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Chinchilla D, Nieves C, Gutiérrez R, Sordoillet V, Veyrier FJ, Picardeau M. Phylogenomics of Leptospira santarosai, a prevalent pathogenic species in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011733. [PMID: 37917733 PMCID: PMC10645364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a complex zoonotic disease mostly caused by a group of eight pathogenic species (L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. mayottensis, L. noguchii, L. santarosai, L. weilii, L. alexanderi), with a wide spectrum of animal reservoirs and patient outcomes. Leptospira interrogans is considered as the leading causative agent of leptospirosis worldwide and it is the most studied species. However, the genomic features and phylogeography of other Leptospira pathogenic species remain to be determined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we investigated the genome diversity of the main pathogenic Leptospira species based on a collection of 914 genomes from strains isolated around the world. Genome analyses revealed species-specific genome size and GC content, and an open pangenome in the pathogenic species, except for L. mayottensis. Taking advantage of a new set of genomes of L. santarosai strains isolated from patients in Costa Rica, we took a closer look at this species. L. santarosai strains are largely distributed in America, including the Caribbean islands, with over 96% of the available genomes originating from this continent. Phylogenetic analysis showed high genetic diversity within L. santarosai, and the clonal groups identified by cgMLST were strongly associated with geographical areas. Serotype identification based on serogrouping and/or analysis of the O-antigen biosynthesis gene loci further confirmed the great diversity of strains within the species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, we report a comprehensive genome analysis of pathogenic Leptospira species with a focus on L. santarosai. Our study sheds new light onto the genomic diversity, evolutionary history, and epidemiology of leptospirosis in America and globally. Our findings also expand our knowledge of the genes driving O-antigen diversity. In addition, our work provides a framework for understanding the virulence and spread of L. santarosai and for improving its surveillance in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chinchilla
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Bacteriología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Nieves
- Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Bacteriología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), La Unión, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Vallier Sordoillet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric J. Veyrier
- Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, Paris, France
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2
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Hamond C, Dirsmith KL, LeCount K, Soltero FV, Rivera-Garcia S, Camp P, Anderson T, Hicks JA, Galloway R, Sutherland G, Schafer IJ, Goris MGA, van der Linden H, Stuber T, Bayles DO, Schlater LK, Nally JE. Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and Leptospira santarosai serogroup Pyrogenes isolated from bovine dairy herds in Puerto Rico. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1025282. [PMID: 36467637 PMCID: PMC9712998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world and endemic in the Caribbean Islands. Bovine leptospirosis is an important reproductive disease. Globally, cattle are recognized as a reservoir host for L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, which is transmitted via urine, semen, and uterine discharges, and can result in abortion and poor reproductive performance. The dairy industry in Puerto Rico comprises up to 25% of agriculture-related income and is historically the most financially important agricultural commodity on the island. In this study, we report the isolation of two different pathogenic Leptospira species, from two different serogroups, from urine samples collected from dairy cows in Puerto Rico: L. borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo and L. santarosai serogroup Pyrogenes. Recovered isolates were classified using whole-genome sequencing, serotyping with reference antisera and monoclonal antibodies, and immunoblotting. These results demonstrate that dairy herds in Puerto Rico can be concurrently infected with more than one species and serovar of Leptospira, and that bacterin vaccines and serologic diagnostics should account for this when applying intervention and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hamond
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
- National Center for Animal Health Leptospira Working Group, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Katherine L. Dirsmith
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Field Operations, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Karen LeCount
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
- National Center for Animal Health Leptospira Working Group, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Fred V. Soltero
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Field Operations, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sarai Rivera-Garcia
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Field Operations, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Patrick Camp
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tammy Anderson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
- National Center for Animal Health Leptospira Working Group, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Hicks
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Graham Sutherland
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ilana J. Schafer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marga G. A. Goris
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, World Organisation for Animal Health and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, World Organisation for Animal Health and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Darrell O. Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Linda K. Schlater
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
- National Center for Animal Health Leptospira Working Group, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jarlath E. Nally
- National Center for Animal Health Leptospira Working Group, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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3
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Diaz EA, Luna L, Burgos-Mayorga A, Donoso G, Guzman DA, Baquero MI, Pearson T, Barragan VA. First detection of Leptospira santarosai in the reproductive track of a boar: A potential threat to swine production and public health. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274362. [PMID: 36129918 PMCID: PMC9491572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis causes significant economic losses and is an occupational risk in the swine industry, especially in developing tropical regions where social and geoclimatic conditions are favorable for the transmission of this disease. Although vaccination can reduce infection risk, efficacy is diminished if local genetic and antigenic variants of the pathogen are not accounted for in the vaccine. Identifying and characterizing strains hosts, and potential mechanisms of transmission is therefore critical for public health mitigation practices. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our study was conducted on a rural breeding farm in Ecuador, where we used a PCR assay that targets lipL32 to detect Leptospira spp. and targeted gene sequencing to identify Leptospira santarosai in the kidneys, testicles, and ejaculate of a vaccinated boar. MAT results showed low titers against serovars found in the vaccine, but the MAT panel did not include serovars of L. santarosai. The boar showed no symptoms of leptospirosis but did show blood in the semen. However, no postmortem histopathological lesions were observed tissue samples. Vaccinated sows that were artificially inseminated with the semen from this boar had reproductive problems, suggesting that transmission had occurred. This is the first documented case of Leptospira santarosai in the reproductive tract of a boar. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE As L. santarosai is pathogenic in other livestock species and humans, our finding highlights the need to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiological significance of this pathogen in livestock and consider the possibility of venereal transmission. In addition, further studies are needed to identify and characterize local serovars that may impact diagnosis and vaccination programs to better control leptospirosis in livestock and spillover into the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Diaz
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical, Laboratorio de Salud Animal, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ligia Luna
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Burgos-Mayorga
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Donoso
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego A. Guzman
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Ines Baquero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Veronica Alexandra Barragan
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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Santos JCDA, de Vasconcelos IFF, Nogueira DB, Junior JPA, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, Santos CDSAB, Alves CJ, Silva MLCR, de Azevedo SS. New insights on Leptospira sp. infection in ewes maintained in field semiarid conditions. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106610. [PMID: 35850236 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is poorly studied in small ruminants raised in field semiarid conditions. In this study we compared serological, bacteriological and molecular diagnostic methods in ewes maintained in field Brazilian semiarid conditions. Blood, vaginal fluid and urine samples were collected from 60 Morada Nova ewes raised in a semi-intensive system in the Brazilian semiarid. Diagnostic tests performed were microscopic agglutination test (MAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial isolation. Anti-Leptospira sp. antibodies were found in eight (13.33%) animals analyzed by MAT at reciprocal titer 25 (cut-off 25), while Leptospira sp. DNA was detected in urine or vaginal fluid of 56 animals (93.33%). There was growth of leptospires in 10 urine cultures and in 11 vaginal fluid cultures, however, two of urine (2/60-3.33%) and eight cultures of vaginal fluid (8/60-13.33%) were confirmed by PCR. Two samples of vaginal fluid (one of each animal) were submitted to sequencing demonstrating 99% similarity with L. santarosai and L. interrogans. The highest MAT sensitivities were obtained with reciprocal titer 25 (cut-off 25) compared to 50 and 100. The performance of different diagnostic techniques for leptospirosis in ewes raised in field semiarid conditions allowed a better evaluation of the herd, as well as made it possible to identify carrier animals. Genital route may be important for efficient transmission and without dependence on environmental factors in ewes from semiarid, as well as it's highlighted that titer 1:25 in serology was more efficient, indicating its use in ewes in field semiarid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar de Araujo Santos
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Igor Felipe Ferreira de Vasconcelos
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Denise Batista Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Joao Pessoa Araujo Junior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-687, Brazil
| | | | - Clebert José Alves
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos, PB 58708-110, Brazil.
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5
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Hamond C, LeCount K, Putz EJ, Bayles DO, Camp P, Goris MGA, van der Linden H, Stone NE, Schlater LK, Sahl JW, Wagner DM, Nally JE. Bovine Leptospirosis Due to Persistent Renal Carriage of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Tarassovi. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:848664. [PMID: 35464389 PMCID: PMC9019706 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.848664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations. Leptospira interrogans is a leading cause of human disease, and L. borgpetersenii is a leading cause of animal disease. Cattle are reservoir hosts of L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, which is transmitted via urine, semen, and uterine discharges resulting in abortion and poor reproductive performance. Bovine bacterin vaccines can only protect against those serovars included in vaccine formulations and typically include serovar Hardjo among others. Genotyping and serotyping represent two different and unique methods for classifying leptospires that do not always correlate well; comprehensive characterization using either method requires recovery of isolates from infected animals. In this study, we report for the first time, isolation of L. borgpetersenii serovar Tarassovi from the urine of a dairy cow in the U.S. The classification of the isolate, designated strain MN900, was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing, serotyping with reference antisera and monoclonal antibodies, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI), and immunoblotting with reference antisera. Strain MN900 was excreted in urine samples for 18 weeks even as the cow was seronegative for serovar Tarassovi. Strain MN900 has an unusual morphology since it is not as motile as other leptospires and lacks hooked ends. Serovar Tarassovi is not included in U.S. bacterin vaccines. These results demonstrate the importance of culture and concomitant genotyping and serotyping to accurately classify leptospires, and as required to design efficacious vaccine and diagnostic strategies to not only limit animal disease but reduce zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Hamond
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,NCAH Leptospira Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karen LeCount
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,NCAH Leptospira Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ellie J Putz
- NCAH Leptospira Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick Camp
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marga G A Goris
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathan E Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Linda K Schlater
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,NCAH Leptospira Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - David M Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- NCAH Leptospira Working Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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6
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Moinet M, Wilkinson DA, Aberdein D, Russell JC, Vallée E, Collins-Emerson JM, Heuer C, Benschop J. Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040189. [PMID: 34698305 PMCID: PMC8544700 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s–1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to inform control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Moinet
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - David A. Wilkinson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Danielle Aberdein
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
| | - James C. Russell
- Department of Statistics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Emilie Vallée
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Julie M. Collins-Emerson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.W.); (D.A.); (E.V.); (J.M.C.-E.); (C.H.); (J.B.)
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7
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Caimi K, Ruybal P. Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104241. [PMID: 32061688 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread global zoonotic bacterial disease with a noteworthy human-animal-ecosystem interface. The disease presents different clinical manifestations and a high mortality and morbidity rates in humans and animals throughout the world. Characterization and correct classification of Leptospira isolates is essential for a better understanding the epidemiological properties of the disease. In the last ten years, molecular typing tools have been developed and applied to this field. These methods together with the availability of hundreds of new whole genome sequences that belong to known and new described species are shaping the understanding and structure of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Caimi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - P Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso: 12, CABA 1121, Argentina
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8
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Pinto PS, Barbosa C, Ferreira AMR, Lilenbaum W. Short communication: Uterine leptospiral infection is strongly associated to strains of serogroup Sejroe on experimentally infected hamsters. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104030. [PMID: 32027974 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira infection is influenced by the host species and the bacterial strain involved. Important differences on their tissue distribution are referred, also depending on the host and the studied strain. Considering tissue distribution of leptospires the majority of the studies focus on a single strain, or strains from the same serogroup with different inoculation doses. Nevertheless, none had associated different serogroups with their tissue distribution. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the hypothesis that tissue distribution of Leptospira spp. on experimentally infected hamsters may vary according to the strain serogroup. Females of Golden Syrian hamsters were used for the experimental infection with Leptospira isolates (n = 13) belonging to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 8) and Sejroe (n = 5). PCRs were conducted in renal, hepatic and uterine tissue. Seven out of the thirteen studied hamsters presented acute clinical signs and were euthanized before the 21° day p.i. (strains VF237, VF52, U81, UFF-SG001, UFF-G19, UFF-B15, L1-130), while the others presented a subclinical infection. Regarding to the PCR results it was possible to observe that, all but one strain (UFF-SG001), which was detected on all the studied tissues, presented some differences on their tissue distribution. All strains could be detected on at least one tissue and a significant association was observed for the occurrence of the strains of serogroup Sejroe in uterus (p = 0.044). The results of the present study indicate that strains of serogroup Sejroe are strongly associated to uterine infection on experimentally infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Pinto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Barbosa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M R Ferreira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, 101 Prof. Hernani Mello Street, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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9
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Novel MLST sequence types of pathogenic Leptospira spp.: Opening the black box of animal leptospirosis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2019; 196:135-141. [PMID: 31121146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current context of the emergence of certain infectious diseases and discussion of the One Health concept for many of these, the study of leptospirosis - both in domestic and wild hosts - cannot be neglected. The study of animal leptospirosis has evolved in recent years. It has been demonstrated that the human-animal-environment interface is more important than previously thought. In the present study, 35 strains of five pathogenic Leptospira species were isolated from different animal species in Brazil and characterized by rrs, secY, and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) sequencing. Phylogenetic inferences were performed and the molecular diversity of the populations (intra- and inter-population levels) was evaluated. Among the five studied species, 18 different sequence types (STs) were found (22 new alleles and 11 new STs). eBURST analysis revealed two clonal complexes (CCs) and seven singletons. A high genetic diversity was demonstrated (H = 0.954 ± 0.017), mainly for the L. santarosai population (H = 0.942 ± 0.034, n = 20). The same strain was identified in different host species, as well as strains with zoonotic potential circulating in the country. Although the difficulty of culturing Leptospira strains is well known, the high variability of the strains found in Brazil highlights the importance of animals in maintaining the biological cycle of the bacterium in nature. Moreover, the selection of autochthonous strains for the development of vaccines becomes a challenge.
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10
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Molina CV, Heinemann MB, Kierulff C, Pissinatti A, da Silva TF, de Freitas DG, de Souza GO, Miotto BA, Cortez A, Semensato BDP, Moreno LZ, Catão-Dias JL, Bueno MG. Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22961. [PMID: 30828830 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT, Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia and some were kept in captivity. This study tested 593 GHLT for Leptospira serology; 100 and 95 GHLT for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) toLeptospira and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3), respectively, and 101 familiar groups for PCR to viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI and GII, and HEV-3). One animal had antibodies for Leptospira serovar Shermani and another for serovar Hebdomadis. One saprophyticLeptospira was found by the 16S PCR and sequencing. Viruses were not detected in samples tested. Findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or nonexistent. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as monitoring a translocation project, and to contribute data for species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila V Molina
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tiago F da Silva
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo G de Freitas
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Miotto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica (VCM), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luisa Z Moreno
- Laboratório de Sanidade Suína, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Presidência, Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Zhang C, Li Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang J, Cui S, Du Z, Xin X, Chang YF, Jiang X, Ye Q. Genetic diversity of Leptospira interrogans circulating isolates and vaccine strains in China from 1954-2014. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:381-387. [PMID: 30260259 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1528839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most important but neglected, infectious tropical diseases worldwide. Leptospira interrogans is now recognized as a leading cause of the disease. Little is known of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic characteristics of L. interrogans within China. To better understand the transmission and genetic diversity of L. interrogans populations, we characterized 271 isolates and seven vaccine strains from China during 1954-2014 using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). 110 different L. interrogans MLVA profiles (MTs) were identified, of which five were predominant, reflecting a high level of genetic diversity in L. interrogans population in China. Different from that of circulating isolates, seven vaccine strains have different MT, of which some are phylogenetically away from the circulating isolates. The results showed that Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, and Canicola ranked as the top three serogroups among L. interrogans strains tested. The cluster analysis demonstrate the clonal links between rodent and human isolates, suggesting the rodent species played a key role in the transmission of leptospirosis to humans, and contributed to the circulation of the pathogen in humans. Taken together, these findings should provide insight into a better knowledge of the epidemiology and molecular evolution of L. interrogans in China. Furthermore, the results should facilitate the selection of candidate vaccine strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicai Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Xu
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- d Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Du
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Xin
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- e Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA
| | - Xiugao Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ye
- c Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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12
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Miotto BA, Guilloux AGA, Tozzi BF, Moreno LZ, da Hora AS, Dias RA, Heinemann MB, Moreno AM, Filho AFDS, Lilenbaum W, Hagiwara MK. Prospective study of canine leptospirosis in shelter and stray dog populations: Identification of chronic carriers and different Leptospira species infecting dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200384. [PMID: 29995963 PMCID: PMC6040711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are highly susceptible to the leptospiral infection, notably stray and sheltered dogs. Unsanitary conditions often observed in dog shelters may predispose the introduction and spread of leptospires among sheltered populations, potentially increasing the chances for the inadvertent adoption of asymptomatically infected animals. The present work describes a longitudinal study using a multidisciplinary approach for the identification of chronically infected dogs and the characterization of potentially pathogenic strains circulating among stray and sheltered dog populations in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 123 dogs from three populations were included. The initial evaluation consisted of blood and urine quantitative PCR testing (qPCR), the detection of specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), physical examination and hematological and serum biochemistry analyses. The qPCR-positive dogs were prospectively examined, and reevaluations also included culture from urine samples. Positive qPCR samples were subjected to 16S rRNA and secY gene phylogenetic analysis. The recovered strains were characterized by Multilocus Sequence Typing, polyclonal serogroup identification and virulence determination. Leptospiruria was detected in all populations studied (13/123), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that 10 dogs had L. interrogans infection. Three dogs (3/13) had L. santarosai infection. The secY phylogenetic analysis revealed that the L. santarosai sequences clustered separately from those obtained from other hosts. Ten leptospiruric dogs were reevaluated, and three dogs presented persistent leptospiruria, allowing culturing from two dogs. The strains were characterized as L. interrogans serogroup Canicola (virulent) and L. santarosai serogroup Sejroe (not virulent). Serum samples were retested by MAT using the DU92 and DU114 strains as antigens, and no increased seroreactivity was detected. Asymptomatic L. santarosai infection was observed in all populations studied, suggesting a possible role of dogs in the chain of transmission of this leptospiral species. The results suggest a genetic distinction between lineages of Brazilian L. santarosai maintained by dogs and other animal hosts. Our findings revealed that dogs could act as maintenance hosts for distinct pathogenic Leptospira, highlighting also that asymptomatically infected dogs can be inadvertently admitted and adopted in dog shelters, potentially increasing the risks of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alonso Miotto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Aline Gil Alves Guilloux
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Barbara Furlan Tozzi
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aline Santana da Hora
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Dias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andrea Micke Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Antônio Francisco de Souza Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mitika Kuribayashi Hagiwara
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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13
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Jaeger L, Loureiro A, Lilenbaum W. VNTR analysis demonstrates new patterns and high genetic diversity of Leptospira
sp. of animal origin in Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:183-189. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.H. Jaeger
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - A.P. Loureiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - W. Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
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14
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Fornazari F, Langoni H, Marson PM, Nóbrega DB, Teixeira CR. Leptospira reservoirs among wildlife in Brazil: Beyond rodents. Acta Trop 2018; 178:205-212. [PMID: 29197499 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease of great importance in tropical regions. Infection occurs mainly through contact with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals, especially that of rodents. Despite the diversity and abundance of wild fauna in Brazil, little is known about the role of other wild species in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. This study aimed to investigate new reservoirs of Leptospira among wildlife in Brazil, using serological and molecular diagnoses in a large-sized sample. Biological samples were collected from 309 free-ranging mammals, belonging to 16 species. The majority of the animals included were opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and coatis (Nasua nasua). Blood and urine samples were subjected to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and real-time PCR, respectively. Genetic characterization of genomospecies was performed using PCR amplicons. Statistical analysis was applied to test associations between positive diagnoses and age, sex, season and type of environment. The prevalence of infection found via MAT and PCR was 11% and 5.5%, respectively. If these tests are taken to be complementary, the overall prevalence was 16%. The most common serogroups were Djasiman and Australis, while L. santarosai was the prevalent genomospecies. Significant differences in prevalence between animal species were observed. Greater risk of infection was detected among adult opossums than among young ones. The influence of each serogroup and genomospecies was tested for the same variables, and this revealed higher risk of infection by L. santarosai among male opossums than among females. The present study highlights the exposure and carrier status of several wild species in Brazil and it indicates that coatis and other carnivores are priorities for further investigations.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis, which results from infection with spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, currently relies on the use of culture, serological testing (microscopic agglutination testing), and molecular detection. The purpose of this review is to describe new molecular diagnostics for Leptospira and discuss advancements in the use of available methods. RECENT FINDINGS Efforts have been focused on improving the clinical sensitivity of Leptospira detection using molecular methods. In this review, we describe a reoptimized pathogenic species-specific real-time PCR (targeting lipL32) that has demonstrated improved sensitivity, findings by two groups that real-time reverse-transcription PCR assays targeting the 16S rrs gene can improve detection, and two new loop-mediated amplification techniques. Quantitation of leptospiremia, detection in different specimen types, and the complementary roles played by molecular detection and microscopic agglutination testing will be discussed. Finally, a protocol for Leptospira strain subtyping using variable number tandem repeat targets and high-resolution melting will be described. SUMMARY Molecular diagnostics have an established role for the diagnosis of leptospirosis and provide an actionable diagnosis in the acute setting. The use of real-time reverse-transcription PCR for testing serum/plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, when available, may improve the detection of Leptospira without decreasing clinical specificity.
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16
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Miotto BA, Moreno LZ, Guilloux AGA, Sousa GOD, Loureiro AP, Moreno AM, Lilenbaum W, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Hagiwara MK. Molecular and serological characterization of the first Leptospira santarosai strain isolated from a dog. Acta Trop 2016; 162:1-4. [PMID: 27282095 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. Dogs can become asymptomatically infected, acting like reservoir hosts for pathogenic Leptospira, notably Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola. Identification of such individuals and characterization of leptospires involved in chronic infections may unravel the role of dogs in the epidemiology of particular leptospiral strains. The aim of the present work was to describe the first Leptospira santarosai strain isolated from a dog. The dog was kept in a public shelter in São Paulo city, Brazil, and presented asymptomatic urinary shedding detected by PCR. Prospective evaluation was performed to fully characterize its chronic carrier state. The dog did not present anti-Leptospira titles or clinical/laboratorial abnormalities during the evaluations; nevertheless long-term urinary shedding was confirmed by PCR and leptospires were recovered from two occasions. The isolated strain was molecularly characterized by partial 16S rRNA and secY gene sequencing and MLST analysis. Serogroup identification was performed using polyclonal antibodies. The strain was identified as Leptospira santarosai, serogroup Sejroe. This is the first evidence in the literature of the isolation of L. santarosai in dogs. Our findings show that dogs can persistently harbor leptospires other than L. interrogans.
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17
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Mason MR, Encina C, Sreevatsan S, Muñoz-Zanzi C. Distribution and Diversity of Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Peri-domestic Surface Waters from South Central Chile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004895. [PMID: 27529550 PMCID: PMC4986978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis affecting animals and humans caused by infection with Leptospira. The bacteria can survive outside of hosts for long periods of time in soil and water. While identification of Leptospira species from human cases and animal reservoirs are increasingly reported, little is known about the diversity of pathogenic Leptospira species in the environment and how surveillance of the environment might be used for monitoring and controlling disease. Methods and Findings Water samples (n = 104) were collected from the peri-domestic environment of 422 households from farms, rural villages, and urban slums participating in a broader study on the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Los Rios Region, Chile, between October 2010 and April 2012. The secY region of samples, previously detected as pathogenic Leptospira by PCR, was amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW in MEGA, and a minimum spanning tree was created in PHYLOViZ using the goeBURST algorithm to assess sequence similarity. Sequences from four clinical isolates, 17 rodents, and 20 reference strains were also included in the analysis. Overall, water samples contained L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, and L. weilii, with descending frequency. All species were found in each community type. The distribution of the species differed by the season in which the water samples were obtained. There was no evidence that community-level prevalence of Leptospira in dogs, rodents, or livestock influenced pathogen diversity in the water samples. Conclusions This study reports the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the peri-domestic environment of households in three community types and the differences in Leptospira diversity at the community level. Systematic environmental surveillance of Leptospira can be used for detecting changes in pathogen diversity and to identify and monitor contaminated areas where an increased risk of human infection exists. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by either direct contact with the urine of animals infected with pathogenic forms of Leptospira, or indirectly, through contact with contaminated water or soil. Because many people become infected through the environment, where the bacteria can live for many months if the conditions are suitable, we tested water samples from the peri-domestic area in twelve different communities from Los Rios region, Chile, to examine whether the Leptospira species were different in urban, rural village, and farm areas. We found that all three community types had L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, and L. weilii. No evident associations were seen between animal infection and the frequency or diversity of Leptospira. The proposed surveillance method has potential for systematic monitoring of surface waters that will help us better understand the importance of animal, climate, and environmental factors in the variation of Leptospira species present in a community in order to predict infection risk and inform prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R. Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carolina Encina
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
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18
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Loureiro AP, Martins G, Pinto P, Narduche L, Teixeira RC, Lilenbaum W. Usage of a selective media (EMJH-STAFF) in primary culturing of pathogenic leptospires from bovine clinical samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:603-6. [PMID: 26408270 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Isolation of local strains is mandatory for the success of control programs. However, clinical samples are typically contaminated by other bacteria, which impair leptospires growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a previously reported EMJH-STAFF media in the recovery of pathogenic leptospires from bovine clinical samples, namely urine (n = 123) and vaginal fluid-VF (n = 102). EMJH-STAFF presented less contamination than EMJH (<0·005), which was more evident in VF culture tubes. Nine pure leptospires cultures were obtained, six from urine (4·9%) and three from VF (2·9%). From those, seven grew on EMJH-STAFF, one on EMJH and one in both media. All the isolates were confirmed as pathogenic leptospires by lipL32-PCR, and sequencing of partial rrs showed them to belong to Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira santarosai and Leptospira interrogans species. EMJH-STAFF media was an important tool in the recovery of leptospires from bovine clinical samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The slow growth of leptospires and overgrowth of co-existing micro-organisms from environmental and microbiota are the major difficult to recovery Leptospira from animal clinical samples. Implementing an efficient control programme is essential to determine circulating leptospires in the region and their reservoirs. This study evaluated the relationship of a selective media (EMJH-STAFF) on the recovery of pathogenic leptospires (Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira santarosai and Leptospira interrogans), from bovine clinical samples (urine and vaginal fluid). EMJH-STAFF seems to be an important tool in obtaining local strains for epidemiological and control purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Loureiro
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G Martins
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P Pinto
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Narduche
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R C Teixeira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Draft Genome Sequences of Leptospira santarosai Strains U160, U164, and U233, Isolated from Asymptomatic Cattle. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00910-15. [PMID: 26272577 PMCID: PMC4536688 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00910-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we announce the draft genomes for three new strains (U160, U164, and U233) of Leptospira santarosai, isolated from urine samples from asymptomatic cattle in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Pailhoriès H, Buzelé R, Picardeau M, Robert S, Mercier E, Mereghetti L, Lanotte P. Molecular characterization of Leptospira sp by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) from clinical samples: a case report. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 37:119-21. [PMID: 26159846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection for which diagnosis is difficult. It has appeared as a global emerging infectious disease over recent years. Genotype determination often requires a Leptospira strain obtained by culture, which is a long and fastidious technique. A method based on multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to determine the genotype of Leptospira interrogans, performed directly on blood or urine samples, is proposed. This method was applied to a fatal case of leptospirosis for which the geographical origin of infection was unknown. This technique will allow a genotype to be obtained for L. interrogans, even when cultures remain negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pailhoriès
- CHU d'Angers, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France
| | - Rodolphe Buzelé
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Robert
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mercier
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Tours, France; Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis (CRICS) Group, Tours, France
| | - Laurent Mereghetti
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France; INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Equipe Bactéries et Risque Materno-foetal, Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Lanotte
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau - CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, F-37044 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France; INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Equipe Bactéries et Risque Materno-foetal, Nouzilly, France.
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