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Wiśniewski P, Gajewska J, Zadernowska A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus spp. from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38251234 PMCID: PMC10819113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to genotypic and phenotypic analyses of the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from raw milk and raw milk cheeses. The presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including the classical enterotoxins (sea-see), non-classical enterotoxins (seg-seu), exfoliative toxins (eta-etd) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst-1) were investigated. Isolates positive for classical enterotoxin genes were then tested by SET-RPLA methods for toxin expression. Out of 75 Staphylococcus spp. (19 Staphylococcus aureus and 56 CoNS) isolates from raw milk (49/65.3%) and raw milk cheese samples (26/34.7%), the presence of enterotoxin genes was confirmed in 73 (97.3%) of them. Only one isolate from cheese sample (1.3%) was able to produce enterotoxin (SED). The presence of up to eight different genes encoding enterotoxins was determined simultaneously in the staphylococcal genome. The most common toxin gene combination was sek, eta present in fourteen isolates (18.7%). The tst-1 gene was present in each of the analyzed isolates from cheese samples (26/34.7%). Non-classical enterotoxins were much more frequently identified in the genome of staphylococcal isolates than classical SEs. The current research also showed that genes tagged in S. aureus were also identified in CoNS, and the total number of different genes detected in CoNS was seven times higher than in S. aureus. The obtained results indicate that, in many cases, the presence of a gene in Staphylococcus spp. is not synonymous with the ability of enterotoxins production. The differences in the number of isolates with genes encoding SEs and enterotoxin production may be mainly due to the limit of detection of the toxin production method used. This indicates the need to use high specificity and sensitivity methods for detecting enterotoxin in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.G.); (A.Z.); (W.C.-W.)
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Pumipuntu N, Tanee T, Thamsenanupap P, Kyes P, Karaket A, Kyes RC. Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Complex Isolated from Free-Ranging Long-Tailed Macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:374. [PMID: 37505670 PMCID: PMC10386386 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus (S.) aureus complex, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and S. argenteus are bacterial pathogens that are responsible for both human and animal infection. However, insights into the molecular characteristics of MRSA, MSSA, and S. argenteus carriages in wildlife, especially in long-tailed macaques, rarely have been reported in Thailand. The objective of this study was to assess molecular characterization of MRSA, MSSA, and S. argenteus strains isolated from free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. A total of 21 secondary bacterial isolates (including 14 MRSA, 5 MSSA, and 2 S. argenteus) obtained from the buccal mucosa of 17 macaques were analysed by a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify several virulence genes, including pvl, tst, hla, hlb clfA, spa (x-region), spa (IgG biding region), and coa. The most prevalent virulence genes were clfA, coa, and the spa IgG biding region which presented in all isolates. These data indicated that MRSA, MSSA, and S. argenteus isolates from the wild macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park possess a unique molecular profile, harbouring high numbers of virulence genes. These findings suggest that wild macaques may potentially serve as carriers for distribution of virulent staphylococcal bacteria in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Pumipuntu
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Penkhae Thamsenanupap
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Pensri Kyes
- Department of Psychology, Center for Global Field Study and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Apichat Karaket
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Randall C Kyes
- Departments of Psychology, Global Health, Anthropology and Center for Global Field Study, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Krüger-Haker H, Ji X, Hanke D, Fiedler S, Feßler AT, Jiang N, Kaspar H, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Genomic Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Isolates Collected from Diseased Swine in the German National Resistance Monitoring Program GE RM-Vet from 2007 to 2019. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077023. [PMID: 37154741 PMCID: PMC10269607 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00770-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) isolates (n = 178) collected in the national resistance monitoring program GERM-Vet from diseased swine in Germany from 2007 to 2019 were investigated for their genomic diversity with a focus on virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) traits. Whole-genome sequencing was followed by molecular typing and sequence analysis. A minimum spanning tree based on core-genome multilocus sequence typing was constructed, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Most isolates were assigned to nine clusters. They displayed close phylogenetic relationships but a wide molecular variety, including 13 spa types and 19 known and four novel dru types. Several toxin-encoding genes, including eta, seb, sek, sep, and seq, were detected. The isolates harbored a wide range of AMR properties mirroring the proportions of the classes of antimicrobial agents applied in veterinary medicine in Germany. Multiple novel or rare AMR genes were identified, including the phenicol-lincosamide-oxazolidinone-pleuromutilin-streptogramin A resistance gene cfr, the lincosamide-pleuromutilin-streptogramin A resistance gene vga(C), and the novel macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance gene erm(54). Many AMR genes were part of small transposons or plasmids. Clonal and geographical correlations of molecular characteristics and resistance and virulence genes were more frequently observed than temporal relations. In conclusion, this study provides insight into population dynamics of the main epidemic porcine LA-MRSA lineage in Germany over a 13-year-period. The observed comprehensive AMR and virulence properties, most likely resulting from the exchange of genetic material between bacteria, highlighted the importance of LA-MRSA surveillance to prevent further dissemination among swine husbandry facilities and entry into the human community. IMPORTANCE The LA-MRSA-CC398 lineage is known for its low host specificity and frequent multiresistance to antimicrobial agents. Colonized swine and their related surroundings represent a considerable risk of LA-MRSA-CC398 colonization or infection for occupationally exposed people through which such isolates might be further disseminated within the human community. This study provides insight into the diversity of the porcine LA-MRSA-CC398 lineage in Germany. Clonal and geographical correlations of molecular characteristics and resistance and virulence traits were detected and may be associated with the spread of specific isolates through livestock trade, human occupational exposure, or dust emission. The demonstrated genetic variability underlines the lineage's ability to horizontally acquire foreign genetic material. Thus, LA-MRSA-CC398 isolates have the potential to become even more dangerous for various host species, including humans, due to increased virulence and/or limited therapeutic options for infection control. Full-scale LA-MRSA monitoring at the farm, community, and hospital level is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Krüger-Haker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xing Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory, Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Fiedler
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nansong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, MARA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heike Kaspar
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, MARA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, MARA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, MARA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Karakulska J, Woroszyło M, Szewczuk M, Fijałkowski K. Identification, Superantigen Toxin Gene Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococci Isolated from Polish Primitive Sheep Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162139. [PMID: 36009729 PMCID: PMC9404845 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze staphylococcal microbiota of the nasal cavity of the primitive sheep breeds Polish Świniarka and Wrzosówka kept on the same ecological farm. The research included the identification of staphylococcal species, evaluation of the prevalence of genes encoding enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin-like proteins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and detection of antimicrobial resistance. From 61 swab samples gathered from Świniarka (33) and Wrzosówka (28) healthy sheep, 127 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated. Based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the gap gene using AluI and HpyCH4V enzymes, the isolates were identified as: Staphylococcus xylosus (33.9%), S. equorum (29.1%), S. arlettae (15%), S. warneri (9.4%), S. lentus (7.9%), S. succinus (3.9%) and S. sciuri (0.8%). Three of these species, S. lentus, S. succinus, and S. sciuri, were detected only from the Świniarka breed. It was found that 77.2% of isolates harbored from 1 to 7 out of 21 analyzed genes for superantigenic toxins. The greatest diversity of toxin genes was recorded for S. equorum (16 different genes). The most prevalent gene was ser (40.2%). The incidence and number of resistances to antimicrobials were found to be bacterial species but not sheep breed dependent. The highest percentage of resistance was found for S. sciuri. The most frequent resistance was observed to clindamycin (45.7%). The findings of this study prove that toxigenic and antimicrobial resistant CoNS can colonize the nasal cavity of healthy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Karakulska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Woroszyło
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szewczuk
- Department of Ruminant Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Kwiatkowski P, Masiuk H, Pruss A, Łopusiewicz Ł, Sienkiewicz M, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Roszkowska P, Bania J, Guenther S, Dołęgowska B. Clonal Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Presence of Genes Encoding Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cut Wound Infections. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:144. [PMID: 35325311 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility in 52 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cut wound infections in non-related community patients and to determine the presence of selected virulence genes. To analyse the clonal relatedness of investigated strains, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestricted DNA fragments was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the AST-P644 card in the VITEK 2 Compact system. All strains were tested for the presence of selected virulence genes using Single and Multiplex PCR. All isolates were classified into 15 PFGE genotypes and seven unique patterns. The vast majority of investigated S. aureus strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents. Among examined S. aureus strains, 24 combinations of virulence factors were identified. 62.5% of S. aureus strains contained various egc types, alone or together with other staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. A high percentage (86.5%) of isolates harboured superantigen genes. The most frequent enterotoxin gene identified was encoding for sep. All S. aureus strains were classified as agr-positive, and the most frequent agr gene was agr-1. Our results indicate that all examined strains isolated from cut wound infections demonstrated high clonal diversity, diversified gene distribution and good susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Helena Masiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 35, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang J, Fu X, Wan Y, Pan H, Wu C, Wang X. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail yak butter in Tibet, China. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9596-9606. [PMID: 34176628 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from yak butter in Tibet, China. A total of 218 yak butter samples were collected from retail stores in Tibet and screened for Staph. aureus. Furthermore, the virulence genes, resistance genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular typing [pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing, and staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing] of Staph. aureus isolates were detected. The results showed that 12.4% of yak butter samples were contaminated with Staph. aureus, including 5 samples positive for methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA). Among all isolates, 96.3% harbored one or more virulence genes, including classical (sea and sec), novel enterotoxin-encoding genes (seh, sek, sel, and seq), and hemolysin genes (hla and hld). All isolates were resistant to at least 2 different antibiotic classes, and the isolates were most commonly resistant to sulfonamides, β-lactams, and erythromycin. For resistance genes, blaZ (74.1%) was most frequently detected, followed by dfrG (51.9%), erm(B) (22.2%), mecA (18.5%), tet(K) (14.8%), aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3')-III, and ant(6)-Ia (11.1% for each), and erm(C) (7.4%). We detected 8 spa types, 6 sequence types (ST), and 5 clonal complex (CC) types. In addition, 1 isolate of Staph. aureus was nontypeable. We found that CC1-ST1-t559 (55.6%) was the most predominant clone, followed by CC59-ST59-t437 (11.1%), CC5-ST5-t002 (7.4%), CC1-ST1, CC1-ST1-t114, CC1-ST573-t4938, CC1-ST573-t8915, CC30-ST30-t021, and CC25-ST25-t167 (3.7% for each). For PFGE typing, a total of 5 clusters and 15 pulsotypes were generated, and some isolates from different samples showed indistinguishable pulsotypes. Our findings suggest that yak butter produced in Tibet, China, could be contaminated by Staph. aureus strains, including MRSA strains, carrying various virulence and resistance genes, representing multiple antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. The presence of potentially virulent and antibiotic-resistant Staph. aureus strains in yak butter poses a potential threat to consumers, and appropriate measures need to be taken in the production chain to reduce the occurrence of Staph. aureus in yak butter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xueting Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yangli Wan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hu Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa Tibet 850032, China
| | - Congming Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Clinical and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Chinese children: association among the agr groups and genotypes, virulence genes and disease types. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:180-188. [PMID: 33660136 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from Chinese children and determine the possible relationship among the accessory gene regulator (agr) groups and genotypes, as well as among the virulence genes and disease types. METHODS S. aureus strains were isolated from Beijing Children's Hospital between October 2017 and October 2019. The isolates and 19 virulence genes were characterized using multi-locus sequence typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, and agr typing. RESULTS A total of 191 non-repetitive S. aureus clinical isolates were divided into 33 sequence types (STs), 18 clonal complexes (CCs), and 59 spa types. ST59 (39.8%), t437 (37.7%), and agr I (84.8%) were the predominant types. CC59, CC25, CC22, CC951, CC8, and CC398 belonged to agr I. CC5 and CC15 were assigned to agr II, and CC30 was characterized as agr III. CC121 was classified under agr IV. The eta, etb, and bbp genes were more prevalent in agr IV (P < 0.001 for each), while tst was more prevalent in agr group III compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). Nearly all isolates that harbored lukS/F-PV belonged to agr I (P = 0.005). However, the correlation between disease types and agr groups was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An association among the agr groups and genotypes, as well as specific toxin genes, was observed among the S. aureus strains isolated from Chinese children. However, a statistical correlation was not found among the agr groups and disease types.
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Bhowmik D, Chetri S, Das BJ, Dhar Chanda D, Bhattacharjee A. Distribution of virulence genes and SCCmec types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of clinical and environmental origin: a study from community of Assam, India. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:58. [PMID: 33568186 PMCID: PMC7876809 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiela Chetri
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Debadatta Dhar Chanda
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
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Population Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Reveals a Cryptic, Highly Prevalent Superantigen SElW That Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Bacteremia. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02082-20. [PMID: 33109757 PMCID: PMC7593966 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02082-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and animal pathogen associated with an array of diseases, including life-threatening necrotizing pneumonia and infective endocarditis. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen has been linked in part to its ability to manipulate the host immune response through the secretion of toxins and immune evasion molecules. The staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) have been studied for decades, but their role in S. aureus pathogenesis is not well understood, and an appreciation for how SAgs manipulate the host immune response to promote infection may be crucial for the development of novel intervention strategies. Here, we characterized a widely prevalent, previously cryptic, staphylococcal SAg, SElW, that contributes to the severity of S. aureus infections caused by an important epidemic clone of S. aureus CC398. Our findings add to the understanding of staphylococcal SAg diversity and function and provide new insights into the capacity of S. aureus to cause disease. Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) are a family of secreted toxins that stimulate T cell activation and are associated with an array of diseases in humans and livestock. Most SAgs produced by Staphylococcus aureus are encoded by mobile genetic elements, such as pathogenicity islands, bacteriophages, and plasmids, in a strain-dependent manner. Here, we carried out a population genomic analysis of >800 staphylococcal isolates representing the breadth of S. aureus diversity to investigate the distribution of all 26 identified SAg genes. Up to 14 SAg genes were identified per isolate with the most common gene selw (encoding a putative SAg, SElW) identified in 97% of isolates. Most isolates (62.5%) have a full-length open reading frame of selw with an alternative TTG start codon that may have precluded functional characterization of SElW to date. Here, we demonstrate that S. aureus uses the TTG start codon to translate a potent SAg SElW that induces Vβ-specific T cell proliferation, a defining feature of classical SAgs. SElW is the only SAg predicted to be expressed by isolates of the CC398 lineage, an important human and livestock epidemic clone. Deletion of selw in a representative CC398 clinical isolate, S. aureus NM001, resulted in complete loss of T cell mitogenicity in vitro, and in vivo expression of SElW by S. aureus increased the bacterial load in the liver during bloodstream infection of SAg-sensitive HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Overall, we report the characterization of a novel, highly prevalent, and potent SAg that contributes to the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection.
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Rossato AM, Primon-Barros M, Dias CAG, d'Azevedo PA. Vancomycin MIC and agr dysfunction in invasive MRSA infections in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1819-1823. [PMID: 33074551 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) treatment, the vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increase, vancomycin heteroresistance (hVISA) presence, and accessory gene regulator (agr) dysfunction are predictors of vancomycin therapy failure. This study evaluated the association between vancomycin MIC (≥ 1.0 μg/mL) and agr dysfunction in invasive MRSA isolates. Vancomycin MIC, hVISA phenotype, agr group, and function were determined in 171 MRSA isolates obtained between 2014 and 2019 from hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil. All MRSA were susceptible to vancomycin; 16.4% of these had MIC ≥ 1.0 μg/mL. Seventeen MRSA isolates expressed the hVISA phenotype; 35.3% of them had MIC of 1.5 μg/mL. agr groups I (40.9%) and II (47.1%) were the most found groups for MRSA and hVISA isolates, respectively. The proportion of MRSA with vancomycin MIC ≥ 1.0 μg/mL in agr group II was significantly higher than in agr groups I and III (p = 0.002). agr dysfunction was observed in 4.7% (8/171) of MRSA, especially those with vancomycin MIC ≥ 1.0 μg/mL (p < 0.001). In addition, six isolates (35.3%; 6/17) with hVISA phenotype presented agr dysfunction, which was significantly higher than that in non-hVISA phenotype (p < 0.001). In conclusion, agr dysfunction in MRSA is associated with vancomycin MIC ≥ 1.0 μg/mL and hVISA phenotype, which suggests that agr dysfunction might confer potential advantages on MRSA to survive in invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Medianeira Rossato
- Basic Health Department, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (PPGCS), Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Muriel Primon-Barros
- Basic Health Department, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (PPGCS), Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cícero Armídio Gomes Dias
- Basic Health Department, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (PPGCS), Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Basic Health Department, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (PPGCS), Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Gajewska J, Wiśniewski P, Zadernowska A. Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090734. [PMID: 32899905 PMCID: PMC7559265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coagulase-positive staphylococci are considered to be the main factor responsible for food poisoning, an increasing role for the coagulase-negative staphylococci in the production of enterotoxins has been observed in recent years. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of genes responsible for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), enterotoxin-like toxins (SEI) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from ready-to-eat food from bars and restaurants. One hundred and eighteen CoNS strains were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to five superantigenic toxin genes, including five different types of classical enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tsst-1) as well as to supertoxin-like genes. PCR-positive isolates were then tested using immunoenzymatic methods (SET-RPLA, Vidas SET 2) for toxin expression. Out of 118 CoNS strains, the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins was confirmed in 72% of them. The most frequently found enterotoxin-like genotype was ser, selu. Two of the tested strains had up to ten different enterotoxin genes in the genome at the same time. Although no production of enterotoxins was detected in the CoNS, which means that their possible role in the epidemiology of food-borne diseases is minimal, the data demonstrated that the toxigenic capacity of the CoNS should not be ignored, and that this group of microorganisms should be continuously monitored in food.
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Zhang P, Miao X, Zhou L, Cui B, Zhang J, Xu X, Wu C, Peng X, Wang X. Characterization of Oxacillin-Susceptible mecA-Positive Staphylococcus aureus from Food Poisoning Outbreaks and Retail Foods in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:728-734. [PMID: 32716657 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the prevalence of oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylococcus aureus (OS-MRSA) in staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak isolates and foodborne isolates, and then investigated their molecular characteristics, classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), and drug resistance. Eight (2.9%) of 275 isolates from food poisoning outbreaks and 7 (3.8%) of 184 isolates from retail foods were identified as OS-MRSA isolates. Among the 15 OS-MRSA isolates, the most frequently detected toxin genes were hld (100%), hla (93.3%), pvl (80.0%), and hlb (46.7%) followed by seg and seq (33.3%, each), hlg (26.7%), seb and hlgv (20.0%, each), sec, seh, sel, sep, and tst (13.3%, each), and sei, sem, sen, and seo (6.7%, each). None of isolates carried other tested virulence genes. The most frequently detected classical SEs were SEB and SEC (26.7%, each), followed by SEA and SEE (20.0%, each), and SED (6.7%). Resistance was most frequently observed in ampicillin, penicillin, and cefoxitin (100%, each), followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (93.3%), erythromycin (73.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (46.7%), tetracyclines (26.7%), and ciprofloxacin (6.7%). All isolates were susceptible to other tested antibiotics. A dominant molecular type belonged to ST398-IVa-t034 (26.7%), followed by ST59-IVa-t437 (20.0%), ST88-III-t14340 and ST1-IVa-t114 (13.3%, each), and ST5-II-t002, ST630-t4549, ST5-II, and ST4495-t10738 (6.7%, each). Our findings indicated that OS-MRSA strains had a low prevalence rate among outbreak strains and foodborne strains, which frequently harbored SCCmec IVa, and carried a variety of toxin genes, and also expressed numerous classical SEs. In addition, all OS-MRSA isolates were susceptible to the majority of antibacterial agents except β-lactam. Our study is the first to report that OS-MRSA isolates are associated with food poisoning outbreaks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Miao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Luhong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baozhong Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Congming Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Virulence factors and clonal diversity of Staphylococcus aureus in colonization and wound infection with emphasis on diabetic foot infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2235-2246. [PMID: 32683595 PMCID: PMC7669779 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foot ulcer is a common complication in diabetic subjects and infection of these wounds contributes to increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Diabetic foot infections are caused by a multitude of microbes and Staphylococcus aureus, a major nosocomial and community-associated pathogen, significantly contributes to wound infections as well. Staphylococcus aureus is also the primary pathogen commonly associated with diabetic foot osteomyelitis and can cause chronic and recurrent bone infections. The virulence capability of the pathogen and host immune factors can determine the occurrence and progression of S. aureus infection. Pathogen-related factors include complexity of bacterial structure and functional characteristics that provide metabolic and adhesive properties to overcome host immune response. Even though, virulence markers and toxins of S. aureus are broadly similar in different wound models, certain distinguishing features can be observed in diabetic foot infection. Specific clonal lineages and virulence factors such as TSST-1, leukocidins, enterotoxins, and exfoliatins play a significant role in determining wound outcomes. In this review, we describe the role of specific virulence determinants and clonal lineages of S. aureus that influence wound colonization and infection with special reference to diabetic foot infections.
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Bennett MR, Thomsen IP. Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence for the Role of Toxins in S. aureus Human Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060408. [PMID: 32575633 PMCID: PMC7354447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes approximately 30–50% of the population and is a leading cause of bacteremia, bone/joint infections, and skin infections in the US. S. aureus has become a major public health threat due to antibiotic resistance and an increasing number of failed vaccine attempts. To develop new anti-staphylococcal preventive therapies, it will take a more thorough understanding of the current role S. aureus virulence factors play in contributing to human disease. This review focuses on the clinical association of individual toxins with S. aureus infection as well as attempted treatment options. Further understanding of these associations will increase understanding of toxins and their importance to S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R. Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isaac P. Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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Houri H, Samadpanah M, Tayebi Z, Norouzzadeh R, Malekabad ES, Dadashi AR. Investigating the toxin profiles and clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates using multiplex-PCR assay in Tehran, Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang Y, Lin J, Zhou J, Han Z, Yao Z. Prevalence, risk factors, phenotypic and molecular characteristics for Staphylococcus aureus carriage in community-based drug users in Guangzhou, China. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:44. [PMID: 32122407 PMCID: PMC7053115 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-0698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), remains the predominant cause of infections in drug users. This cross-sectional study aims to elucidate the prevalence, risk factors, phenotypic and molecular characteristics of S. aureus carriage among community-based drug users. Methods All eligible drug users, with both injection and non-injection route of drug administration, were asked to complete questionnaires and collect nasal swabs by trained personal during the period between May and December 2017 in Guangzhou, China. Swabs were processed for identification of S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect phenotypic and molecular characteristics for identified isolates. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess risk factors for S. aureus carriage. Results Overall, 353 drug users were included in the study and the prevalence of S. aureus carriage was 15.01% (53/353). The prevalence of MRSA carriage was 6.80% (24/353). Cohabitation was a risk factor for S. aureus (adjusted OR = 8.80, 95% CI: 1.89–40.99). The proportion of multidrug resistance was 54.72% for S. aureus isolates and most of these isolates were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seventeen MRSA isolates were multidrug resistant. The results of clonal complexes (CCs) and sequence types (STs) for S. aureus were diverse. The three predominant types for CCs were CC5 (64.15%, 34/53), CC59 (11.32%, 6/53), and CC7 (7.55%, 4/53); and for STs were ST188 (20.75%, 11/53), ST5 (11.32%, 6/53), and ST59 (11.32%, 6/53). Conclusion The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage was lower while the prevalence of MRSA carriage was moderate compared to previous studies. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates, particularly MRSA isolates, revealed high proportions of antibiotic resistance, indicating the existence of cross-circulation, and implying high opportunity of virulence-related diseases. Decolonization and antibiotic stewardship might be implemented for drug users with MRSA carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Jialing Lin
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510310, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310, China.
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Helak I, Daczkowska-Kozon EG, Dłubała AA. Short communication: Enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine milk in Poland. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3076-3081. [PMID: 32037175 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to assess the enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from bovine milk in Poland. We analyzed CNS isolates collected from 133 bovine milk batches from dairy farms in the Western Pomerania district during 2 milking seasons. A total of 163 isolates were screened by multiplex/duplex PCR for the presence of 18 of 25 enterotoxin genes identified so far in Staphylococcus aureus. The CNS strains presumed to be potentially enterotoxigenic were identified at the species level based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. Based on the presence of an amplicon matching D, G, or O enterotoxin genes, we initially identified 32 of the 163 CNS isolates tested as potentially enterotoxigenic. However, only 8 of these strains were confirmed as such. All 8 of these CNS strains, identified as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, harbored the seg genes, a prerequisite for enterotoxin G production, but so far not connected with staphylococcal foodborne poisoning cases. None of the CNS bovine milk isolates tested was a potential producer of classical A to E staphylococcal enterotoxins. Results of our surveys revealed a low prevalence of enterotoxigenic CNS among the milk isolates from dairy farms in the Western Pomerania district, Poland, suggesting that they pose only a mild health risk in milk. In our opinion, confirmed formation of nonspecific amplicons leading to false-positive results excludes multiplex/duplex PCR as the sole method for assessing the enterotoxigenic potential of CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Helak
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459-Szczecin, Poland
| | - E G Daczkowska-Kozon
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459-Szczecin, Poland
| | - A A Dłubała
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-459-Szczecin, Poland.
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Phylogenetic and Molecular Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bloodstream Infections in Northeast Brazil. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070210. [PMID: 31336623 PMCID: PMC6680844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen associated with serious nosocomial and community-acquired infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, and sepsis, among others. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular profile, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal diversity of S. aureus isolated from the bloodstream. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobial was performed by an automated method. The presence of several virulence and resistance genes was evaluated by PCR. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to analyze the clonal diversity of S. aureus. A high resistance to oxacillin (78%), clindamycin (78%), erythromycin (70%), ciprofloxacin (61%), and gentamicin (52%) was observed among the isolates. In most of them, the following virulence genes were detected: hlb (83%), ebpS (61%), icaA (57%), fnbpA (17%), and clfA (13%). Only one isolate carried the pvl gene. MLST analysis identified five new sequence types (STs): 5429, 5430, 5431, 5432, and 5433, as well as another seven-ST5, ST97, ST398, ST101, ST30, ST461, and ST2779-among the remaining strains. These seven STs and the four new STs are clustered in four clonal complexes: CC1, CC2, CC7, and CC17. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic relationship of the five new ST strains with another 18 strains. Altogether, these analyses indicate the horizontal transfer acquisition of virulence factor genes and multidrug resistance.
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Khemiri M, Abbassi MS, Elghaieb H, Zouari M, Dhahri R, Pomba C, Hammami S. High occurrence of enterotoxigenic isolates and low antibiotic resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk from cows and ewes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:573-579. [PMID: 30924159 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the frequency of genes encoding virulence factors and to characterize resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. In total, 47 and 9 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 150 and 100 raw bovine and ovine milk samples, respectively, in Tunisia. The majority of isolates was resistant to penicillin, and no methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected. Eighteen and two isolates harboured etd and eta genes respectively. Sixteen enterotoxin-encoding genes were detected (n, %): sed (25, 44·6%), sec (16, 28·6%), sei (16, 28·6%), seh (13, 23·2%), seln (13, 23·2%), sell (10, 17·8%), seg (9, 16%), selu (8, 14·3%), selq (7, 12·5%), selo (7, 12·5%), selm (7, 12·5%), seb (7, 12·5%), sea (6, 10·7%), selk (3, 5·4%), ser (1, 1·8%) and selp (1, 1·8%). Ten isolates carried the tsst1 gene. All isolates carried the haemolysin toxin (hla, hld and hlg). The immune evasion cluster system-type B was predominant (20 isolates) followed by C (3 isolates), A and E (1 isolate each). The occurrence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw milk constitutes a potential risk for human health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This paper describes the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples from healthy cows and ewes collected from small family farms in Tunisia. Fifty-six strains were analysed by determining their antibiotic susceptibility and genes encoding antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Methicillin-resistant strains were not detected, and overall low level of antimicrobial resistance was reported. However, our strains harboured several genes encoding virulence factors and 87·5% of them carried at least one gene encoding for enterotoxins showing a high risk of spread of food-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khemiri
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M S Abbassi
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de 'Résistance aux antibiotiques', Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Elghaieb
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Zouari
- OTD Centre avicole de Mateur, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - R Dhahri
- Complexe Sanitaire de Jebel Ouest, Zaghouan, Tunisia
| | - C Pomba
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Hammami
- Université de la Manouba, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia
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Zhao X, Palma Medina LM, Stobernack T, Glasner C, de Jong A, Utari P, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ, Otto A, Becher D, Buist G, van Dijl JM. Exoproteome Heterogeneity among Closely Related Staphylococcus aureus t437 Isolates and Possible Implications for Virulence. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2859-2874. [PMID: 31119940 PMCID: PMC6617432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus with spa-type t437 has been identified as a predominant community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus clone from Asia, which is also encountered in Europe. Molecular typing has previously shown that t437 isolates are highly similar regardless of geographical regions or host environments. The present study was aimed at assessing to what extent this high similarity is actually reflected in the production of secreted virulence factors. We therefore profiled the extracellular proteome, representing the main reservoir of virulence factors, of 20 representative clinical isolates by mass spectrometry. The results show that these isolates can be divided into three groups and nine subgroups based on exoproteome abundance signatures. This implies that S. aureus t437 isolates show substantial exoproteome heterogeneity. Nonetheless, 30 highly conserved extracellular proteins, of which about 50% have a predicted role in pathogenesis, were dominantly identified. To approximate the virulence of the 20 investigated isolates, we employed infection models based on Galleria mellonella and HeLa cells. The results show that the grouping of clinical isolates based on their exoproteome profile can be related to virulence. We consider this outcome important as our approach provides a tool to pinpoint differences in virulence among seemingly highly similar clinical isolates of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tim Stobernack
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Corinna Glasner
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- University of Groningen , Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Putri Utari
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8 , 17475 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8 , 17475 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Girbe Buist
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
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Indrawattana N, Pumipuntu N, Suriyakhun N, Jangsangthong A, Kulpeanprasit S, Chantratita N, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Buranasinsup S. Staphylococcus argenteus from rabbits in Thailand. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00665. [PMID: 29931813 PMCID: PMC6460352 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus, a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus or a member of the S. aureus complex, is closely related to S. aureus and is usually misidentified. In this study, the presence of S. argenteus in isolated S. aureus was investigated in 67 rabbits with abscess lesions during 2014-2016. Among 19 S. aureus complex isolates, three were confirmed to be S. argenteus by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene amplification, and multilocus sequence type. All S. aureus complex isolates, including the S. aureus isolates, were examined for their antimicrobial resistance phenotype by disk diffusion and for their resistance genotype by PCR assays. Among the S. argenteus isolates, one was susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs and the other two were resistant to penicillin and doxycycline. In contrast, most S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (37.5%), and gentamicin (12.5%). Moreover, S. aureus isolates harbored the blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, and mrs(A) as well as mutations of gyrA and grlA, but S. argenteus isolates carried solely the blaZ. S. argenteus isolates were investigated for enterotoxin (sea-sed) and virulence genes by PCR. One isolate carried sea, sec, and sed, whereas the other two isolates carried only sea or sed. No isolate carried seb and see. All three S. argenteus isolates carried hla, hlb, and clfA, followed by pvl, whereas coa, spa (IgG-binding region), and spa (x region) were not detected in the three isolates. This paper presents the first identification of S. argenteus from rabbits in Thailand. S. argenteus might be pathogenic because the isolates carried virulence genes. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance was observed. Investigations of this new bacterial species should be conducted in other animal species as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Natapol Pumipuntu
- Office of Academic AffairsFaculty of Veterinary SciencesMahasarakham UniversityMaha SarakhamThailand
| | - Nawarat Suriyakhun
- Prasu‐Arthorn Animal HospitalFaculty of Veterinary ScienceMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Arunee Jangsangthong
- Department of Pre‐Clinic and Applied Animal ScienceFaculty of Veterinary ScienceMahidol UniversityNakornpathomThailand
| | - Suphang Kulpeanprasit
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Laboratory for Research and Technology DevelopmentFaculty of MedicineSiriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody EngineeringDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of MedicineSiriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Shutipen Buranasinsup
- Department of Pre‐Clinic and Applied Animal ScienceFaculty of Veterinary ScienceMahidol UniversityNakornpathomThailand
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23
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Pumipuntu N, Tunyong W, Chantratita N, Diraphat P, Pumirat P, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Staphylococcus spp. associated with subclinical bovine mastitis in central and northeast provinces of Thailand. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6587. [PMID: 30886776 PMCID: PMC6421060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus spp. are major cause of bovine mastitis (BM) worldwide leading to economic damage to dairy farms and public health threat. Recently, a newly emerged Staphylococcus argenteus has been found as a human and animal pathogen. Molecular characteristics, virulence and antibiotic resistant phenotypes of bacteria causing BM in Thailand are rare. This study aimed to investigated Staphylococcus spp. associated with subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM) in Thailand. Methods Milk samples were collected from 224 cows of 52 dairy herds in four central and northeast provinces. Total somatic cell counts (SCC) and California mastitis test (CMT) were used to identify SCM cows. Milk samples were cultured for Staphylococcus spp. Coagulase-positive isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Organisms suspected as S. argenteus were verified by detecting nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene. All isolates were checked for antibiograms and the presence of various virulence genes. Results From the 224 milk samples of 224 cows, 132 (59%) were positive for SCM by SCC and CMT and 229 staphylococcal isolates were recovered. They were 32 coagulase-positive (24 S. aureus and eight S. argenteus) and 197 coagulase-negative. PFGE of the S. aureus and S. argenteus revealed 11 clusters and a non-typeable pattern. MLST of representatives of the 11 PFGE clusters, three PFGE non-typeable S. aureus isolates from different locations and S. argenteus showed 12 sequence types. The eight S. argenteus isolates belonged to ST1223 (three isolates), ST2250 (two isolates), and ST2793 (two isolates). The antimicrobial tests identified 11 (46%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 25 (13%) methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative isolates, while seven S. argenteus were methicillin-susceptible and one isolate was methicillin-resistant. All of the 229 isolates were multiply resistant to other antibiotics. The most prevalent virulence genes of the 24 S. aureus isolates were clfA, coa and spa (X and IgG-binding region) (100%), hla (96%), pvl (96%) and sec (79%). Six S. argenteus isolates carried one enterotoxin gene each and other virulence genes including coa, clfA, hla/hlb, spa, tsst and pvl, indicating their pathogenic potential. Conclusion and perspective This is the first report on the S. argenteus from cow milk samples with SCM. Data on the molecular characteristics, virulence genes and antibiograms of the Staphylococcus spp. obtained from the present study showed a wide spread and increasing trend of methicillin-resistance and multiple resistance to other antibiotics. This suggests that the "One Health" practice should be nurtured, not only at the dairy farm level, but also at the national or even the international levels through cooperation of different sectors (dairy farmers, veterinarians, medical and public health personnel and scientists) in order to effectively combat and control the spread of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Pumipuntu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,One Health Research Unit/Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Witawat Tunyong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology/Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit/Department of Research/Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering/Department of Parasitology/Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Wang FD, Wu PF, Chen SJ. Distribution of virulence genes in bacteremic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various sources. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:426-432. [PMID: 30686615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can encode proteins which directly bind bacteria to many tissues and medical devices or catheters to trigger pathogenesis. However, the relationship between genetic backgrounds and virulent factors in MRSA isolates remained incompletely understood yet. METHODS MRSA isolates were collected from blood cultures of patients with infective endocarditis, bone/joint infection, skin/soft tissue infection, or catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis at a tertiary medical center between 2005 and 2011. MRSA isolates were characterized by the methods of spa, multilocus sequence, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. Identification of virulence gene expression was measured by Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix. RESULTS Overall collected were 136 MRSA bacteremic isolates, including those from the cases of infective endocarditis (n = 23), bone/joint infection (n = 49), skin/soft tissue infection (n = 20), or catheter-related bacteremia in patients with acute kidney injury or end-stage renal stage receiving hemodialysis (n = 54). CC8-ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III-spa type t037 was the most prevalent type observed in all of 136 MRSA bacteremic isolates. The prevalent genes in the group of infective endocarditis were clfA, clfB, fnbA, ebpS, eap, emp, sae, and eno; bone/joint infections clfA, emp, sae, and eno; skin/soft tissue infection eno; hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia clfA and sae. The distribution of each gene was not statically different among four groups. CONCLUSIONS A major MRSA lineage, CC8-ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III-spa type t037, is noted among bacteremic MRSA isolates. No disease-specific virulent genes can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Der Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Feng Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jung Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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25
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Liang B, Mai J, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zhong H, Xie Y, Deng Q, Huang L, Yao S, He Y, Long Y, Yang Y, Gong S, Yang H, Zhou Z. Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Women and Children in Guangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2790. [PMID: 30505300 PMCID: PMC6250813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalent Staphylococcus aureus clones and antibiotic susceptibility profiles are known to change dynamically and geographically; however, recent S. aureus strains causing infections in women and children in China have not been characterized. In this study, we analyzed the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from patients in four centers for women and children in Guangzhou, China. In total, 131 S. aureus isolates (100 from children and 31 from women) were analyzed by spa typing, multi-locus sequence typing, virulence gene and antimicrobial resistance profiling, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec typing, and mutation analyses of rpoB. A total of 58 spa types, 27 sequence types (STs), and 10 clonal complexes (CCs) were identified. While CC59 (ST59-IV, 48.8%; ST338-III, 35.7%) and CC45 (ST45-IV, 100%) were the major clones (84.4%) among MRSA isolates, CC5 (ST188, 24.3%; ST1, 21.6%) and CC398 (ST398, 70%) were the major ones (70.1%) among MSSA isolates. ST338-MRSA-III mostly found in pus but hardly in respiratory tract samples while ST45-MRSA-IV was on the opposite, even though they both found in blood and cerebrospinal fluid sample frequently. Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes seb-seq-sek were strongly associated with ST59 and ST338, while sec was associated with ST45, ST121, ST22, and ST30. All ST338, ST1232, and SCCmec III isolates carried lukF/S-PV genes. A total of 80% of ST338 isolates were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. All ST45 isolates exhibited intermediate or complete resistance to rifampicin. In total, 481 HIS/ASN mutations in rpoB were found in rifampicin-resistant or intermediate-resistant isolates. ST338-III and ST45-IV emerged as two of three major clones in MRSA isolates from women and children in Guangzhou, China, though ST59-MRSA-IV remained the most prevalent MRSA clone. Clonal distribution of S. aureus varied, depending on the specimen source. Virulence genes and antibiograms were closely associated with the clonal lineage. These results clarified the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus from women and children in Guangzhou, China, and provide critical information for the control and treatment of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Mai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zengcheng Maternity and Children's Health Care Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huamin Zhong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Maternity and Children's Health Care Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiulian Deng
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianfen Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Nansha Maternity and Children's Health Care Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanming He
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Long
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Bordini EAF, Tonon CC, Francisconi RS, Magalhães FAC, Huacho PMM, Bedran TL, Pratavieira S, Spolidorio LC, Spolidorio DP. Antimicrobial effects of terpinen-4-ol against oral pathogens and its capacity for the modulation of gene expression. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:815-825. [PMID: 30322278 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1504926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of terpinen-4-ol against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus and its influence on gbpA (S. mutans) and slpA (L. acidophilus) gene expression. As measured by XTT assay, the concentrations of terpinen-4-ol that effectively inhibited the biofilm were 0.24% and 0.95% for S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of a biofilm attached to the enamel and dentin block surfaces with significant terpinen-4-ol effects against these microorganisms. The expression of the gbpA and slpA genes involved in adherence and biofilm formation was investigated using RT-PCR. Expression of these genes decreased after 15 min with 0.24% and 0.95% terpinen-4-ol in S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. These findings demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of terpinen-4-ol and its ability to modulate the expression of gbpA and slpA genes, emphasizing the therapeutic capacity of terpinen-4-ol as an alternative to inhibit adherence in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Coradi Tonon
- a Department of Physiology and Pathology , State University of Sao Paulo/UNESP , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Telma Lombardo Bedran
- b Department of Periodontology , Universidade Nove de Julho , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- c Physics Institute of São Carlos , University of São Paulo, USP , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Spolidorio
- a Department of Physiology and Pathology , State University of Sao Paulo/UNESP , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- a Department of Physiology and Pathology , State University of Sao Paulo/UNESP , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
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27
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Arabestani MR, Rastiyani S, Alikhani MY, Mousavi SF. The Relationship Between Prevalence of Antibiotics Resistance and Virulence Factors Genes of MRSA and MSSA Strains Isolated from Clinical Samples, West Iran. Oman Med J 2018; 33:134-140. [PMID: 29657682 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of antibiotics resistance and virulence factors genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains from clinical samples taken in west Iran. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using 100 MRSA and 100 MSSA samples isolated from clinical specimens. We used biochemical methods to identify the isolates, which were confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion. PCR detected the presence of virulence factors, including enterotoxin genes, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and exfoliative toxin. Results The majority of MRSA isolates exhibited a high level of resistance to common antibiotics and susceptible to vancomycin, while most MSSA isolates were also resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) were reported 147 (73.5%). Among 100 MRSA samples, 92 (92.0%) harbored SAg genes. The most frequent toxin gene was sea (45.0%) followed by sec (39.0%). Among 100 MSSA isolates, 89 (89.0%) harbored SAg genes and the most prevalent genes were sea (42.0%), sek (38.0%), sec (35.0%,), and TSST-1 (10.0%). The prevalence of TSST-1 and exfoliative toxin genes in MRSA samples were 12 (12.0%). The association of SAg genes with MRSA and MSSA isolates showed a high prevalence of enterotoxin seq, seg, and sei in MRSA than MSSA with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.050). Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA and the association of pathogenic agents with antibiotics resistance genes can lead to the emergence of strains with higher pathogenicity and less susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sahar Rastiyani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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28
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Xie X, Dai X, Ni L, Chen B, Luo Z, Yao Y, Wu X, Li H, Huang S. Molecular epidemiology and virulence characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in medical laboratory staff: comparison between microbiological and non-microbiological laboratories. BMC Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29529992 PMCID: PMC5848597 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medical laboratory staff are a high-risk population for colonization of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) due to direct and dense contact with the pathogens; however, there is limited information about this colonization. This study sought to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of nasal colonization by S. aureus in medical laboratory staff in Guangzhou, southern China, and to compare the differences between microbiological laboratory (MLS) and non-microbiological laboratory (NMLS) staff. Methods S. aureus colonization was assessed by nasal swab cultures from 434 subjects, including 130 MLSs and 304 NMLSs from 33 hospitals in Guangzhou. All S. aureus isolates underwent the antimicrobial susceptibility test, virulence gene detection and molecular typing. Results The overall prevalence of S. aureus carriage was 20.1% (87/434), which was higher in MLSs than in NMLSs (26.2% vs. 17.4%, P < 0.05), while the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was similar. Living with hospital staff was associated with S. aureus carriage. The majority of the isolates harboured various virulence genes, and those in MLSs appeared less resistant to antibiotics and more virulent than their counterparts. A total of 37 different spa types were detected; among these, t338, t437, t189 and t701 were the most frequently encountered types. T338 was the main spa type contributing to nasal colonization Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) (13.0%), and t437-SCCmec IV was predominant in MRSA isolates (40%). Conclusions These findings provide insight into the risk factors, molecular epidemiology and virulence gene profiles of S. aureus nasal carriage among the medical laboratory staff in Guangzhou. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3024-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xinlu Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lijia Ni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Baiji Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhaofan Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Yandan Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiquan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zengcheng District People Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 511300, China. .,Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Songyin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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30
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Liang BS, Huang YM, Chen YS, Dong H, Mai JL, Xie YQ, Zhong HM, Deng QL, Long Y, Yang YY, Gong ST, Zhou ZW. Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of CvfB, SEK and SEQ genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from paediatric patients with bloodstream infections. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5143-5148. [PMID: 29201229 PMCID: PMC5704349 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in neonatal cases of early and late-onset sepsis. Drug resistance profiles and carriage of toxin genes may affect the treatment and outcome of an infection. The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns and frequencies of the toxin-associated genes conserved virulence factor B (CvfB), staphylococcal enterotoxin Q (SEQ) and staphylococcal enterotoxin K (SEK) among S. aureus isolates recovered from paediatric patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) in Guangzhou (China). Of the 53 isolates, 43.4% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and resistance rates to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin of 92.5, 66.0, 62.3, 13.2, 20.8 and 1.9% were recorded, respectively. However, no resistance to nitrofurantoin, dalfopristin/quinupristin, rifampicin, gentamicin, linezolid or vancomycin was detected. Resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline in the MRSA group was significantly higher than that in the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) group. No significant differences in antimicrobial resistance patterns were noted between two age groups (≤1 year and >1 year). The proportion of S. aureus isolates positive for CvfB, SEQ and SEK was 100, 34.0 and 35.8%, respectively, with 24.5% (13/53) of strains carrying all three genes. Compared with those in MSSA isolates, the rates of SEK, SEQ and SEK + SEQ carriage among MRSA isolates were significantly higher. Correlations were identified between the carriage of SEQ, SEK and SEQ + SEK genes and MRSA (contingency coefficient 0.500, 0.416, 0.546, respectively; P<0.01). In conclusion, MRSA isolated from the blood of paediatric patients with BSIs not only exhibited higher rates of antimicrobial resistance than MSSA from the same source, but also more frequently harboured SEK and SEQ genes. The combination of the two aspects influenced the dissemination of MRSA among children. The present study clarified the characteristics of BSI-associated S. aureus and enhanced the current understanding of the pathogenicity and treatment of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Shao Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Shuang Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Liang Mai
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Min Zhong
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Lian Deng
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yan Long
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Yu Yang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Si-Tang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Khemiri M, Akrout Alhusain A, Abbassi MS, El Ghaieb H, Santos Costa S, Belas A, Pomba C, Hammami S. Clonal spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-t6065-CC5-SCCmecV-agrII in a Libyan hospital. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:101-105. [PMID: 28729209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize 32 MRSA isolates recovered from wound specimens of patients in a Hospital in Tripoli, Libya, during 2013. METHODS MRSA isolates were characterized by determining their antibiotic susceptibilities, genes encoding antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, the SCCmec class, agr type, spa typing, PFGE and MLST. RESULTS PFGE and MLST revealed that all isolates were clonal and belonged to the Clonal Complex 5 (CC5). They harboured the SCCmecV and the agrII and the spa type was t6065. The majority of isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (32, 100%), penicillin (32, 100%), ampicillin (32, 100%), enrofloxacin (32, 100%), ciprofloxacin (32, 100%), fusidic acid (32, 100%), gentamicin (32, 100%), kanamycin (32, 100%), trimethoprim (32, 100%), and erythromycin (30, 93.7%). The main genes encoding antibiotic resistance were: blaZ (31, 96.8%), ermC (30, 93.7%), aph(3')-III a (3, 9.4%), aac6-aph2 (32, 100%), InuA (3, 9.4%), tetM (3, 9.4%), tetL (3, 9.4%), dfrG (28, 87.5%), fusC (32, 100%). All isolates were PVL negative; however, exfoliative-encoding genes (eta: 25) and enterotxin genes (seb: 32, seo: 32, sei: 32, ser: 32, seu: 32, seg: 32, sej: 32, sed: 31, sen: 29, seh: 26, sec: 26, sea: 6, sek: 5), haemolysin (hla (32), hld (32), hlg (32)) and immune evasion cluster proteins (scn: 32, sak: 32) were relevant. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a specific clonal spread of a multi-drug resistant MRSA-CC5- SCCmecV in a Libyan Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Khemiri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisie; Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisie.
| | - Houyem El Ghaieb
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisie
| | - Sofia Santos Costa
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adriana Belas
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Salah Hammami
- Université de la Manouba, IRESA, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Tunisie.
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Benkerroum N. Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1943-1970. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1289149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Chen BJ, Xie XY, Ni LJ, Dai XL, Lu Y, Wu XQ, Li HY, Yao YD, Huang SY. Factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics among the general population at a Medical College Campus in Guangzhou, South China. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:28. [PMID: 28399856 PMCID: PMC5387264 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nasal cavity is the main colonization site of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in human body. Nasal carriage may be a strong risk factor for some serious infection. There was still limited information about the nasal carriage for S. aureus in south China. METHODS Sought to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of S. aureus nasal carriage, 295 volunteers residing on a medicine campus were investigated and sampled the nasal cavity swab. Selected S. aureus isolates were carried through molecular analysis, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence analysis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and virulence gene detection. RESULTS A total of 73 S. aureus isolates were recovered from separate subjects (24.7%, 73/295), with one methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolate (0.3%, 1/295). Among the 73 isolates, 71 isolates were successfully grouped into 13 pulsotypes by PFGE analysis, with profiles A and L the most prevalent; 12 sequence types (STs) were found among the 23 isolates which had similar drug resistant spectrum. ST59, ST188 and ST1 were the most prevalent, accounting for 17.4, 13.0 and 13.0% of all isolates, respectively. The MRSA isolate presented ST8-SCCmec III. 56.5% of isolates carried both the staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea) and enterotoxin B (seb) genes. 83.6% of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, all isolates were susceptible to quinupristin/dalfopristin, levofloxacin, teicoplanin and vancomycin. The most common risk factors for S. aureus carriage were being male, age ≤30 years, and nasal cavity cleaning habits. CONCLUSIONS Colonization by S. aureus was greater among male and young age (20-30 years) students and those with irregularity nasal cleaning. The S. aureus isolates selected were revealed into various sequence types and pulsotypes, indicating molecular heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates from the populations in the medical college in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - X Y Xie
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - L J Ni
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - X L Dai
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Y Lu
- Cross Infection Control Office, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - X Q Wu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - H Y Li
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Y D Yao
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - S Y Huang
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Al-Shabib NA, Husain FM, Ahmad I, Baig MH. Eugenol inhibits quorum sensing and biofilm of toxigenic MRSA strains isolated from food handlers employed in Saudi Arabia. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1281761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Abdulatif Al-Shabib
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Becker K, Ballhausen B, Kahl BC, Köck R. The clinical impact of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of the clonal complex 398 for humans. Vet Microbiol 2017; 200:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aguilar JL, Varshney AK, Pechuan X, Dutta K, Nosanchuk JD, Fries BC. Monoclonal antibodies protect from Staphylococcal Enterotoxin K (SEK) induced toxic shock and sepsis by USA300 Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2016; 8:741-750. [PMID: 27715466 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1231295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading infectious cause of life-threatening disease in humans, yet there is currently no vaccine to combat this bacterium. The pathogenesis of S. aureus is mediated by a diverse array of protein toxins including a large family of secreted pyrogenic superantigens. Neutralization of superantigens, including SEB and TSST-1, has proven to be protective in several animal models of toxic shock and sepsis. We demonstrate, for the first time, that a far more prevalent staphylococcal superantigen, SEK, can also induce lethal shock in mice. Additionally, we describe monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that inhibit SEK-induced mitogenicity as well as protect against SEK-induced lethality, and enhance survival from S. aureus septicemia in murine models. MAb-4G3 (IgG2b), mAb-5G2 (IgG1), and mAb-9H2 (IgG1), all inhibit SEK-induced proliferation and cytokine production of human immune cells. We then demonstrate that passive immunization with a combination of mAb-4G3 and mAb-5G4, 2 mAbs that do not compete for epitope(s) on SEK, significantly enhance survival in a murine model of SEK-induced toxic shock (p = 0.006). In the setting of sepsis, passive immunization with this combination of mAbs also significantly enhances survival in mice after challenge with CA-MRSA strain USA300 (p = 0.03). Furthermore, septic mice that received mAb treatment in conjunction with vancomycin exhibit less morbidity than mice treated with vancomycin alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that the contribution of SEK to S. aureus pathogenesis may be greater than previously appreciated, and that adjunctive therapy with passive immunotherapy against SEs may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Aguilar
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Avanish K Varshney
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Ximo Pechuan
- b Department of Systems and Computational Biology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Kaushik Dutta
- c New York Structural Biology Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Bettina C Fries
- d Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
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Fijałkowski K, Peitler D, Karakulska J. Staphylococci isolated from ready-to-eat meat - Identification, antibiotic resistance and toxin gene profile. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:113-120. [PMID: 27614422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the staphylococci isolated from ready-to-eat meat products, including pork ham, chicken cold cuts, pork sausage, salami and pork luncheon meat, sliced in the store to the consumer's specifications, along with species identification and determination of antibiotic resistance. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin-like proteins, exfoliative toxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 were also investigated. From the 41 samples, 75 different staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the gap gene using AluI and HpyCH4V restriction enzymes, the isolates were identified as Staphylococcus equorum (28%), S. vitulinus (16%), S. carnosus (14%), S. succinus (11%), S. xylosus (11%), S. saprophyticus (9%), S. warneri (9%), S. haemolyticus (1%) and S. pasteuri (1%). The incidence and number of resistances to antimicrobials was found to be species but not source of isolation dependent. All S. xylosus, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus and S. pasteuri isolates showed antibiotic resistance. A lower percentage of resistance was recorded for S. warneri (71%) and S. vitulinus (58%), followed by S. equorum (57%), S. carnosus (50%) and S. succinus (50%). The most frequent resistance was observed to fusidic acid (43%). The mecA gene was amplified in 4% of the staphylococci. However, phenotypic resistance to methicillin was not confirmed in any of these isolates. On the other hand, the mecA gene was not detected in any of 9% of the isolates resistant to cefoxitin. It was also found that among 75 isolates, 60 (80%) harbored from 1 to 10 out of 21 analyzed superantigenic toxin genes. The most prevalent genes were: sei (36% isolates) among enterotoxins, seln (32% isolates) among enterotoxin-like proteins and eta encoding exfoliative toxin A (37% isolates). The findings of this study further extend previous observations that, when present in food, not only S. aureus but also other species of staphylococci could be of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Peitler
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Karakulska
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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Xie X, Bao Y, Ouyang N, Dai X, Pan K, Chen B, Deng Y, Wu X, Xu F, Li H, Huang S. Molecular epidemiology and characteristic of virulence gene of community-acquired and hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Sun Yat-sen Memorial hospital, Guangzhou, Southern China. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:339. [PMID: 27450316 PMCID: PMC4957337 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of both hospital and community infections globally. It’s important to illuminate the differences between community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA), but there have been confusions on the definition, especially for the MRSA isolates identified within 48 h of admission. This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and virulence genes profile of CA and HA-MRSA isolates identified less than 48 h after hospital admission in our region. Methods A total 62 MRSA isolates identified within 48 h after admission and the clinical data were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) of collected isolates were performed according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2015, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and virulence gene profiling were performed to explore the molecular diversity. Results SCCmec III and sequence type (ST) 239 were the most prevalent SCCmec type and ST in both CA and HA-MRSA groups. HA-MRSA group had higher prevalence of SCCmec III (87.2 %) and ST239 (79.5 %) compared with CA-MRSA (60.9 and 43.4 %, both P < 0.001), while the frequency of SCCmec IV (26.0 %) and ST59 (21.7 %) were higher in CA-MRSA than its counterpart (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003). MRSA-ST239-III was the predominant type in this study (61.3 %, 38/62), especially in HA-MRSA group (76.9 %, 30/39). However, CA-MRSA strains exhibited more diversity in genotypes in this study. Meanwhile, CA-MRSA tended to have lower resistant percentage to non-β-lactams antibiotics but more virulence genes carriage, especially the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) genes. Notably, seb gene was only detected in CA-MRSA isolates (52.2 %), likely a significant marker for CA-MRSA isolates. Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (PVL) was highly detected in both groups, while appeared no significantly different between CA-MRSA (47.8 %) and HA-MRSA (43.6 %). Conclusions Our findings support a difference in the molecular epidemiology and virulence genes profile of CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. Furthermore, this study indicates a possible transmission from HA-MRSA to CA-MRSA, which may cause the overlap of the definition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1684-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xie
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yunwen Bao
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Nengyong Ouyang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xinlu Dai
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kunyi Pan
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Baiji Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yawen Deng
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiquan Wu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Songyin Huang
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus isolates belonging to clonal cluster 398 (CC398) have emerged over the previous decade as a risk to livestock workers. Though most of the research to date has focused on colonization with these strains, a number of infections have also been documented, ranging from mild skin infections to more serious invasive infections and even death. Here, we review existing reports of human infections with CC398 and discuss their geographic distribution, general characteristics, and implications for future research. We identified 74 publications describing CC398 infections in humans in 19 different countries, suggesting this is an emerging worldwide issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Smith
- Kent State University College of Public Health, 750 Hilltop Drive, Lowry Hall, Kent, OH, USA,
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Mashouf RY, Hosseini SM, Mousavi SM, Arabestani MR. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Animal Originated Foods in West of Iran. Oman Med J 2015; 30:283-90. [PMID: 26366263 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of our study were to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains in food samples of animal origin, examine their antibacterial susceptibility pattern, and to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin (SEs) genes and the mecA gene in isolated S. aureus strains using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). . METHODS A total of 1050 food samples including 671 raw milk and dairy products and 379 raw meats were collected between September 2013 and June 2014 in Hamadan, Iran. Food samples were analyzed for S. aureus identification. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all isolates was determined using the disk agar diffusion method followed by detecting mecA resistance gene using PCR. In addition, harboring of SE genes were determined using a multiplex PCR assay targeting nine genes. . RESULTS A total of 98 (9.3%) S. aureus strains were isolated from 1050 food samples. Of the 98 isolates examined, the most frequent resistance was observed to erythromycin (30.6%), followed by tetracycline (29.6%), gentamicin (27.6%), clindamycin (26.5%), ciprofloxacin and rifampin (24.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14.3%), and cefoxitin (5.1%). All cefoxitin resistant isolates were positive for mecA. The prevalence of SEs was 77.6% (n=76). Among the genes that code classic enterotoxins, sea was the most frequent and was carried by 25.5% of isolates, followed by see in 18.4%, sed in 11.2%, sec in 5.1%, and seb in 4.1% of isolates. Among the detected enterotoxins, seg was the predominantly identified enterotoxin gene in isolates with prevalence of 35.7%. The seh gene with prevalence of 1% and sei gene with 3.1% were other detected enterotoxins with low frequencies. . CONCLUSION The high prevalence of SE genes detected indicates a potential risk for causing animal-originated food poisoning. The increasing prevalence of community-acquired MRSA and its emerging antibiotic resistance in foods is a serious problem for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Y Mashouf
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed M Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed M Mousavi
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran ; Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Differences in Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics among community residents and healthcare workers at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Southern China. BMC Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26223250 PMCID: PMC4520063 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic potential and commensal nature of Staphylococcus aureus allows for easy transmission both within and outside of the hospital environment, and nasal carriage may be responsible for some serious infections. This study aimed to determine the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of nasal colonization by S. aureus in community residents (CR) and healthcare workers (HW) at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Methods A total of 589 volunteers, both CR (n = 297) and HW (n = 292), were recruited. Each subject completed a questionnaire, and specimens were obtained from the anterior nares for S. aureus screening. Genotypic analysis included pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and virulence gene detection. Results A total of 138 S. aureus isolates were recovered from separate subjects (23.4 %, 138/589), with four isolates showing methicillin resistance (0.7 %, 4/589). The prevalence of S. aureus carriage was 25.3 % (75/297) in CR and 21.6 % (63/292) in HW. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were isolated from one CR (0.3 %, 1/297) and three HW (1.0 %, 3/292). The most common risk factors for S. aureus carriage in CR were being male, age ≤ 30 years, and nasal cavity cleaning habits. Having a household member in the healthcare profession was associated with increased risk among HW. Sequence type (ST)188 and ST59 were the most prevalent among the 20 observed STs, accounting for 14.6 % and 12.2 % of all isolates, respectively. The four MRSA isolates presented four different STs, with one isolate carrying a type IVa SCCmec element and the other three isolates containing type III SCCmec. PFGE analysis grouped the 129 isolates into 23 pulsotypes, with profiles A, N, E, L, and O the most prevalent. The Panton-Valentine leucocidin gene (pvl) was identified in two of the 138 isolates, while 57.5 % of isolates carried both the Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (sea) and enterotoxin B (seb) genes. Conclusions These data indicate a low prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage but evidence of molecular heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates from CR and HW at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. Differences in epidemiological and molecular characteristics of S. aureus between CR and HW populations may be useful for the understanding and prevention of S. aureus infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1032-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li Y, Zhao R, Zhang X, Han Q, Qian X, Gu G, Shi J, Xu J. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes and spa Genotypes of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a Tertiary Care Hospital in China. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC11-4. [PMID: 26155477 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12090.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes a variety of infections. MRSA has evolved resistance to multiple antibiotics. Genetic background and virulence differs in different geographic regions. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin genes and spa genotypes of hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) isolated from a tertiary care hospital of Jiangsu province, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS HA-MRSA isolates from August 2013 to April 2014 at a tertiary care hospital of China were collected. We investigated antimicrobial pattern, spa types, SCCmec types and the presence of 14 virulence genes. RESULTS Eighty HA-MRSA isolates were collected. Results from SCCmec typing revealed that 73.8% were type II; 13.8% were type III; 12.5% were type V. There were 19 different spa types. Spa type t2460 was the most common (35.0%), followed by t002 (11.3%). CC5 was the predominant MLST CCs type (50%). The most frequent toxin genes were sea, seb, sed, sel, sen and seo (100.0%). None of the investigated isolates carried the sec or tst. CONCLUSION Genotypic and virulence evaluation of the isolated HA-MRSA revealed that the isolates with CC5 and SCCmec II were the predominant type and highly homological. The virulence profiles mainly existed in the genes of sea, seb, sed, sel, sen, seo and ser. The prevalence of t2460 was an outbreak and the predominant spa type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Li
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Ruike Zhao
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Qingzhen Han
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Guohao Gu
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Jinfang Shi
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou,P.R. of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Faculty, Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou,P.R. of China
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Andrade M, Benfeito S, Soares P, Magalhães e Silva D, Loureiro J, Borges A, Borges F, Simões M. Fine-tuning of the hydrophobicity of caffeic acid: studies on the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05840f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid derivatives are proposed to act as cell permeabilizers, inducing membrane alterations, causing rupture with potassium leakage, particularly on the Gram positive bacterium, and consequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Andrade
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Pedro Soares
- CIQUP
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | | | - Joana Loureiro
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- Porto
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- Portugal
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de Campos Rasteiro VM, da Costa ACBP, Araújo CF, de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Anbinder AL, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia for the treatment of oral candidiasis induced in an immunosuppressed mouse model. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:489. [PMID: 25510285 PMCID: PMC4301879 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The search for alternative therapies for oral candidiasis is a necessity and the use of medicinal plants seems to be one of the promising solutions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia on Candida albicans. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of M. alternifolia were determined by the broth microdilution assay. For the in vivo study, twelve immunosuppressed mice with buccal candidiasis received topical applications of M. alternifolia with MBEC. After treatment, yeasts were recovered from the mice and quantified (CFU/mL). Mice were killed for morphologic analysis of the tongue dorsum by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney test. Results The MIC of M. alternifolia was 0.195% and the MBEC was 12.5%. Treatment with M. alternifolia achieved a 5.33 log reduction in C. albicans and reduced the microscopic lesions of candidiasis. Conclusions M. alternifolia oil at a 12.5% was effective to eradicate a C. albicans biofilm formed in vitro and to reduce yeasts of C. albicans in an immunosuppressed mouse model.
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Tilahun AY, Chowdhary VR, David CS, Rajagopalan G. Systemic inflammatory response elicited by superantigen destabilizes T regulatory cells, rendering them ineffective during toxic shock syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2919-30. [PMID: 25092888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, continue to pose serious problems. Greater virulence and increased pathogenicity of certain S. aureus strains are attributed to higher prevalence of exotoxins. Of these exotoxins, the superantigens (SAg) are likely most pathogenic because of their ability to rapidly and robustly activate the T cells even in extremely small quantities. Therefore, countering SAg-mediated T cell activation using T regulatory cells (Tregs) might be beneficial in diseases such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS). As the normal numbers of endogenous Tregs in a typical host are insufficient, we hypothesized that increasing the Treg numbers by administration of IL-2/anti-IL-2 Ab immune complexes (IL2C) or by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Tregs might be more effective in countering SAg-mediated immune activation. HLA-DR3 transgenic mice that closely recapitulate human TSS were treated with IL2C to increase endogenous Tregs or received ex vivo expanded Tregs. Subsequently, they were challenged with SAg to induce TSS. Analyses of various parameters reflective of TSS (serum cytokine/chemokine levels, multiple organ pathology, and SAg-induced peripheral T cell expansion) indicated that increasing the Tregs failed to mitigate TSS. On the contrary, serum IFN-γ levels were increased in IL2C-treated mice. Exploration into the reasons behind the lack of protective effect of Tregs revealed IL-17 and IFN-γ-dependent loss of Tregs during TSS. In addition, significant upregulation of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on conventional T cells during TSS could render them resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, contributing to failure of Treg-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaidehi R Chowdhary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Chella S David
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Detection and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like K (SEl-K) secretion by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2536-43. [PMID: 24808237 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00387-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like K (SEl-K) is a potent mitogen that elicits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production at very low concentrations. However, unlike the classical enterotoxins SEB and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), the gene for SEl-K is commonly present in more than half of all Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates and is present in almost all USA300 community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) isolates. Sequencing of the sel-k gene in over 20 clinical isolates and comparative analysis with all 14 published sel-k sequences indicate that there are at least 6 variants of the sel-k gene, including one that is conserved among all examined USA300 strains. Additionally, we have developed a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that specifically detects and measures SEl-K protein in culture supernatants and biological fluids. Quantification of in vitro SEl-K secretion by various S. aureus isolates using this novel capture ELISA revealed detectable amounts of SEl-K secretion by all isolates, with the highest secretion levels being exhibited by MRSA strains that coexpress SEB. In vivo secretion was measured in a murine thigh abscess model, where similar levels of SEl-K accumulation were noted regardless of whether the infecting strain exhibited high or low secretion of SEl-K in vitro. We conclude that SEl-K is commonly expressed in the setting of staphylococcal infection, in significant amounts. SEl-K should be further explored as a target for passive immunotherapy against complicated S. aureus infection.
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Koosha RZ, Fooladi AAI, Hosseini HM, Aghdam EM. Prevalence of exfoliative toxin A and B genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens. J Infect Public Health 2014; 7:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Liu C, Chen ZJ, Sun Z, Feng X, Zou M, Cao W, Wang S, Zeng J, Wang Y, Sun M. Molecular characteristics and virulence factors in methicillin-susceptible, resistant, and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus from central-southern China. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 48:490-6. [PMID: 24767415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), and compare the antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular characteristic, and virulence factors in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), MRSA, and hVISA from central-southern China. METHODS A total of 184 S. aureus were isolated from sterile body fluids. All isolates were subjected to population analysis profiling for the identification of hVISA phenotype and polymerase chain reaction analysis for genotyping and 31 virulence genes. RESULTS The prevalence of MRSA isolates was 41.8% in central-southern China. Of 77 MRSA isolates, 17 (22.1%) were identified as hVISA. The most common MRSA and MSSA clones were ST239-MRSA-SCCmecIII-t030-agr-I (55.8%) and ST188-MSSA-t189-agr-I (20.6%), respectively. The frequency of carriage of pvl, hemolysins, tst, and staphylococcal enterotoxin genes among MSSA isolates was significantly higher than that for MRSA isolates (p < 0.05); 98 MSSA isolates (53.3%) carried ≥ 10 tested virulence genes simultaneously, which was significantly higher than that of MRSA isolates (33.8%; p = 0.004). The 17 hVISA isolates carried a significantly small number of virulence genes; only two hVISA isolates carried ≥ 10 tested virulence genes simultaneously, and two hVISA isolates harbored only four virulence genes. Compared with other clonal complexes (CCs), CC1 and CC398 isolates harbored a higher frequency of exfoliatin genes, CC1 and CC59 harbored a higher frequency of pvl gene, and only CC1 isolates harbored lukED. CONCLUSION The prevalence of hVISA was considerably high in central-southern China. Simultaneous carriage of multiple virulence genes was common in S. aureus isolates; the virulence genes were more diverse and frequent among MSSA isolates than among MRSA isolates. Furthermore, the distribution of some virulence genes was correlated with the different S. aureus CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-ju Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xianju Feng
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxiang Zou
- Department of Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanmei Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Department of Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Comparative analysis of superantigen genes in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from a single mammary quarter of cows with mastitis. J Microbiol 2014; 52:366-72. [PMID: 24723103 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare genes encoding superantigens (SAgs) in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected simultaneously from milk of the same cows with clinical mastitis. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like proteins (sea-selu), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst-1) and exfoliative toxins (eta and etd) were investigated. It was found that among 30 isolates of S. xylosus, 16 (53.3%) harbored from 1 to 10 SAg genes. In total, in 16 SAg positive S. xylosus, 11 different enterotoxin genes were detected: sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, selm, seln, selo, selp, ser, selu and one etd gene encoding exfoliative toxin D. The most prevalent genes were ser, selu, and selo. Among all the positive isolates of S. xylosus, a total of 14 different SAg gene combinations were detected. One combination was repeated in 3 isolates, whereas the rest were detected only once. However, in the case of S. aureus all the 30 isolates harbored the same combination of SAg genes: seg, sei, selm, seln, selo and on the basis of PFGE analysis all belonged to the same clonal type. Also noteworthy was the observation that SAg genes detected in S. aureus have also been found in S. xylosus. The findings of this study further extend previous observations that SAg genes are present not only in S. aureus but also in coagulase-negative staphylococci, including S. xylosus. Therefore, taking into account that the SAg genes are encoded on mobile genetic elements it is possible that these genes can be transferred between different species of coexisting staphylococci.
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Fijałkowski K, Masiuk H, Czernomysy-Furowicz D, Karakulska J, Nawrotek P, Paszkowska A, Struk M, Giedrys-Kalemba S. Superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:674-83. [PMID: 24273801 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Genomic relatedness of S. aureus was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis of macro-restricted chromosomes. The presence of genes encoding superantigens was confirmed by multiplex PCR. To study the biological activity of S. aureus exosecretions, the supernatants from bacterial liquid cultures were classified into three groups: those with leukotoxin‐like properties, those with superantigen‐like properties and those with no particular activity on leukocytes cultured in vitro. It was shown that all analyzed bacterial isolates belonged to the same clonal type and harbored the same combination of superantigen genes, namely sed, selj and ser. However, 22% of all isolates produced factors with superantigen‐like and 48% of them with leukotoxin‐like activities. Finally, although there were no detectable genetic differences between the analyzed bacterial isolates, the virulence factors secreted by them differed considerably.
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