1
|
Li Y, Huang X, Li Y, Qiao Q, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhong W, Liu H, Sun T. WRN Nuclease-Mediated EcDNA Clearance Enhances Antitumor Therapy in Conjunction with Trehalose Dimycolate/Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2407026. [PMID: 39206698 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Current research on tumor fibrosis has focused on cancer-associated fibroblasts, which may exert dual functions of tumor promotion and inhibition. Little attention has been paid to whether tumor cells themselves can undergo fibrotic transformation and whether they can inhibit parenchymal cells similar to pulmonary fibrosis, thus achieving the goal of inhibiting the malignant progression of tumors. To explore the significance of inducing tumor fibrosis for cancer treatment. This study utilizes mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) loaded with Trehalose dimycolate (TDM) to induce tumor cell fibrosis through the dual effects of TDM-induced inflammatory granuloma and MSN-induced foreign body granuloma. The results show that TDM/MSN (TM) can effectively induce tumor fibrosis, manifested specifically by collagen internalization, and suppression of proliferation and invasion capabilities, suggesting the potential role of tumor fibrosis therapy. However, further investigation reveals that extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) mediates resistance to fibrosis induction. To comprehensively enhance the efficacy, WRN exonuclease is conjugated to TM to form new nanoparticles (TMW) capable of effectively eliminating ecDNA, globally promoting tumor cell fibroblast-like transformation, and validated in a PDX model to inhibit cancer progression. Therefore, TMW, through inducing tumor cell fibrosis to inhibit its malignant progression, holds great potential as a clinical treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qingqing Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Caihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Actor JK, Nguyen TKT, Wasik-Smietana A, Kruzel ML. Modulation of TDM-induced granuloma pathology by human lactoferrin: a persistent effect in mice. Biometals 2022; 36:603-615. [PMID: 35976499 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LTF), an iron binding protein, is known to exhibit immune modulatory effects on pulmonary pathology during insult-induced models of primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The effects of LTF correlate with modulation of the immune related development of the pathology, and altering of the histological nature of the physically compact and dense lung granuloma in mice. Specifically, a recombinant human version of LTF limits immediate progression of granulomatous severity following administration of the Mtb cell wall mycolic acid, trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), in part through reduced pro-inflammatory responses known to control these events. This current study investigates a limited course of LTF to modulate not only initiation, but also maintenance and resolution of pathology post development of the granulomatous response in mice. Comparison is made to a fusion of LTF with the Fc domain of IgG2 (FcLTF), which is known to extend LTF half-life in circulation. TDM induced granulomas were examined at extended times post insult (day 7 and 14). Both LTF and the novel FcLTF exerted sustained effects on lung granuloma pathology. Reduction of pulmonary pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β occurred, correlating with reduced pathology. Increase in IL-6, known to regulate granuloma maintenance, was also seen with the LTFs. The FcLTF demonstrated greater impact than the recombinant LTF, and was superior in limiting damage to pulmonary tissues while limiting residual inflammatory cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, MSB 2.214, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Thao K T Nguyen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TK, Niaz Z, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Recombinant Human Lactoferrin Reduces Inflammation and Increases Fluoroquinolone Penetration to Primary Granulomas During Mycobacterial Infection of C57Bl/6 Mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2022; 70:9. [PMID: 35226195 PMCID: PMC8922470 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-022-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in the primary formation of a densely packed inflammatory foci that limits entry of therapeutic agents into pulmonary sites where organisms reside. No current therapeutic regimens exist that modulate host immune responses to permit increased drug penetration to regions of pathological damage during tuberculosis disease. Lactoferrin is a natural iron-binding protein previously demonstrated to modulate inflammation and granuloma cohesiveness, while maintaining control of pathogenic burden. Studies were designed to examine recombinant human lactoferrin (rHLF) to modulate histological progression of Mtb-induced pathology in a non-necrotic model using C57Bl/6 mice. The rHLF was oral administered at times corresponding to initiation of primary granulomatous response, or during granuloma maintenance. Treatment with rHLF demonstrated significant reduction in size of primary inflammatory foci following Mtb challenge, and permitted penetration of ofloxacin fluoroquinolone therapeutic to sites of pathological disruption where activated (foamy) macrophages reside. Increased drug penetration was accompanied by retention of endothelial cell integrity. Immunohistochemistry revealed altered patterns of M1-like and M2-like phenotypic cell localization post infectious challenge, with increased presence of M2-like markers found evenly distributed throughout regions of pulmonary inflammatory foci in rHLF-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao K.T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center – UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zainab Niaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian L. Kruzel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K. Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keating T, Lethbridge S, Allnutt JC, Hendon-Dunn CL, Thomas SR, Alderwick LJ, Taylor SC, Bacon J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modifies cell wall carbohydrates during biofilm growth with a concomitant reduction in complement activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:100065. [PMID: 34778603 PMCID: PMC8577165 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of new vaccines for TB needs to be underpinned by an understanding of both the molecular and cellular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and how the immune response can be modulated to achieve protection from disease. Complement orchestrates many aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, little is known about the contribution of the complement pathways during TB disease, particularly with respect to mycobacterial phenotype. Extracellular communities (biofilms) of M. tuberculosis are found in the acellular rim of granulomas, during disease, and these are likely to be present in post-primary TB episodes, in necrotic lesions. Our study aimed to determine which mycobacterial cell wall components were altered during biofilm growth and how these cell wall alterations modified the complement response. We have shown that M. tuberculosis biofilms modified their cell wall carbohydrates and elicited reduced classical and lectin pathway activation. Consistent with this finding was the reduction of C3b/iC3b deposition on biofilm cell wall carbohydrate extracts. Here, we have highlighted the role of cell wall carbohydrate alterations during biofilm growth of M. tuberculosis and subsequent modulation of complement activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Keating
- TB Discovery Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Lethbridge
- TB Discovery Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Jon C Allnutt
- TB Discovery Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L Hendon-Dunn
- TB Discovery Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Thomas
- Pathogen Immunology Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C Taylor
- Pathogen Immunology Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB Discovery Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jagatia H, Tsolaki AG. The Role of Complement System and the Immune Response to Tuberculosis Infection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:84. [PMID: 33498555 PMCID: PMC7909539 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complement system orchestrates a multi-faceted immune response to the invading pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Macrophages engulf the mycobacterial bacilli through bacterial cell surface proteins or secrete proteins, which activate the complement pathway. The classical pathway is activated by C1q, which binds to antibody antigen complexes. While the alternative pathway is constitutively active and regulated by properdin, the direct interaction of properdin is capable of complement activation. The lectin-binding pathway is activated in response to bacterial cell surface carbohydrates such as mannose, fucose, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. All three pathways contribute to mounting an immune response for the clearance of mycobacteria. However, the bacilli can reside, persist, and evade clearance by the immune system once inside the macrophages using a number of mechanisms. The immune system can compartmentalise the infection into a granulomatous structure, which contains heterogenous sub-populations of M. tuberculosis. The granuloma consists of many types of immune cells, which aim to clear and contain the infection whilst sacrificing the affected host tissue. The full extent of the involvement of the complement system during infection with M. tuberculosis is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the available literature on M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial literature to understand the contribution of the complement system during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heena Jagatia
- Department for Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Anthony G. Tsolaki
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PN, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nishimura T, Shimoda M, Tamizu E, Uno S, Uwamino Y, Kashimura S, Yano I, Hasegawa N. The rough colony morphotype of Mycobacterium avium exhibits high virulence in human macrophages and mice. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1020-1033. [PMID: 32589124 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The incidence of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease (MAC PD), a refractory chronic respiratory tract infection, is increasing worldwide. MAC has three predominant colony morphotypes: smooth opaque (SmO), smooth transparent (SmT) and rough (Rg).Aim. To determine whether colony morphotypes can predict the prognosis of MAC PD, we evaluated the virulence of SmO, SmT and Rg in mice and in human macrophages.Methodology. We compared the characteristics of mice and human macrophages infected with the SmO, SmT, or Rg morphotypes of M. avium subsp. hominissuis 104. C57BL/6 mice and human macrophages derived from peripheral mononuclear cells were used in these experiments.Results. In comparison to SmO- or SmT-infected mice, Rg-infected mice revealed severe pathologically confirmed pneumonia, increased lung weight and increased lung bacterial burden. Rg-infected macrophages revealed significant cytotoxicity, increased bacterial burden, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL5 and CCL3), and formation of cell clusters. Rg formed larger bacterial aggregates than SmO and SmT. Cytotoxicity, bacterial burden and secretion of IL-6, CCL5 and CCL3 were induced strongly by Rg infection, and were decreased by disaggregation of the bacteria.Conclusion. M. avium Rg, which is associated with bacterial aggregation, has the highest virulence among the predominant colony morphotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Tamizu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Kashimura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuya Yano
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen TKT, Niaz Z, d'Aigle J, Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Lactoferrin reduces mycobacterial M1-type inflammation induced with trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate and facilitates the entry of fluoroquinolone into granulomas. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:73-80. [PMID: 32402212 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in the formation of a densely packed granulomatous response that essentially limits the entry and efficacy of immune effector cells. Furthermore, the physical nature of the granuloma does not readily permit the entry of therapeutic agents to sites where organisms reside. The Mtb cell wall mycolic acid, trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), is a physiologically relevant molecule for modelling macrophage-mediated events during the establishment of the tuberculosis-induced granuloma pathogenesis. At present, there are no treatments for tuberculosis that focus on modulating the host's immune responses. Previous studies showed that lactoferrin (LF), a natural iron-binding protein proven to modulate inflammation, can ameliorate the cohesiveness of granuloma. This led to a series of studies that further examined the effects of recombinant human LF (rHLF) on the histological progression of TDM-induced pathology. Treatment with rHLF demonstrated significant reduction in size and number of inflammatory foci following injections of TDM, together with reduced levels pulmonary pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. LF facilitated greater penetration of fluoroquinolone to the sites of pathology. Mice treated with TDM alone demonstrated exclusion of ofloxacin to regions of inflammatory response, whereas the animals treated with rHLF demonstrated increased penetration to inflammatory foci. Finally, recent findings support the hypothesis that this mycobacterial mycolic acid can specifically recruit M1-like polarized macrophages; rHLF treatment was shown to limit the level of this M1-like phenotypic recruitment, corresponding highly with decreased inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao K T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zainab Niaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John d'Aigle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tăbăran AF, Matea CT, Mocan T, Tăbăran A, Mihaiu M, Iancu C, Mocan L. Silver Nanoparticles for the Therapy of Tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2231-2258. [PMID: 32280217 PMCID: PMC7127828 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid emergence of aggressive, multidrug-resistant Mycobacteria strain represents the main cause of the current antimycobacterial-drug crisis and status of tuberculosis (TB) as a major global health problem. The relatively low-output of newly approved antibiotics contributes to the current orientation of research towards alternative antibacterial molecules such as advanced materials. Nanotechnology and nanoparticle research offers several exciting new-concepts and strategies which may prove to be valuable tools in improving the TB therapy. A new paradigm in antituberculous therapy using silver nanoparticles has the potential to overcome the medical limitations imposed in TB treatment by the drug resistance which is commonly reported for most of the current organic antibiotics. There is no doubt that AgNPs are promising future therapeutics for the medication of mycobacterial-induced diseases but the viability of this complementary strategy depends on overcoming several critical therapeutic issues as, poor delivery, variable intramacrophagic antimycobacterial efficiency, and residual toxicity. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathology of mycobacterial-induced diseases, andhighlight the advantages and limitations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in TB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Flaviu Tăbăran
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Tudor Matea
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tăbăran
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Iancu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Third Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Banerjee SK, Lata S, Sharma AK, Bagchi S, Kumar M, Sahu SK, Sarkar D, Gupta P, Jana K, Gupta UD, Singh R, Saha S, Basu J, Kundu M. The sensor kinase MtrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates hypoxic survival and establishment of infection. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19862-19876. [PMID: 31653701 PMCID: PMC6937564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired two-component systems (TCSs), having a sensor kinase (SK) and a cognate response regulator (RR), enable the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis to respond to the external environment and to persist within its host. Here, we inactivated the SK gene of the TCS MtrAB, mtrB, generating the strain ΔmtrB We show that mtrB loss reduces the bacterium's ability to survive in macrophages and increases its association with autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Notably, the ΔmtrB strain was markedly defective in establishing lung infection in mice, with no detectable lung pathology following aerosol challenge. ΔmtrB was less able to withstand hypoxic and acid stresses and to form biofilms and had decreased viability under hypoxia. Transcriptional profiling of ΔmtrB by gene microarray analysis, validated by quantitative RT-PCR, indicated down-regulation of the hypoxia-associated dosR regulon, as well as genes associated with other pathways linked to adaptation of M. tuberculosis to the host environment. Using in vitro biochemical assays, we demonstrate that MtrB interacts with DosR (a noncognate RR) in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that MtrB enhances the binding of DosR to the hspX promoter, suggesting an unexpected role of MtrB in DosR-regulated gene expression in M. tuberculosis Taken together, these findings indicate that MtrB functions as a regulator of DosR-dependent gene expression and in the adaptation of M. tuberculosis to hypoxia and the host environment. We propose that MtrB may be exploited as a chemotherapeutic target against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suruchi Lata
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Shreya Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Debasree Sarkar
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garcia-Vilanova A, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Underestimated Manipulative Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Glycolipids During Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2909. [PMID: 31921168 PMCID: PMC6930167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the M. tuberculosis cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer M. tuberculosis with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in M. tuberculosis virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the M. tuberculosis cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these M. tuberculosis cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how M. tuberculosis interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mycobacterial Trehalose 6,6'-Dimycolate-Induced M1-Type Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:286-294. [PMID: 31734231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Murine models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection demonstrate progression of M1-like (proinflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) macrophage morphology following primary granuloma formation. The Mtb cell wall cording factor, trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), is a physiologically relevant and useful molecule for modeling early macrophage-mediated events during establishment of the tuberculosis-induced granuloma pathogenesis. Here, it is shown that TDM is a major driver of the early M1-like macrophage response as seen during initiation of the granulomas of primary pathology. Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p40 are produced in lung tissue after administration of TDM to mice. Furthermore, CD11b+CD45+ macrophages with a high surface expression of the M1-like markers CD38 and CD86 were found present in regions of pathology in lungs of mice at 7 days post-TDM introduction. Conversely, only low phenotypic marker expression of M2-like markers CD206 and EGR-2 were present on macrophages. These findings suggest that TDM plays a role in establishment of the M1-like shift in the microenvironment during primary tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hwang SA, Byerly CD, Actor JK. Mycobacterial trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate induced vascular occlusion is accompanied by subendothelial inflammation. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S118-S122. [PMID: 31072690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogen that infects and kills millions yearly. The mycobacterium's cell wall glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) has been used historically to model MTB induced inflammation and granuloma formation. Alterations to the model can significantly influence the induced pathology. One such method incorporates intraperitoneal pre-exposure, after which the intravenous injection of TDM generates pathological damage effectively mimicking the hypercoagulation, thrombus formation, and tissue remodeling apparent in lungs of infected individuals. The purpose of these experiments is to examine the histological inflammation involved in the TDM mouse model that induces development of the hemorrhagic response. TDM induced lungs of C57BL/6 mice to undergo granulomatous inflammation. Further histological examination of the peak response demonstrated tissue remodeling consistent with hypercoagulation. The observed vascular occlusion indicates that obstruction likely occurs due to subendothelial localized activity leading to restriction of blood vessel lumens. Trichrome staining revealed that associated damage in the hypercoagulation model is consistent with intra endothelial cell accumulation of innate cells, bordered by collagen deposition in the underlying parenchyma. Overall, the hypercoagulation model represents a comparative pathological instrument for understanding mechanisms underlying development of hemorrhage and vascular occlusion seen during MTB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caitlan D Byerly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rens C, Laval F, Wattiez R, Lefèvre P, Dufrasne F, Daffé M, Fontaine V. I3-Ag85 effect on phthiodiolone dimycocerosate synthesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017. [PMID: 29523333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The multiplicity of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains is a growing health issue. New therapies are needed, acting on new targets. The I3-Ag85 was already reported to reduce the amount of trehalose dimycolate lipid of the mycobacterial cell wall. This inhibitor of Ag85C increased the mycobacterial wall permeability. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis strains, even multi-drug resistant and extensively-drug resistant strains, can be susceptible to vancomycin when concomitantly treated with a drug altering the cell envelope integrity. We investigated the effect of the I3-Ag85 on vancomycin susceptibility of M. tuberculosis. Although no synergy was observed, a new target of this drug was discovered: the production of phthiodiolone dimycocerosate (PDIM B).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Rens
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Laval
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), Department of "Tuberculosis and Infection Biology", 205 route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, University of Mons, 20, Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lefèvre
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Therapeutic Chemistry, CP205/05, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, University Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), Department of "Tuberculosis and Infection Biology", 205 route de Narbonne, BP64182, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, CP205/2, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ndlovu H, Marakalala MJ. Granulomas and Inflammation: Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:434. [PMID: 27822210 PMCID: PMC5075764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global health problem that is aggravated by emergence of drug-resistant strains, which account for increasing number of treatment-refractory cases. Thus, eradication of this disease will strongly require better therapeutic strategies. Identification of host factors promoting disease progression may accelerate discovery of adjunct host-directed therapies (HDTs) that will boost current treatment protocols. HDTs focus on potentiating key components of host anti-mycobacterial effector mechanisms, and limiting inflammation and pathological damage in the lung. Granulomas represent a pathological hallmark of TB. They are comprised of impressive arrangement of immune cells that serve to contain the invading pathogen. However, granulomas can also undergo changes, developing caseums and cavities that facilitate bacterial spread and disease progression. Here, we review current concepts on the role of granulomas in pathogenesis and protective immunity against TB, drawing from recent clinical studies in humans and animal models. We also discuss therapeutic potential of inflammatory pathways that drive granuloma progression, with a focus on new and existing drugs that will likely improve TB treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Mohlopheni J Marakalala
- TB Immunopathogenesis Group, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brambilla C, Llorens-Fons M, Julián E, Noguera-Ortega E, Tomàs-Martínez C, Pérez-Trujillo M, Byrd TF, Alcaide F, Luquin M. Mycobacteria Clumping Increase Their Capacity to Damage Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1562. [PMID: 27757105 PMCID: PMC5047892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rough morphotypes of non-tuberculous mycobacteria have been associated with the most severe illnesses in humans. This idea is consistent with the fact that Mycobacterium tuberculosis presents a stable rough morphotype. Unlike smooth morphotypes, the bacilli of rough morphotypes grow close together, leaving no spaces among them and forming large aggregates (clumps). Currently, the initial interaction of macrophages with clumps remains unclear. Thus, we infected J774 macrophages with bacterial suspensions of rough morphotypes of M. abscessus containing clumps and suspensions of smooth morphotypes, primarily containing isolated bacilli. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy, we observed clumps of at least five rough-morphotype bacilli inside the phagocytic vesicles of macrophages at 3 h post-infection. These clumps grew within the phagocytic vesicles, killing 100% of the macrophages at 72 h post-infection, whereas the proliferation of macrophages infected with smooth morphotypes remained unaltered at 96 h post-infection. Thus, macrophages phagocytose large clumps, exceeding the bactericidal capacities of these cells. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines and granuloma-like structures were only produced by macrophages infected with rough morphotypes. Thus, the present study provides a foundation for further studies that consider mycobacterial clumps as virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brambilla
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Llorens-Fons
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Tomàs-Martínez
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thomas F Byrd
- Division of Infection Diseases, Depatment of Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque NM, USA
| | - Fernando Alcaide
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Association of pellicle growth morphological characteristics and clinical presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S63-S68. [PMID: 27742461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose 6,6'dimycolate (TDM) is a glycolipid found in nearly pure form on the surface of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This manuscript investigated the production of TDM, growth rate and colony morphology of multiple strains of MTB, each of which had been isolated from both pulmonary (sputum) and extrapulmonary sites of multiple patients. Since sputum contains MTB primarily from cavities and extrapulmonary biopsies are typically granulomas, this provided an opportunity to compare the behavior of single strains of MTB that had been isolated from cavities and granulomas. The results demonstrated that MTB isolated from pulmonary sites produced more TDM (3.23 ± 1.75 μg TDM/mg MTB), grew more rapidly as thin spreading pellicles, demonstrated early cording, and climbed culture well walls. In contrast, extrapulmonary isolates produced less TDM (1.42 ± 0.58 μg TDM/mg MTB) (p < 0.001) and grew as discrete patches with little tendency to spread or climb. Both Beijing pulmonary isolates and the non-Beijing pulmonary isolates produced significantly more TDM (1.64 ± 0.46 μg TDM/mg MTB) and grew faster than the Beijing and non-Beijing extrapulmonary isolates (1.14 ± 0.63 μg TDM/mg MTB) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.005 respectively). These results indicate that MTB from pulmonary sites (cavities) grows faster and produces more TDM than strains isolated from extrapulmonary sites (granulomas). This report suggests a critical role for TDM in cavitary TB.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cord factor as an invisibility cloak? A hypothesis for asymptomatic TB persistence. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S2-S8. [PMID: 27743706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has long been known to persist in grossly normal tissues even in people with active lesions and granulomas in other parts of the body. We recently reported that post-primary TB begins as an asymptomatic infection that slowly progresses, accumulating materials for a massive necrotizing reaction that results in cavitation. This paper explores the possible roles of trehalose 6,6' dimycolate (TDM) or cord factor in the ability of MTB to persist in such lesions without producing inflammation. TDM is unique in that it has three distinct sets of biologic activities depending on its physical conformation. As a single molecule, TDM stimulates macrophage C-type lectin receptors including Mincle. TDM can also form three crystal like structures, cylindrical micelles, intercalated bilayer and monolayer, that have distinct non receptor driven activities that depend on modulation of interactions with water. In the monolayer form, TDM is highly toxic and destroys cells in minutes upon contact. The cylindrical micelles and an intercalated bilayer have surfaces composed entirely of trehalose which protect MTB from killing in macrophages. Here we review evidence that these trehalose surfaces bind water. We speculate that this immobilized water constituites of an "invisibility cloak" that facilitates the persistence of MTB in multiple cell types without producing inflammation, even in highly immune individuals.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Oral recombinant human or mouse lactoferrin reduces Mycobacterium tuberculosis TDM induced granulomatous lung pathology. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:148-154. [PMID: 28165282 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose 6'6-dimycolate (TDM) is the most abundant glycolipid on the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TDM is capable of inducing granulomatous pathology in mouse models that resembles those induced by MTB infection. Using the acute TDM model, this work investigates the effect of recombinant human and mouse lactoferrin to reduce granulomatous pathology. C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with TDM at a dose of 25 μg·mouse-1. At day 4 and 6, recombinant human or mouse lactoferrin (1 mg·(100 μL)-1·mouse-1) were delivered by gavage. At day 7 after TDM injection, mice were evaluated for lung pathology, cytokine production, and leukocyte populations. Mice given human or mouse lactoferrin had reduced production of IL-12p40 in their lungs. Mouse lactoferrin increased IL-6 and KC (CXCL1) in lung tissue. Increased numbers of macrophages were observed in TDM-injected mice given human or mouse lactoferrin. Granulomatous pathology, composed of mainly migrated leukocytes, was visually reduced in mice that received human or mouse lactoferrin. Quantitation of granulomatous pathology demonstrated a significant decrease in mice given human or mouse lactoferrin compared with TDM control mice. This report is the first to directly compare the immune modulatory effects of both heterologous recombinant human and homologous mouse lactoferrin on the development of TDM-induced granulomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- b Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi WY, Zhang Q, Kim CH, Choi UY, Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. Mincle-mediated translational regulation is required for strong nitric oxide production and inflammation resolution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11322. [PMID: 27089465 PMCID: PMC4837483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to persistent mycobacteria infection, the host induces a granuloma, which often fails to eradicate bacteria and results in tissue damage. Diverse host receptors are required to control the formation and resolution of granuloma, but little is known concerning their regulatory interactions. Here we show that Mincle, the inducible receptor for mycobacterial cord factor, is the key switch for the transition of macrophages from cytokine expression to high nitric oxide production. In addition to its stimulatory role on TLR-mediated transcription, Mincle enhanced the translation of key genes required for nitric oxide synthesis through p38 and eIF5A hypusination, leading to granuloma resolution. Thus, Mincle has dual functions in the promotion and subsequent resolution of inflammation during anti-mycobacterial defence using both transcriptional and translational controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Han Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Donnachie E, Fedotova EP, Hwang SA. Trehalose 6,6-Dimycolate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Hypercoagulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1221-33. [PMID: 26968340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health concern. Trehalose 6'6-dimycolate (TDM) activates innate inflammation and likely also stimulates chronic inflammation observed during disease progression. Noninfectious models using purified TDM oil/water emulsions elicit pathologic findings observed in patients with TB. We introduce a new TDM model that promotes inflammatory lung pathologic findings and vascular occlusion and hemorrhage. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were injected with 10 μg of i.p. TDM in light mineral oil (TDM-IP). At day 7, another injection of 10 μg of i.v. TDM in oil/water emulsion was given (TDM-IV). The i.p./i.v. TDM (TDM-IVIP) group was compared with mice injected once with i.v. or i.p. TDM. The responses to TDM-IP, TDM-IV, or TDM-IPIV were consistent between mouse strains. Mice that received TDM-IV and TDM-IPIV had inflammatory pathologic findings with increases in inflammatory and T-cell cytokines, and the TDM-IPIV group had further enhancement of IL-10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The TDM-IPIV group had increased CD4(+) T cells in lung tissue, significantly increased coagulation, decreased clot formation time, and increased maximum clot firmness. Masson's trichrome staining revealed increased deposition of collagen in the occluded vasculature. TDM-IPIV promotes a hypercoagulopathy state, independent of inflammation. This new model argues that TDM is sufficient to generate the hypercoagulopathy observed in patients with TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Donnachie
- Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Elena P Fedotova
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lactoferrin: A Modulator for Immunity against Tuberculosis Related Granulomatous Pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:409596. [PMID: 26788020 PMCID: PMC4691619 DOI: 10.1155/2015/409596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great need for a therapeutic that would limit tuberculosis related pathology and thus curtail spread of disease between individuals by establishing a "firebreak" to slow transmission. A promising avenue to increase current therapeutic efficacy may be through incorporation of adjunct components that slow or stop development of aggressive destructive pulmonary pathology. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils, is just such a potential adjunct therapeutic agent. The focus of this review is to explore the utility of lactoferrin to serve as a therapeutic tool to investigate "disruption" of the mycobacterial granuloma. Proposed concepts for mechanisms underlying lactoferrin efficacy to control immunopathology are supported by data generated based on in vivo models using nonpathogenic trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM, cord factor).
Collapse
|
22
|
IL-4Rα-dependent alternative activation of macrophages is not decisive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathology and bacterial burden in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121070. [PMID: 25790379 PMCID: PMC4366092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical activation of macrophages (caMph or M1) is crucial for host protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Evidence suggests that IL-4/IL-13 alternatively activated macrophages (aaMph or M2) are exploited by Mtb to divert microbicidal functions of caMph. To define the functions of M2 macrophages during tuberculosis (TB), we infected mice deficient for IL-4 receptor α on macrophages (LysMcreIL-4Rα-/lox) with Mtb. We show that absence of IL-4Rα on macrophages does not play a major role during infection with Mtb H37Rv, or the clinical Beijing strain HN878. This was demonstrated by similar mortality, bacterial burden, histopathology and T cell proliferation between infected wild-type (WT) and LysMcreIL-4Rα-/lox mice. Interestingly, we observed no differences in the lung expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arginase 1 (Arg1), well-established markers for M1/M2 macrophages among the Mtb-infected groups. Kinetic expression studies of IL-4/IL-13 activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) infected with HN878, followed by gene set enrichment analysis, revealed that the MyD88 and IL-6, IL-10, G-CSF pathways are significantly enriched, but not the IL-4Rα driven pathway. Together, these results suggest that IL-4Rα-macrophages do not play a central role in TB disease progression.
Collapse
|
23
|
C-reactive protein (CRP), interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are associated with risk of tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117424. [PMID: 25719208 PMCID: PMC4342263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The association between pre-antiretroviral (ART) inflammation and immune activation and risk for incident tuberculosis (TB) after ART initiation among adults is uncertain. Design Nested case-control study (n = 332) within ACTG PEARLS trial of three ART regimens among 1571 HIV-infected, treatment-naïve adults in 9 countries. We compared cases (participants with incident TB diagnosed by 96 weeks) to a random sample of controls (participants who did not develop TB, stratified by country and treatment arm). Methods We measured pre-ART C-reactive protein (CRP), EndoCab IgM, ferritin, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), soluble CD14 (sCD14), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and CD4/DR+/38+ and CD8/DR+/38+ T cells. Markers were defined according to established cutoff definitions when available, 75th percentile of measured values when not, and detectable versus undetectable for LPS. Using logistic regression, we measured associations between biomarkers and incident TB, adjusting for age, sex, study site, treatment arm, baseline CD4 and log10 viral load. We assessed the discriminatory value of biomarkers using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results Seventy-seven persons (4.9%) developed incident TB during follow-up. Elevated baseline CRP (aOR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.55–6.81) and IP-10 (aOR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.05–3.39), detectable plasma LPS (aOR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.13–5.06), and the established TB risk factors anemia and hypoalbuminemia were independently associated with incident TB. In ROC analysis, CRP, albumin, and LPS improved discrimination only modestly for TB risk when added to baseline routine patient characteristics including CD4 count, body mass index, and prior TB. Conclusion Incident TB occurs commonly after ART initiation. Although associated with higher post-ART TB risk, baseline CRP, IP-10, and LPS add limited value to routine patient characteristics in discriminating who develops active TB. Besides determining ideal cutoffs for these biomarkers, additional biomarkers should be sought that predict TB disease in ART initiators.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Welsh KJ, Hunter RL, Actor JK. Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate--a coat to regulate tuberculosis immunopathogenesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 93 Suppl:S3-9. [PMID: 24388646 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(13)70003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health burden worldwide. Treatment of this disease requires a minimum of six months and there is no vaccine available for the most common form of the disease. Increasing evidence suggests that the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6' dimycolate (TDM; cord factor) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of TB disease. TDM protects the TB bacilli from macrophage-mediated killing, inhibits effective antigen presentation, and reduces the formation of protective T-cell responses. TDM promotes initiation of granuloma formation and likely plays a role in caseation. Furthermore, TDM may contribute to the development of post primary disease. Receptors for TDM were recently described and are expected to contribute to our knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of TB disease. In this manner, understanding TDM may prove promising towards development of targeted TB therapeutics to limit clinical pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Welsh
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Miyake Y, Ishikawa E, Ishikawa T, Yamasaki S. Self and nonself recognition through C-type lectin receptor, Mincle. SELF NONSELF 2014; 1:310-313. [PMID: 21487505 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.4.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mincle (also called as Clec4e or Clecsf9) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed in activated macrophages. Recently, we have reported that Mincle transduces the activation signals through ITAM-containing adaptor protein, FcRγ and induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we and other groups have identified that Mincle recognizes a wide variety of ligands such as damaged cells, fungus, yeast and mycobacteria. These results indicate that Mincle acts as a multi-task danger receptor for both self and nonself ligands. This review summarizes the recent discoveries about the ligands and immunological roles of Mincle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Miyake
- Division of Molecular Immunology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; Maidashi Higashiku, Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evidence for a unique species-specific hypersensitive epitope in Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived cord factor. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93 Suppl:S88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(13)70017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
28
|
The contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate impairs mycobacterial control and inhibits cytokine secretion in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1234-44. [PMID: 23381991 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01189-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), with progestin as the single active compound, possesses selective glucocorticoid activity and can alter the expression of glucocorticoid receptor-regulated genes. We therefore propose that pharmacological doses of DMPA used for endocrine therapy could have significant immune modulatory effects and impact on susceptibility to, as well as clinical manifestation and outcome of, infectious diseases. We investigated the effect of contraceptive doses of DMPA in two different murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis models. Multiplex bead array analysis revealed that DMPA altered serum cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in C57BL/6 mice and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in BALB/c mice. DMPA also suppressed antigen-specific production of TNF-α, G-CSF, IL-10, and IL-6 and induced the production of IP-10 in C57BL/6 mice. In BALB/c mice, DMPA altered the antigen-specific secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Furthermore, we show that C57BL/6 mice treated with doses of DMPA, which result in serum concentrations similar to those observed in contraceptive users, have a significantly higher bacterial load in their lungs. Our data show for the first time that DMPA impacts tuberculosis (TB) disease severity in a mouse model and that the effects of this contraceptive are not confined to infections of the genital tract. This could have major implications for the contraceptive policies not only in developing countries like South Africa but also worldwide.
Collapse
|
29
|
Linares C, Bernabéu A, Luquin M, Valero-Guillén PL. Cord factors from atypical mycobacteria (Mycobacterium alvei, Mycobacterium brumae) stimulate the secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines of relevance in tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2878-2885. [PMID: 22977091 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.060681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to induce several cytokines relevant to tuberculosis (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40 and IL-23) by cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) from Mycobacterium alvei CR-21(T) and Mycobacterium brumae CR-270(T) was studied in the cell lines RAW 264.7 and THP-1, and compared to the ability of cord factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, where this glycolipid appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Details of the fine structure of these molecules were obtained by NMR and MS. The mycoloyl residues were identified as α and (ω-1)-methoxy in M. alvei CR-21(T) and α in M. brumae CR-270(T); in both cases they were di-unsaturated instead of cyclopropanated as found in M. tuberculosis. In RAW 264.7 cells, cord factors from M. alvei CR-21(T), M. brumae CR-270(T) and M. tuberculosis differed in their ability to stimulate IL-6, the higher levels corresponding to the cord factor from M. tuberculosis. In THP-1 cells, a similar overall profile of cytokines was found for M. alvei CR-21(T) and M. brumae CR-270(T), with high proportions of IL-1β and TNF-α, and different from M. tuberculosis, where IL-6 and IL-12p40 prevailed. The data obtained indicate that cord factors from the atypical mycobacteria M. alvei CR-21(T) and M. brumae CR-270(T) stimulated the secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, although there were some differences with those of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. This finding seems to be due to their particular mycoloyl substituents and could be of interest when considering the potential adjuvanticity of these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Linares
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Marina Luquin
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valero-Guillén
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Complement factor C7 contributes to lung immunopathology caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:429675. [PMID: 22973398 PMCID: PMC3438787 DOI: 10.1155/2012/429675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a significant global health burden despite the availability of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Increasing evidence indicates a critical role of the complement system in the development of host protection against the bacillus, but few studies have specifically explored the function of the terminal complement factors. Mice deficient in complement C7 and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were aerosol challenged with MTB Erdman and assessed for bacterial burden, histopathology, and lung cytokine responses at days 30 and 60 post-infection. Macrophages isolated from C7 −/− and wild-type mice were evaluated for MTB proliferation and cytokine production. C7 −/− mice had significantly less liver colony forming units (CFUs) at day 30; no differences were noted in lung CFUs. The C7 deficient mice had markedly reduced lung occlusion with significantly increased total lymphocytes, decreased macrophages, and increased numbers of CD4+ cells 60 days post-infection. Expression of lung IFN-γ and TNF-α was increased at day 60 compared to wild-type mice. There were no differences in MTB-proliferation in macrophages isolated from wild-type and knock-out mice. These results indicate a role for complement C7 in the development of MTB induced immunopathology which warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Elass-Rochard E, Rombouts Y, Coddeville B, Maes E, Blervaque R, Hot D, Kremer L, Guérardel Y. Structural determination and Toll-like receptor 2-dependent proinflammatory activity of dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol from Mycobacterium marinum. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34432-44. [PMID: 22798072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it was identified in the cell wall of several pathogenic mycobacteria, the biological properties of dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol have not been documented yet. In this study an apolar glycolipid, presumably corresponding to dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol, was purified from Mycobacterium marinum and subsequently identified as a 5-O-mycolyl-β-Araf-(1→2)-5-O-mycolyl-α-Araf-(1→1')-glycerol (designated Mma_DMAG) using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analyses. Lipid composition analysis revealed that mycolic acids were dominated by oxygenated mycolates over α-mycolates and devoid of trans-cyclopropane functions. Highly purified Mma_DMAG was used to demonstrate its immunomodulatory activity. Mma_DMAG was found to induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β) in human macrophage THP-1 cells and to trigger the expression of ICAM-1 and CD40 cell surface antigens. This activation mechanism was dependent on TLR2, but not on TLR4, as demonstrated by (i) the use of neutralizing anti-TLR2 and -TLR4 antibodies and by (ii) the detection of secreted alkaline phosphatase in HEK293 cells co-transfected with the human TLR2 and secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter genes. In addition, transcriptomic analyses indicated that various genes encoding proinflammatory factors were up-regulated after exposure of THP-1 cells to Mma_DMAG. Importantly, a wealth of other regulated genes related to immune and inflammatory responses, including chemokines/cytokines and their respective receptors, adhesion molecules, and metalloproteinases, were found to be modulated by Mma_DMAG. Overall, this study suggests that DMAG may be an active cell wall glycoconjugate driving host-pathogen interactions and participating in the immunopathogenesis of mycobacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Elass-Rochard
- Université Lille Nord de France, Université Lille1, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF, IFR 147, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kumar R, Halder P, Sahu SK, Kumar M, Kumari M, Jana K, Ghosh Z, Sharma P, Kundu M, Basu J. Identification of a novel role of ESAT-6-dependent miR-155 induction during infection of macrophages withMycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1620-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| | - Priyanka Halder
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| | - Sanjaya K. Sahu
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| | - Mandavi Kumari
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute; A.J.C. Bose Centenary Building, P-1/12, CIT Scheme- VII M; Kolkata; 700 054; India
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre; Bose Institute; A.J.C. Bose Centenary Building, P-1/12, CIT Scheme- VII M; Kolkata; 700 054; India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Immunology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi; India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry; Bose Institute; 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road; Kolkata; 700 009; India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pirson C, Jones GJ, Steinbach S, Besra GS, Vordermeier HM. Differential effects of Mycobacterium bovis--derived polar and apolar lipid fractions on bovine innate immune cells. Vet Res 2012; 43:54. [PMID: 22738036 PMCID: PMC3407013 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial lipids have long been known to modulate the function of a variety of cells of the innate immune system. Here, we report the extraction and characterisation of polar and apolar free lipids from Mycobacterium bovis AF 2122/97 and identify the major lipids present in these fractions. Lipids found included trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and trehalose monomycolate (TMM), the apolar phthiocerol dimycocersates (PDIMs), triacyl glycerol (TAG), pentacyl trehalose (PAT), phenolic glycolipid (PGL), and mono-mycolyl glycerol (MMG). Polar lipids identified included glucose monomycolate (GMM), diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG), phenylethanolamine (PE) and a range of mono- and di-acylated phosphatidyl inositol mannosides (PIMs). These lipid fractions are capable of altering the cytokine profile produced by fresh and cultured bovine monocytes as well as monocyte derived dendritic cells. Significant increases in the production of IL-10, IL-12, MIP-1β, TNFα and IL-6 were seen after exposure of antigen presenting cells to the polar lipid fraction. Phenotypic characterisation of the cells was performed by flow cytometry and significant decreases in the expression of MHCII, CD86 and CD1b were found after exposure to the polar lipid fraction. Polar lipids also significantly increased the levels of CD40 expressed by monocytes and cultured monocytes but no effect was seen on the constitutively high expression of CD40 on MDDC or on the levels of CD80 expressed by any of the cells. Finally, the capacity of polar fraction treated cells to stimulate alloreactive lymphocytes was assessed. Significant reduction in proliferative activity was seen after stimulation of PBMC by polar fraction treated cultured monocytes whilst no effect was seen after lipid treatment of MDDC. These data demonstrate that pathogenic mycobacterial polar lipids may significantly hamper the ability of the host APCs to induce an appropriate immune response to an invading pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pirson
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee WB, Kang JS, Yan JJ, Lee MS, Jeon BY, Cho SN, Kim YJ. Neutrophils Promote Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate-Induced Lung Inflammation via the Mincle Pathway. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002614. [PMID: 22496642 PMCID: PMC3320589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), a cord factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an important regulator of immune responses during Mtb infections. Macrophages recognize TDM through the Mincle receptor and initiate TDM-induced inflammatory responses, leading to lung granuloma formation. Although various immune cells are recruited to lung granulomas, the roles of other immune cells, especially during the initial process of TDM-induced inflammation, are not clear. In this study, Mincle signaling on neutrophils played an important role in TDM-induced lung inflammation by promoting adhesion and innate immune responses. Neutrophils were recruited during the early stage of lung inflammation following TDM-induced granuloma formation. Mincle expression on neutrophils was required for infiltration of TDM-challenged sites in a granuloma model induced by TDM-coated-beads. TDM-induced Mincle signaling on neutrophils increased cell adherence by enhancing F-actin polymerization and CD11b/CD18 surface expression. The TDM-induced effects were dependent on Src, Syk, and MAPK/ERK kinases (MEK). Moreover, coactivation of the Mincle and TLR2 pathways by TDM and Pam3CSK4 treatment synergistically induced CD11b/CD18 surface expression, reactive oxygen species, and TNFα production by neutrophils. These synergistically-enhanced immune responses correlated with the degree of Mincle expression on neutrophil surfaces. The physiological relevance of the Mincle-mediated anti-TDM immune response was confirmed by defective immune responses in Mincle⁻/⁻ mice upon aerosol infections with Mtb. Mincle-mutant mice had higher inflammation levels and mycobacterial loads than WT mice. Neutrophil depletion with anti-Ly6G antibody caused a reduction in IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression upon TDM treatment, and reduced levels of immune cell recruitment during the initial stage of infection. These findings suggest a new role of Mincle signaling on neutrophils during anti-mycobacterial responses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD18 Antigens/genetics
- CD18 Antigens/immunology
- CD18 Antigens/metabolism
- Cord Factors/adverse effects
- Cord Factors/chemistry
- Cord Factors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/chemically induced
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/metabolism
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/metabolism
- Pneumonia/pathology
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/immunology
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Welsh KJ, Hwang SA, Boyd S, Kruzel ML, Hunter RL, Actor JK. Influence of oral lactoferrin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced immunopathology. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S105-13. [PMID: 22138562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability of lactoferrin to provide protection and decrease immunopathology in infectious diseases was evaluated using an aggressive aerosol model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. C57BL/6 mice were challenged with MTB strain Erdman and treated with 0.5% bovine lactoferrin added to the drinking water starting at day 0 or day 7 post-infection. Mice were sacrificed at three weeks post-challenge and evaluated for organ bacterial burden, lung histopathology, and ELISpot analysis of the lung and spleen for immune cell phenotypes. Mice given tap water alone had lung log10 colony forming units (CFUs) of 7.5 ± 0.3 at week 3 post-infection. Lung CFUs were significantly decreased in mice given lactoferrin starting the day of infection (6.4 ± 0.7), as well as in mice started therapeutically on lactoferrin at day 7 after established infection (6.5 ± 0.4). Quantitative immunohistochemistry using multispectral imaging demonstrated that lung inflammation was significantly reduced in both groups of lactoferrin treated mice, with decreased foamy macrophages, increased total lymphocytes, and increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. ELISpot analysis showed that lactoferrin treated mice had increased numbers of CD4 + IFN-γ+ and IL-17 producing cells in the lung, cells that have protective functions during MTB infection. Lactoferrin alone did not alter the proliferation of MTB in either broth or macrophage culture, but enhanced IFN-γ mediated MTB killing by macrophages in a nitric oxide dependent manner. These studies indicate that lactoferrin may be a novel therapeutic for the treatment of tuberculosis, and may be useful in infectious diseases to reduced immune-mediated tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Welsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.214, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Choi HH, Kim KK, Kim KD, Kim HJ, Jo EK, Song CH. Effects of mycobacterial infection on proliferation of hematopoietic precursor cells. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
37
|
Koike T, Harigai M, Inokuma S, Ishiguro N, Ryu J, Takeuchi T, Takei S, Tanaka Y, Ito K, Yamanaka H. Postmarketing surveillance of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis in Japan: interim analysis of 3881 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:2148-51. [PMID: 21852254 PMCID: PMC3212697 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2011.151092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective An interim analysis of an all-patient postmarketing surveillance programme in Japan to investigate the safety of tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the real world. Methods This analysis included 3881 patients. Patients received 8 mg/kg of tocilizumab every 4 weeks, and were observed for 28 weeks. Data on baseline characteristics and adverse events (AE) were collected. Results Total and serious AE were reported as 167 and 27 events/100 patient-years, respectively. The most frequent AE and serious AE were infections. Logistic regression analysis identified the following risk factors for the development of serious infection: concurrent or medical history of respiratory disorders; prednisolone dose at baseline ≥5 mg/day; and age ≥65 years. Twenty-five patients died, and the standardised mortality ratio, with the Japanese general population in 2008 as reference, was 1.66, similar to the results from the Japanese cohort study for RA patients. Conclusions Tocilizumab is acceptably safe in the real clinical setting. Tocilizumab needs to be used with consideration of the benefit–risk balance to avoid serious infections in elderly patients and those on high doses of corticosteroids or with a concurrent or medical history of respiratory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koike
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vordermeier M, Ameni G, Glass EJ. Cytokine responses of Holstein and Sahiwal zebu derived monocytes after mycobacterial infection. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:651-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Lactoferrin Augmentation of the BCG Vaccine Leads to Increased Pulmonary Integrity. Tuberc Res Treat 2011; 2011:835410. [PMID: 22567270 PMCID: PMC3335707 DOI: 10.1155/2011/835410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of vaccination to prevent tuberculosis disease (TB) is to offer long-term protection to the individual and the community. In addition, the success of any protective TB vaccine should include the ability to limit cavitary formation and disease progression. The current BCG vaccine protects against disseminated TB disease in children by promoting development of antigenic-specific responses. However, its efficacy is limited in preventing postprimary pulmonary disease in adults that is responsible for the majority of disease and transmission. This paper illustrates the use of lactoferrin as an adjuvant to boost efficacy of the BCG vaccine to control organism growth and limit severe manifestation of pulmonary disease. This resulting limitation in pathology may ultimately, limit spread of bacilli and subsequent transmission of organisms between individuals. The current literature is reviewed, and data is presented to support molecular mechanisms underlying lactoferrin's utility as an adjuvant for the BCG vaccine.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abbott AN, Welsh KJ, Hwang SA, Płoszaj P, Choudhury T, Boyd S, Blackburn MR, Hunter, Jr. RL, Actor JK. IL-6 mediates 11βHSD type 2 to effect progression of the mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate-induced granulomatous response. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:212-25. [PMID: 21389736 PMCID: PMC3068753 DOI: 10.1159/000323776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous structures are highly dynamic during active mycobacterial infection, with accompanying responsive inflammation contributing to modulation of pathology throughout the course of disease. The heightened inflammatory response coinciding with initiation and maintenance of newly developing granulomatous structures must be limited to avoid excessive damage to bystander tissue. Modulating the cellular bioavailability of glucocorticoids by local regulation of 11βHSD enzymes within responding tissue and parenchyma would allow controlled inflammatory response during infection. Mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate was used to induce strong pulmonary granulomatous inflammation immunopathology. Pulmonary corticosterone was significantly increased at days 3 and 5 after administration. An inverse relationship of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2 message correlated with pathology development. Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated that 11βHSD2 is expressed in proximity to granulomatous lesions. A role for pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine in regulation of converting enzymes to control the granulomatous response was confirmed using gene-disrupted IL-6-/- mice. A model is proposed linking IL-6 to endocrine-derived factors which allows modification of active corticosterone into inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone at the site of granuloma formation to limit excessive parenchymal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April N. Abbott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA
| | - Kerry J. Welsh
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | | | - Tina Choudhury
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Sydney Boyd
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Michael R. Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Robert L. Hunter, Jr.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Tex., USA
| | - Jeffrey K. Actor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex., USA
- Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Tex., USA
- *Jeffrey K. Actor, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MSB 2.214, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030 (USA), Tel. +1 713 500 5344, E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vander Beken S, Al Dulayymi JR, Naessens T, Koza G, Maza-Iglesias M, Rowles R, Theunissen C, De Medts J, Lanckacker E, Baird MS, Grooten J. Molecular structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor, mycolic acid, determines the elicited inflammatory pattern. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:450-60. [PMID: 21268014 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MAs) occur in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as variable mixtures of different classes and chain lengths. Here, we address the relationship between the structure and its inflammatory function of this virulence factor using single synthetic MA isomers, differing in oxygenation class and cis- versus α-methyl-trans proximal cyclopropane orientation. Analysis of bronchoalveolar inflammation, lung histopathology and alveolar macrophage transcription revealed a strong dependence on these meromycolic chemistries of mouse pulmonary inflammation in response to intratracheal treatments with MAs. Whereas α-MA was inert, oxygenated methoxy- and keto-MA with cis-cyclopropane stereochemistry elicited solid to mild inflammatory responses respectively. In trans-cyclopropane orientation, methoxy-MA partially lost its inflammatory activity and keto-MA exerted anti-inflammatory alternative activation of alveolar macrophages and counteracted cis-methoxy-MA induced airway inflammation. The differential innate immune activities of MAs demonstrated here, dependent on oxygenation class and cis versus α-methyl-trans cyclopropane chemistry, identify a novel means for M. tuberculosis to steer host immune responses during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Vander Beken
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Beaulieu AM, Rath P, Imhof M, Siddall ME, Roberts J, Schnappinger D, Nathan CF. Genome-wide screen for Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes that regulate host immunity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15120. [PMID: 21170273 PMCID: PMC3000826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of its highly immunogenic properties, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) establishes persistent infection in otherwise healthy individuals, making it one of the most widespread and deadly human pathogens. Mtb's prolonged survival may reflect production of microbial factors that prevent even more vigorous immunity (quantitative effect) or that divert the immune response to a non-sterilizing mode (qualitative effect). Disruption of Mtb genes has produced a list of several dozen candidate immunomodulatory factors. Here we used robotic fluorescence microscopy to screen 10,100 loss-of-function transposon mutants of Mtb for their impact on the expression of promoter-reporter constructs for 12 host immune response genes in a mouse macrophage cell line. The screen identified 364 candidate immunoregulatory genes. To illustrate the utility of the candidate list, we confirmed the impact of 35 Mtb mutant strains on expression of endogenous immune response genes in primary macrophages. Detailed analysis focused on a strain of Mtb in which a transposon disrupts Rv0431, a gene encoding a conserved protein of unknown function. This mutant elicited much more macrophage TNFα, IL-12p40 and IL-6 in vitro than wild type Mtb, and was attenuated in the mouse. The mutant list provides a platform for exploring the immunobiology of tuberculosis, for example, by combining immunoregulatory mutations in a candidate vaccine strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Poonam Rath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marianne Imhof
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Siddall
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sakai Y, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Histopathological features and expression profiles of cytokines, chemokines and SOCS family proteins in trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate-induced granulomatous lesions. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:371-8. [PMID: 21110061 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The objective of this paper is to elucidate the factors contributing to the development and regression of trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM)-induced model of tuberculous granulomatous lesions. MATERIALS AND TREATMENT BALB/c mice were twice injected i.p. with a 100 μl of w/o/w emulsion (100 μg of TDM, 3.2 μl of Freund's incomplete adjuvant, 3.2 μl of PBS, and 93.6 μl of saline containing 0.2% Tween 20) at a 1 week interval. The mice were killed at days 0, 3, 7, 14, or 21 after the last injection. Three mice were used per group. METHODS We examined histopathological changes of the lesions and defined the expression levels of cytokines and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins by real-time PCR. RESULTS The levels of inflammatory cytokine, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, paralleled with the size of the lesions and the levels of TGF-β and SOCS-3 were high at regression phase. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrated that both the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of TGF-β and SOCS-3 are crucial for histopathological changes including alteration in the sizes of the lesions and changes in inflammatory cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduated School of Agricultural and Life sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Welsh KJ, Hwang SA, Hunter RL, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Lactoferrin modulation of mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6-6'-dimycolate induced granulomatous response. Transl Res 2010; 156:207-15. [PMID: 20875896 PMCID: PMC2948024 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system responds to tuberculosis (TB) infection by forming granulomas. However, subsequent immune-mediated destruction of lung tissue is a cause of significant morbidity and contributes to disease transmission. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, has demonstrated immunomodulatory properties that decrease tissue destruction and promote T(H)1 immune responses, both of which are essential for controlling TB infection. The cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) model of granuloma formation mimics many aspects of TB infection with a similar histopathology accompanied by proinflammatory cytokine production. C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with TDM. A subset of mice was given 1 mg of bovine lactoferrin 24 h post-TDM challenge. Lung tissue was analyzed for histological response and for the production of proinflammatory mediators. C57BL/6 mice demonstrated a granuloma formation that correlated with an increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α,) IL-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-10 protein. Mice treated with lactoferrin postchallenge had significantly fewer and smaller granulomas compared with those given TDM alone. Proinflammatory and T(H)1 cytokines essential to the control of mycobacterial infections, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, were not significantly different in mice treated with lactoferrin. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β were increased. A potential mechanism for decreased tissue damage observed in the lactoferrin-treated mice is proposed. Because of its influence to modulate immune responses, lactoferrin may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of granulomatous inflammation occurring during mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Welsh
- Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Tex 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen H, Liao D, Holl TM, Snowden P, Ueda Y, Kelsoe G. Genetic regulation of pristane-induced oil granuloma responses. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:472-83. [PMID: 20804539 PMCID: PMC3003845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil granuloma (OG) induced by intraperitoneal injection of pristane represents a non-infectious granuloma. Oil granuloma has been characterized, but the regulation of its formation still remains unknown. To address this, we injected pristane into various mice deficient for genes including, linker for activation of T cells (LAT), μMT, LTα, TNFα, IL-6. T cell deficient mice (LAT(-/-) ) responded to pristane by developing serosal granuloma and mesenteric granuloma (MG) as in wild type mice. The absence of B cells blocked serosal granuloma (SG) formation and diminished MG development in response to pristane. However, even when a comparable number of B cells were present in the mesentery, the absence of TNFα resulted in similar defects in OG formation after pristane treatment, demonstrating that both B cells and TNFα are very crucial for pristane-induced OG formation. Interestingly, IL-6(-/-) mice had intact MG formation; however, SG organization was impaired. These studies provide insight into granulomateous pathology induced by non-infectious substances for example, biomedical sutures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mederos LM, Montoro EH, Bernabéu A, Linares C, Valero-Guillén PL. Structural studies of cord factors from Mycobacterium simiae related to the capacity for tumour necrosis factor alpha (α-TNF) induction. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:3744-3753. [PMID: 20688816 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.042077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure of cord factor was studied in several strains of Mycobacterium simiae, including 'habana' TMC 5135, considered as highly immunogenic in experimental tuberculosis and leprosy. The mycolic acids liberated from cord factor were identified in all cases as α'-, α- and keto-mycolates. According to the general NMR and MS data, α'-mycolates were mono-unsaturated and contained from 64 to 68 carbon atoms, whereas α-mycolates mainly presented two 2,3-disubstituted cyclopropane rings and a chain length of 80-91 carbon atoms; keto-mycolates mostly contained one cyclopropane ring and 85-91 carbon atoms. Taking into account the (1)H-NMR results, strains varied in the ratio of the different mycolates, and the high levels of keto-mycolates found in the cord factors of TMC 5135 and ATCC 25275(T) stood out. Notably, MS revealed that the odd carbon number series of α-mycolates (C87-C89) predominated in the cord factor of TMC 5135, in contrast to the remaining studied strains, in which the even (C84-C86) and odd carbon number series appeared more equal. The fine structural differences detected among the cord factors studied did not seem to be relevant to the general capacity of these molecules to induce the secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha, as the cord factors from several strains of M. simiae (TMC 5135, IPK-342 and ATCC 25275(T)) induced similar amounts of this cytokine in RAW 264.7 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M Mederos
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia e Investigaciones en Tuberculosis y Micobacterias, Centro Colaborador OPS/OMS, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ernesto H Montoro
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia e Investigaciones en Tuberculosis y Micobacterias, Centro Colaborador OPS/OMS, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Antonia Bernabéu
- Sección de Cultivo de Tejidos, Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Linares
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valero-Guillén
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ishikawa E, Ishikawa T, Morita YS, Toyonaga K, Yamada H, Takeuchi O, Kinoshita T, Akira S, Yoshikai Y, Yamasaki S. Direct recognition of the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2879-88. [PMID: 20008526 PMCID: PMC2806462 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which contains various unique components that affect the host immune system. Trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate (TDM; also called cord factor) is a mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid that is the most studied immunostimulatory component of M. tuberculosis. Despite five decades of research on TDM, its host receptor has not been clearly identified. Here, we demonstrate that macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is an essential receptor for TDM. Heat-killed mycobacteria activated Mincle-expressing cells, but the activity was lost upon delipidation of the bacteria; analysis of the lipid extracts identified TDM as a Mincle ligand. TDM activated macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, which are completely suppressed in Mincle-deficient macrophages. In vivo TDM administration induced a robust elevation of inflammatory cytokines in sera and characteristic lung inflammation, such as granuloma formation. However, no TDM-induced lung granuloma was formed in Mincle-deficient mice. Whole mycobacteria were able to activate macrophages even in MyD88-deficient background, but the activation was significantly diminished in Mincle/MyD88 double-deficient macrophages. These results demonstrate that Mincle is an essential receptor for the mycobacterial glycolipid, TDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hunter RL, Armitige L, Jagannath C, Actor JK. TB research at UT-Houston--a review of cord factor: new approaches to drugs, vaccines and the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89 Suppl 1:S18-25. [PMID: 20006299 PMCID: PMC3682682 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(09)70007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major threat as drug resistance continues to increase. Pulmonary tuberculosis in adults is responsible for 80% of clinical cases and nearly 100% of transmission of infection. Unfortunately, since we have no animal models of adult type pulmonary tuberculosis, the most important type of disease remains largely out of reach of modern science and many fundamental questions remain unanswered. This paper reviews research dating back to the 1950's providing compelling evidence that cord factor (trehalose 6,6 dimycolate [TDM]) is essential for understanding tuberculosis. However, the original papers by Bloch and Noll were too far ahead of their time to have immediate impact. We can now recognize that the physical and biologic properties of cord factor are unprecedented in science, especially its ability to switch between two sets of biologic activities with changes in conformation. While TDM remains on organisms, it protects them from killing within macrophages, reduces antibiotic effectiveness and inhibits the stimulation of protective immune responses. If it comes off organisms and associates with lipid, TDM becomes a driver of tissue damage and necrosis. Studies emanating from cord factor research have produced (1) a rationale for improving vaccines, (2) an approach to new drugs that overcome natural resistance to antibiotics, (3) models of caseating granulomas that reproduce multiple manifestations of human tuberculosis. (4) evidence that TDM is a key T cell antigen in destructive lesions of tuberculosis, and (5) a new understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of postprimary tuberculosis that can guide more informative studies of long standing mysteries of tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hunter
- University of Texas--Houston Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Maza-Iglesias M, Beken SV, Grooten J. The first unique synthetic mycobacterial cord factors. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|