMID: 30791484 PMCID: PMC6412946 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is a metabolite of isoflavone daidzein and has an affinity to estrogen receptors. Although equol is produced by intestinal bacteria, the association between the status of equol production and the gut microbiota has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the intestinal bacteria responsible for equol production in gut microbiota between equol producer and non-producer subjects regarding the intake of daidzein. A total of 1044 adult subjects who participated in a health survey in Hirosaki city were examined. The concentration of equol in urine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The relative abundances of 8 bacterial species responsible for equol production in the gut microbiota was assessed using 16S rRNA amplification. There were 458 subjects identified as equol producers. The proportion of equol production status and the intake of daidzein increased with age. Daily intake of daidzein was larger in equol-producer. The intestinal bacteria, which convert daidzein to equol were present in both equol producers and non-producers. However, the relative abundance and the prevalence of Asaccharobacter celatus and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens were significantly higher in equol producers than those in equol non-producers. The intestinal bacteria that convert daidzein to equol are present in not only the equol producers but also in the non-producers. The daidzein intake is associated with the equol production status through an increase of A. celatus and S. isoflavoniconvertens in the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Iino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | | | - Kaori Iino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Yokoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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Draft Genome Sequences of Type Strains of Gordonibacter faecihominis, Paraeggerthella hongkongensis , Parvibacter caecicola,Slackia equolifaciens, Slackia faecicanis, and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01532-18. [PMID: 30643901 PMCID: PMC6328674 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01532-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the annotated draft genome sequences of six type strains of the family Eggerthellaceae, Gordonibacter faecihominis JCM 16058, Paraeggerthella hongkongensis DSM 16106, Parvibacter caecicola DSM 22242, Slackia equolifaciens DSM 24851, Slackia faecicanis DSM 17537, and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens DSM 22006. Here, we report the annotated draft genome sequences of six type strains of the family Eggerthellaceae, Gordonibacter faecihominis JCM 16058, Paraeggerthella hongkongensis DSM 16106, Parvibacter caecicola DSM 22242, Slackia equolifaciens DSM 24851, Slackia faecicanis DSM 17537, and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens DSM 22006.
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Monteiro NE, Queirós LD, Lopes DB, Pedro AO, Macedo GA. Impact of microbiota on the use and effects of isoflavones in the relief of climacteric symptoms in menopausal women – A review. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Braune A, Blaut M. Evaluation of inter-individual differences in gut bacterial isoflavone bioactivation in humans by PCR-based targeting of genes involved in equol formation. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:220-231. [PMID: 29055162 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify human subjects harbouring intestinal bacteria that bioactivate daidzein to equol using a targeted PCR-based approach. METHODS AND RESULTS In a pilot study including 17 human subjects, equol formation was determined in faecal slurries. In parallel, faecal DNA was amplified by PCR using degenerate primers that target highly conserved regions of dihydrodaidzein reductase and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase genes. PCR products of the expected size were observed for six of the eight subjects identified as equol producers. Analysis of clone libraries revealed the amplification of sequences exclusively related to Adlercreutzia equolifaciens in four of the subjects tested positive for equol formation, whereas in three of the equol producers, only sequences related to Slackia isoflavoniconvertens were observed. No amplicons were obtained for one equol-forming subject, thus suggesting the presence of nontargeted alternative genes. Amplicons were only sporadically observed in the nonequol producers. CONCLUSION The majority of human subjects who produced equol were also detected with the developed PCR-based approach. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The obtained results shed light on the distribution and the diversity of known equol-forming bacterial species in the study group and indicate the presence of as yet unknown equol-forming bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braune
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - M Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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A case of severe empyema with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Slackia exigua requiring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Anaerobe 2017; 48:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bird JK, Raederstorff D, Weber P, Steinert RE. Cardiovascular and Antiobesity Effects of Resveratrol Mediated through the Gut Microbiota. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:839-849. [PMID: 29141969 PMCID: PMC5682996 DOI: 10.3945/an.117.016568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging scientific research into the health effects of dietary bioactive resveratrol has been confounded by its rapid first-pass metabolism, which leads to low in vivo bioavailability. Preliminary studies have shown that resveratrol can modulate gut microbiota composition, undergo biotransformation to active metabolites via the intestinal microbiota, or affect gut barrier function. In rodents, resveratrol can modify the relative Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio and reverse the gut microbial dysbiosis caused by a high-fat diet. By upregulating the expression of genes involved in maintaining tight junctions between intestinal cells, resveratrol contributes to gut barrier integrity. The composition of the gut microbiome and rapid metabolism of resveratrol determines the production of resveratrol metabolites, which are found at greater concentrations in humans after ingestion than their parent molecule and can have similar biological effects. Resveratrol may affect cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated blood cholesterol or trimethylamine N-oxide concentrations. Modulating the composition of the gut microbiota by resveratrol may affect central energy metabolism and modify concentrations of satiety hormones to produce antiobesity effects. Encouraging research from animal models could be tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bird
- Human Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland, and
| | - Daniel Raederstorff
- Human Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland, and
| | - Peter Weber
- Human Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland, and
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Human Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland, and,Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Vázquez L, Guadamuro L, Giganto F, Mayo B, Flórez AB. Development and Use of a Real-Time Quantitative PCR Method for Detecting and Quantifying Equol-Producing Bacteria in Human Faecal Samples and Slurry Cultures. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1155. [PMID: 28713336 PMCID: PMC5491606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work introduces a novel real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocol for detecting and quantifying equol-producing bacteria. To this end, two sets of primers targeting the dihydrodaidzein reductase (ddr) and tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (tdr) genes, which are involved in the synthesis of equol, were designed. The primers showed high specificity and sensitivity when used to examine DNA from control bacteria, such as Slackia isoflavoniconvertens, Slackia equolifaciens, Asaccharobacter celatus, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, and Enterorhabdus mucosicola. To demonstrate the validity and reliability of the protocol, it was used to detect and quantify equol-producing bacteria in human faecal samples and their derived slurry cultures. These samples were provided by 18 menopausal women under treatment of menopause symptoms with a soy isoflavone concentrate, among whom three were known to be equol-producers given the prior detection of the molecule in their urine. The tdr gene was detected in the faeces of all these equol-producing women at about 4–5 log10 copies per gram of faeces. In contrast, the ddr gene was only amplified in the faecal samples of two of these three women, suggesting the presence in the non-amplified sample of reductase genes unrelated to those known to be involved in equol formation and used for primer design in this study. When tdr and ddr were present in the same sample, similar copy numbers of the two genes were recorded. However, no significant increase in the copy number of equol-related genes along isoflavone treatment was observed. Surprisingly, positive amplification for both tdr and ddr genes was obtained in faecal samples and derived slurry cultures from two non-equol producing women, suggesting the genes could be non-functional or the daidzein metabolized to other compounds in samples from these two women. This novel qPCR tool provides a technique for monitoring gut microbes that produce equol in humans. Monitoring equol-producing bacteria in the human gut could provide a means of evaluating strategies aimed at increasing the endogenous formation of this bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IPLA-CSICVillaviciosa, Spain
| | - Lucía Guadamuro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IPLA-CSICVillaviciosa, Spain
| | - Froilán Giganto
- Servicio Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IPLA-CSICVillaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana B Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IPLA-CSICVillaviciosa, Spain
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40
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Crittenden AN, Sorrentino J, Moonie SA, Peterson M, Mabulla A, Ungar PS. Oral health in transition: The Hadza foragers of Tanzania. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172197. [PMID: 28296885 PMCID: PMC5351833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that a decline in oral health accompanies the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, given increased consumption of carbohydrates. This widely touted example of the mismatch between our biology and modern lifestyle has been intuited largely from the bioarchaeological record of the Neolithic Revolution in the New World. Recent studies of other populations have, however, challenged the universality of this assertion. Here, we present the first comprehensive study of oral health among a living population in transition from the bush to village life, the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania, to test the hypothesis that the shift from foraging to farming, or agricultural intensification, inevitably leads to increased periodontal disease, caries, and orthodontic disorders. Our results showed that women living in villages consuming a mostly agricultural diet exhibited more caries and periodontal disease than those living in the bush consuming a mostly wild-food diet. Furthermore, men living in the bush consuming mostly a wild-food diet had more than those living in the village consuming a mostly agricultural diet. These findings are explained by the high incidence of maize consumption in village settings, along with previously recognized variation in rate of caries between men and women. The unexpected discovery of high caries incidences for men in the bush is likely explained by heavy reliance on honey, and perhaps differential access to tobacco and marijuana. These data support the notions that mechanisms of cariogenesis are multifactorial and that the relationships between oral health and the shift from a predominantly wild-food diet to one dominated by cultigens are nuanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Crittenden
- Metabolism, Anthropometry, and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - John Sorrentino
- D.M.D. Family and Cosmetic Dentistry, New York, United States of America
| | - Sheniz A. Moonie
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | | | - Audax Mabulla
- Department of Archaeology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter S. Ungar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
With the growth of age, the amount of estrogens produced by the human body will get less and less. Studies have shown that estrogen deficiency may cause many kinds of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and syndrome of menopause. Estrogens are also distributed extensively in numerous types of plants. Since there is a trace amount of natural estrogen in plants, our body can achieve continuous phytoestrogen supplementation while our health will not be influenced or damaged by the absorbed phytoestrogens in diets. After being absorbed, the phytoestrogens in diets may be converted by intestinal microflora to different metabolites with higher estrogenic activity. This review summarizes the types and distributions of phytoestrogens in diets, their metabolism, metabolites and bioactivities, with an aim to provide some guidelines for further study and utilization of microbial biotransforming metabolites of phytoestrogens.
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42
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Landete JM, Arqués J, Medina M, Gaya P, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Bioactivation of Phytoestrogens: Intestinal Bacteria and Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:1826-43. [PMID: 25848676 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.789823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are polyphenols similar to human estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors. Phytoestrogens are found in high concentration in soya, flaxseed and other seeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, chocolate, etc. They comprise several classes of chemical compounds (stilbenes, coumestans, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans) which are structurally similar to endogenous estrogens but which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Although epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that intake of phytoestrogens in foods may be protective against certain chronic diseases, discrepancies have been observed between in vivo and in vitro experiments. The microbial transformations have not been reported so far in stilbenes and coumestans. However, isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to produce equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively. Equol, urolithin, and enterolignans are more bioavailable, and have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activity than their precursors. Moreover, equol, urolithins and enterolignans have anti-inflammatory effects and induce antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities. The transformation of isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans by intestinal microbiota is essential to be protective against certain chronic diseases, as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability, bioactivity, and health effects of dietary phytoestrogens are strongly determined by the intestinal bacteria of each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Landete
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - J Arqués
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - M Medina
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - P Gaya
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - B de Las Rivas
- b Departamento de Biotecnología Bacteriana , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - R Muñoz
- b Departamento de Biotecnología Bacteriana , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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43
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Tamura M, Hori S, Nakagawa H, Yamauchi S, Sugahara T. Effects of an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces on isoflavone and lignan metabolism in mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3126-3132. [PMID: 26455424 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equol is a metabolite of daidzein that is produced by intestinal microbiota. The oestrogenic activity of equol is stronger than daidzein. Equol-producing bacteria are believed to play an important role in the gut. The rod-shaped and Gram-positive anaerobic equol-producing intestinal bacterium Slackia TM-30 was isolated from healthy human faeces and its effects on urinary phyto-oestrogen, plasma and faecal lipids were assessed in adult mice. RESULTS The urinary amounts of equol in urine were significantly higher in mice receiving the equol-producing bacterium TM-30 (BAC) group than in the control (CO) group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the urinary amounts of daidzein, dihydrodaidzein, enterodiol, and enterolactone between the BAC and CO groups. No significant differences in the plasma lipids were observed between the two groups. The lipid content (% dry weight) in the faeces sampled on the final day of the experiment tended to be higher in the BAC group than in the CO group (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Administration of equol-producing bacterium TM-30 affected the urinary amounts of phyto-oestrogens and the faecal lipid contents of mice. The equol-producing bacterium TM-30 likely influences the metabolism of phyto-oestrogen via changes in the gastrointestinal environment. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hori
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- National Food Research Institute of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamauchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
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Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, García-Villalba R, Núñez-Sánchez MA, Selma MV, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María A. Núñez-Sánchez
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María V. Selma
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María T. García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
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Turroni S, Rampelli S, Centanni M, Schnorr SL, Consolandi C, Severgnini M, Peano C, Soverini M, Falconi M, Crittenden AN, Henry AG, Brigidi P, Candela M. Enterocyte-Associated Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:865. [PMID: 27375586 PMCID: PMC4893497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of a recently developed non-invasive ex vivo minimal model based on the interaction of the human enterocyte-like HT29 cell line and fecal slurries, we explored the enterocyte-associated microbiome of 21 Hadza hunter-gatherers and nine urban living Italians. Though reductionist, this model allows inferring the microbiota structural and functional arrangement as it interacts with enterocytes. Microbial suspensions obtained from Hadza or Italian stools were first evaluated for structural integrity by high resolution-scanning electron microscopy and co-incubated with HT29 cell monolayers. The enterocyte adherent microbiota fraction was then characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and predictive functional profiling using PICRUSt. Compared to Italians, the Hadza enterocyte-associated microbiome was characterized by a greater amount of adhesive microorganisms with pathogenic potential, such as Proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Sarcina. These compositional characteristics were reflected in a functional enrichment in membrane transport, signal transduction, signaling molecules and interaction. Our results depict a new interesting mutualistic configuration of the enterocyte-associated microbiome in Hadza, stressing the importance of microbe-host interaction at the mucosal surface along the course of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Turroni
- Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Centanni
- Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephanie L Schnorr
- Max Planck Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council Segrate, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council Segrate, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council Segrate, Italy
| | - Matteo Soverini
- Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Alyssa N Crittenden
- Metabolism, Anthropometry, and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Amanda G Henry
- Max Planck Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
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Relationship of serum levels and dietary intake of isoflavone, and the novel bacterium Slackia sp. strain NATTS with the risk of prostate cancer: a case–control study among Japanese men. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1453-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Braune A, Blaut M. Bacterial species involved in the conversion of dietary flavonoids in the human gut. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:216-34. [PMID: 26963713 PMCID: PMC4939924 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1158395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the conversion of dietary flavonoids and thereby affects their health-promoting effects in the human host. The identification of the bacteria involved in intestinal flavonoid conversion has gained increasing interest. This review summarizes available information on the so far identified human intestinal flavonoid-converting bacterial species and strains as well as their enzymes catalyzing the underlying reactions. The majority of described species involved in flavonoid transformation are capable of carrying out the O-deglycosylation of flavonoids. Other bacteria cleave the less common flavonoid-C-glucosides and/or further degrade the aglycones of flavonols, flavanonols, flavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, isoflavones and monomeric flavan-3-ols. To increase the currently limited knowledge in this field, identification of flavonoid-converting bacteria should be continued using culture-dependent screening or isolation procedures and molecular approaches based on sequence information of the involved enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Braune
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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48
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Takagaki A, Nanjo F. Biotransformation of (−)-epicatechin, (+)-epicatechin, (−)-catechin, and (+)-catechin by intestinal bacteria involved in isoflavone metabolism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:199-202. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1079480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Isoflavone-metabolizing bacteria, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Asaccharobacter celatus, Slackia equolifaciens, and Slackia isoflavoniconvertens catalyzed C-ring cleavage of (–)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, (+)-epicatechin, and (–)-catechin in varying degrees. The cleaving abilities of (–)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin were enhanced by hydrogen, except (+)-catechin cleavage by S. equolifaciens, which was not accelerated. (−)-Catechin cleavage by Ad. equolifaciens was remarkably accelerated by hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takagaki
- Food Research Laboratories, Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd., Fujieda, Japan
| | - Fumio Nanjo
- Food Research Laboratories, Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd., Fujieda, Japan
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49
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Woo SG, Lee SY, Choi GW, Hong YJ, Lee SM, Park KG, Eom YB. Bacterial Identification and Detection of Equol in Korean Soybean Paste. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyun Woo
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Go-Woon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - You-Jin Hong
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - So-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Kang Gyun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong-Bin Eom
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, SoonChunHyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
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50
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Selma MV, Beltrán D, García-Villalba R, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. Description of urolithin production capacity from ellagic acid of two human intestinal Gordonibacter species. Food Funct 2015; 5:1779-84. [PMID: 24909569 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ellagitannin and ellagic acid metabolism to urolithins in the gut shows a large human interindividual variability and this has been associated with differences in the colon microbiota. In the present study we describe the isolation of one urolithin-producing strain from the human faeces of a healthy volunteer and the ellagic acid transformation to different urolithin metabolites by two species of intestinal bacteria. The isolate belongs to a new species described as Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens, sp. nov. The type strain of the Gordonibacter genus, Gordonibacter pamelaeae DSM 19378(T), was also demonstrated to produce urolithins. Both human intestinal bacteria grew similarly in the presence and absence of ellagic acid at 30 μM concentration. Ellagic acid catabolism and urolithin formation occurred during the stationary phase of the growth of the bacteria under anaerobic conditions. The HPLC-MS analyses showed the sequential production of pentahydroxy-urolithin (urolithin M-5), tetrahydroxy-urolithin (urolithin M-6) and trihydroxy-urolithin (urolithin C), while dihydroxy-urolithins (urolithin A and isourolithin A), and monohydroxy-urolithin (urolithin B) were not produced in pure cultures. Consequently, either other bacteria from the gut or the physiological conditions found in vivo are necessary for completing metabolism until the final urolithins (dihydroxy and monohydroxy urolithins) are produced. This is the first time that the urolithin production capacity of pure strains has been demonstrated. The identification of the urolithin-producing bacteria is a relevant outcome as urolithin implication in health (cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties) has been supported by different bioassays and urolithins can be used in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study represents an initial work that opens interesting possibilities of describing enzymatic activities involved in urolithin production that can help in understanding both the human interindividual differences in polyphenol metabolism, the microbial pathways involved, and the role of polyphenols in human health. The presence of urolithin producing bacteria can indirectly affect the health benefits of ellagitannin consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Selma
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100. Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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