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Rahim MA, Seo H, Kim S, Barman I, Ghorbanian F, Hossain MS, Shuvo MSH, Lee S, Song HY. Exploring the potential of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:14. [PMID: 38977511 PMCID: PMC11231020 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-024-00794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a lethal pathogen in human history, causes millions of deaths annually, which demands the development of new concepts of drugs. Considering this fact, earlier research has explored the anti-tuberculosis potential of a probiotic strain, Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203, leading to a subsequent focus on the molecular mechanism involved in its effect, particularly on autophagy. In this current study, immunoblotting-based assay exhibited a remarkable expression of autophagy marker LC3-II in the PMC203 treated group compared to an untreated group. A remarkable degradation of p62 was also noticed within treated cells compared to control. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence-based assay showed significant fold change in fluorescence intensity for alexa-647-LC3 and alexa-488-LC3, whereas p62 was degraded noticeably. Moreover, lysosomal biogenesis generation was elevated significantly in terms of LAMP1 and acidic vesicular organelles. As a result, PMC203-induced autophagy played a vital role in reducing M. tuberculosis burden within the macrophages in treated groups compared to untreated group. A colony -forming unit assay also revealed a significant reduction in M. tuberculosis in the treated cells over time. Additionally, the candidate strain significantly upregulated the expression of autophagy induction and lysosomal biogenesis genes. Together, these results could enrich our current knowledge of probiotics-mediated autophagy in tuberculosis and suggest its implications for innovatively managing tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonhee Seo
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Indrajeet Barman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Fatemeh Ghorbanian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed Solayman Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Saebim Lee
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Human Microbiome Medical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Lima JMS, Carneiro KO, Pinto UM, Todorov SD. Bacteriocinogenic anti-listerial properties and safety assessment of Enterococcus faecium and Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from Brazilian artisanal cheesemaking environment. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae159. [PMID: 38925659 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to prospect and isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from an artisanal cheese production environment, to assess their safety, and to explore their bacteriocinogenic potential against Listeria monocytogenes. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples were collected from surfaces of an artisanal-cheese production facility and after rep-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, selected strains were identified as to be belonging to Lactococcus garvieae (1 strain) and Enterococcus faecium (14 isolates, grouped into three clusters) associated with different environments (worktables, cheese mold, ripening wooden shelves). All of them presented bacteriocinogenic potential against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and were confirmed as safe (γ-hemolytic, not presenting antibiotic resistance, no mucus degradation properties, and no proteolytic or gelatinase enzyme activity). Additionally, cell growth, acidification and bacteriocins production kinetics, bacteriocin stability in relation to different temperatures, pH, and chemicals were evaluated. According to performed PCR analysis all studied strains generated positive evidence for the presence of entA and entP genes (for production of enterocins A and enterocins P, respectively). However, pediocin PA-1 associated gene was recorded only in DNA obtained from E. faecium ST02JL and Lc. garvieae ST04JL. CONCLUSIONS It is worth considering the application of these safe LAB or their bacteriocins in situ as an alternative means of controlling L. monocytogenes in cheese production environments, either alone or in combination with other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcos Scafuro Lima
- ProBacLab, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Kayque Ordonho Carneiro
- ProBacLab, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Uelinton Manoel Pinto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- ProBacLab, Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Food Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Brunson DN, Lemos JA. Heme utilization by the enterococci. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae019. [PMID: 39070772 PMCID: PMC11282960 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Heme consists of a tetrapyrrole ring ligating an iron ion and has important roles in biological systems. While well-known as the oxygen-binding molecule within hemoglobin of mammals, heme is also cofactor for several enzymes and a major iron source for bacteria within the host. The enterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that exist primarily within the gastrointestinal tract of animals. However, some species within this genus can transform into formidable opportunistic pathogens, largely owing to their extraordinary adaptability to hostile environments. Although enterococci cannot synthesize heme nor depend on heme to grow, several species within the genus encode proteins that utilize heme as a cofactor, which appears to increase their fitness and ability to thrive in challenging environments. This includes more efficient energy generation via aerobic respiration and protection from reactive oxygen species. Here, we review the significance of heme to enterococci, primarily the major human pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, use bioinformatics to assess the prevalence of hemoproteins throughout the genus, and highlight recent studies that underscore the central role of the heme-E. faecalis relationship in host-pathogen dynamics and interspecies bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra N Brunson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - José A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Abdel-Raheem SM, Khodier SM, Almathen F, Hanafy AST, Abbas SM, Al-Shami SA, Al-Sultan SI, Alfifi A, El-Tarabili RM. Dissemination, virulence characteristic, antibiotic resistance determinants of emerging linezolid and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. in fish and crustacean. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 418:110711. [PMID: 38677237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Enterococci are emerging nosocomial pathogens. Their widespread distribution causes them to be food contaminants. Furthermore, Enterococci can colonize various ecological niches and diffuse into the food chain via contaminated animals and foods because of their remarkable tolerance to unfavorable environmental circumstances. Due to their potential dissemination to humans, antimicrobial-resistant Enterococci in fish are a worldwide health issue. This study characterized AMR, ARGs, VAGs, gelatinase activity, and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. recovered from fish and seafood and evaluated potential correlations. 54 Enterococcus spp. strains(32.73 %)were isolated from 165 samples (75 Oreochromis niloticus, 30 Argyrosomus regius, and 60 Shrimp), comprising 30 Enterococcus faecalis (55.6 %) and 24 Enterococcus faecium (44.4 %) with total 32.73 % (54/165), The maximum prevalence rate of Enterococcus spp. was observed in Nile tilapia (34/54; 63 %), followed by shrimp (14/54; 25.9 %) and Argyrosomus regius (6/54; 11.1 %). The maximum prevalence rate of E. faecalis was observed in Nile tilapia (22/30; 73.3 %), followed by shrimp (8/30; 26.7 %) with significant differences. The prevalence rate of E. faecium was observed in Nile tilapia (12/24; 50 %), followed by shrimp (6/24,25 %). E. faecium is only isolated from Argyrosomus regius (6/24,25 %). Isolates exhibited high resistance against both tetracycline (90.7 %) and erythromycin(88.9 %), followed by gentamycin (77.8 %), ciprofloxacin (74.1 %), levofloxacin (72.2 %), penicillin (44.4 %), vancomycin (37 %), and linezolid (20.4 %). 50 strains (92.6 %) exhibited resistance to more than two antibiotics, 5 strains (10 %) were XDR, and the remaining 45 strains (90 %) were classified as MDR. 92.6 % of the isolates had MARindices >0.2, indicating they originated in settings with a high risk of contamination. Additionally, ten ARGs were identified, with tet(M) 92.6 %, followed by erm(B) (88.9 %), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia(77.8 %), tet(K) (75.9 %), gyrA (74.1 %), blaZ (48.1 %), vanA (37 %), vanB (31.5 %), optrA (20.4 %), and catA(3.7 %). Biofilm formation and gelatinase activity were observed in 85.2 %, and 61.1 % of the isolates, respectively. A total of 11 VAGs were detected, with gelE as the most prevalent (83.3 %) followed by agg(79.6 %), pil (74.1 %), both sprE and asa1 (72.2 %), hyl (70.4 %), eps(68.5 %), EF3314 (57.4 %), ace (50 %), and cylA (35.2 %) with no detection of cylB. In conclusion, the emergence of linezolid-resistant -vancomycin-resistant enterococci recovered from Egyptian fish and shrimp, suggests that fish and seafood might participate a fundamental part in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Sherin M Khodier
- Central lab for marine fish diagnosing and treatment and measuring fish and water quality, Marine Aquaculture Development (MADEӀӀ), Egypt
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Al-Shaimaa T Hanafy
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Portsaid laboratory Branch, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Abbas
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Portsaid laboratory Branch, Egypt
| | - Salah Abdulaziz Al-Shami
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saad Ibrahim Al-Sultan
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Alfifi
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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Cebeci T. Species prevalence, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from food-producing animals at a slaughterhouse in Turkey. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13191. [PMID: 38851786 PMCID: PMC11162463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy cattle, sheep, and goats can be reservoirs for gastrointestinal pathogenic fecal enterococci, some of which could be multidrug-resistant to antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of Enterococcus species in healthy sheep, goat, and cattle carcasses, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence gene content. During 2019-2020, carcass surface samples were collected from 150 ruminants in a slaughterhouse. A total of 90 enterococci, comprising five species, were obtained. The overall prevalence of enterococci was found to be 60%, out of which 37.7% were identified as Enterococcus (E.) hirae, 33.3% as E. casseliflavus, 15.5% as E. faecium, 12.2% as E. faecalis, and 1.1% as E. gallinarum. Virulence-associated genes of efaA (12.2%) were commonly observed in the Enterococcus isolates, followed by gelE (3.3%), asaI (3.3%), and ace (2.2%). High resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin (28.8%), tetracycline (21.1%), ampicillin (20%), and rifampin (15.5%) was found in two, four, four, and five of the Enterococcus species group, respectively. The resistance of Enterococcus isolates to 11 antibiotic groups was determined and multidrug resistant (MDR) strains were found in 18.8% of Enterococcus isolates. Characteristic resistance genes were identified by PCR with an incidence of 6.6%, 2.2%, 1.1%, 1.1%, 1.1%, and 1.1% for the tetM, ermB, ermA, aac(6')Ie-aph(2")-la, VanC1, and VanC2 genes in Enterococcus isolates, respectively. Efflux pump genes causing multidrug resistance were detected in Enterococcus isolates (34.4%). The results showed that there were enterococci in the slaughterhouse with a number of genes linked to virulence that could be harmful to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Cebeci
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
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Ermolenko E, Baryshnikova N, Alekhina G, Zakharenko A, Ten O, Kashchenko V, Novikova N, Gushchina O, Ovchinnikov T, Morozova A, Ilina A, Karaseva A, Tsapieva A, Gladyshev N, Dmitriev A, Suvorov A. Autoprobiotics in the Treatment of Patients with Colorectal Cancer in the Early Postoperative Period. Microorganisms 2024; 12:980. [PMID: 38792809 PMCID: PMC11124500 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite great advances in the treatment of oncological diseases, the development of medical technologies to prevent or reduce complications of therapy, in particular, those associated with surgery and the introduction of antibiotics, remains relevant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of autoprobiotics based on indigenous non-pathogenic strains of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae as a personalized functional food product (PFFP) in the complex therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the early postoperative period. A total of 36 patients diagnosed with CRC were enrolled in the study. Study group A comprised 24 CRC patients who received autoprobiotic therapy in the early postoperative period, while the control group C included 12 CRC patients without autoprobiotic therapy. Prior to surgery and between days 14 and 16 post-surgery, comprehensive evaluations were conducted on all patients, encompassing the following: stool and gastroenterological complaints analysis, examination of the gut microbiota (bacteriological study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, metagenome analysis), and analysis of interleukins in the serum. Results: The use of autoprobiotics led to a decrease in dyspeptic complaints after surgery. It was also associated with the absence of postoperative complications, did not cause any side effects, and led to a decrease in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-18) in the blood serum. The use of autoprobiotics led to positive changes in the structure of escherichia and enterococci populations, the elimination of Parvomonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and a decrease in the quantitative content of Clostridium perfringens and Akkermansia muciniphila. Metagenomic analysis (16S rRNA) revealed an increase in alpha diversity. Conclusion: The introduction of autoprobiotics in the postoperative period is a highly effective and safe approach in the complex treatment of CRC. Future studies will allow the discovery of additional fine mechanisms of autoprobiotic therapy and its impact on the digestive, immune, endocrine, and neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ermolenko
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Natalia Baryshnikova
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
- Department of Internal Disease of Stomatology Faculty, Pavlov First St-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Medico-Social Problems of Pediatry, St-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina Alekhina
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- Oncology Department, Pavlov First St-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oleg Ten
- North-Western District Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L. G. Sokolov, 194291 St-Petersburg, Russia (O.G.)
| | - Victor Kashchenko
- Department of Faculty Surgery, St-Petersburg State University, 199034 St-Petersburg, Russia;
- Beloostrov High Technology Clinic (MMC VT LLC), 188652 Leningrad Region, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Novikova
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Olga Gushchina
- North-Western District Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L. G. Sokolov, 194291 St-Petersburg, Russia (O.G.)
| | - Timofey Ovchinnikov
- North-Western District Scientific and Clinical Center Named after L. G. Sokolov, 194291 St-Petersburg, Russia (O.G.)
| | - Anastasia Morozova
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Anastasia Ilina
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Alena Karaseva
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
- Microbiology Department, St-Petersburg State University, 199034 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Tsapieva
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Nikita Gladyshev
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Alexander Dmitriev
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, 190013 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Scientific and Educational Center “Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human”, World-Class Research Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St-Petersburg, Russia; (E.E.); (A.M.); (A.T.); (N.G.)
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Mohamed AA, Fayyad DM, El-Telbany M, Mohamed DAA. Antibacterial biofilm efficacy of calcium hydroxide loaded on Gum Arabic nanocarrier: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:215. [PMID: 38341565 PMCID: PMC10859034 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An innovative intracanal medication formulation was introduced in the current study to improve the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) therapeutic capability against resistant Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm. This in-vitro study aimed to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of Ca(OH)2 loaded on Gum Arabic (GA) nanocarrier (Ca(OH)2-GA NPs) and to compare this efficiency with conventional Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles (NPs), GA, and GA NPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prepared nanoparticle formulations for the tested medications were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). 141 human mandibular premolars were selected, and their root canals were prepared. Twenty-one roots were then sectioned into 42 tooth slices. All prepared root canals (n = 120) and teeth slices (n = 42) were divided into six groups according to the intracanal medication used. E. faecalis was inoculated in the samples for 21 days to form biofilms, and then the corresponding medications were applied for 7 days. After medication application, the residual E. faecalis bacteria were assessed using CFU, Q-PCR, and SEM. Additionally, the effect of Ca(OH)2-GA NPs on E. faecalis biofilm genes (agg, ace, and efaA) was investigated using RT-PCR. Data were statistically analyzed at a 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS The synthesis of NPs was confirmed using TEM. The results of the FTIR proved that the Ca(OH)2 was successfully encapsulated in the GA NPs. Ca(OH)2-GA NPs caused a significant reduction in the E. faecalis biofilm gene expression when compared to the control (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in the E. faecalis CFU mean count and CT mean values between the tested groups (p < 0.001) except between the Ca(OH)2 and GA CFU mean count. Ca(OH)2-GA NPs showed the least statistical E. faecalis mean count among other groups. SEM observation showed that E. faecalis biofilm was diminished in all treatment groups, especially in the Ca(OH)2-GA NPS group when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Ca(OH)2 and GA nanoparticles demonstrate superior anti-E. faecalis activity when compared to their conventional counterparts. Ca(OH)2-GA NPs showed the best antibacterial efficacy in treating E. faecalis biofilm. The tested NP formulations could be considered as promising intracanal medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshafey Alsayed Mohamed
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Ring Road, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mukhtar Fayyad
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Ring Road, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Telbany
- Microbiology and Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dalia Abd-Allah Mohamed
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Ring Road, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sinai University, Kantara, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Pandova M, Kizheva Y, Tsenova M, Rusinova M, Borisova T, Hristova P. Pathogenic Potential and Antibiotic Susceptibility: A Comprehensive Study of Enterococci from Different Ecological Settings. Pathogens 2023; 13:36. [PMID: 38251343 PMCID: PMC10818344 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathway and the lifestyle of known enterococcus species are too complicated. The aim of the present study is to trace the path of pathogenicity of enterococci isolated from seven habitats (Cornu aspersum intestine; Bulgarian yoghurt; goat and cow feta cheese-mature and young, respectively; Arabian street food-doner kebab; cow milk; and human breast milk) by comparing their pathogenic potential. In total, 72 enterococcal strains were isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF, sequencing, and PCR. Hemolytic and gelatinase activity were biochemically determined. PCR was carried out for detection of virulence factors (cylB, esp, gls24, nucl, psaA, agg, gelE, and ace) and antibiotic resistance (erm, ermB, blaZ, vanA, aphA, mefA, gyrA, catpIP501, and aac6'-aph2″). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was assigned according to EUCAST. Eleven representatives of the genus Enterococcus were identified: E. mundtii, E. casseliflavus, E. gilvus, E. pseudoavium, E. pallens, E. malodoratus, E. devriesei, E. gallinarum, E. durans, E. faecium, and E. faecalis. Twenty-two strains expressed α-hemolysis. Thirteen strains had the cylB gene. Only two strains expressed α-hemolysis and possessed the cylB gene simultaneously. Positive amplification for gelE was found in 35% of the isolates, but phenotypic gelatinase activity was observed only in three strains. All isolates showed varying antibiotic resistance. Only E. faecalis BM15 showed multiple resistance (AMP-HLSR-RP). Correlation between genotypic and phenotypic macrolide resistance was revealed for two E. faecalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pandova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Yoana Kizheva
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Margarita Tsenova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Mariya Rusinova
- Human Milk Bank Bulgaria, 1309 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Petya Hristova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
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9
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El-Telbany M, Lin CY, Abdelaziz MN, Maung AT, El-Shibiny A, Mohammadi TN, Zayda M, Wang C, Zar Chi Lwin S, Zhao J, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T, El M. Potential application of phage vB_EfKS5 to control Enterococcus faecalis and its biofilm in food. AMB Express 2023; 13:130. [PMID: 37985524 PMCID: PMC10661674 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminated food with antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. could be the vehicle for transmitting Enterococcus to humans and accordingly cause a public health problem. The accumulation of biogenic amines produced by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in food may have cytological effects. Bacteriophages (phage in short) are natural antimicrobial agents and can be used alone or in combination with other food preservatives to reduce food microbial contaminants. The aim of this study was to isolate a novel phage against E. faecalis and determine its host range to evaluate its potential application. Bacteriophage, vB_EfKS5, with a broad host range, was isolated to control the growth of E. faecalis. The vB_EfKS5 genome is 59,246 bp in length and has a GC content of 39.7%. The computational analysis of phage vB_EfKS5 genome confirmed that it does not contain any lysogenic, toxic, or virulent genes. Phage vB_EfKS5 exhibited lytic activity against most E. faecalis isolates with different multiplicities of infections and it infected 75.5% (22/29) of E. faecalis isolates and 42.3% (3/7) of E. faecium isolates. It was also able to destroy the biofilm formed by E. faecalis with different MOIs. Phage vB_EfKS5 alone or in combination with nisin could control the growth of E. faecalis in broth and milk. Based on its high productivity, stability, short latent period, and large burst size, phage vB_EfKS5 has a high potential for applications both in food and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Telbany
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Chen-Yu Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Marwa Nabil Abdelaziz
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aye Thida Maung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tahir Noor Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mahmoud Zayda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monofiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Su Zar Chi Lwin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junxin Zhao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohamed El
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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El Zowalaty ME, Lamichhane B, Falgenhauer L, Mowlaboccus S, Zishiri OT, Forsythe S, Helmy YA. Antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequencing of novel sequence types of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus durans isolated from livestock. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18609. [PMID: 37903806 PMCID: PMC10616195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant, livestock-associated Enterococcus faecalis represents a public health concern. Here, we report the isolation, molecular detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants, in addition to the phylogenetic analyses of 20 Enterococcus species using whole genome sequencing analysis of 15 Enterococcus faecalis strains including six strains of three novel sequence types, three Enterococcus faecium and two Enterococcus durans. All strains were isolated from food chain animals in South Africa. Enterococcus strains were isolated on bile aesculin azide agar, followed by identification using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted and sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequence reads were trimmed and de novo assembled. The assembled contigs were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance genes and chromosomal mutations, extra-chromosomal plasmids, and multi-locus sequence type (MLST). Multidrug antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, sat4, and spw), lincosamides (lnu(B), lsa(A), and lsa(E)), macrolides (erm(B)), trimethoprim (dfrG) and tetracyclines (tet(L) and tet(M)) were identified. Plasmid replicons were detected in seven E. faecalis and three E. faecium isolates. The sequence type (ST) of each isolate was determined using the Enterococcus PubMLST database. Ten STs were identified in the collection, three of which (ST1240, ST1241, and ST1242) have not been previously reported and are described in the present study for the first time. To compare the sequenced strains to other previously sequenced E. faecalis strains, assembled sequences of E. faecalis from livestock were downloaded from the PubMLST database. Core genome-based phylogenetic analysis was performed using ParSNP. The detection of multiple drug-resistance in Enterococcus including E. faecalis and E. faecium highlights the significance of genomic surveillance to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance in food chain animals. In addition, the genome sequences of Enterococcus strains reported in the present study will serve as a reference point for future molecular epidemiological studies of livestock-associated and antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis in Africa. In addition, this study enables the in-depth analysis of E. faecalis genomic structure, as well as provides valuable information on the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, and the pathogenesis of livestock-associated E. faecalis and E. faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, 41012, UAE.
| | - Bibek Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Stephen Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com Ltd., Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GY, UK
| | - Yosra A Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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11
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Paschoalini BR, Nuñez KVM, Maffei JT, Langoni H, Guimarães FF, Gebara C, Freitas NE, dos Santos MV, Fidelis CE, Kappes R, Gonçalves MC, Silva NCC. The Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characteristics in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Bovine Milk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1243. [PMID: 37627663 PMCID: PMC10451337 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp., including E. faecalis and E. faecium, pose risks to dairy farms as opportunistic pathogens. The study evaluates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Bile esculin agar was used to assess 1471 milk samples, followed by colony identification, gram staining, catalase tests, and 45 °C incubation. PCR analysis targeted E. faecalis and E. faecium in characteristic Enterococcus spp. colonies, with MALDI-TOF used for negative samples. Multiple tests, including disk diffusion, chromogenic VRE agar for vancomycin resistance, Vancomycin Etest® for MIC determination, and PCR for virulence factors (cylA, esp, efaA, ace, asa1, gelE, and hyl genes), were performed. Out of 100 identified strains, E. durans (30.66%), E. faecium (26.28%), and E. faecalis (18.25%) were predominant. AMR in Enterococcus spp. varied, with the highest rates against rifampicin (27%), tetracycline (20%), and erythromycin (18%). Linezolid (5%), vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and teicoplanin (3% each) had lower prevalence. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed high AMR to rifampicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Thirty-two strains (18.98%) grew on VRE Chromoselect agar, while 4 (2 E. faecalis and 2 E. faecium) showed vancomycin resistance by MIC values. E. faecalis carried gelE (45.5%) and asa1 (36%), and E. gallinarum had 9.1% with the asa1 gene. Detecting resistant Enterococcus in bovine milk supports control strategies for enterococci on dairy farms, highlighting AMR concerns in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rizzo Paschoalini
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Karen Vanessa Munive Nuñez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Juliana Takahashi Maffei
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (H.L.); (F.F.G.)
| | - Felipe Freitas Guimarães
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (H.L.); (F.F.G.)
| | - Clarice Gebara
- Food Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Road, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.G.); (N.E.F.)
| | - Natylane Eufransino Freitas
- Food Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Road, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.G.); (N.E.F.)
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.V.d.S.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fidelis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.V.d.S.); (C.E.F.)
| | - Roberto Kappes
- Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, University of the State of Santa Catarina, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil;
| | - Mônica Correia Gonçalves
- Center for Agro-Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58840-000, PB, Brazil;
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (B.R.P.); (K.V.M.N.); (J.T.M.)
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12
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Ermolenko E, Sitkin S, Vakhitov T, Solovyeva O, Karaseva A, Morozova A, Kotyleva M, Shumikhina I, Lavrenova N, Demyanova E, Dmitriev A, Suvorov A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of personalised therapy for the patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:119-130. [PMID: 36970947 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota correction in the therapy of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an important medical problem. We conducted a laboratory and pilot clinical trial to investigate the effect of autoprobiotic bacteria, indigenous bifidobacteria and enterococci isolated from faeces and grown on artificial media to use as personified food additives in IBS treatment. Convincing evidence of the clinical efficacy of autoprobiotic was demonstrated by the disappearance of dyspeptic symptoms. The microbiome of patients with IBS was compared to a group of healthy volunteers and changes in the microbiome after autoprobiotic use were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA metagenome analysis. The possibility of reducing opportunistic microorganisms in the treatment of IBS with autoprobiotics has been convincingly proven. The quantitative content of enterococci in the intestinal microbiota was higher in IBS patients than in healthy volunteers and increased after therapy. An increase in the relative abundance of genera Coprococcus, Blautia and a decrease in the relative abundance of Paraprevotella spp. were found at the end of therapy. A metabolome study which was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry demonstrated an increase in the content of oxalic acid, a decrease of dodecanoate, lauric acid, and other metabolome components after taking autoprobiotics. Some of these parameters correlated with the relative abundances of Paraprevotella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Coprococcus spp. representative of the microbiome. Apparently, they reflected the peculiarities of metabolic compensation and changes in the microbiota. Therefore, the use of autoprobiotics for treatment of IBS may lead to a stable positive clinical effect, associated with compensatory changes in the intestinal microbiota, and accompanied by corresponding changes in metabolic processes in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ermolenko
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Sitkin
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Internal Diseases, Clinical Pharmacology and Nephrology, North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - T Vakhitov
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Solovyeva
- Department of Internal Diseases, Clinical Pharmacology and Nephrology, North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Karaseva
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Morozova
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Kotyleva
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Shumikhina
- Department of Internal Diseases, Clinical Pharmacology and Nephrology, North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Lavrenova
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Demyanova
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Dmitriev
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Suvorov
- Scientific and Educational Center 'Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human' of the World-Class Research Center 'Center for Personalized Medicine', Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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13
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Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Byczkowska-Rostkowska Z, Saki M. Biofilm Formation Capacity and Presence of Virulence Determinants among Enterococcus Species from Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020495. [PMID: 36836852 PMCID: PMC9962698 DOI: 10.3390/life13020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is one of the major hazards facing the food industry. Biofilm-forming ability is one of the most important virulence properties of enterococci. The genus Enterococcus includes pathogenic, spoilage, and pro-technological bacteria. The presence of enterococci in milk and dairy products is usually associated with inadequate hygiene practices. The study examined the isolates' capacity for biofilm formation and identification of the genetic determinants of its formation among 85 Enterococcus strains isolated from raw milk (n = 49) and soft-ripened cheeses made from unpasteurized milk (n = 36). E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant species. The obtained results showed that 41.4% isolates from milk and 50.0% isolates from cheeses were able to form biofilm. All of the isolates analyzed had at least one of the studied genes. As regards the isolates from raw milk, the most prevalent gene was the gelE (85.6%), followed by the asa1 (66.7%). None of the isolates from cheeses showed the presence of cylA and sprE. The most prevalent gene among the strains from this source was the epbC (94.4%), followed by the gelE (88.9%). In isolates from both sources, the presence of proteins from the Fsr group was noted the least frequently. Nevertheless, results showed that were no significant differences between the biofilm-producing Enterococcus spp. and non-biofilm-producing isolates in term of occurrences of tested virulence genes. The ability to produce a biofilm by enterococci isolated from raw milk or ready-to-eat products emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the mechanisms of microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Byczkowska-Rostkowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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14
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Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Ohashi N, Hirose M, Kudo K, Tsukamoto N, Ito M, Kobayashi N. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genotypes of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Clinical Isolates in Northern Japan: Identification of optrA in ST480 E. faecalis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010108. [PMID: 36671309 PMCID: PMC9855154 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are the major pathogens causing community- and healthcare-associated infections, with an ability to acquire resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of virulence factors, drug resistance and its genetic determinants, and clonal lineages of E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates in northern Japan. A total of 480 (426 E. faecalis and 54 E. faecium) isolates collected over a four-month period were analyzed. Three virulence factors promoting bacterial colonization (asa1, efaA, and ace) were more prevalent among E. faecalis (46-59%) than E. faecium, while a similar prevalence of enterococcal surface protein gene (esp) was found in these species. Between E. faecalis and E. faecium, an evident difference was noted for resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, and levofloxacin and its responsible resistance determinants. Oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA and phenicol exporter gene fexA were identified in an isolate of E. faecalis belonging to ST480 and revealed to be located on a cluster similar to those of isolates reported in other Asian countries. The E. faecalis isolates analyzed were differentiated into 12 STs, among which ST179 and ST16 of clonal complex (CC) 16 were the major lineage. Nearly all the E. faecium isolates were assigned into CC17, which consisted of 10 different sequence types (STs), including a dominant ST17 containing multidrug resistant isolates and ST78 with isolates harboring the hyaluronidase gene (hyl). The present study revealed the genetic profiles of E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates, with the first identification of optrA in ST480 E. faecalis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Ohashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Mina Hirose
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- Sapporo Mirai Laboratory, Co., Ltd., Sapporo 060-0003, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Ito
- Sapporo Mirai Laboratory, Co., Ltd., Sapporo 060-0003, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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15
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Prevalence of Genes Encoding Resistance to Aminoglycosides and Virulence Factors Among Intestinal Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-128003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are recognized as nosocomial pathogens with increased importance in recent years. These bacteria are frequently isolated from patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Enterococcal pathogenicity is enhanced by different antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of genes encoding resistance to antibiotics and virulence factors in intestinal VRE isolates from ICU patients. Methods: In this study, 23 VREs were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to nine antimicrobial agents were examined using E-test. Genes encoding vancomycin resistance (vanABCDMN), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, aph(2")-Ib, aph(2")-Ic, aph(2")-Id, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(3')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, ant(6')-Ia), together with genes for various virulence factor (ace/acm, asa1, cylA, efaA, esp, gelE and hyl), were detected using multiplex PCR. Results: The species distribution of the tested VRE was as follows: Nine Enterococcus casseliflavus, seven E. gallinarum, and seven E. faecium. The vanA gene was found in all E. faecium, in six of which the classical VanA phenotype was observed. The vancomycin (vanC) phenotype was associated with the presence of vanC1 gene in E. gallinarum and the vanC2 gene in E. casseliflavus isolates. The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia gene was encoding high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) in the studied VRE. All E. faecium were positive for acm and esp, while acm in combination with esp or hyl was detected in 2 vanC enterococci. Conclusions: According to the findings, there was a correlation between the phenotype and the genotype of glycopeptide resistance in the tested VRE. HLGR was more prevalent in E. faecium because of the presence of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia. The higher prevalence of virulence determinants was confirmed in vanA isolates compared to the studied vanC-carrying enterococci.
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Zaghloul HAH, El Halfawy NM. Genomic insights into antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecium strains from the gut of Apis mellifera. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000896. [PMID: 36374179 PMCID: PMC9836096 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a lactic acid bacterium that confers beneficial health effects in humans. However, lately, a number of E. faecium strains have been linked to the spread of nosocomial infections in the hospital environment. Therefore, any potential commercial usage of E. faecium isolates should be preceded by an assessment of infection risk. In the current study, the genomes of two novel E. faecium strains Am1 (larval isolate) and Bee9 (adult bee isolate) isolated from the gut of Apis mellifera L. (honeybee) were sequenced to allow evaluation of their safety. In particular, their genomes were screened for antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes. In addition, their potential to spread resistance in the environment was evaluated. The analysis revealed that Am1 and Bee9 possess 2832 and 2844 protein-encoding genes, respectively. In each case, the genome size was 2.7 Mb with a G+C content of 37.9 mol%. Comparative analysis with probiotic, non-pathogenic and pathogenic enterococci revealed that there are variations between the two bee E. faecium isolates and pathogenic genomes. They were, however, closely linked to the probiotic comparison strains. Phenotypically, the Am1 and Bee9 strains were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, but showed intermediate sensitivity towards erythromycin, linezolid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Notably, no genes associated with antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates (e.g. vancomycin resistance: vanA, vanB, vanS, vanX and vanY) were present. In addition, the insertion sequences (IS16, ISEfa11 and ISEfa5), acting as molecular pathogenicity markers in clinically relevant E. faecium strains, were also absent. Moreover, the analysis revealed the absence of three key pathogenicity-associated genes (acm, sgrA, ecbA) in the Am1 and Bee9 strains that are found in the prominent clinical isolates DO, V1836, Aus0004 and Aus0085. Overall, the findings of this investigation suggest that the E. faecium isolates from the bee gut have not suffered any recent clinically relevant antibiotic exposure. It also suggests that E. faecium Am1 and Bee9 are safe potential probiotic strains, because they lack the phenotypic and genetic features associated with strains eliciting nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. H. Zaghloul
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt
| | - Nancy M. El Halfawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt,*Correspondence: Nancy M. El Halfawy,
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Kang X, Wei Y, Fan X, Luo S, Luo X, Zhao S, Wang G. Analysis of virulence genes, drug resistance detection, and pathogenicity in Enterococcus from farm animals. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105745. [PMID: 36057414 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight virulence genes (ace, asa1, esp, efaA, gelE, cylA, agg, fsr) in Enterococcus from a variety of animals and to explore the drug resistance and pathogenicity. This could provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of Enterococcus infections. Anal swabs from pigs, chickens, cattle, and dogs in farms and pet hospitals were collected for Enterococcus isolation and identification. Eight virulence genes were detected (PCR method), and drug resistance was assessed (drug-sensitive paper method). The strains containing different virulence genes were then divided into EV1, EV2, and EV3 groups. The LD50 and pathogenicity was examined by intra-peritoneal injection to infect mice. Differences were found in the detection rates of virulence genes in Enterococcus from the different animals. The highest overall detection rate was for the esp gene (78.0%), and the lowest for the cylA gene (15.5%). Eight genes were detected most frequently in Enterococcus from dogs and least frequently from cattle. Among the Enterococcus strains from four variety of animals, drug resistance was highest against sulfamethoxazole (100%), cefotaxime (>97%), and cefotaxitin (>93%). Drug resistance was lowest against vancomycin (0%), levofloxacin (<12%) and ciprofloxacin (<13%). The LD50 for each of the three groups was EV1LD50=8.71×109CFU, EV2LD50=2.34×1010CFU,and EV3LD50=9.33×1010CFU. The Enterococcus12LD50 dose group caused significant clinical symptoms in mice, with pathological effects on the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys, and particularly on the urinary system. The abundance of Enterococcus virulence genes, drug resistance, and pathogenicity vary among different animal origins, and the pathology caused by Enterococcus requires effective treatment protocols based on species and regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Kang
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanqin Wei
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Fan
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sijun Zhao
- Chinese Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China.
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Mohanty S, Behera B. Antibiogram Pattern and Virulence Trait Characterization of Enterococcus Species Clinical Isolates in Eastern India: A Recent Analysis. J Lab Physicians 2022; 14:237-246. [PMID: 36119423 PMCID: PMC9473946 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the current antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and characterize putative virulence traits among Enterococcus
species isolates from various clinical specimens in view of their increased isolation rates in both community-related and serious nosocomial infections, as well as resistance to many antibiotics.
Methods Study (April 2017–March 2018) included consecutive, nonrepeated, discrete, and clinically significant isolates of enterococci. Susceptibility testing included detection of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE). All screen-positive GRE isolates were investigated by polymerase chain reaction for species confirmation and presence of vanA/vanB genes. Virulence genes ace, asa1, cyt, efa, esp, gelE, and hyl were investigated by molecular methods. Hemolysin and biofilm production were studied using phenotypic methods.
Results Of 111 isolates, 89 (80.1%), 16 (14.4%), and 6 (5.4%) were from urine, pus, and blood, respectively, consisting predominantly of E. faecalis (67, 60.4%) and E. faecium (32, 28.8%). E. hirae (5, 4.5%) was the predominant non-E. faecalis non-E. faecium isolate. Other species were E. durans (4, 3.6%), E. avium (2, 1.8%), and E. mundtii (1, 0.9%). Seven (6.3%) out of the 111 isolates were GRE, all vanA genotype. HLAR was observed in 70 (63.1%) isolates, significantly higher in E. faecium than E. faecalis (81.2 vs. 58.2%; p < 0.05). All were susceptible to daptomycin. Hemolysin activity and biofilm production were observed in 38 (34.2%) and 36 (32.4%) isolates. Most frequent virulence genes were efa (77, 69.4%), ace (71, 63.9%), asa1 (67, 60.3%), and gelE (66, 59.4%). There was a predominant association of esp and hyl genes with E. faecium and that of the other genes with E. faecalis.
Conclusion The study will contribute to the existing limited data on virulence trait characterization of clinical E. spp. isolates in India. At the same time, it will help to serve as a guide in the choice of empirical therapy in enterococcal infections leading to favorable clinical outcomes by decreasing the clinical failure, microbiological persistence, and associated mortality, and will lead to future studies on controlling the spread of virulent and multiresistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujana Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Bucheli JEV, Fugaban JII, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD. Combined Action of Antibiotics and Bacteriocins against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071423. [PMID: 35889141 PMCID: PMC9324536 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been one of the most important discoveries in the area of applied medical microbiology; however, as a result of various factors, we are currently facing a dramatic and relatively dangerous increase in the number of cases of antibiotic resistance, and the need for new types of antimicrobials continues to grow. New approaches are needed to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Bacteriocins, as part of the group of antimicrobial peptides, can be considered as alternatives and/or complements to known antibiotics. Their narrow spectra of activity can be explored for the control of various pathogens, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), as single therapies or in combination with known antibiotics. In the present study, we isolated bacteriocins from different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, including Enterococcus and Pediococcus, and explored the possible synergistic inhibition of growth by bacteriocins and vancomycin. It was observed in the growth dynamics with previously selected VRE strains that the bacteriocins had a high specificity and a promising inhibitory effect against the VRE strains, and these results were validated by a propidium iodide viability test using flow cytometry. The data obtained indicate that the selected bacteriocins can be used to control VRE in the food industry or even as an alternative treatment to combat infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Vazquez Bucheli
- Human Effective Microbes Laboratory, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea; (J.E.V.B.); (W.H.H.)
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea;
| | | | - Wilhelm Heinrich Holzapfel
- Human Effective Microbes Laboratory, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea; (J.E.V.B.); (W.H.H.)
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-3490-3152
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Salem A, Tompkins G, Cathro P. Alkaline tolerance and biofilm formation of root canal isolates of Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. J Endod 2022; 48:542-547.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Keter MT, El Halfawy NM, El-Naggar MY. Incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria isolated from food products. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:325-337. [PMID: 35172602 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) confer beneficial health effects in humans. However, the safety of these bacteria and their potential to spread resistance in the environment must be evaluated. Materials & methods: Fifty-three LAB were isolated from different food samples and assessed for the prevalence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance profile. Results: Multiple resistance was reported for Lactobacillus brevis MIM04, having revealed phenotypic resistance to vancomycin (MIC >128 μg/ml), ampicillin, cefotaxime, oxacillin and gentamicin. Virulence traits (cylA, gelE, esp and agg) were detected using specific primers. Enterococcus faecium CHE32, Lactobacillus plantarum CHE37 and E. faecium MLK68 lack virulence genes, possess antimicrobial activity and survive in low pH and bile salt conditions. Conclusion: Isolated LAB revealed probiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T Keter
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Nancy M El Halfawy
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21568, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Y El-Naggar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21568, Egypt
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22
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A potentially probiotic strain of Enterococcus faecalis from human milk that is avirulent, antibiotic sensitive, and nonbreaching of the gut barrier. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:158. [PMID: 35107663 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a key source of promising probiotic lactic acid bacteria. The Enterococcus species, because of their dual commensal and pathogenic nature, demand critical safety analysis to establish them as probiotic candidates. In this study, eighteen E. faecalis strains from human milk of mothers living in Pakistan were typed at the strain level by riboprinting. The typed strains were then evaluated in vitro for physiological safety and the presence of transmissible antibiotic resistance genes, adhesion genes, biogenic amines, and virulence factors. Selected strains were then checked for tolerance to gastrointestinal acid and bile as criteria for probiotic efficacy. Molecular typing revealed that the strains fell into five distinct clusters or ribotypes. Testing revealed that they were non-hemolytic; however, all strains had gelatinase activity except NPL-493. The isolates were susceptible to most clinically important antibiotics except streptomycin. Molecular screening for antibiotic resistance genes, adhesion genes, biogenic amines, and virulence factors indicated that none of the strains possessed resistance genes for aminoglycosides, vancomycin, bacitracin, tetracycline, or clindamycin. Most virulence factors were absent except for the genes gelE and efaAs associated with gut adhesion and translocation, which were present in all except NPL-493. Strain NPL-493 was the most promising probiotic candidate demonstrating significant tolerance to the acid, bile, and digestive enzymes in the human GIT and antibacterial activity against multiple pathogens. The study concluded that E. faecalis NPL-493 from human milk was safe among all the strains and could be considered a potential probiotic.
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23
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Bajaj JS, Shamsaddini A, Acharya C, Fagan A, Sikaroodi M, Gavis E, McGeorge S, Khoruts A, Fuchs M, Sterling RK, Lee H, Gillevet PM. Multiple bacterial virulence factors focused on adherence and biofilm formation associate with outcomes in cirrhosis. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1993584. [PMID: 34743650 PMCID: PMC8582993 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1993584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Altered gut microbiota is associated with poor outcomes in cirrhosis, including infections and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, the role of bacterial virulence factors (VFs) is unclear. Aim: Define association of VFs with cirrhosis severity and infections, their linkage with outcomes, and impact of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). METHODS VF abundances were determined using metagenomic analysis in stools from controls and cirrhosis patients (compensated, HE-only, ascites-only, both and infected). Patients were followed for 90-day hospitalizations and 1-year death. Stool samples collected before/after a placebo-controlled FMT trial were also analyzed. Bacterial species and VFs for all species and selected pathogens (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus spp) were compared between groups. Multi-variable analyses were performed for clinical biomarkers and VFs for outcome prediction. Changes in VFs pre/post-FMT and post-FMT/placebo were analyzed. Results: We included 233 subjects (40 controls, 43 compensated, 30 HE-only, 20 ascites-only, 70 both, and 30 infected). Decompensated patients, especially those with infections, had higher VFs coding for siderophores, biofilms, and adhesion factors versus the rest. Biofilm and adhesion VFs from Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp associated with death and hospitalizations independent of clinical factors regardless of when all VFs or selected pathogens were analyzed. FMT was associated with reduced VF post-FMT versus pre-FMT and post-placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS Virulence factors from multiple species focused on adhesion and biofilms increased with decompensation and infections, associated with death and hospitalizations independent of clinical factors, and were attenuated with FMT. Strategies focused on targeting multiple virulence factors could potentially impact outcomes in cirrhosis. PRESENTATIONS Portions of this manuscript were an oral presentation in the virtual International Liver Congress 2021. ABBREVIATIONS VF: virulence factors, HE: hepatic encephalopathy, FMT: Fecal microbiota transplant, PPI: proton pump inhibitors, LPS: lipopolysaccharides, VFDB: Virulence factor database, OTU: operational taxonomic units, SBP: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, UTI: urinary tract infections, MRSA: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, VRE: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, MAAsLin2: Microbiome Multivariable Associations with Linear Models, LPS: lipopolysaccharides, AKI: acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA,CONTACT Jasmohan S Bajaj Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, Virginia23249, USA
| | | | - Chathur Acharya
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Edith Gavis
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara McGeorge
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Center for Immunology and Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard K Sterling
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hannah Lee
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick M Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
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Nasiri M, Hanifian S. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in pasteurized milk: Prevalence, genotyping, and characterization of virulence traits. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li J, Yang L, Huang X, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Huang X, Xia J, Huang Y, Cao S, Du S, Wu R, Zou L, Yan Q, Han X. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis from ducks at slaughterhouses. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101646. [PMID: 35172230 PMCID: PMC8851247 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) from ducks at slaughterhouses, analyzed antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence-associated genes of the isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to characterize their molecular characteristics. A total of 227 E. faecalis isolates (67.8%) were obtained from cecum (n = 114), cloaca (n = 50), skin (n = 59), and rinsed water (n = 4). These E. faecalis exhibited high level of resistance against tetracycline (95.6%), doxycycline (94.3%), linezolid (75.8%), erythromycin (72.2%), followed by norfloxacin (56.8%), vancomycin (38.3%), penicillin (36.1%), teicoplanin (30.8%). Lower level of resistance was found to high-level streptomycin (19.8%), imipenem (15.9%) and high-level gentamicin (5.7%). The vast majority of isolates (90.3%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Moreover, the commonly observed resistance genes were optrA (90.7%) and ermB (90.3%), followed by aph(3’)-Ⅲ (86.8%), tetM (84.6%), acc(6’)-aph(2) (77.5%), blaZ (76.7%) and aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia (75.8%). The less frequently observed genes were vanC (19.8%), blaTEM (4.8%), vanM (2.6%), and vanA (0.4%). None of the strains carried aph(2”)-Ic and vanB genes. Furthermore, a high prevalence of ten virulence determinants was identified, and efaA (99.1%) was predominant, followed by eep (97.4%), srtA (96.9%), asa1 (95.6%), fsrB (92.1%), sprE (89.9%), aggA (63.9%), gelE (56.4%), esp (33.9%), and cylL (15.4%). Eleven isolates (4.9%) co-carried all of the tested virulence-associated genes. MLST analysis demonstrated that, E. faecalis isolates consisted of 12 known STs and 5 new STs, among which 6 of the identified STs were associated with nosocomial infection. Our data indicated that retail ducks serve as an important source of MDR E. faecalis with high pathogenicity potential, and suggested that transmission to humans could not be excluded.
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El-Zamkan MA, Mohamed HMA. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and biofilm formation in Enterococcus species isolated from milk of sheep and goat with subclinical mastitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259584. [PMID: 34780540 PMCID: PMC8592430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to discuss the antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and biofilm formation capacity of Enterococcus spp. isolated from milk of sheep and goat with subclinical mastitis in Qena, Egypt. The obtained isolates were identified by the VITEK2 system and 16S rDNA sequencing as E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. casseliflavus and E. hirae. Overall, E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant species recovered from mastitic milk samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility test evidenced multidrug resistance of the isolates against the following antimicrobials: oxacillin (89.2.%), followed by vancomycin (75.7%) and linezolid (70.3%). Also, most of these isolates (73%) could form biofilms. For example, 18.9% of Enterococcus strains formed strong biofilm, whereas 32.4% of isolates formed moderate biofilm and 21.6% of isolates formed weak biofilm. The most prevalent resistance genes found in our isolates were blaZ (54%), vanA (40%), ermB (51.4%), tetM (13.5%) and optrA (10.8%). Moreover, asa1 (37.8%), cylA (42.3%), gelE (78.4%), esp (32.4%), EF3314(48.6%) and ace (75.5%) were the most common virulence genes. A significant correlation was found between biofilm formation, multidrug resistance and virulence genes of the isolates. This study highlights several aspects of virulence and harmfulness of Enterococcus strains isolated from subclinical mastitic milk, which necessitates continuous inspection and monitoring of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. El-Zamkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Control, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Hams M. A. Mohamed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Fazli NA, Hanifian S. Biodiversity, antibiotic resistance and virulence traits of Enterococcus species in artisanal dairy products. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rizkiantino R, Pasaribu FH, Soejoedono RD, Purnama S, Wibowo DB, Wibawan IWT. Experimental infection of Enterococcus faecalis in red tilapia ( Oreochromis hybrid) revealed low pathogenicity to cause streptococcosis. Open Vet J 2021; 11:309-318. [PMID: 34307089 PMCID: PMC8288741 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Streptococcosis, as a bacterial disease with broad tropism in fish and one of the causes of septicemia. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the causative agents of streptococcosis that can be isolated in tilapia. Aim: This study was undertaken to complete the reporting gap on the pathogenicity profile and clinical symptoms of E. faecalis bacterial infection in red tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). The study is expected to provide enriching information regarding recognizable clinical signs in the field that can lead to the diagnosis of streptococcosis caused by E. faecalis, especially in the Indonesian aquaculture environment. Methods: The method used in this artificial infection study using red tilapia, which were divided into two types of route groups infection, namely intraperitoneal (IP) and peroral (PO) with bacterial concentrations given for each route of infection to be 2.1 × 108 CFU ml−1; 2.1 × 107 CFU ml−1; and 2.1 × 106 CFU ml−1. One group was given brain heart infusion broth media sterile as a non-infectious control. Clinical symptoms, changes in swimming habits and consuming feed, external and internal organ lesion, and leukocytes profile changes were observed during the observation period along 14 days to evaluate the infectious effect of each treated fish group. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) was estimated with the Spearman–Kärber method. The evaluation of the leukocyte profile was performed to find leukocytosis as the clinical sign of infection. Results: The results showed variations in clinical symptoms inflicted on fish through death or the moribund stage. The highest mortality occurred in the treatment group of 2.1 × 108 CFU ml−1 with the PO route. The bacterial concentration of 2.1 × 107 CFU ml−1 given either as PO or IP can cause mild infection symptoms but did not cause mortality. The LD50 of the PO and IP route was obtained at 1.99 × 108 CFU ml−1 and 0.79 × 108 CFU ml−1, respectively. The total leukocytes in the infected fish group increased significantly (p < 0.05) by twofold when compared with the non-infectious group. The bacteria’s discovery on the blood smear examination was taken from fresh dead fish or moribund fish in the treatment group of 2.1 × 108 CFU ml−1, for both PO and IP. Conclusion: Enterococcus faecalis with low pathogenicity can lead to septicemia, characterized by a total increase in leukocytes, bacteria’s discovery on the blood smear examination, and various clinical symptoms systemically found in the treated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifky Rizkiantino
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damajanti Soejoedono
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sucitya Purnama
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Danny Bagus Wibowo
- Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Teguh Wibawan
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factor Gene Profiles of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Giant Panda Oral Cavities. J Vet Res 2021; 65:147-154. [PMID: 34250298 PMCID: PMC8256466 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolated from the oral cavities of captive giant pandas in China. Material and Methods The virulence-associated determinant and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 54 strains of each bacterium. Results All isolates showed 100% multidrug resistance. E. faecalis isolates showed a higher percentage of strains resistant to gentamicin (48.1%), vancomycin (55.6%), linezolid (100%), and streptomycin (33.3%) than E. faecium isolates. The resistance genes of Enterococcus spp. were present to highly varying extents according to antibiotic type, their presence breaking down for E. faecalis and E. faecium respectively as aac(6')/aph(2″) 5.56% and 5.56%; aph(3')-Ⅲ 0% and 14.81%; ant(6)-I 0% and 3.7%; ant(4')-Ia 0% and 64.81%; tetL 20.37% and 100%; vanA 92.59% and 46.3%; vanB 0% and 0%; cfr 0% and 90.74%; optrA 96.3% and 3.7%; blaZ 0% and 1.85%; blaTEM 0% and 0%; tetA 20.37% and 0%; tetC 24.07% and 100%; tetM 0% and 0%; ermA 12.96% and 100%; ermB 5.56% and 3.7%; and ermC 0% and 1.85%.Virulence-associated determinants were detected in this research, which typically include efaA, gelE, asa1, ace, cylA, esp and hyl; however, the latter three were not detected. High proportions of the isolates carried the efaA, gelE, asa1, and ace genes. Respectively for E. faecalis and E. faecium their detection was efaA 98.1% and 85.2%; gelE 98.1% and 87%; asa1 92.6% and 87%; and ace 87% and 85.2%. Conclusion This is the first study on the potential disease risk and antimicrobial-resistant characteristics of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in giant panda oral cavities. The results of this study show that the antimicrobial resistance rate of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the oral cavity of captive pandas is very high, and thus needs to be monitored.
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Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Human Dental Plaque. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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El-Telbany M, El-Didamony G, Askora A, Ariny E, Abdallah D, Connerton IF, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophages to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infection of Dental Root Canals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030517. [PMID: 33802385 PMCID: PMC7998577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is an alternative treatment to antibiotics that can overcome multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages targeted against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root canal infections obtained from clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ismalia, Egypt. Bacteriophage, vB_ZEFP, was isolated from concentrated wastewater collected from hospital sewage. Morphological and genomic analysis revealed that the phage belongs to the Podoviridae family with a linear double-stranded DNA genome, consisting of 18,454, with a G + C content of 32.8%. Host range analysis revealed the phage could infect 10 of 13 E. faecalis isolates exhibiting a range of antibiotic resistances recovered from infected root canals with efficiency of plating values above 0.5. One-step growth curves of this phage showed that it has a burst size of 110 PFU per infected cell, with a latent period of 10 min. The lytic activity of this phage against E. faecalis biofilms showed that the phage was able to control the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Phage vB_ZEFP could also prevent ex-vivo E. faecalis root canal infection. These results suggest that phage vB_ZEFP has potential for application in phage therapy and specifically in the prevention of infection after root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Telbany
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Eman Ariny
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Dalia Abdallah
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismaïlia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
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Gotkowska-Płachta A. The Prevalence of Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci in River Water and in Treated and Untreated Municipal and Hospital Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020563. [PMID: 33440863 PMCID: PMC7827636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe the drug resistance and virulence of enterococci in river water sampled downstream (DRW) and upstream (URW) from the wastewater discharge point, to determine the pool of virulent and drug-resistant enterococci in untreated wastewater (UWW) and the extent to which these bacteria are eliminated from hospital wastewater (HWW) and municipal wastewater treated (TWW) by biological and mechanical methods in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A total of 283 strains were identified with the use of culture-dependent methods and PCR, including seven different species including E. faecalis and E. faecium which were predominant in all analyzed samples. Majority of the strains were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), mostly on streptomycin and trimethoprim. Strains isolated from wastewater and DRW harbored van genes conditioning phenotypic resistance to vancomycin, the highest percentage of vancomycin-resistant strains (57.0%), mostly strains harboring vanC1 genes (27.6%), was noted in TWW. More than 65.0% of the isolated strains had different virulence genes, the highest number of isolates were positive for cell wall adhesin efaA and sex pheromones cob, cpd, and ccf which participate in the induction of virulence. Many of the strains isolated from TWW were resistant to a higher number of drugs and were more virulent than those isolated from UWW and HWW. The enterococci isolated from DRW and wastewater were characterized by similar multidrug resistance and virulence profiles, and significant correlations were observed between these groups of isolates. These findings suggest that pathogenic enterococci are released with TWW and can spread in the river, pose a serious epidemiological threat and a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gotkowska-Płachta
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, The faculty of Geoengineering University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Enterococcus phage Nonaheksakonda infecting clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis represents a new lineage in the family Siphoviridae. Arch Virol 2021; 166:593-599. [PMID: 33392817 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus phage Nonaheksakonda was isolated from wastewater, using a vancomycin-resistant strain of the opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) as a host. Nonaheksakonda is a lytic phage infecting E. faecalis V583 and clinical isolates with at least four different multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs). The genome is a 41.9-kb double-stranded DNA molecule (34.6% GC) with 74 coding sequences. Comparative analysis revealed only one close relative, Enterococcus phage heks. All other phages had low protein similarity and shared less than 54% nucleotide sequence identity with phage Nonaheksakonda. The most similar phages were all classified and unclassified efquatroviruses. We propose that the phages Nonaheksakonda and heks represent a novel genus within the family Siphoviridae, order Caudovirales, for which we propose the name "Nonaheksakondavirus".
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Ghalavand Z, Alebouyeh M, Ghanati K, Azimi L, Rashidan M. Genetic relatedness of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates in stool and urine samples of patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:42. [PMID: 32944085 PMCID: PMC7488108 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) could be caused by endogenous or exogenous routes. To show this relationship, we investigated molecular fingerprints and genotypes of paired Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the urine of symptomatic patients and their fecal samples. Results Out of the studied patients, 63 pairs of E. faecalis isolates were obtained simultaneously from their urine and feces samples. All the strains were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, and daptomycin (MIC value: ≤ 4 µg/ml), while resistance to tetracycline (urine: 88.9%; stool: 76.2%) and minocycline (urine: 87.3%, stool: 71.4%) was detected in most of them. The most common detected virulence genes were included efbA, ace, and gelE. RAPD-PCR and PFGE analyses showed the same patterns of molecular fingerprints between paired of the isolates in 26.9% and 15.8% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions Similarity of E. faecalis strains between the urine and feces samples confirmed the occurrence of endogenous infection via contamination with colonized bacteria in the intestinal tract. Carriage of a complete virulence genotype in the responsible strains was statistically in correlation with endogenous UTI, which shows their possible involvement in pathogenicity of uropathogenic E. faecalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ghalavand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiandokht Ghanati
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Rashidan
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu S, Liu Y, Lei L, Zhang H. Nanographene oxides carrying antisense walR RNA regulates the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and its susceptibility to chlorhexidine. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:451-458. [PMID: 32654154 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the dominant pathogen for persistent periapical periodontitis. The chlorhexidine (CHX) is used as conversional irrigation agents during endodontic root canal therapy. It was reported that the antisense walR RNA (ASwalR) suppressed the biofilm organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of novel graphene oxide (GO)-polyethylenimine (PEI)-based antisense walR (ASwalR) on the inhibition of E. faecalis biofilm and its susceptibility to chlorhexidine. The recombinant ASwalR plasmids were modified with a gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (ASwalR-eGFP) as a reporter gene so that the transformation efficiency could be evaluated by the fluorescence intensity. The GO-PEI-based ASwalR vector transformation strategy was developed to be transformed into E. faecalis and to over-produce ASwalR in biofilms. Colony forming units (CFU) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to investigate whether the antibacterial properties of antisense walR interference strategy sensitize E. faecalis biofilm to the CHX. The results indicated that overexpression of ASwalR by GO-PEI-based transformation strategy could inhibit biofilm formation, decrease the EPS synthesis and increase the susceptibility of E. faecalis biofilms to CHX. Our reports demonstrated that antisense walR RNA will be a supplementary strategy in treating E. faecalis with irrigation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yoon JW, Kang SS. In Vitro Antibiofilm and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bacteriocins Produced by Pediococcus acidilactici Against Enterococcus faecalis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:764-771. [PMID: 32678667 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Enterococcus faecalis is known as a commensal microorganism in the gastrointestinal tract, it is linked to various foodborne infections. In addition, biofilm formation in E. faecalis is associated with the infections by exacerbating inflammation. Hence, we demonstrated that bacteriocins produced by Pediococcus acidilactici exhibited antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activities against E. faecalis. Bacteriocins of P. acidilactici K10 and HW01 strains significantly reduced biofilm formation by E. faecalis on surfaces of polystyrene (p < 0.005 and p < 0.01 at 24 h, respectively) and stainless steel (p < 0.005 and p < 0.01 at 72 h, respectively), while both bacteriocins did not effectively reduce the growth of E. faecalis planktonic cells. Moreover, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) produced by E. faecalis were substantially decreased in the presence of P. acidilactici bacteriocin (p < 0.005), suggesting that E. faecalis biofilm formation was reduced by decreasing the production of EPSs, but not by killing bacteria. The bacteriocin of P. acidilactici also reduced the adhesion of E. faecalis to human intestinal epithelial cells (p < 0.005). Furthermore, both bacteriocins significantly inhibited E. faecalis-induced interleukin-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells (p < 0.01 for K10 bacteriocin and p < 0.005 for HW01 bacteriocin). These results suggest that the bacteriocin of P. acidilactici can eradicate E. faecalis biofilms and inhibit the E. faecalis-induced inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Seong Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
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Gawryszewska I, Żabicka D, Hryniewicz W, Sadowy E. Penicillin-Resistant, Ampicillin-Susceptible Enterococcus faecalis in Polish Hospitals. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:291-300. [PMID: 32640911 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize Polish penicillin-resistant, ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis (PRASEF), increasingly reported to the National Reference Centre for Susceptibility Testing, Poland, to elucidate the path of emergence of such strains. A total of 136 isolates were examined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and for the β-lactamase production (cefinase test). The clonality of isolates was established by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and the penicillin-binding protein pbp4 gene was sequenced to search for putative mutation(s). The presence of pheromone-responsive plasmids was investigated by clumping test and PCR detection of plasmid-specific genes. All Polish PRASEF were multidrug resistant and β-lactamase-negative. MLST assigned isolates mostly to high-risk enterococcal clonal complexes (HIRECCs) 6 (57.4%) and 87 (30.1%), in addition to to CC88 (12.5%). The sequencing of pbp4 revealed mutations upstream of a putative promoter region and amino acid alterations in PBP4, affecting 24 positions and resulting in 30 variants. While production of aggregation substance was observed for 17.6% of isolates, genes of pheromone plasmids were much more commonly detected. However, no conjugal transfer of penicillin resistance was observed. Penicillin resistance in E. faecalis emerges mostly in HiRECCs due to PBP4 overproduction and/or mutations. The acquisition of penicillin resistance by HiRECCs may represent the next step in the evolution of E. faecalis as human nosocomial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gawryszewska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Żabicka
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Li XD, Chen YH, Liu C, Hong J, Deng H, Yu DJ. Eutrophication and Related Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococci in the Minjiang River, China. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:1-13. [PMID: 31838570 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the aquatic environment has received increasing attention in recent years, and growing eutrophication problems may contribute to AMR in aquatic ecosystems. To evaluate whether and how eutrophication affects AMR, 40 surface water samples were collected from the Minjiang River, Fujian Province, China. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) were measured as eutrophication factors. Additionally, enterococci species were isolated and their resistance to six common antibiotics was tested. Eutrophication generally showed a trend of increasing with the flow direction of the Minjiang River, with 25 sites (62.5%) having a TN/TP value over the Redfield value (16:1), which indicated that eutrophication in this region was of phosphorus limitation. High nutrition sites were in or near urban areas. Poor quality water was found in the middle and lower reaches of the Minjiang River system. The resistance frequency of 40 enterococci isolates to the six antibiotics tested was as follows: oxytetracycline > erythromycin > ciprofloxacin > chloramphenicol > ampicillin > vancomycin (70, 50, 17.5, 12.5, 2.5, 0%), and the multi-resistant rate reached 50% with eight resistance phenotypes. AMR also increased along the direction of water flow downstream, and most of the sites with the highest AMR were in or near urban areas, as was true for nutrition levels. Positive correlations between AMR and eutrophication factors (TN, TP, and CODMn) were identified using the Pearson's correlation coefficient, and TN/TP generally was negatively related to AMR. These results indicated that eutrophication may induce or selective for resistance of water-borne pathogens to antibiotics, with a high resistance level and a wide resistance spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Vocational College of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350119, China
| | - Can Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Juan Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dao-Jin Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Molecular characterization of the virulence genes gelE and cylA in the Enterococcus species isolated from clinical samples. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chotinantakul K, Chansiw N, Okada S. Biofilm formation and transfer of a streptomycin resistance gene in enterococci from fermented pork. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:434-440. [PMID: 32339850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multidrug-resistant (MDR) enterococci are found extensively in food samples. This study characterized the phenotypic virulence factors and the ability of horizontal gene transfer of a streptomycin resistance gene among enterococci isolated from fermented pork. METHODS Thirty-six MDR enterococci were subjected to screening of gelatinase, biofilm formation at various temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C), clumping ability and conjugation. RESULTS All gelatinase-positive and clumping-positive strains were Enterococcus faecalis (41.7% and 38.9%, respectively). None of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae demonstrated both phenotypes. Moderate and strong biofilm formations were found mostly at optimal temperatures in all the three species tested. However, moderate and weak biofilm formations could be found in 52.8% at 4 °C. No association was observed between biofilm formation and asa1, efaA, gelE and esp genes. Surprisingly, our data revealed evidence of the streptomycin resistance gene (aadE) being transferred among meat E. faecalis isolates as characterized by the pheromone-clumping response. CONCLUSIONS Here we report the co-existence of some virulence factors and MDR enterococci from fermented pork. Our data demonstrated for the first time that the aadE gene could be transferred via conjugation among enterococci isolated from meat, contributing to streptomycin resistance. This study highlights the importance of horizontal gene transfer within the food chain reservoir and that transfer to humans might be possible, causing harm or untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nittaya Chansiw
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection & Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Li W, Xue M, Yu L, Qi K, Ni J, Chen X, Deng R, Shang F, Xue T. QseBC is involved in the biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8833. [PMID: 32257646 PMCID: PMC7102498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is one of the most common infectious diseases in dairy cattle and causes significant financial losses in the dairy industry worldwide. Antibiotic therapy has been used as the most effective strategy for clinical mastitis treatment. However, due to the extensive use of antibacterial agents, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered to be one of the reasons for low cure rates in bovine mastitis. In addition, biofilms could protect bacteria by restricting antibiotic access and shielding the bacterial pathogen from mammary gland immune defences. The functional mechanisms of quorum sensing E. coli regulators B an d C (QseBC) have been well studied in E. coli model strains; however, whether QseBC regulates antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation in clinical E. coli strain has not been reported. Methods In this study, we performed construction of the qseBC gene mutant, complementation of the qseBC mutant, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, antibacterial activity assays, biofilm formation assays, real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) experiments and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to investigate the role of qseBC in regulating biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility in the clinical E. coli strain ECDCM2. Results We reported that inactivation of QseBC led to a decrease in biofilm formation capacity and an increase in antibiotic susceptibility of an E. coli strain isolated from a dairy cow that suffered from mastitis. In addition, this study indicated that QseBC increased biofilm formation by upregulating the transcription of the biofilm-associated genes bcsA, csgA, fliC, motA, wcaF and fimA and decreased antibiotic susceptibility by upregulating the transcription of the efflux-pump-associated genes marA, acrA, acrB, acrD, emrD and mdtH. We also performed EMSA assays, and the results showed that QseB can directly bind to the marA promoter. Conclusions The QseBC two-component system affects antibiotic sensitivity by regulating the transcription of efflux-pump-associated genes. Further, biofilm-formation-associated genes were also regulated by QseBC TCS in E. coli ECDCM2. Hence, this study might provide new clues to the prevention and treatment of infections caused by the clinical E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lumin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingtian Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruining Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Novel Approaches to Detect and Treat Biofilms within the Root Canals of Teeth: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030129. [PMID: 32244927 PMCID: PMC7148501 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms located within the root canals of teeth are a unique and pressing concern in dentistry and in medical microbiology. These multispecies biofilms, which include fungi as well as bacteria, form in a protected site with low shear stress and low oxygen tension. Systemic antibiotics are of limited value because of the lack of blood flow of the site, and issues with innate and acquired resistance. Physical disruption using hand or rotary powered instruments does not reach all locations in the root canal system where biofilms are present. Alternative strategies including agitated irrigation fluids, continuous chelation, materials with highly alkaline pH, and antimicrobial nanoparticles are being explored to meet the challenge. Detection and quantification of biofilms using fluorescence-based optical methods could provide an indication of successful biofilm removal and an endpoint for physical and chemical treatments.
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43
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RNA-Seq comparative analysis reveals the response of Enterococcus faecalis TV4 under fluoride exposure. Gene 2020; 726:144197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Neveling DP, Ahire JJ, Laubscher W, Rautenbach M, Dicks LMT. Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of a Multi-strain Probiotic for Broilers. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:369-387. [PMID: 31832841 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of healthy free-range broilers were screened for probiotic properties. Six strains were selected and identified as Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on 16S rRNA, gyrB and recA gene sequence analyses. All six strains produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) and formed biofilms under conditions simulating the broiler GIT. Lactobacillus johnsonii DPN184 and L. salivarius DPN181 produced hydrogen peroxide, and L. crispatus DPN167 and E. faecalis DPN94 produced bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and phytase. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DPN123 produced phytase, amylase, surfactin and iturin A1. No abnormalities were observed when broilers were fed the multi-strain combination, suggesting that it could be used as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deon P Neveling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jayesh J Ahire
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Wikus Laubscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Wang H, Chen T, Chen Y, Luo T, Tan B, Chen H, Xin H. Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of vaginal microorganisms on sperm motility in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:535-544. [PMID: 31853321 PMCID: PMC6909777 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Female infertility usually occurs as a result of ageing, physical impairment, hormone disturbances and lifestyle or environmental factors. However, the potential role of Lactobacillus in female infertility has remained largely unexplored. In the present study, high-throughput sequencing, real-time PCR, bacterial adherence assays and sperm motility assays were used to evaluate the microbial diversity, adherence properties and effect on sperm motility of sperm bacteria, vaginal bacteria and vaginal bacteria that had been co-cultured with sperm. The results indicated that in the co-culture group, Lactobacillus adhered to sperm cells in numbers that were 332-fold higher than those of control species Enterococcus and analysis of sequencing data using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes indicated that adhered microbes reduced sperm cell motility. Vaginal isolates, as well as bacterial strains used as controls, were co-cultured with sperm and it was indicated that all strains were able to adhere to sperm cells in large numbers. The probiotic Lactobacillus (L.) strains L. crispatus, L. acidophilus, L. helveticus and L. gasseri significantly reduced sperm motility (based on measurements of general, straightforward and non-straightforward progressive motility, total motility and average path velocity; P<0.05). Furthermore, L. crispatus, L. acidophilus, L. salivarius, L. helveticus and L. gasseri markedly reduced sperm penetration in a viscous medium. Based on these results, it may be hypothesized that the weakening effect of Lactobacillus on sperm motility may be beneficial for healthy couples to prevent the combination of abnormal sperms and eggs, but may be detrimental for males with severe asthenospermia, oligospermia or aspermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Yidan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Buzhen Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Houyang Chen
- Reproductive Medical Centre, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
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Presence of Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Meat Turkeys in Germany Does Not Correlate with Chicken Embryo Lethality. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6147695. [PMID: 32083120 PMCID: PMC7012276 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6147695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Virulence-associated traits have frequently been studied in enterococci and are considered to contribute towards the pathogenicity of infections. In the present study, Enterococcus isolates were collected during diagnostic investigations from meat turkeys in Germany. Twenty-eight isolates of three different Enterococcus species were analyzed for five selected putative virulence traits to understand their potential role in the pathogenicity using the chicken embryo lethality assay. Ten E. faecalis, ten E. faecium, and eight E. gallinarum isolates were examined for the presence of common virulence genes and their phenotypic expression, namely, the cytolysin operon, five individual cyl genes (cylLL, cylLS, cylM, cylB, and cylA), gelatinase (gelE), hyaluronidase (hylEfm), aggregation substance (asa1), and enterococcal surface protein (esp). The Enterococcus isolates showed significant species-dependent differences in the presence of genotypic traits (p < 0.001 by Fisher's exact test; Cramer's V = 0.68). At least one gene and up to three virulence traits were found in E. faecalis, while six E. faecium isolates and one E. gallinarum isolate did not display any virulence-associated pheno- or genotype. More than half of the Enterococcus isolates (n = 15) harbored the gelE gene, but only E. faecalis (n = 10) expressed the gelatinase activity in vitro. The hylEfm gene was found in five E. gallinarum isolates only, while seven isolates showed the hyaluronidase activity in the phenotypic assay. In Cramer's V statistic, a moderate association was indicated for species (V ≤ 0.35) or genotype (V < 0.43) and the results from the embryo lethality assay, but the differences were not significant. All E. gallinarum isolates were less virulent with mortality rates ranging between 0 and 30%. Two E. faecalis isolates were highly virulent, harboring the whole cyl-operon as well as gelE and asa1 genes. Likewise, one E. faecium isolate caused high embryo mortality but did not harbor any of the investigated virulence genes. For the first time, Enterococcus isolates of three different species collected from diseased turkeys were investigated for their virulence properties in comparison. The results differed markedly between the Enterococcus species, with E. faecalis harboring the majority of investigated genes and virulence traits. However, the genotype did not entirely correlate with the phenotype or the isolates' virulence potential and pathogenicity for chicken embryos.
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Zalipour M, Esfahani BN, Halaji M, Azimian A, Havaei SA. Molecular Characterization Of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Among Inpatients At Iranian University Hospitals: Clonal Dissemination Of ST6 And ST422. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3039-3047. [PMID: 31576154 PMCID: PMC6768148 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s217718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Over the past two decades, enterococci have emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen causing life-threatening infections in hospitals. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of genes encoding virulence factor and molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis strains isolated from hospitalized patients in Isfahan, the central city of Iran. Patients and methods A total of 53 vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates (VRE) obtained from clinical samples of hospitalized patients were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods, and 25 selected VRE isolates from internal and ICU wards were typed by multilocus sequence typing. Results The efa was the most prevalent virulence gene (100%) among isolates, followed by gelE (92.45%), asa1 (90.56%), ace (86.79%), esp (75.47%), cylA (39.62%), and hyl (18.86%). More than 80% of the isolates were HLGR. Multilocus sequence typing showed eight different sequence types including ST6, ST422, ST28, ST448, ST531, ST328, ST421, and ST495. STs were grouped into two clonal complex (CC) including CCA (ST6, ST422, ST448, ST531) and CCF (ST28, ST421) and two singletons (ST328, ST495). Conclusion Our data indicated a high prevalence of virulence genes among STs described in this study. In addition, the molecular analysis demonstrated a relatively high genetic diversity among selected VRE strains from the ICU in comparison with the internal ward. Therefore, in order to prevent the colonization of virulent strains in the hospital environment, infection control procedures should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Zalipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Azimian
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Asghar Havaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chai Y, Gu X, Wu Q, Guo B, Qi Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Li J, Han M, Zhong F. Genome sequence analysis reveals potential for virulence genes and multi-drug resistance in an Enterococcus faecalis 2A (XJ05) strain that causes lamb encephalitis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:235. [PMID: 31286947 PMCID: PMC6615116 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus is an important component of normal flora in human and animals, but in recent years, the pathogenicity of Enterococcus has been confirmed in clinical medicine. More and more animal infections have been reported in veterinary clinics. For the last decades, outbreaks of encephalitis in lambs have become much more common in Northern Xinjiang, China. Consequent studies have confirmed that these affected lambs had been commonly infected with E. faecalis. More than 60 E. faecalis were isolated from the brain of infected lambs, A highly virulent strain entitled E. faecalis 2A (XJ05) were selected, sequenced and analyzed. Result Using whole genome sequence and de novo assembly, 18 contigs with NGS and annotation were obtained. It is confirmed that the genome has a size of 2.9 Mb containing 2783 protein-coding genes, as well as 54 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Some key features of this strain were identified, which included 7 predicted antibiotic resistance genes and 18 candidate virulence factor genes. Conclusion The E. faecalis 2A (XJ05) genome is conspicuous smaller than E.faecalis V583, but not significantly different from other non-pathogenic E. faecalis. It carried 7 resistance genes including 4 kind of antibiotics which were consistent with the results of extensive drug resistance phenotypic, including aminoglycoside, macrolide, phenicol, and tetracycline. 2A (XJ05) also carried 18 new virulence factor genes related to virulence, hemolysin genes (cylA, cylB, cylM, cylL) may play an important role in lamb encephalitis by E. faecalis 2A (XJ05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjin Chai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bingjiao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yayin Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Mengli Han
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Fagang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
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Golob M, Pate M, Kušar D, Dermota U, Avberšek J, Papić B, Zdovc I. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Humans and Retail Red Meat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2815279. [PMID: 31211134 PMCID: PMC6532320 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2815279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant and virulent enterococci is a major public health concern. While enterococci are commonly found in food of animal origin, the knowledge on their zoonotic potential is limited. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence traits of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from human clinical specimens and retail red meat in Slovenia. A total of 242 isolates were investigated: 101 from humans (71 E. faecalis, 30 E. faecium) and 141 from fresh beef and pork (120 E. faecalis, 21 E. faecium). The susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials was tested using a broth microdilution method, and the presence of seven common virulence genes was investigated using PCR. In both species, the distribution of several resistance phenotypes and virulence genes was disparate for isolates of different origin. All isolates were susceptible to daptomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. In both species, the susceptibility to antimicrobials was strongly associated with a food origin and the multidrug resistance, observed in 29.6% of E. faecalis and 73.3% E. faecium clinical isolates, with a clinical origin (Fisher's exact test). Among meat isolates, in total 66.0% of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested and 32.6% were resistant to either one or two antimicrobials. In E. faecalis, several virulence genes were significantly associated with a clinical origin; the most common (31.0%) gene pattern included all the tested genes except hyl. In meat isolates, the virulence genes were detected in E. faecalis only and the most common pattern included ace, efaA, and gelE (32.5%), of which gelE showed a statistically significant association with a clinical origin. These results emphasize the importance of E. faecalis in red meat as a reservoir of virulence genes involved in its persistence and human infections with reported severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Golob
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Pate
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Dermota
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Gosposvetska ulica 12, SI-4000 Kranj, Slovenia
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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50
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Igbinosa EO, Beshiru A. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus Species From Ready-to-Eat Seafood. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:728. [PMID: 31057497 PMCID: PMC6482160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus species form an important population of commensal bacteria and have been reported to possess numerous virulence factors considered significantly important in exacerbating diseases caused by them. The present study was designed to characterize antibiotic-resistant and virulent enterococci from ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood. A total of 720 RTE shrimp samples comprising sauced shrimp (n = 288), boiled shrimp (n = 216), and smoked shrimp (n = 216) obtained from open markets in Delta State, Nigeria, were assessed. Standard classical methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used in identifying the Enterococcus species. Potential virulence factors (β-hemolysis, gelatinase activity, S-layer, and biofilm formation) were assessed using standard procedures. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the identified enterococci isolates was assayed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. PCR was further used to screen selected antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Prevalence of Enterococcus species from shrimp varieties is as follows: sauced, 26 (9.03%); boiled, 6 (2.78%); and smoked, 27 (12.50%), with an overall prevalence of 59 (8.19%) based on the occurrence of black hallow colonies after incubation. Enterococcus species detected include E. faecalis, 17 (28.8%); E. faecium, 29 (49.2%); E. gallinarum, 6 (10.2%); E. casseliflavus, 2 (3.4%); E. hirae, 3 (5.1%); and E. durans, 2 (3.4%). Biofilm occurrence among the shrimp varieties is as follows: 19/26 (73.1%) for sauced shrimps, 5/6 (83.3%) for boiled shrimps, and 16/27 (59.3%) for smoked shrimps. The phenotypic expression of the enterococci virulence revealed the following: S-layer, 59 (100%); gelatinase production, 19 (32.2%); and β-hemolysis, 21 (35.6%). An average of 3–11 virulence genes were detected in the Enterococcus species. The resistance profile of Enterococcus species is as follows: erythromycin, 29 (49.2%); vancomycin, 22 (37.3%); and tetracycline, 27 (45.8%). The frequency of occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes from the phenotypic resistant enterococci isolates to the macrolide, glycopeptide, and tetracycline antibiotics is as follows: ermA, 13/29 (44.8%); vanA, 14/22 (63.6%); tetA, 14/27 (51.9%); tetM, 15/27 (55.6%); ermB, 4/29 (13.8%); and vanB, 5/22 (22.7%). Findings from this study reveal the antibiotic resistance of enterococci strains of such species as E. durans, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, and E. hirae. This study further revealed that RTE food products are reservoirs of potential virulent enterococci with antibiotic-resistant capabilities. This provides useful data for risk assessment and indicates that these foods may present a potential public health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.,Sustainable Development Office, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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