1
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Lei R, Liang W, Ouyang WO, Hernandez Garcia A, Kikuchi C, Wang S, McBride R, Tan TJC, Sun Y, Chen C, Graham CS, Rodriguez LA, Shen IR, Choi D, Bruzzone R, Paulson JC, Nair SK, Mok CKP, Wu NC. Epistasis mediates the evolution of the receptor binding mode in recent human H3N2 hemagglutinin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5175. [PMID: 38890325 PMCID: PMC11189414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding site of influenza A virus hemagglutinin partially overlaps with major antigenic sites and constantly evolves. In this study, we observe that mutations G186D and D190N in the hemagglutinin receptor-binding site have coevolved in two recent human H3N2 clades. X-ray crystallography results show that these mutations coordinately drive the evolution of the hemagglutinin receptor binding mode. Epistasis between G186D and D190N is further demonstrated by glycan binding and thermostability analyses. Immunization and neutralization experiments using mouse and human samples indicate that the evolution of receptor binding mode is accompanied by a change in antigenicity. Besides, combinatorial mutagenesis reveals that G186D and D190N, along with other natural mutations in recent H3N2 strains, alter the compatibility with a common egg-adaptive mutation in seasonal influenza vaccines. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of epistasis in shaping the recent evolution of human H3N2 hemagglutinin and substantiate the high evolvability of its receptor-binding mode.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Animals
- Evolution, Molecular
- Mice
- Binding Sites
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutation
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Influenza Vaccines
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Weiwen Liang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenhao O Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yuanxin Sun
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunke Chen
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Claire S Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lucia A Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ivana R Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Danbi Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, Cedex, 75015, France
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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2
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Mosmann TR, McMichael AJ, LeVert A, McCauley JW, Almond JW. Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8. [PMID: 38698082 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination remains our main defence against influenza, which causes substantial annual mortality and poses a serious pandemic threat. Influenza virus evades immunity by rapidly changing its surface antigens but, even when the vaccine is well matched to the current circulating virus strains, influenza vaccines are not as effective as many other vaccines. Influenza vaccine development has traditionally focused on the induction of protective antibodies, but there is mounting evidence that T cell responses are also protective against influenza. Thus, future vaccines designed to promote both broad T cell effector functions and antibodies may provide enhanced protection. As we discuss, such vaccines present several challenges that require new strategic and economic considerations. Vaccine-induced T cells relevant to protection may reside in the lungs or lymphoid tissues, requiring more invasive assays to assess the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. T cell functions may contain and resolve infection rather than completely prevent infection and early illness, requiring vaccine effectiveness to be assessed based on the prevention of severe disease and death rather than symptomatic infection. It can be complex and costly to measure T cell responses and infrequent clinical outcomes, and thus innovations in clinical trial design are needed for economic reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of more effective influenza vaccines justifies renewed and intensive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Almond
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Thompson AJ, Wu NC, Canales A, Kikuchi C, Zhu X, de Toro BF, Cañada FJ, Worth C, Wang S, McBride R, Peng W, Nycholat CM, Jiménez-Barbero J, Wilson IA, Paulson JC. Evolution of human H3N2 influenza virus receptor specificity has substantially expanded the receptor-binding domain site. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:261-275.e4. [PMID: 38307019 PMCID: PMC11057904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) from human influenza viruses descend from avian progenitors that bind α2-3-linked sialosides and must adapt to glycans with α2-6-linked sialic acids on human airway cells to transmit within the human population. Since their introduction during the 1968 pandemic, H3N2 viruses have evolved over the past five decades to preferentially recognize human α2-6-sialoside receptors that are elongated through addition of poly-LacNAc. We show that more recent H3N2 viruses now make increasingly complex interactions with elongated receptors while continuously selecting for strains maintaining this phenotype. This change in receptor engagement is accompanied by an extension of the traditional receptor-binding site to include residues in key antigenic sites on the surface of HA trimers. These results help explain the propensity for selection of antigenic variants, leading to vaccine mismatching, when H3N2 viruses are propagated in chicken eggs or cells that do not contain such receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angeles Canales
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cañada
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBERES, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIBERES, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIC bioGUNE Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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4
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Chatterjee A, Ambrose K, Canaday DH, Delair S, Ezike N, Huber VC, Jhaveri R, Nyquist AC, Sporer A, Varman M, Vivekanandan R, Wojcik R, Jandhyala R. The association between influenza vaccine effectiveness and egg-based manufacturing technology: literature review and US expert consensus. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:335-343. [PMID: 38054898 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2284386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is associated with significant disease burden in the US and is currently best controlled by vaccination programs. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is low and may be reduced by several factors, including egg adaptations. Although non-egg-based influenza vaccines reportedly have greater VE in egg-adapted seasons, evidence for egg adaptations' reduction of VE is indirect and dissociated, apart from two previous European consensuses. METHODS This study replicated the methodology used in a 2020 literature review and European consensus, providing an updated review and consensus opinion of 10 US experts on the evidence for a mechanistic basis for reduction of VE due to egg-based manufacturing methods. A mechanistic basis was assumed if sufficient evidence was found for underlying principles proposed to give rise to such an effect. Evidence for each principle was brought forward from the 2020 review and identified here by structured literature review and expert panel. Experts rated the strength of support for each principle and a mechanistic basis for reduction of VE due to egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture in a consensus method (consensus for strong/very strong evidence = ≥ 3.5 on 5-point Likert scale). RESULTS Experts assessed 251 references (from previous study: 185; this study: 66). The majority of references for all underlying principles were rated as strong or very strong supporting evidence (52-86%). Global surveillance, WHO candidate vaccine virus selection, and manufacturing stages involving eggs were identified as most likely to impact influenza VE. CONCLUSION After review of extensive evidence for reduction of VE due to egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture, influenza experts in the US joined those in Europe in unanimous agreement for a mechanistic basis for the effect. Vaccine providers and administrators should consider use of non-egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture to reduce the risk of egg adaptations and likely impact on VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Chatterjee
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Jhaveri
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Jandhyala
- Medialis Ltd, Milton Keynes, UK
- King's College London, London, UK
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5
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Liu L, Chen G, Huang S, Wen F. Receptor Binding Properties of Neuraminidase for influenza A virus: An Overview of Recent Research Advances. Virulence 2023; 14:2235459. [PMID: 37469130 PMCID: PMC10361132 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious risk to both human and animal health. IAVs' receptor binding characteristics account for a major portion of their host range and tissue tropism. While the function of neuraminidase (NA) in promoting the release of progeny virus is well-known, its role in the virus entry process remains poorly understood. Studies have suggested that certain subtypes of NA can act as receptor-binding proteins, either alone or in conjunction with haemagglutinin (HA). An important distinction is that NA from the avian influenza virus have a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) that is preserved in avian strains but missing in human or swine strains. Those observations suggest that the 2SBS may play a key role in the adaptation of the avian influenza virus to mammalian hosts. In this review, we provide an update of the recent research advances in the receptor-binding role of NA and highlight its underestimated importance during the early stages of the IAV life cycle. By doing so, we aim to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying IAV host adaptation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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6
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Kikuchi C, Antonopoulos A, Wang S, Maemura T, Karamanska R, Lee C, Thompson AJ, Dell A, Kawaoka Y, Haslam SM, Paulson JC. Glyco-engineered MDCK cells display preferred receptors of H3N2 influenza absent in eggs used for vaccines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6178. [PMID: 37794004 PMCID: PMC10551000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of human H3N2 influenza viruses driven by immune selection has narrowed the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (HA) to a restricted subset of human-type (Neu5Acα2-6 Gal) glycan receptors that have extended poly-LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) repeats. This altered specificity has presented challenges for hemagglutination assays, growth in laboratory hosts, and vaccine production in eggs. To assess the impact of extended glycan receptors on virus binding, infection, and growth, we have engineered N-glycan extended (NExt) cell lines by overexpressing β3-Ν-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 in MDCK, SIAT, and hCK cell lines. Of these, SIAT-NExt cells exhibit markedly increased binding of H3 HAs and susceptibility to infection by recent H3N2 virus strains, but without impacting final virus titers. Glycome analysis of these cell lines and allantoic and amniotic egg membranes provide insights into the importance of extended glycan receptors for growth of recent H3N2 viruses and relevance to their production for cell- and egg-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rositsa Karamanska
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chiara Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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7
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Kato H, Hozawa T, Fukushima W, Nobusawa E, Hirota Y. Influenza vaccine viruses and the development of seasonal vaccines: A Japanese perspective. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00640-0. [PMID: 37291024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) designates one specific virus strain for each component of the quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine, and four domestic manufacturers produce egg-based influenza vaccines with the same formulation (inactivated, split-virus) using uniform vaccine strains. Thus, discussions of the development of effective seasonal influenza vaccines so far has focused solely on the antigenic match between the vaccine strains and epidemic viruses. However, in 2017, the Japanese selection system of vaccine viruses demonstrated that even a candidate vaccine virus that is antigenically similar to the predicted circulating viruses is not necessarily suitable for vaccine production, given lower productivity of the vaccine. Taking this experience into account, the MHLW reformed the scheme of vaccine strain selection in 2018, and instructed the Vaccine Epidemiology Research Group created by the MHLW to probe how the virus strains for the seasonal influenza vaccine should be selected in Japan. In this context, a symposium, entitled "Issues of the Present Seasonal Influenza Vaccines and Future Prospects", was held as part of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Vaccinology in 2018, and subjects related to the influenza vaccine viruses were discussed among relevant administrators, manufacturers, and researchers. This report summarizes the presentations given at that symposium in order to convey the present scheme of vaccine virus selection, the evaluation of the resulting vaccines, and the efforts at new vaccine formulation in Japan. Notably, from March 2022, the MHLW has launched a discussion of the merits of the seasonal influenza vaccines produced by foreign manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Immunization Office, Health Service Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, 1-2-2, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8916, Japan
| | - Takao Hozawa
- Influenza Technical Committee, The Japan Association of Vaccine Industries, 2-14-4, Uchikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan.
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Eri Nobusawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Hirota
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, SOUSEIKAI Medical Group (Medical Co. LTA), 3-6-1, Kashii-teriha, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan.
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8
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Hu M, Kackos C, Banoth B, Ojha CR, Jones JC, Lei S, Li L, Kercher L, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin destabilization in H3N2 vaccine reference viruses skews antigenicity and prevents airborne transmission in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5182. [PMID: 36989367 PMCID: PMC10058244 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds receptors and causes membrane fusion after endosomal acid activation. To improve vaccine efficiency and pandemic risk assessment for currently-dominant H3N2 influenza viruses, we investigated HA stability of 6 vaccine reference viruses and 42 circulating viruses. Recent vaccine reference viruses had destabilized HA proteins due to egg-adaptive mutation HA1-L194P. Virus growth in cell culture was independent of HA stability. In ferrets, the vaccine reference viruses and circulating viruses required a relatively stable HA (activation and inactivation pH < 5.5) for airborne transmissibility. The recent vaccine reference viruses with destabilized HA proteins had reduced infectivity, had no airborne transmissibility unless reversion to HA1-P194L occurred, and had skewed antigenicity away from the studied viruses and circulating H3N2 viruses. Other vaccine reference viruses with stabilized HAs retained infectivity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. Therefore, HA stabilization should be prioritized over destabilization in vaccine reference virus selection to reduce mismatches between vaccine and circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Christina Kackos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Center of Excellence for Leukemia Studies, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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9
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Luo J, Zhang Z, Zhao S, Gao R. A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076369. [PMID: 37047339 PMCID: PMC10094131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronavirus, two kinds of pathogens that exist widely in nature, are common emerging pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections in humans. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged, causing a severe respiratory infection named COVID-19 in humans, and raising a global pandemic which has persisted in the world for almost three years. Influenza virus, a seasonally circulating respiratory pathogen, has caused four global pandemics in humans since 1918 by the emergence of novel variants. Studies have shown that there are certain similarities in transmission mode and pathogenesis between influenza and COVID-19, and vaccination and antiviral drugs are considered to have positive roles as well as several limitations in the prevention and control of both diseases. Comparative understandings would be helpful to the prevention and control of these diseases. Here, we review the study progress in the etiology, pathogenesis, vaccine and antiviral drug development for the two diseases.
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10
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Mordant FL, Price OH, Rudraraju R, Slavin MA, Marshall C, Worth LJ, Peck H, Barr IG, Sullivan SG, Subbarao K. Antibody titres elicited by the 2018 seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine decline by 3 months post-vaccination but persist for at least 6 months. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13072. [PMID: 36451293 PMCID: PMC9835415 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Australia, seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine is typically offered in April. However, the onset, peak and end of a typical influenza season vary, and optimal timing for vaccination remains unclear. Here, we investigated vaccine-induced antibody response kinetics over 6 months in different age groups. METHODS We conducted a prospective serosurvey among 71 adults aged 18-50 years, 15 community-dwelling ('healthy') and 16 aged-care facility resident ('frail') older adults aged ≥65 years who received the 2018 southern hemisphere vaccines. Sera were collected at baseline, and 1, 2, 4, and 6 months post-vaccination. Antibody titres were measured by haemagglutination inhibition or microneutralisation assays. Geometric mean titres were estimated using random effects regression modelling and superimposed on 2014-2018 influenza season epidemic curves. RESULTS Antibody titres peaked 1.2-1.3 months post-vaccination for all viruses, declined by 3 months post-vaccination but, notably, persisted above baseline after 6 months in all age groups by 1.3- to 1.5-fold against A(H1N1)pdm09, 1.7- to 2-fold against A(H3N2), 1.7- to 2.1-fold against B/Yamagata and 1.8-fold against B/Victoria. Antibody kinetics were similar among different age groups. Antibody responses were poor against cell-culture grown compared to egg-grown viruses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest subtype-specific antibody-mediated protection persists for at least 6 months, which corresponds to the duration of a typical influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L. Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Olivia H. Price
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Monica A. Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection PreventionPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia,National Centre for Infections in Cancer (NCIC), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia,Immunocompromised Host Infection ServiceRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneAustralia,Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Caroline Marshall
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Infection Prevention and Surveillance ServiceMelbourne HealthMelbourneAustralia
| | - Leon J. Worth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection PreventionPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia,National Centre for Infections in Cancer (NCIC), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia,Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS)Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Heidi Peck
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Ian G. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sheena G. Sullivan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
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11
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Liang W, Tan TJC, Wang Y, Lv H, Sun Y, Bruzzone R, Mok CKP, Wu NC. Egg-adaptive mutations of human influenza H3N2 virus are contingent on natural evolution. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010875. [PMID: 36155668 PMCID: PMC9536752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg-adaptive mutations in influenza hemagglutinin (HA) often emerge during the production of egg-based seasonal influenza vaccines, which contribute to the largest share in the global influenza vaccine market. While some egg-adaptive mutations have minimal impact on the HA antigenicity (e.g. G186V), others can alter it (e.g. L194P). Here, we show that the preference of egg-adaptive mutation in human H3N2 HA is strain-dependent. In particular, Thr160 and Asn190, which are found in many recent H3N2 strains, restrict the emergence of L194P but not G186V. Our results further suggest that natural amino acid variants at other HA residues also play a role in determining the preference of egg-adaptive mutation. Consistently, recent human H3N2 strains from different clades acquire different mutations during egg passaging. Overall, these results demonstrate that natural mutations in human H3N2 HA can influence the preference of egg-adaptation mutation, which has important implications in seed strain selection for egg-based influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Liang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Timothy J. C. Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yiquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanxin Sun
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K. P. Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (CKPM); (NCW)
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKPM); (NCW)
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12
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Liu Y, Chen H, Duan W, Zhang X, He X, Nielsen R, Ma L, Zhai W. Predicting Egg Passage Adaptations to Design Better Vaccines for the H3N2 Influenza Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092065. [PMID: 36146872 PMCID: PMC9501976 DOI: 10.3390/v14092065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal H3N2 influenza evolves rapidly, leading to an extremely poor vaccine efficacy. Substitutions employed during vaccine production using embryonated eggs (i.e., egg passage adaptation) contribute to the poor vaccine efficacy (VE), but the evolutionary mechanism remains elusive. Using an unprecedented number of hemagglutinin sequences (n = 89,853), we found that the fitness landscape of passage adaptation is dominated by pervasive epistasis between two leading residues (186 and 194) and multiple other positions. Convergent evolutionary paths driven by strong epistasis explain most of the variation in VE, which has resulted in extremely poor vaccines for the past decade. Leveraging the unique fitness landscape, we developed a novel machine learning model that can predict egg passage substitutions for any candidate vaccine strain before the passage experiment, providing a unique opportunity for the selection of optimal vaccine viruses. Our study presents one of the most comprehensive characterizations of the fitness landscape of a virus and demonstrates that evolutionary trajectories can be harnessed for improved influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Wenyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xionglei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 København, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kong D, Chen T, Hu X, Lin S, Gao Y, Ju C, Liao M, Fan H. Supplementation of H7N9 Virus-Like Particle Vaccine With Recombinant Epitope Antigen Confers Full Protection Against Antigenically Divergent H7N9 Virus in Chickens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:785975. [PMID: 35265069 PMCID: PMC8898936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.785975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of the H7N9 avian influenza virus suggests a potential outbreak of an H7N9 pandemic. Therefore, to prevent a potential epidemic of the H7N9 influenza virus, it is necessary to develop an effective crossprotective influenza vaccine. In this study, we developed H7N9 virus-like particles (VLPs) containing HA, NA, and M1 proteins derived from H7N9/16876 virus and a helper antigen HMN based on influenza conserved epitopes using a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). The results showed that the influenza VLP vaccine induced a strong HI antibody response and provided effective protection comparable with the effects of commercial inactivated H7N9 vaccines against homologous H7N9 virus challenge in chickens. Meanwhile, the H7N9 VLP vaccine induced robust crossreactive HI and neutralizing antibody titers against antigenically divergent H7N9 viruses isolated in wave 5 and conferred on chickens complete clinical protection against heterologous H7N9 virus challenge, significantly inhibiting virus shedding in chickens. Importantly, supplemented vaccination with HMN antigen can enhance Th1 immune responses; virus shedding was completely abolished in the vaccinated chickens. Our study also demonstrated that viral receptor-binding avidity should be taken into consideration in evaluating an H7N9 candidate vaccine. These studies suggested that supplementing influenza VLP vaccine with recombinant epitope antigen will be a promising strategy for the development of broad-spectrum influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taoran Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaorong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinze Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of AnxA6 gene enhances influenza A virus replication in low-permissive HEK293FT cell line. Gene 2022; 809:146024. [PMID: 34673207 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using cell cultures of human origin for the propagation of influenza virus is an attractive way to preserve its glycosylation profile and antigenic properties, which is essential in influenza surveillance and vaccine production. However, only few cell lines are highly permissive to influenza virus, and none of them are of human origin. The barrier might be associated with host restriction factors inhibiting influenza growth, such as AnxA6 protein counteracting the process of influenza virion packaging. In the presented work we explore the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of ANXA6 gene as a way to overcome the host restriction barrier and increase the susceptibility of human cell line to influenza infection. By CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing we modified HEK293FT cells and obtained several clones defective in the ANXA6 gene. The replication of the influenza A virus in original HEK293FT cells and the HEK293FT-ANXA6-/- mutant cells was compared in growth curve experiments. By combination of methods including TCID assay and flow cytometry we showed that accumulation of influenza A virus in the mutant HEK293FT-ANXA6-/- cells significantly exceeded the virus titer in the original HEK293FT cells.
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15
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Kang M, Zanin M, Wong SS. Subtype H3N2 Influenza A Viruses: An Unmet Challenge in the Western Pacific. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010112. [PMID: 35062773 PMCID: PMC8778411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H3N2 influenza A viruses (A(H3N2)) have been the dominant strain in some countries in the Western Pacific region since the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza; however, low vaccine effectiveness has been reported in some influenza seasons, especially for A(H3N2). Antigenic mismatch introduced by egg-adaptation during vaccine production between the vaccine and circulating viral stains is one of the reasons for low vaccine effectiveness. Here we review the extent of this phenomenon, the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss recent strategies to ameliorate this, including new vaccine platforms that may provide better protection and should be considered to reduce the impact of A(H3N2) in the Western Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Mark Zanin
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 511436, China;
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 511436, China;
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-178-2584-6078
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16
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Chivukula S, Plitnik T, Tibbitts T, Karve S, Dias A, Zhang D, Goldman R, Gopani H, Khanmohammed A, Sarode A, Cooper D, Yoon H, Kim Y, Yan Y, Mundle ST, Groppo R, Beauvais A, Zhang J, Anosova NG, Lai C, Li L, Ulinski G, Piepenhagen P, DiNapoli J, Kalnin KV, Landolfi V, Swearingen R, Fu TM, DeRosa F, Casimiro D. Development of multivalent mRNA vaccine candidates for seasonal or pandemic influenza. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:153. [PMID: 34916519 PMCID: PMC8677760 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent approval of mRNA vaccines for emergency use against COVID-19 is likely to promote rapid development of mRNA-based vaccines targeting a wide range of infectious diseases. Compared to conventional approaches, this vaccine modality promises comparable potency while substantially accelerating the pace of development and deployment of vaccine doses. Already demonstrated successfully for single antigen vaccines such as for COVID-19, this technology could be optimized for complex multi-antigen vaccines. Herein, utilizing multiple influenza antigens, we demonstrated the suitability of the mRNA therapeutic (MRT) platform for such applications. Seasonal influenza vaccines have three or four hemagglutinin (HA) antigens of different viral subtypes. In addition, influenza neuraminidase (NA), a tetrameric membrane protein, is identified as an antigen that has been linked to protective immunity against severe viral disease. We detail the efforts in optimizing formulations of influenza candidates that use unmodified mRNA encoding full-length HA or full-length NA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). HA and NA mRNA-LNP formulations, either as monovalent or as multivalent vaccines, induced strong functional antibody and cellular responses in non-human primates and such antigen-specific antibody responses were associated with protective efficacy against viral challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anusha Dias
- Translate Bio, a Sanofi Company, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Li
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frank DeRosa
- Translate Bio, a Sanofi Company, Lexington, MA, USA
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17
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Peck H, Laurie KL, Rockman S, Leung V, Lau H, Soppe S, Rynehart C, Baas C, Trusheim H, Barr IG. Enhanced isolation of influenza viruses in qualified cells improves the probability of well-matched vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:149. [PMID: 34887440 PMCID: PMC8660794 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are utilised to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. The key to influenza vaccination currently is the availability of candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs). Ideally, CVVs reflect the antigenic characteristics of the circulating virus, which may vary depending upon the isolation method. For traditional inactivated egg-based vaccines, CVVs are isolated in embryonated chicken eggs, while for cell-culture production, CVV's are isolated in either embryonated eggs or qualified cell lines. We compared isolation rates, growth characteristics, genetic stability and antigenicity of cell and egg CVV's derived from the same influenza-positive human clinical respiratory samples collected from 2008-2020. Influenza virus isolation rates in MDCK33016PF cells were twice that of eggs and mutations in the HA protein were common in egg CVVs but rare in cell CVVs. These results indicate that fully cell-based influenza vaccines will improve the choice, match and potentially the effectiveness, of seasonal influenza vaccines compared to egg-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Peck
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Steve Rockman
- Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vivian Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hilda Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sally Soppe
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cleve Rynehart
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Lin X, Lin F, Liang T, Ducatez MF, Zanin M, Wong SS. Antibody Responsiveness to Influenza: What Drives It? Viruses 2021; 13:v13071400. [PMID: 34372607 PMCID: PMC8310379 DOI: 10.3390/v13071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of a specific antibody response has long been accepted as a serological hallmark of recent infection or antigen exposure. Much of our understanding of the influenza antibody response has been derived from studying antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, growing evidence points to limitations associated with this approach. In this review, we aim to highlight the issue of antibody non-responsiveness after influenza virus infection and vaccination. We will then provide an overview of the major factors known to influence antibody responsiveness to influenza after infection and vaccination. We discuss the biological factors such as age, sex, influence of prior immunity, genetics, and some chronic infections that may affect the induction of influenza antibody responses. We also discuss the technical factors, such as assay choices, strain variations, and viral properties that may influence the sensitivity of the assays used to measure influenza antibodies. Understanding these factors will hopefully provide a more comprehensive picture of what influenza immunogenicity and protection means, which will be important in our effort to improve influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Fangmei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Tingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | | | - Mark Zanin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-178-2584-6078
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19
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Niang MN, Sugimoto JD, Diallo A, Diarra B, Ortiz JR, Lewis KDC, Lafond KE, Halloran ME, Widdowson MA, Neuzil KM, Victor JC. Estimates of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children in Senegal: Results From 2 Consecutive Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in 2010 and 2011. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e959-e969. [PMID: 33165566 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report results of years 2 and 3 of consecutive cluster-randomized controlled trials of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in Senegal. METHODS We cluster-randomized (1:1) 20 villages to annual vaccination with IIV3 or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) of age-eligible residents (6 months-10 years). The primary outcome was total vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza illness (LCI) among age-eligible children (modified intention-to-treat population [mITT]). Secondary outcomes were indirect (herd protection) and population (overall community) vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS We vaccinated 74% of 12 408 age-eligible children in year 2 (June 2010-April 11) and 74% of 11 988 age-eligible children in year 3 (April 2011-December 2011) with study vaccines. Annual cumulative incidence of LCI was 4.7 (year 2) and 4.2 (year 3) per 100 mITT child vaccinees of IPV villages. In year 2, IIV3 matched circulating influenza strains. The total effectiveness was 52.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.3-67.0), and the population effectiveness was 36.0% (95% CI, 10.2-54.4) against LCI caused by any influenza strain. The indirect effectiveness against LCI by A/H3N2 was 56.4% (95% CI, 39.0-68.9). In year 3, 74% of influenza detections were vaccine-mismatched to circulating B/Yamagata and 24% were vaccine-matched to circulating A/H3N2. The year 3 total effectiveness against LCI was -14.5% (95% CI, -81.2-27.6). Vaccine effectiveness varied by type/subtype of influenza in both years. CONCLUSIONS IIV3 was variably effective against influenza illness in Senegalese children, with total and indirect vaccine effectiveness present during the year when all circulating strains matched the IIV3 formulation. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00893906.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Sugimoto
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- VITROME, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bou Diarra
- VITROME, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kathryn E Lafond
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Halloran
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Barnard KN, Wasik BR, Alford BK, Hayward JJ, Weichert WS, Voorhees IEH, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Sequence dynamics of three influenza A virus strains grown in different MDCK cell lines, including those expressing different sialic acid receptors. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1878-1900. [PMID: 34114711 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are often cultured in cell lines for research and vaccine development, and those often differ from the natural hosts or tissues. Cell lines can also differ in the presence of virus receptors, such as the sialic acid (Sia) receptors used by influenza A viruses (IAV), which can vary in linkage (α2,3- or α2,6-linkage) and form (N-glycolylneuraminic acid [Neu5Gc] or N-acetylneuraminic acid [Neu5Ac]). The selective pressures resulting from passaging viruses in cell types with host-specific variations in viral receptors are still only partially understood. IAV are commonly cultured in MDCK cells which are both derived from canine kidney tubule epithelium and inherently heterogeneous. MDCK cells naturally present Neu5Ac and α2,3-linked Sia forms. Here, we examine natural MDCK variant lineages, as well as engineered variants that synthesize Neu5Gc and/or α2,6-linkages. We determined how viral genetic variation occurred within human H3N2, H1N1 pandemic and canine H3N2 IAV populations when serially passaged in MDCK cell lines that vary in cell type (MDCK-Type I or MDCK-Type II clones) and in Sia display. Deep sequencing of viral genomes showed small numbers of consensus-level mutations, mostly within the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Both human IAV showed variants in the HA stem and the HA receptor-binding site of populations passaged in cells displaying Neu5Gc. Canine H3N2 showed variants near the receptor-binding site when passaged in cells displaying Neu5Gc or α2,6-linkages. Viruses replicated to low titres in MDCK-Type II cells, suggesting that not all cell types in heterogeneous MDCK cell populations are equally permissive to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica J Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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21
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Powell H, Liu H, Pekosz A. Changes in sialic acid binding associated with egg adaptation decrease live attenuated influenza virus replication in human nasal epithelial cell cultures. Vaccine 2021; 39:3225-3235. [PMID: 33985852 PMCID: PMC8184632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Live Attenuated Influenza Virus (LAIV) is administered to and replicates in the sinonasal epithelium. Candidate LAIV vaccine strains are selected based on their ability to replicate to a high titer in embryonated hen's eggs, a process that can lead to mutations which alter the receptor binding and antigenic structure of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. In the 2012-2013 northern hemisphere vaccine, the H3N2 HA vaccine strain contained three amino acid changes - H156Q, G186V and S219Y - which altered HA antigenic structure and thus presumably decreased vaccine efficacy. To determine if these mutations also altered LAIV replication, reabcombinant viruses were created that encoded the wild-type (WT) parental HA of A/Victoria/361/2011 (WT HA LAIV), the egg adapted HA (EA HA LAIV) from the A/Victoria/361/2011 vaccine strain and an HA protein with additional amino acid changes to promote α2,3 sialic acid binding (2,3 EA HA LAIV). The WT HA LAIV bound α2,6 sialic compared to the EA HA LAIV and 2,3 EA HA LAIV which both demonstrated an increased preference for α2,3 sialic acid. On MDCKs, the WT HA and EA HA LAIVs showed similar replication at 32 °C but at 37 °C the EA HA LAIV replicated to lower infectious virus titers. The 2,3 EA HA LAIV replicated poorly at both temperatures. This replication phenotype was similar on human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures, however the WT HA LAIV induced the highest amount of IFN-λ and infected more nasal epithelial cells compared to the other viruses. Together, these data indicate that egg adaption mutations in the HA protein that confer preferential α2,3 sialic acid binding may adversely affect LAIV replication and contribute to reduced vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Powell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
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22
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Burton TD, Eyre NS. Applications of Deep Mutational Scanning in Virology. Viruses 2021; 13:1020. [PMID: 34071591 PMCID: PMC8227372 DOI: 10.3390/v13061020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recently developed high-throughput techniques have changed the field of molecular virology. For example, proteomics studies reveal complete interactomes of a viral protein, genome-wide CRISPR knockout and activation screens probe the importance of every single human gene in aiding or fighting a virus, and ChIP-seq experiments reveal genome-wide epigenetic changes in response to infection. Deep mutational scanning is a relatively novel form of protein science which allows the in-depth functional analysis of every nucleotide within a viral gene or genome, revealing regions of importance, flexibility, and mutational potential. In this review, we discuss the application of this technique to RNA viruses including members of the Flaviviridae family, Influenza A Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. We also briefly discuss the reverse genetics systems which allow for analysis of viral replication cycles, next-generation sequencing technologies and the bioinformatics tools that facilitate this research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas S. Eyre
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
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23
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Kim YH, Hong KJ, Kim H, Nam JH. Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2243. [PMID: 33949021 PMCID: PMC8209895 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, infection by seasonal influenza viruses causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Various influenza vaccines, including inactivated split- and subunit-type, recombinant and live attenuated vaccines, have been developed since the 1930s when it was discovered that influenza viruses could be cultivated in embryonated eggs. However, the protection rate offered by these vaccines is rather low, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this review, we describe the history of influenza vaccine development, the immune responses induced by the vaccines and the adjuvants applied. Further, we suggest future directions for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in all age groups. This includes the development of an influenza vaccine that induces a balanced T helper cell type 1 and type 2 immune responses based on the understanding of the immune system, and the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine that can increase effectiveness despite antigen shifts and drifts, which are characteristics of the influenza virus. A brighter future can be envisaged if the development of an adjuvant that is safe and effective is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- UIC Foundation, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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24
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Boikos C, Imran M, Nguyen VH, Ducruet T, Sylvester GC, Mansi JA. Effectiveness of the Cell-Derived Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Individuals at High Risk of Influenza Complications in the 2018-2019 United States Influenza Season. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab167. [PMID: 34327253 PMCID: PMC8314952 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Higher rates of influenza-related morbidity and mortality occur in individuals with underlying medical conditions. To improve vaccine effectiveness, cell-based technology for influenza vaccine manufacturing has been developed. Cell-derived inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines (cIIV4) may improve protection in seasons in which egg-propagated influenza viruses undergo mutations that affect antigenicity. This study aimed to estimate the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of cIIV4 versus egg-derived inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines (eIIV4) in preventing influenza-related medical encounters in individuals with underlying medical conditions putting them at high risk of influenza complications during the 2018-2019 US influenza season. Methods An integrated dataset, linking primary care electronic medical records with claims data, was used to conduct a retrospective cohort study among individuals aged ≥4 years, with ≥1 health condition, vaccinated with cIIV4 or eIIV4 during the 2018-2019 season. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were derived using a doubly robust inverse probability of treatment-weighting (IPTW) model, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, geographic region, vaccination week, and health status. Relative vaccine effectiveness was estimated by (1 - OR) × 100 and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The study cohort included 471 301 cIIV4 and 1 641 915 eIIV4 recipients. Compared with eIIV4, cIIV4 prevented significantly more influenza-related medical encounters among individuals with ≥1 health condition (rVE, 13.4% [95% CI, 11.4%-15.4%]), chronic pulmonary disease (rVE, 18.7% [95% CI, 16.0%-21.3%]), and rheumatic disease (rVE, 11.8% [95% CI, 3.6%-19.3%]). Conclusions Our findings support the use of cIIV4 in individuals ≥4 years of age at high risk of influenza complications and provide further evidence supporting improved effectiveness of cIIV4 compared with eIIV4.
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25
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Verhagen JH, Eriksson P, Leijten L, Blixt O, Olsen B, Waldenström J, Ellström P, Kuiken T. Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies. J Virol 2021; 95:e01873-20. [PMID: 33361418 PMCID: PMC8094940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01873-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. Influenza A virus (IAV) epidemiology in wild birds has been based primarily on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Surveillance in Eurasia has shown that in mallards, some subtypes are commonly (H1 to H7 and H10), intermediately (H8, H9, H11, and H12), or rarely (H13 to H16) detected, contributing to discussions on virus host range and reservoir competence. An alternative to surveillance in determining IAV host range is to study virus attachment as a determinant for infection. Here, we investigated the attachment patterns of all avian IAV subtypes (H1 to H16) to the respiratory and intestinal tracts of four dabbling duck species (Mareca and Anas spp.), two diving duck species (Aythya spp.), and chicken, as well as to a panel of 65 synthetic glycan structures. We found that IAV subtypes generally showed abundant attachment to colon of the Anas duck species, mallard, and Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), supporting the fecal-oral transmission route in these species. The reported glycan attachment profile did not explain the virus attachment patterns to tissues but showed significant attachment of duck-originated viruses to fucosylated glycan structures and H7 virus tropism for Neu5Gc-LN. Our results suggest that Anas ducks play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of IAV. Further knowledge on virus tissue attachment, receptor distribution, and receptor binding specificity is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying host range and epidemiology of IAV.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds worldwide. From wild birds, the viruses can cause outbreaks in poultry and sporadically and indirectly infect humans. A high IAV diversity has been found in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which are most often sampled as part of surveillance programs; meanwhile, little is known about the role of other duck species in IAV ecology and epidemiology. In this study, we investigated the attachment of all avian IAV hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1 to H16) to tissues of six different duck species and chicken as an indicator of virus host range. We demonstrated that the observed virus attachment patterns partially explained reported field prevalence. This study demonstrates that dabbling ducks of the Anas genus are potential hosts for most IAV subtypes, including those infecting poultry. This knowledge is useful to target the sampling of wild birds in nature and to further study the interaction between IAVs and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ola Blixt
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Liu L, Li Z, Zhou J, Lu J, Li X, Liu J, Xiao N, Wang D. The effect of single amino acid substitution at position 220 in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein on avian influenza H7N9 candidate vaccine virus. Virus Genes 2021; 57:164-171. [PMID: 33606171 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines represent the most effective preventive strategy to control influenza virus infections; however, adaptive mutations frequently occur in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein during the preparation of candidate vaccine virus and production of vaccine in embryonated eggs. In our previous study, we constructed candidate vaccine virus (HA-R) to match the highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 as part of a pandemic preparedness program. However, mixed amino acids (R, G, and I) were presented at position 220 (H3 numbering) in HA during passage in embryonated eggs. The residue at position 220 is located close to the receptor-binding site and the biological characteristics of this site remain to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, using reverse genetics, we constructed two viruses carrying the single substitution in position 220 of HA (HA-G and HA-I) and evaluated the biological effects of substitution (R with G/I) on receptor binding, neuraminidase (NA) activity, growth characteristics, genetic stability, and antigenicity. The results revealed both mutant viruses exhibited lower HA binding affinities to two receptor types (sialic acid in alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linkage to galactose, P < 0.001) and significant better growth characteristics compared to HA-R in two cells. Moreover, under similar NA enzymatic activity, the two mutant viruses eluted more easily from agglutinated erythrocytes than HA-R. Collectively, these results implied the balance of HA and NA in mutant viruses was a stronger determinant of viral growth than the individual amino acid in the HA position 220 in HA-R without strong binding between HA and sialylated receptors. Importantly, both the substitutions conferred altered antigenicity to the mutant viruses. In conclusion, amino acid substitutions at position 220 can substantially influence viral biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Ravina, Manjeet, Mohan H, Narang J, Pundir S, Pundir CS. A changing trend in diagnostic methods of Influenza A (H3N2) virus in human: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:87. [PMID: 33495723 PMCID: PMC7816835 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus is classified into four types A, B, C, and D, but type A and B are responsible for major illnesses in people with influenza A being the only virus responsible for flu pandemics due to the presence of two surface proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on the virus. The two subtypes of influenza A virus, H1N1 and H3N2, have been known to cause many flu pandemics. Both subtypes change genetically and antigenically to produce variants (clades and subclades, also know as groups and subgroups). H3N2 tends to change rapidly, both genetically and antigenically whereas that of H1N1 generally tends to have smaller changes. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses have evolved to form many separate, genetically different clades that continue to co-circulate. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses have caused significant deaths as per WHO report. The review describes methods for detection of influenza A(H3N2) viruses by conventional serological methods as well as the advanced methods of molecular biology and biosensors. All these methods are based on different parameters and have different targets but the goal is to improve specificity and increase sensitivity. Amongst the molecular methods, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered a gold standard test due to its many advantages whereas a number of other molecular methods are time-consuming, complex to perform or lack specificity. The review also considers bio-sensing methods for simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of H3N2. The classification and principle of various H3N2 biosensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Manjeet
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Thompson AJ, Paulson JC. Adaptation of influenza viruses to human airway receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100017. [PMID: 33144323 PMCID: PMC7948470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through annual epidemics and global pandemics, influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease. Within the last century, four global pandemics have resulted from the introduction of novel IAVs into humans, with components of each originating from avian viruses. IAVs infect many avian species wherein they maintain a diverse natural reservoir, posing a risk to humans through the occasional emergence of novel strains with enhanced zoonotic potential. One natural barrier for transmission of avian IAVs into humans is the specificity of the receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA), which recognizes sialic-acid-containing glycans on host cells. HAs from human IAVs exhibit “human-type” receptor specificity, binding exclusively to glycans on cells lining the human airway where terminal sialic acids are attached in the α2-6 configuration (NeuAcα2-6Gal). In contrast, HAs from avian viruses exhibit specificity for “avian-type” α2-3-linked (NeuAcα2-3Gal) receptors and thus require adaptive mutations to bind human-type receptors. Since all human IAV pandemics can be traced to avian origins, there remains ever-present concern over emerging IAVs with human-adaptive potential that might lead to the next pandemic. This concern has been brought into focus through emergence of SARS-CoV-2, aligning both scientific and public attention to the threat of novel respiratory viruses from animal sources. In this review, we summarize receptor-binding adaptations underlying the emergence of all prior IAV pandemics in humans, maintenance and evolution of human-type receptor specificity in subsequent seasonal IAVs, and potential for future human-type receptor adaptation in novel avian HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
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29
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Kase T, Inoue M, Morikawa S, Kumashiro H, Hiroi S, Nakata K, Ito K, Ishibashi M, Tsuru T, Irie S, Maeda A, Ohfuji S, Fukushima W, Hirota Y. Comparison of immunogenicity between candidate influenza A(H3N2) virus vaccine strains in Japan: A randomized controlled trial using a monovalent vaccine of A/Saitama/103/2014 (CEXP-002) and A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (X-263). Vaccine 2020; 38:6524-6532. [PMID: 32873406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the 2017-18 influenza season, A/Saitama/103/2014 (CEXP-002) (Saitama strain) was antigenically more similar to prior circulating strains than A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (X-263) (Hong Kong strain) in a ferret model and was selected as the A(H3N2) vaccine virus strain in Japan. However, the Saitama strain grew poorly, and the Japanese government switched to the Hong Kong strain, raising public concerns of poor effectiveness. To enhance understanding of the correlation between antigenicity in experimental models and immunogenicity, as a surrogate measure of vaccine effectiveness, in the human population, we compared the immunogenicity of specially-prepared single dose monovalent influenza A(H3N2) vaccines containing the Saitama or the Hong Kong strain. METHODS A randomized controlled trial of 100 healthy adults aged 20-64 years (n = 50/group) was conducted. Virus neutralization assay was performed on sera from days 0 (pre-vaccination) and 21 (post-vaccination). Geometric mean titer (GMT), mean fold rise (MFR), seroconversion proportion (SCP), and seroprotection proportion (SPP) were calculated for vaccine strains and a representative circulating A(H3N2) virus strain (A/Osaka/188/2017). RESULTS For the Hong Kong strain, post-vaccination GMT was significantly higher in the Hong Kong vaccine recipients (1:546 vs 1:260, p < 0.01), but MFR, SCP, and SPP were similar for both vaccine groups. For the Saitama strain, post-vaccination GMT (1:116 vs 1:61, p = 0.01) and SPP (86% vs 68%, p = 0.03) were significantly higher in the Hong Kong vaccine recipients, but MFR and SCP were similar for both vaccine groups. Against A/Osaka/188/2017, post-vaccination GMT and MFR were similar in both vaccine groups, but SCP (32% vs 4%, p < 0.01) and SPP (28% vs. 6%, p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the Hong Kong vaccine recipients. CONCLUSION The Hong Kong vaccine induced better or equivalent immunogenicity in comparison to the Saitama vaccine. Our trial showed that antigenic similarity in experimental models does not necessarily correlate with immunogenicity in the human population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000029293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kase
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Saeko Morikawa
- Department of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Hiroi
- Department of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakata
- Department of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ito
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Healthcare Management, College of Healthcare Management, Miyama, Japan; Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, SOUSEIKAI, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Akiko Maeda
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Ohfuji
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Hirota
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, SOUSEIKAI, Fukuoka, Japan; College of Healthcare Management, Miyama, Japan
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30
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The impact of candidate influenza virus and egg-based manufacture on vaccine effectiveness: Literature review and expert consensus. Vaccine 2020; 38:6047-6056. [PMID: 32600916 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Whilst vaccination is key for the prevention of influenza infection, there are many factors which may contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness, including antigenic evolution via both antigenic drift and egg-adaptations. Due to the currently dissociated and indirect evidence supporting both the occurrence of these two phenomena in the egg-based manufacturing process and their effects on vaccine effectiveness, this topic remains a subject of debate. OBJECTIVE To review the evidence and level of agreement in expert opinion supporting a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness due to egg-based manufacturing, using an expert consensus-based methodology and literature reviews. METHODS Ten European influenza specialists were recruited to the expert panel. The overall research question was deconstructed into four component principles, which were examined in series using a novel, online, two-stage assessment of proportional group awareness and consensus. The first stage independently generated a list of supporting references for each component principle via literature searches and expert assessments. In the second stage, a summary of each reference was circulated amongst the experts, who rated their agreement that each reference supported the component principle on a 5-point Likert scale. Finally, the panel were asked if they agreed that, as a whole, the evidence supported a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness due to egg-based manufacturing. RESULTS All component principles were reported to have a majority of strong or very strong supporting evidence (70-90%). CONCLUSIONS On reviewing the evidence for all component principles, experts unanimously agreed that there is a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness resulting from candidate influenza virus variation due to egg-based manufacturing, particularly in the influenza A/H3N2 strain. Experts pointed to surveillance, candidate vaccine virus selection and manufacturing stages involving eggs as the most likely to impact vaccine effectiveness.
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31
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Hopken MW, Piaggio AJ, Pabilonia KL, Pierce J, Anderson T, Pierce C, Abdo Z. Population genomic transformations induced by isolation of wild bird avian influenza viruses (Orthomyxoviridae) in embryonated chicken eggs. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 90:104505. [PMID: 32827730 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and cultivation of wild-type viruses in model organism cells or tissues is standard practice in virology. Oftentimes, the virus host species is distantly related to the species from which the culture system was developed. Thus, virus culture in these tissues and cells basically constitutes a host jump, which can lead to genomic changes through genetic drift and/or adaptation to the culture system. We directly sequenced 70 avian influenza virus (Orthomyxoviridae) genomes from oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs collected from wild bird species and paired virus isolates propagated from the same samples following isolation in specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. The data were analyzed using population genetic approaches including evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies and divergence with pooled-sequencing analyses, consensus sequence placement in neighbor-joining trees, and haplotype reconstruction and networks. We found that propagation of virus in eggs leads to skewed SNP mutation spectra with some SNPs going to fixation. Both synonymous and nonsynonmous SNP frequencies shifted. We found multiple consensus sequences that differed between the swabs and the isolates, with some sequences from the same sample falling into divergent genetic clusters. Twenty of 23 coinfections detected had different dominant subtypes following virus isolation, thus sequences from both the swab and isolate were needed to obtain full subtype data. Haplotype networks revealed haplotype frequency shifts and the appearance or loss of low-frequency haplotypes following isolation. The results from this study revealed that isolation of wild bird avian influenza viruses in chicken eggs leads to skewed populations that are different than the input populations. Consensus sequence changes from virus isolation can lead to flawed phylogenetic inferences, and subtype detection is biased. These results suggest that for genomic studies of wild bird influenza viruses the biological field should move away from chicken egg isolation towards directly sequencing the virus from host samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hopken
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Antoinette J Piaggio
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Kristy L Pabilonia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratories, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - James Pierce
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Theodore Anderson
- Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratories, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Courtney Pierce
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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32
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Ng TWY, Perera RAPM, Fang VJ, Yau EM, Peiris JSM, Tam YH, Cowling BJ. The Effect of Influenza Vaccination History on Changes in Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers After Receipt of the 2015-2016 Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults in Hong Kong. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:33-41. [PMID: 31282541 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses to influenza vaccination can be weaker in older adults than in other age groups. We hypothesized that antibody responses would be particularly weak among repeat vaccinees when the current and prior season vaccine components are the same. METHODS An observational study was conducted among 827 older adults (aged ≥75 years) in Hong Kong. Serum samples were collected immediately before and 1 month after receipt of the 2015-2016 quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. We measured antibody titers with the hemagglutination inhibition assay and compared the mean fold rise from prevaccination to postvaccination titers and the proportions with postvaccination titers ≥40 or ≥160. RESULTS Participants who reported receipt of vaccination during either of the previous 2 years had a lower mean fold rise against all strains than with those who did not. Mean fold rises for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata were particularly weak after repeated vaccination with the same vaccine strain, but we did not generally find significant differences in the proportions of participants with postvaccination titers ≥40 and ≥160. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found that reduced antibody responses in repeat vaccinees were particularly reduced among older adults who had received vaccination against the same strains in preceding years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Y Ng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vicky J Fang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Emily M Yau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yat Hung Tam
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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33
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. Influenza Hemagglutinin Structures and Antibody Recognition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038778. [PMID: 31871236 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus-host membrane fusion. At the same time, HA is the major antigen of the influenza virus. HA antigenic shift can result in pandemics, whereas antigenic drift allows human circulating strains to escape herd immunity. Most antibody responses against HA are strain-specific. However, antibodies that have neutralizing activities against multiple strains or even subtypes have now been discovered and characterized. These broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target conserved regions on HA, such as the receptor-binding site and the stem domain. Structural studies of such bnAbs have provided important insight into universal influenza vaccine and therapeutic design. This review discusses the HA functions as well as HA-antibody interactions from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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34
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Pérez-Rubio A, Ancochea J, Eiros Bouza JM. Quadrivalent cell culture influenza virus vaccine. Comparison to egg-derived vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1746-1752. [PMID: 32255723 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1701912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections pose a serious public health problem and vaccination is the most effective public health intervention against them. The current manufacture of influenza vaccines in embryonated chicken eggs entails significant limitations. These limitations have been overcome by producing vaccines in cell culture, which allow a faster and more flexible response to potential pandemic threats. Given the impact of influenza B virus on disease burden, the availability of quadrivalent vaccines is useful for increasing the rate of protection from disease. This paper analyzes the limitations of the current production of influenza vaccine in eggs and the advantages of vaccines developed in cell culture, as well as their safety, tolerability, efficacy and effectiveness. Additionally, we reflect on the contribution of new quadrivalent vaccines from cell culture as an alternative in seasonal vaccination campaigns against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-Rubio
- Dirección Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid , Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Neumology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa , Madrid, Spain
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35
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Romeli S, Hassan SS, Yap WB. Multi-Epitope Peptide-Based and Vaccinia-Based Universal Influenza Vaccine Candidates Subjected to Clinical Trials. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 27:10-20. [PMID: 32788837 PMCID: PMC7409566 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the limited protection conferred by current influenza vaccines, immunisation using universal influenza vaccines has been proposed for protection against all or most influenza sub-types. The fundamental principle of universal influenza vaccines is based on conserved antigens found in most influenza strains, such as matrix 2, nucleocapsid, matrix 1 and stem of hemagglutinin proteins. These antigens trigger cross-protective immunity against different influenza strains. Many researchers have attempted to produce the conserved epitopes of these antigens in the form of peptides in the hope of generating universal influenza vaccine candidates that can broadly induce cross-reactive protection against influenza viral infections. However, peptide vaccines are poorly immunogenic when applied individually owing to their small molecular sizes. Hence, strategies, such as combining peptides as multi-epitope vaccines or presenting peptides on vaccinia virus particles, are employed. This review discusses the clinical and laboratory findings of several multi-epitope peptide vaccine candidates and vaccinia-based peptide vaccines. The majority of these vaccine candidates have reached the clinical trial phase. The findings in this study will indeed shed light on the applicability of universal influenza vaccines to prevent seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syazwani Romeli
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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36
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Lafont BAP, Bennink JR. Slowing Influenza Virus Evolution: A Role for Multiple Synergistic Antiviral Specificities in Vaccination Strategies. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:197-200. [PMID: 32286176 PMCID: PMC7185310 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack R Bennink
- Viral Immunology Section, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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37
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Wu NC, Otwinowski J, Thompson AJ, Nycholat CM, Nourmohammad A, Wilson IA. Major antigenic site B of human influenza H3N2 viruses has an evolving local fitness landscape. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1233. [PMID: 32144244 PMCID: PMC7060233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigenic drift of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is enabled by facile evolvability. However, HA antigenic site B, which has become immunodominant in recent human H3N2 influenza viruses, is also evolutionarily constrained by its involvement in receptor binding. Here, we employ deep mutational scanning to probe the local fitness landscape of HA antigenic site B in six different human H3N2 strains spanning from 1968 to 2016. We observe that the fitness landscape of HA antigenic site B can be very different between strains. Sequence variants that exhibit high fitness in one strain can be deleterious in another, indicating that the evolutionary constraints of antigenic site B have changed over time. Structural analysis suggests that the local fitness landscape of antigenic site B can be reshaped by natural mutations via modulation of the receptor-binding mode. Overall, these findings elucidate how influenza virus continues to explore new antigenic space despite strong functional constraints.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Dogs
- Evolution, Molecular
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mutation
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Domains/immunology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jakub Otwinowski
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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38
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Park YW, Kim YH, Jung HU, Jeong OS, Hong EJ, Kim H, Lee JI. Comparison of antigenic mutation during egg and cell passage cultivation of H3N2 influenza virus. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020; 9:56-63. [PMID: 32095441 PMCID: PMC7024727 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose When influenza viruses are cultured in eggs, amino acid mutations of the hemagglutinin may occur through egg adaptation. On the other hand, when influenza viruses are cultured in animal cells, no antigenic mutation occurs unlike in eggs. Therefore, we examined whether the antigenic mutations actually occurred after passage of H3N2 (A/Texas/50/2012) virus up to 15 times in eggs and MDCK-Sky3851 cells. Materials and Methods Prototype A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2) influenza virus which was isolated from clinical patient, not passaged in egg, was obtained and propagated using the specific pathogen free egg and the MDCK-Sky3851 cell line up to 15 passage, and the changes in the antigen sequence of the influenza viruses were confirmed by gene sequencing and protein structure analysis. Results In term of the hemagglutination titer of influenza virus, the reactivity to chicken and guinea pig red blood cell showed different results between egg propagated and cell propagated viruses. In the sequence analysis results for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, no antigenic mutation was observed throughout all passages when cultured in MDCK-Sky3851 cells. On the other hand, mutations occurred in three amino acid sequences (H156R, G186S, S219F) in hemagglutinin up to 15 passages when cultured in eggs. Conclusion H3N2 influenza virus cultured in eggs could lead mutations in amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin, distinct from the corresponding virus cultured in cells for which no antigenic mutation was observed. These findings suggest that cell culture is a more stable and effective way of production with lower risk of antigenic mutations for the manufacture of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wook Park
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hwan Ui Jung
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Oh Seok Jeong
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Hong
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Il Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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39
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Galli C, Orsi A, Pariani E, Lai PL, Guarona G, Pellegrinelli L, Ebranati E, Icardi G, Panatto D. In-depth phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A(H3N2) viruses circulating during the 2016-2017 season revealed egg-adaptive mutations of vaccine strains. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:115-122. [PMID: 31875483 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1709827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The authors conducted an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of A(H3N2) identified during the 2016-2017 season to compare the circulating strains with both the egg-derived and cell-derived 2016-2017 candidate vaccine virus (CVV).Methods: 162 HA1 sequences of H3N2 viruses identified during the 2016-2017 season were phylogenetically analyzed and compared with egg-/cell-derived CVV. The predicted vaccine efficacy (pVE) of egg-/cell-derived CVV against field strains was quantified by Pepitope model.Results: All H3N2 belonged to 3C.2a genetic clade, most (80.2%) to 3C.2a1 sub-clade. Several H3N2 variants circulated in the 2016-2017 season. HA sequences of field H3N2 strains displayed greater identity with cell-derived CVV than with egg-derived CVV. The amino acid substitutions in positions 160 and 194 identified in egg-derived CVV affected the pVE, which was lower for egg-derived CVV than for cell-derived CVV.Conclusions: The results suggested that reduced vaccine effectiveness observed in 2016-2017 season was probably due to changes in the HA of vaccine strains acquired upon adaptation in eggs, which are the basis of most manufacturing systems currently used globally. Egg-free vaccine manufacturing systems would be advisable to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Galli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Luigi Lai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarona
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ebranati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Donatella Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
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40
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Kissling E, Pozo F, Buda S, Vilcu AM, Rizzo C, Gherasim A, Horváth JK, Brytting M, Domegan L, Meijer A, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I, Machado A, Vučina VV, Lazar M, Johansen K, Dürrwald R, van der Werf S, Bella A, Larrauri A, Ferenczi A, Zakikhany K, O'Donnell J, Dijkstra F, Bogusz J, Guiomar R, Filipović SK, Pitigoi D, Penttinen P, Valenciano M. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine against influenza A in Europe in seasons of different A(H1N1)pdm09 and the same A(H3N2) vaccine components (2016-17 and 2017-18). Vaccine X 2019; 3:100042. [PMID: 31660536 PMCID: PMC6807025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominated in Europe in 2016-17. In 2017-18 A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses co-circulated. The A(H3N2) vaccine component was the same in both seasons; while the A(H1N1)pdm09 component changed in 2017-18. In both seasons, vaccine seed A(H3N2) viruses developed adaptations/alterations during propagation in eggs, impacting antigenicity. METHODS We used the test-negative design in a multicentre primary care case-control study in 12 European countries to measure 2016-17 and 2017-18 influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) overall and by age group. RESULTS During the 2017-18 season, the overall VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 59% (95% CI: 47-69). Among those aged 0-14, 15-64 and ≥65 years, VE against A(H1N1)pdm09 was 64% (95% CI: 37-79), 50% (95% CI: 28-66) and 66% (95% CI: 42-80), respectively. Overall VE against influenza A(H3N2) was 28% (95% CI: 17-38) in 2016-17 and 13% (95% CI: -15 to 34) in 2017-18. Among 0-14-year-olds VE against A(H3N2) was 28% (95%CI: -10 to 53) and 29% (95% CI: -87 to 73), among 15-64-year-olds 34% (95% CI: 18-46) and 33% (95% CI: -3 to 56) and among those aged ≥65 years 15% (95% CI: -10 to 34) and -9% (95% CI: -74 to 32) in 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the new A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine component conferred good protection against circulating strains, while VE against A(H3N2) was <35% in 2016-17 and 2017-18. The egg propagation derived antigenic mismatch of the vaccine seed virus with circulating strains may have contributed to this low effectiveness. A(H3N2) seed viruses for vaccines in subsequent seasons may be subject to the same adaptations; in years with lower than expected VE, recommendations of preventive measures other than vaccination should be given in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Kissling
- Epidemiology Department, Epiconcept, 47 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Francisco Pozo
- National Centre for Microbiology, National Influenza Reference Laboratory, WHO-National Influenza Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silke Buda
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Vilcu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alin Gherasim
- National Epidemiology Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid Spain
| | | | - Mia Brytting
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Domegan
- Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 25-27 Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1 D01 A4A3, Ireland
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ausenda Machado
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Mihaela Lazar
- “Cantacuzino” National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kari Johansen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Gustav III:s boulevard 40, 169 73 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Center for Influenza, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Université Paris Diderot SPC, France
- CNR des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, WHO National Influenza Center, Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Amparo Larrauri
- National Epidemiology Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Joan O'Donnell
- Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 25-27 Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1 D01 A4A3, Ireland
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna Bogusz
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Portugal
| | | | - Daniela Pitigoi
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Gustav III:s boulevard 40, 169 73 Solna, Sweden
| | - Marta Valenciano
- Epidemiology Department, Epiconcept, 47 rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
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Cell culture propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus: adaptive amino acid substitutions in structural proteins and their functional implications. Virus Genes 2019; 56:1-15. [PMID: 31776851 PMCID: PMC6957568 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in livestock in large parts of Africa and Asia, where it is an important driver of food insecurity and a major obstacle to agricultural development and the international trade in animal products. Virtually all commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-virus vaccines produced in cell culture, but the adaptation of a field isolate of the virus to growth in culture is laborious and time-consuming. This is of particular concern for the development of vaccines to newly emerging virus lineages, where long lead times from virus isolate to vaccine can delay the implementation of effective control programs. High antigen yields in production cells are also necessary to make vaccines affordable for less developed countries in endemic areas. Therefore, a rational approach to cell culture adaptation that combines prior knowledge of common adaptive mutations and reverse genetics techniques is urgently required. This review provides an overview of amino acid exchanges in the viral capsid proteins in the context of adaptation to cell culture.
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42
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Byrd-Leotis L, Gao C, Jia N, Mehta AY, Trost J, Cummings SF, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Steinhauer DA. Antigenic Pressure on H3N2 Influenza Virus Drift Strains Imposes Constraints on Binding to Sialylated Receptors but Not Phosphorylated Glycans. J Virol 2019; 93:e01178-19. [PMID: 31484755 PMCID: PMC6819937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01178-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H3N2 strains of influenza A virus emerged in humans in 1968 and have continued to circulate, evolving in response to human immune pressure. During this process of "antigenic drift," viruses have progressively lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species and to replicate efficiently under the established conditions for amplifying clinical isolates and generating vaccine candidates. We have determined the glycome profiles of chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes to gain insights into reduced agglutination properties displayed by drifted strains and show that both chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes contain complex sialylated N-glycans but that they differ with respect to the extent of branching, core fucosylation, and the abundance of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (PL) [-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-]n structures. We also examined binding of the H3N2 viruses using three different glycan microarrays: the synthetic Consortium for Functional Glycomics array; the defined N-glycan array designed to reveal contributions to binding based on sialic acid linkage type, branched structures, and core modifications; and the human lung shotgun glycan microarray. The results demonstrate that H3N2 viruses have progressively lost their capacity to bind nearly all canonical sialylated receptors other than a selection of biantennary structures and PL structures with or without sialic acid. Significantly, all viruses displayed robust binding to nonsialylated high-mannose phosphorylated glycans, even as the recognition of sialylated structures is decreased through antigenic drift.IMPORTANCE Influenza subtype H3N2 viruses have circulated in humans for over 50 years, continuing to cause annual epidemics. Such viruses have undergone antigenic drift in response to immune pressure, reducing the protective effects of preexisting immunity to previously circulating H3N2 strains. The changes in hemagglutinin (HA) affiliated with drift have implications for the receptor binding properties of these viruses, affecting virus replication in the culture systems commonly used to generate and amplify vaccine strains. Therefore, the antigenic properties of the vaccines may not directly reflect those of the circulating strains from which they were derived, compromising vaccine efficacy. In order to reproducibly provide effective vaccines, it will be critical to understand the interrelationships between binding, antigenicity, and replication properties in different growth substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Trost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra F Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Jawinski K, Hartmann M, Singh C, Kinnear E, Busse DC, Ciabattini A, Fiorino F, Medaglini D, Trombetta CM, Montomoli E, Contreras V, Le Grand R, Coiffier C, Primard C, Verrier B, Tregoning JS. Recombinant Haemagglutinin Derived From the Ciliated Protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila Is Protective Against Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2661. [PMID: 31798589 PMCID: PMC6863932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines manufactured using eggs have considerable limitations, both in terms of scale up production and the potential impact passaging through eggs can have on the antigenicity of the vaccine virus strains. Alternative methods of manufacture are required, particularly in the context of an emerging pandemic strain. Here we explore the production of recombinant influenza haemagglutinin using the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. For the first time we were able to produce haemagglutinin from both seasonal influenza A and B strains. This ciliate derived material was immunogenic, inducing an antibody response in both mice and non-human primates. Mice immunized with ciliate derived haemagglutinin were protected against challenge with homologous influenza A or B viruses. The antigen could also be combined with submicron particles containing a Nod2 ligand, significantly boosting the immune response and reducing the dose of antigen required. Thus, we show that Tetrahymena can be used as a manufacturing platform for viral vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charanjit Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Kinnear
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Busse
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi s.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Celine Coiffier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Hussain S, Turnbull ML, Pinto RM, McCauley JW, Engelhardt OG, Digard P. Segment 2 from influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic viruses confers temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin yield on candidate vaccine virus growth in eggs that can be epistatically complemented by PB2 701D. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1079-1092. [PMID: 31169484 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) for seasonal influenza A virus are made by reassortment of the antigenic virus with an egg-adapted strain, typically A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8). Many 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic (pdm09) high-growth reassortants (HGRs) selected this way contain pdm09 segment 2 in addition to the antigenic genes. To investigate this, we made CVV mimics by reverse genetics (RG) that were either 6 : 2 or 5 : 3 reassortants between PR8 and two pdm09 strains, A/California/7/2009 (Cal7) and A/England/195/2009, differing in the source of segment 2. The 5 : 3 viruses replicated better in MDCK-SIAT1 cells than the 6 : 2 viruses, but the 6 : 2 CVVs gave higher haemagglutinin (HA) antigen yields from eggs. This unexpected phenomenon reflected temperature sensitivity conferred by pdm09 segment 2, as the egg HA yields of the 5 : 3 viruses improved substantially when viruses were grown at 35 °C compared with 37.5 °C, whereas the 6 : 2 virus yields did not. However, the authentic 5 : 3 pdm09 HGRs, X-179A and X-181, were not markedly temperature sensitive despite their PB1 sequences being identical to that of Cal7, suggesting compensatory mutations elsewhere in the genome. Sequence comparisons of the PR8-derived backbone genes identified polymorphisms in PB2, NP, NS1 and NS2. Of these, PB2 N701D affected the temperature dependence of viral transcription and, furthermore, improved and drastically reduced the temperature sensitivity of the HA yield from the 5 : 3 CVV mimic. We conclude that the HA yield of pdm09 CVVs can be affected by an epistatic interaction between PR8 PB2 and pdm09 PB1, but that this can be minimized by ensuring that the backbones used for vaccine manufacture in eggs contain PB2 701D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Hussain
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.,2 The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew L Turnbull
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rute M Pinto
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- 3 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Digard
- 1 The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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45
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A Tale of Two Mutations: Beginning to Understand the Problems with Egg-Based Influenza Vaccines? Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:773-775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Wu NC, Lv H, Thompson AJ, Wu DC, Ng WWS, Kadam RU, Lin CW, Nycholat CM, McBride R, Liang W, Paulson JC, Mok CKP, Wilson IA. Preventing an Antigenically Disruptive Mutation in Egg-Based H3N2 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines by Mutational Incompatibility. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:836-844.e5. [PMID: 31151913 PMCID: PMC6579542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Egg-based seasonal influenza vaccines are the major preventive countermeasure against influenza virus. However, their effectiveness can be compromised when antigenic changes arise from egg-adaptive mutations on influenza hemagglutinin (HA). The L194P mutation is commonly observed in egg-based H3N2 vaccine seed strains and significantly alters HA antigenicity. An approach to prevent L194P would therefore be beneficial. We show that emergence of L194P during egg passaging can be impeded by preexistence of a G186V mutation, revealing strong incompatibility between these mutations. X-ray structures illustrate that individual G186V and L194P mutations have opposing effects on the HA receptor-binding site (RBS), and when both G186V and L194P are present, the RBS is severely disrupted. Importantly, wild-type HA antigenicity is maintained with G186V, but not L194P. Our results demonstrate that these epistatic interactions can be used to prevent the emergence of mutations that adversely alter antigenicity during egg adaptation. Most H3N2 egg isolates carry hemagglutinin mutation G186V or L194P, but not both Hemagglutinin double mutation G186V/L194P is highly deleterious to the virus Hemagglutinin double mutation G186V/L194P disrupts the receptor-binding site Wild-type hemagglutinin antigenicity is maintained in G186V, but not in L194P
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Chick Embryo
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Conformation
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Virus Cultivation/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Douglas C Wu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wilson W S Ng
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Rameshwar U Kadam
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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47
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Trucchi C, Paganino C, Amicizia D, Orsi A, Tisa V, Piazza MF, Icardi G, Ansaldi F. Universal influenza virus vaccines: what needs to happen next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:671-683. [PMID: 30957589 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1604671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza occurs worldwide and causes significant disease burden in terms of morbidity, associated complications, hospitalizations, and deaths. Vaccination constitutes the primary approach for controlling influenza. Current influenza vaccines elicit a strain-specific response yet occasionally exhibit suboptimal effectiveness. This review describes the limits of available immunization tools and the future prospects and potentiality of universal influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED New 'universal' vaccines, which are presently under development, are expected to overcome the problems related to the high variability of influenza viruses, such as the need for seasonal vaccine updates and re-vaccination. Here, we explore vaccines based on the highly conserved epitopes of the HA, NA, or extracellular domain of the influenza M2 protein, along with those based on the internal proteins such as NP and M1. EXPERT OPINION The development of a universal influenza vaccine that confers protection against homologous, drifted, and shifted influenza virus strains could obviate the need for annual reformulation and mitigate disease burden. The scientific community has long been awaiting the advent of universal influenza vaccines; these are currently under development in laboratories worldwide. If such vaccines are immunogenic, efficacious, and able to confer long-lasting immunity, they might be integrated with or supplant traditional influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Trucchi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy
| | - Chiara Paganino
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Valentino Tisa
- c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Piazza
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
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48
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Petrova PA, Konovalova NI, Danilenko DM, Vasilieva AD, Eropkin MY. PROBLEMS OF ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF RECENT HUMAN A(H3N2) INFLUENZA VIRUSES. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:160-164. [PMID: 36494971 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-160-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human A (H3N2) influenza viruses are distinguished by a high rate of evolution and regularly cause epidemics around the world. Their ability to adapt and to escape from the host's immune response and to change their receptor specificity is very high. Over the past 20 years, these viruses have lost the ability to agglutinate red blood cells of chickens and turkeys and have practically ceased to propagate in chicken embryos - the main source of influenza vaccines. Isolation of viruses in the MDCK cell culture led to the selection of strains that lose one of the potential glycosylation sites. Many of the A (H3N2) strains have acquired mutations in neuraminidase, which distort the results of antigenic analysis in the hemagglutination inhibition test - the cornerstone method for the analysis of the match between viral isolates circulating in human population to strains selected for the influenza vaccines. In this regard, the characteristics of the antigenic properties of influenza A (H3N2) viruses by traditional methods become poorly informative, and the selection of vaccine strains of this subtype is erroneous, which is reflected in the discrepancy between vaccine and circulating A (H3N2) viruses in recent years (2013-2014, 2014 -2015, 2015-2016). The search, development and implementation of new algorithms for the isolation and antigen analysis of influenza A (H3N2) viruses are extremely urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Petrova
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza
| | | | | | | | - M Y Eropkin
- Federal State Research Institute of Influenza
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Plotkin SA. The Influenza Vaccine Mess. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:178-180. [PMID: 29982613 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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Lee LYY, Izzard L, Hurt AC. A Review of DNA Vaccines Against Influenza. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1568. [PMID: 30038621 PMCID: PMC6046547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenges of effective vaccination against influenza are gaining more mainstream attention, as recent influenza seasons have reported low efficacy in annual vaccination programs worldwide. Combined with the potential emergence of novel influenza viruses resulting in a pandemic, the need for effective alternatives to egg-produced conventional vaccines has been made increasingly clear. DNA vaccines against influenza have been in development since the 1990s, but the initial excitement over success in murine model trials has been tempered by comparatively poor performance in larger animal models. In the intervening years, much progress has been made to refine the DNA vaccine platform-the rational design of antigens and expression vectors, the development of novel vaccine adjuvants, and the employment of innovative gene delivery methods. This review discusses how these advances have been applied in recent efforts to develop an effective influenza DNA vaccine.
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