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Du K, Wang X, Bai Y, Zhang X, Xue J, Li S, Xie Y, Sang Z, Tang Y, Wang X. Development of benzimidazole-based compounds as novel capsid assembly modulators for the treatment of HBV infection. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116402. [PMID: 38636128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of HBV infection. In this study, the hit compound CDI (IC50 = 2.46 ± 0.33 μM) was identified by screening of an in-house compound library. And then novel potent benzimidazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as core assembly modulators, and their antiviral effects were evaluated in vitro and in vivo biological experiments. The results indicated that compound 26f displayed the most optimized modulator of HBV capsid assembly (IC50 = 0.51 ± 0.20 μM, EC50 = 2.24 ± 0.43 μM, CC50 = 84.29 μM) and high selectivity index. Moreover, treatment with compound 26f for 14 days significantly decreased serum levels of HBV DNA levels in the Hydrodynamic-Injection (HDI) mouse model. Therefore, compound 26f could be considered as a promising candidate drug for further development of novel HBV CAMs with the desired potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Du
- Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and One Health Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuxin Bai
- Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and One Health Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jie Xue
- Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhipei Sang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and One Health Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and One Health Institute, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Emerging Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B and the Potential for a Functional Cure. Drugs 2023; 83:367-388. [PMID: 36906663 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 296 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Current therapy with pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and indefinite or finite therapy with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (Nucs) are effective in HBV suppression, hepatitis resolution, and prevention of disease progression. However, few achieve hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss (functional cure), and relapse often occurs after the end of therapy (EOT) because these agents have no direct effect on durable template: covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated HBV DNA. Hepatitis B surface antigen loss rate increases slightly by adding or switching to Peg-IFN in Nuc-treated patients and this loss rate greatly increases up to 39% in 5 years with finite Nuc therapy with currently available Nuc(s). For this, great effort has been made to develop novel direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and immunomodulators. Among the DAAs, entry inhibitors and capsid assembly modulators have little effect on reducing HBsAg levels; small interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides, and nucleic acid polymers in combination with Peg-IFN and Nuc may reduce HBsAg levels significantly, even a rate of HBsAg loss sustained for > 24 weeks after EOT up to 40%. Novel immunomodulators, including T-cell receptor agonists, check-point inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies may restore HBV-specific T-cell response but not sustained HBsAg loss. The safety issues and the durability of HBsAg loss warrant further investigation. Combining agents of different classes has the potential to enhance HBsAg loss. Compounds directly targeting cccDNA would be more effective but are still in the early stage of development. More effort is required to achieve this goal.
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Kar A, Samanta A, Mukherjee S, Barik S, Biswas A. The HBV web: An insight into molecular interactomes between the hepatitis B virus and its host en route to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28436. [PMID: 36573429 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major aetiology associated with the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver malignancy. Over the past few decades, direct and indirect mechanisms have been identified in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated HCC which include altered signaling pathways, genome integration, mutation-induced genomic instability, chromosomal deletions and rearrangements. Intertwining of the HBV counterparts with the host cellular factors, though well established, needs to be systemized to understand the dynamics of host-HBV crosstalk and its consequences on HCC progression. Existence of a vast array of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interaction databases has led to the uncoiling of the compendia of genes/gene products associated with these interactions. This review covers the existing knowledge about the HBV-host interplay and brings it down under one canopy emphasizing on the HBV-host interactomics; and thereby highlights new strategies for therapeutic advancements against HBV-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Kar
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhisekh Samanta
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyadeep Mukherjee
- Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasis Barik
- Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avik Biswas
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Song Y, Shou S, Guo H, Gao Z, Liu N, Yang Y, Wang F, Deng Q, Liu J, Xie Y. Establishment and Characterization of a New Cell Culture System for Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Infection. Virol Sin 2022; 37:558-568. [PMID: 35568375 PMCID: PMC9437612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a primary cause of chronic liver diseases in humans. HBV infection exhibits strict host and tissue tropism. HBV core promoter (Cp) drives transcription of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and plays a key role in the viral life cycle. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) acts as a major transcriptional factor that stimulates Cp. In this work, we reported that BEL7404 cell line displayed a high efficiency of DNA transfection and high levels of HBV antigen expression after transfection of HBV replicons without prominent viral replication. The introduction of exogenous HNF4α and human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hNTCP) expression into BEL7404 made it permissive for HBV replication and susceptible to HBV infection. BEL7404-derived cell lines with induced HBV permissiveness and susceptibility were constructed by stable co-transfection of hNTCP and Tet-inducible HNF4α followed by limiting dilution cloning. HBV replication in such cells was sensitive to inhibition by nucleotide analog tenofovir, while the infection was inhibited by HBV entry inhibitors. This cell culture system provides a new and additional tool for the study of HBV replication and infection as well as the characterization of antiviral agents. BEL7404 cells are characterized by a high transfection efficiency, but do not support canonical HBV replication. BEL7404 cells lack endogenous HNF4α expression, and exogenous HNF4α rescues canonical HBV replication. BEL7404 cells with stable hNTCP and inducible HNF4α expression support HBV infection and inducible replication. BEL7404-derived cell lines supporting HBV infection retain high transfection efficiencies and allow testing of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuyu Shou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
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5
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Shen Z, Wu J, Gao Z, Zhang S, Chen J, He J, Guo Y, Deng Q, Xie Y, Liu J, Zhang J. OUP accepted manuscript. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2157-2171. [PMID: 35137191 PMCID: PMC8887475 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Upon infection of hepatocytes, HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) exists as histone-bound mini-chromosome, subjected to transcriptional regulation similar to chromosomal DNA. Here we identify high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) protein as a positive regulator of HBV transcription that binds to a conserved ATTGG site within enhancer II/core promoter (EII/Cp) and recruits transcription factors FOXO3α and PGC1α. HMGA1-mediated upregulation of EII/Cp results in enhanced viral gene expression and genome replication. Notably, expression of endogenous HMGA1 was also demonstrated to be upregulated by HBV, which involves HBV X protein (HBx) interacting with SP1 transcription factor to activate HMGA1 promoter. Consistent with these in vitro results, chronic hepatitis B patients in immune tolerant phase display both higher intrahepatic HMGA1 protein levels and higher serum HBV markers compared to patients in inactive carrier phase. Finally, using a mouse model of HBV persistence, we show that targeting endogenous HMGA1 through RNA interference facilitated HBV clearance. These data establish HMGA1 as an important positive regulator of HBV that is reciprocally upregulated by HBV via HBx and also suggest the HMGA1-HBV positive feedback loop as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Shen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 021 5288 8125; Fax: +86 021 6248 9191;
| | | | | | - Shenyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Youhua Xie. Tel: +86 021 5423 7972; Fax: +86 021 5423 7973;
| | - Jing Liu
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Jing Liu. Tel: +86 021 5423 7972; Fax: +86 021 5423 7973;
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Jiming Zhang. Tel: +86 021 5288 8125; Fax: +86 021 6248 9191;
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6
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Singh P, Kairuz D, Arbuthnot P, Bloom K. Silencing hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA: The potential of an epigenetic therapy approach. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3182-3207. [PMID: 34163105 PMCID: PMC8218364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global prophylactic vaccination programmes have helped to curb new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. However, it is estimated that nearly 300 million people are chronically infected and have a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. As such, HBV remains a serious health priority and the development of novel curative therapeutics is urgently needed. Chronic HBV infection has been attributed to the persistence of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) which establishes itself as a minichromosome in the nucleus of hepatocytes. As the viral transcription intermediate, the cccDNA is responsible for producing new virions and perpetuating infection. HBV is dependent on various host factors for cccDNA formation and the minichromosome is amenable to epigenetic modifications. Two HBV proteins, X (HBx) and core (HBc) promote viral replication by modulating the cccDNA epigenome and regulating host cell responses. This includes viral and host gene expression, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, the antiviral immune response, apoptosis, and ubiquitination. Elimination of the cccDNA minichromosome would result in a sterilizing cure; however, this may be difficult to achieve. Epigenetic therapies could permanently silence the cccDNA minichromosome and promote a functional cure. This review explores the cccDNA epigenome, how host and viral factors influence transcription, and the recent epigenetic therapies and epigenome engineering approaches that have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashika Singh
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dylan Kairuz
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, Gauteng, South Africa
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Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104925. [PMID: 32866519 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes and causes severe liver diseases. The HBV life cycle is unique in that the genomic DNA (relaxed-circular partially double-stranded DNA: rcDNA) is converted to a molecular template DNA (covalently closed circular DNA: cccDNA) to amplify a viral RNA intermediate, which is then reverse-transcribed back to viral DNA. The highly stable characteristics of cccDNA result in chronic infection and a poor rate of cure. This complex life cycle of HBV offers a variety of targets to develop antiviral agents. We provide here an update on the current knowledge of HBV biology and its life cycle, which may help to identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan.
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8
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Liu Y, Wang H, Zhang J, Yang J, Bai L, Zheng B, Zheng T, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang W. SERINC5 Inhibits the Secretion of Complete and Genome-Free Hepatitis B Virions Through Interfering With the Glycosylation of the HBV Envelope. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:697. [PMID: 32431673 PMCID: PMC7216740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine incorporator 3 (SERINC3) and SERINC5 were recently identified as host intrinsic factors against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and counteracted by HIV-1 Nef. However, whether they inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is a severe health problem worldwide, is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that SERINC5 potently inhibited HBV virion secretion in the supernatant without affecting intracellular core particle-associated DNA and the total RNA, but SERINC3 and SERINC1 did not. Further investigation discovered that SERINC5 increased the non-glycosylation of LHB, MHB, and SHB proteins of HBV and slightly decreased HBs proteins levels, which led to the decreased HBV secretion. Importantly, SERINC5 co-localized with LHB proteins in the Golgi apparatus, which is important for glycan processing and transport. In addition, we determined the functional domain in SERINC5 required for HBV inhibition, which was completely different from that required for HIV-1 restriction, whereas phosphorylation and glycosylation sites in SERINC5 were dispensable for HBV restriction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SERINC5 suppresses HBV virion secretion through interfering with the glycosylation of HBV proteins, suggesting that SERINC5 might possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Echocardiography, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baisong Zheng
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianhang Zheng
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abstract
MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) is a type of diabetes resulting from a pathogenic effect of gene mutations. Up to date, 13 MODY genes are known. Gene HNF1A is one of the most common causes of MODY diabetes (HNF1A-MODY; MODY3). This gene is polymorphic and more than 1200 pathogenic and non-pathogenic HNF1A variants were described in its UTRs, exons and introns. For HNF1A-MODY, not just gene but also phenotype heterogeneity is typical. Although there are some clinical instructions, HNF1A-MODY patients often do not meet every diagnostic criteria or they are still misdiagnosed as type 1 and type 2 diabetics. There is a constant effort to find suitable biomarkers to help with in distinguishing of MODY3 from Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). DNA sequencing is still necessary for unambiguous confirmation of clinical suspicion of MODY. NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) methods brought discoveries of multiple new gene variants and new instructions for their pathogenicity classification were required. The most actual problem is classification of variants with uncertain significance (VUS) which is a stumbling-block for clinical interpretation. Since MODY is a hereditary disease, DNA analysis of family members is helpful or even crucial. This review is updated summary about HNF1A-MODY genetics, pathophysiology, clinics functional studies and variant classification.
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Host Transcription Factors in Hepatitis B Virus RNA Synthesis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020160. [PMID: 32019103 PMCID: PMC7077322 DOI: 10.3390/v12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV persistence is due in part to the highly stable HBV minichromosome or HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that resides in the nucleus. As HBV replication requires the help of host transcription factors to replicate, focusing on host protein–HBV genome interactions may reveal insights into new drug targets against cccDNA. The structural details on such complexes, however, remain poorly defined. In this review, the current literature regarding host transcription factors’ interactions with HBV cccDNA is discussed.
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11
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Sun S, Li Y, Liu B, Zhang B, Han S, Li X. Establishment of stable cell lines in which the HBV genome replicates episomally for evaluation of antivirals. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:407-413. [PMID: 32190152 PMCID: PMC7069427 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.79712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the increasing resistance to nucleot(s)ide analogs in patients with chronic hepatitis B, development of new antiviral drugs to eradicate hepatitis B virus is still urgently needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS To date, most studies on evaluating anti-HBV drugs have been performed using cell lines where the HBV genomic DNA is chromosomally integrated, e.g. Hep2.2.15 in HBV-infected livers of the viral episomal genome replicates in the nucleus and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) serves as a transcriptional template. Another option involves the use of HBV-infected cells of HepaRG or NTCP-overexpressing cells. However, the development of the infection system is expensive and laborious, and its HBV expression level remained low. RESULTS Compared to HuH7 cells, the established stable cell lines based on episomal-type pEB-Multi vectors can been expressed HBV wild-type by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting (p < 0.05). These two vectors are also sensitive to Entecavir and against nucleoside analog Lamivudine in mutants cellines. CONCLUSIONS It is worth demonstrating how useful the established cell system is for evaluating antiviral agents and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suofeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital Affiliated of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingyong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangyin Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Mohd-Ismail NK, Lim Z, Gunaratne J, Tan YJ. Mapping the Interactions of HBV cccDNA with Host Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174276. [PMID: 31480501 PMCID: PMC6747236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem affecting about 300 million people globally. Although successful administration of a prophylactic vaccine has reduced new infections, a cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is still unavailable. Current anti-HBV therapies slow down disease progression but are not curative as they cannot eliminate or permanently silence HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The cccDNA minichromosome persists in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes where it forms the template for all viral transcription. Interactions between host factors and cccDNA are crucial for its formation, stability, and transcriptional activity. Here, we summarize the reported interactions between HBV cccDNA and various host factors and their implications on HBV replication. While the virus hijacks certain cellular processes to complete its life cycle, there are also host factors that restrict HBV infection. Therefore, we review both positive and negative regulation of HBV cccDNA by host factors and the use of small molecule drugs or sequence-specific nucleases to target these interactions or cccDNA directly. We also discuss several reporter-based surrogate systems that mimic cccDNA biology which can be used for drug library screening of cccDNA-targeting compounds as well as identification of cccDNA-related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur K Mohd-Ismail
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Zijie Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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13
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Homeobox Genes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050621. [PMID: 31058850 PMCID: PMC6562709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer, and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths each year. It involves a multi-step progression and is strongly associated with chronic inflammation induced by the intake of environmental toxins and/or viral infections (i.e., hepatitis B and C viruses). Although several genetic dysregulations are considered to be involved in disease progression, the detailed regulatory mechanisms are not well defined. Homeobox genes that encode transcription factors with homeodomains control cell growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis in embryonic development. Recently, more aberrant expressions of Homeobox genes were found in a wide variety of human cancer, including HCC. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence related to the role of Homeobox genes in the development of HCC. The objective is to determine the roles of this conserved transcription factor family and its potential use as a therapeutic target in future investigations.
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14
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Hensel KO, Rendon JC, Navas MC, Rots MG, Postberg J. Virus-host interplay in hepatitis B virus infection and epigenetic treatment strategies. FEBS J 2017; 284:3550-3572. [PMID: 28457020 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem and no cure exists. Importantly, hepatocyte intrusion by HBV particles results in a complex deregulation of both viral and host cellular genetic and epigenetic processes. Among the attempts to develop novel therapeutic approaches against HBV infection, several options targeting the epigenomic regulation of HBV replication are gaining attention. These include the experimental treatment with 'epidrugs'. Moreover, as a targeted approach, the principle of 'epigenetic editing' recently is being exploited to control viral replication. Silencing of HBV by specific rewriting of epigenetic marks might diminish viral replication, viremia, and infectivity, eventually controlling the disease and its complications. Additionally, epigenetic editing can be used as an experimental tool to increase our limited understanding regarding the role of epigenetic modifications in viral infections. Aiming for permanent epigenetic reprogramming of the viral genome without unspecific side effects, this breakthrough may pave the roads for an ambitious technological pursuit: to start designing a curative approach utilizing manipulative molecular therapies for viral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai O Hensel
- HELIOS Medical Centre Wuppertal, Paediatrics Centre, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
| | - Julio C Rendon
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), The Netherlands.,Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria-Cristina Navas
- Grupo de Gastrohepatologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), The Netherlands
| | - Jan Postberg
- HELIOS Medical Centre Wuppertal, Paediatrics Centre, Centre for Clinical & Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
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15
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Zhang S, Yu N, Wang L, Liu Y, Kong Y, Liu J, Xie Y. Prox1 represses IL-2 gene expression by interacting with NFAT2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69422-69434. [PMID: 29050214 PMCID: PMC5642489 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is critical for T lymphocyte activation and regulated by many transcriptional factors. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1) is a multifunctional transcription factor, which can work as either a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on the cellular and developmental environment. We previously reported the Prox1 expression in T cells, raising the possibility of Prox1 involvement in the regulation of T cell function and IL-2 production. Here we demonstrated that the Prox1 expression in CD4+ T cells was downregulated by T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Overexpression of Prox1 attenuated IL-2 production, while knockdown of endogenous Prox1 by small interfering RNA increased IL-2 expression. Mechanistically, we showed that Prox1 inhibited the IL-2 promoter activity, and associated with the minimal IL-2 promoter. Prox1 repressed the nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2)-dependent transactivation of IL-2 gene by physically binding to NFAT2. The N-terminal region of Prox1 was essential for the binding and repression. In summary, our findings established Prox1 as a negative regulator in IL-2 gene expression through the direct interaction with NFAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Lin J, Gu C, Shen Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Tao S, Cui X, Liu J, Xie Y. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α downregulates HBV gene expression and replication by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174017. [PMID: 28319127 PMCID: PMC5358864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) in the regulation of gene expression and replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not fully understood. Previous reports have documented the induction of the expression of viral large surface protein (LHBs) by HNF1α through activating viral Sp1 promoter. Large amount of LHBs can block the secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Here we found that HNF1α overexpression inhibited HBV gene expression and replication in Huh7 cells, resulting in marked decreases in HBsAg, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and virion productions. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous HNF1α expression enhanced viral gene expression and replication. This HNF1α-mediated inhibition did not depend on LHBs. Instead, HNF1α promoted the expression of NF-κB p65 and slowed p65 protein degradation, leading to nuclear accumulation of p65 and activation of the NF-κB signaling, which in turn inhibited HBV gene expression and replication. The inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling, IκBα-SR, could abrogate this HNF1α-mediated inhibition. While the dimerization domain of HNF1α was dispensable for the induction of LHBs expression, all the domains of HNF1α was required for the inhibition of HBV gene expression. Our findings identify a novel role of HNF1α in the regulation of HBV gene expression and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YHX); (JL)
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YHX); (JL)
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17
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Li Y, Ito M, Sun S, Chida T, Nakashima K, Suzuki T. LUC7L3/CROP inhibits replication of hepatitis B virus via suppressing enhancer II/basal core promoter activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36741. [PMID: 27857158 PMCID: PMC5114668 DOI: 10.1038/srep36741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The core promoter of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is a critical region for transcriptional initiation of 3.5 kb, pregenome and precore RNAs and for the viral replication. Although a number of host-cell factors that potentially regulate the viral promoter activities have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of the viral gene expression, in particular, regulatory mechanisms of the transcriptional repression remain elusive. In this study, we identified LUC7 like 3 pre-mRNA splicing factor (LUC7L3, also known as hLuc7A or CROP) as a novel interacting partner of HBV enhancer II and basal core promoter (ENII/BCP), key elements within the core promoter, through the proteomic screening and found that LUC7L3 functions as a negative regulator of ENII/BCP. Gene silencing of LUC7L3 significantly increased expression of the viral genes and antigens as well as the activities of ENII/BCP and core promoter. In contrast, overexpression of LUC7L3 inhibited their activities and HBV replication. In addition, LUC7L3 possibly contributes to promotion of the splicing of 3.5 kb RNA, which may also be involved in negative regulation of the pregenome RNA level. This is the first to demonstrate the involvement of LUC7L3 in regulation of gene transcription and in viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Suofeng Sun
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chida
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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18
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Chen C, Wu M, Zhang W, Lu W, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Yuan Z. MicroRNA-939 restricts Hepatitis B virus by targeting Jmjd3-mediated and C/EBPα-coordinated chromatin remodeling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35974. [PMID: 27779233 PMCID: PMC5078794 DOI: 10.1038/srep35974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-layered mechanisms of virus host interaction exist for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which have been typically manifested at the microRNA level. Our previous study suggested that miRNA-939 (miR-939) may play a potential role in regulating HBV replication. Here we further investigated the mechanism by which miR-939 regulates HBV life cycle. We found that miR-939 inhibited the abundance of viral RNAs without direct miRNA-mRNA base pairing, but via host factors. Expression profiling and functional validation identified Jmjd3 as a target responsible for miR-939 induced anti-HBV effect. Jmjd3 appeared to enhance the transcription efficiency of HBV enhancer II/core promoter (En II) in a C/EBPα-dependent manner. However, the demethylase activity of Jmjd3 was not required in this process. Rather, Jmjd3’s transactivation activity depended on its interaction with C/EBPα. This coordinated action further recruited the Brm containing SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex which promoted the transcription of HBV RNAs. Taken together, we propose that the miR-939-Jmjd3 axis perturbs the accessibility of En II promoter to essential nuclear factors (C/EBPα and SWI/SNF complex) therefore leading to compromised viral RNA synthesis and hence restricted viral multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncun Chen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Research Units, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanqing Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Research Units, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Stergiopoulos A, Elkouris M, Politis PK. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1) at the crossroads of diverse pathways during adult neural fate specification. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:454. [PMID: 25674048 PMCID: PMC4306308 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, adult neurogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental process underlying physiology and disease. Recent evidence indicates that the homeobox transcription factor Prox1 is a critical intrinsic regulator of neurogenesis in the embryonic CNS and adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, acting in multiple ways and instructed by extrinsic cues and intrinsic factors. In the embryonic CNS, Prox1 is mechanistically involved in the regulation of proliferation vs. differentiation decisions of neural stem cells (NSCs), promoting cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation, while inhibiting astrogliogenesis. During the complex differentiation events in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, Prox1 is required for maintenance of intermediate progenitors (IPs), differentiation and maturation of glutamatergic interneurons, as well as specification of DG cell identity over CA3 pyramidal fate. The mechanism by which Prox1 exerts multiple functions involves distinct signaling pathways currently not fully highlighted. In this mini-review, we thoroughly discuss the Prox1-dependent phenotypes and molecular pathways in adult neurogenesis in relation to different upstream signaling cues and cell fate determinants. In addition, we discuss the possibility that Prox1 may act as a cross-talk point between diverse signaling cascades to achieve specific outcomes during adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Stergiopoulos
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Maximilianos Elkouris
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
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20
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Zhao X, Wu Y, Duan J, Ma Y, Shen Z, Wei L, Cui X, Zhang J, Xie Y, Liu J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Exosome Protein Content Changes Induced by Hepatitis B Virus in Huh-7 Cells Using SILAC Labeling and LC–MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5391-402. [PMID: 25265333 DOI: 10.1021/pr5008703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Microbiology
Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Duan
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Pathology, Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 786 YuYuan Road, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Ma
- Lab
Center, Putuo District Center Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 164 Lanxi Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Shen
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wei
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Cui
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes
of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138
YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Xun YH, Zhang YJ, Pan QC, Mao RC, Qin YL, Liu HY, Zhang YM, Yu YS, Tang ZH, Lu MJ, Zang GQ, Zhang JM. Metformin inhibits hepatitis B virus protein production and replication in human hepatoma cells. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:597-603. [PMID: 24164660 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) plays an important role in maintaining the tolerance and may interfere with host innate and adaptive immune responses; therefore, novel therapeutic strategies to reduce HBsAg loads in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are emerging as an attractive but challenging issue. Metformin could regulate hepatic metabolism while the latter interacts with HBV infection. We hypothesized that metformin could affect HBsAg expression and HBV replication and may work synergistically when combined with current antivirals. In our study, a notably inhibitory effect on HBsAg production, as well as a moderate inhibition in HBV replication and HBeAg expression was observed following metformin treatment. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) for extracellular HBsAg and intracellular HBsAg in HBV-producing HepG2.2.15 cells was 2.85 mm and 2.75 mm, respectively, with a similarly selective index of about 18. When administered in combination, metformin enhanced the inhibitory effects of interferon-α2b on HBsAg expression and HBV replication and provided a complimentary role in HBsAg expression for lamivudine (LMV). This novel action of metformin derives partially from its inhibition on multiple HBV cis-acting elements. By the virtues of preferably hepatocyte distribution and safety profile, collectively, our results suggest that metformin would be potentially clinically helpful as an HBsAg production inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Xun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministries of Education and Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Liver Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Prox1 directly interacts with LSD1 and recruits the LSD1/NuRD complex to epigenetically co-repress CYP7A1 transcription. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62192. [PMID: 23626788 PMCID: PMC3633876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the classical pathway of bile acids synthesis in liver and is crucial for maintaining lipid homeostasis. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and α1-fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF) are two major transcription factors driving CYP7A1 promoter activity in hepatocytes. Previous researches have shown that Prospero-related homeobox (Prox1) directly interacts with both HNF4α and FTF and potently co-represses CYP7A1 transcription and bile acid synthesis through unidentified mechanisms. In this work, mechanisms involved in Prox1-mediated co-repression were explored by identifying Prox1-associated proteins using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS) methodology. Multiple components of the epigenetically repressive lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1)/nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase (NuRD) complex, most notably LSD1 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), were found to be associated with Prox1 and GST pulldown assay demonstrated that Prox1 directly interacts with LSD1. Sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Prox1 co-localizes with HNF4α, LSD1 and HDAC2 on CYP7A1 promoter in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, by using ChIP assay on HepG2 cells with endogenous Prox1 knocked down by RNA interference, Prox1 was shown to recruit LSD1 and HDAC2 onto CYP7A1 promoter and cause increased H3K4 demethylation. Finally, bile acids treatment of HepG2 cells, which significantly repressed CYP7A1 transcription, resulted in increased Prox1 and LSD1/NuRD complex occupancy on CYP7A1 promoter with a concurrent increase in H3K4 demethylation and H3/H4 deacetylation. These results showed that Prox1 interacts with LSD1 to recruit the repressive LSD1/NuRD complex to CYP7A1 promoter and co-represses transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, such Prox1-mediated epigenetic repression is involved in the physiologically essential negative feedback inhibition of CYP7A1 transcription by bile acids.
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23
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Novel recombinant hepatitis B virus vectors efficiently deliver protein and RNA encoding genes into primary hepatocytes. J Virol 2013; 87:6615-24. [PMID: 23552416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03328-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has extremely restricted host and hepatocyte tropism. HBV-based vectors could form the basis of novel therapies for chronic hepatitis B and other liver diseases and would also be invaluable for the study of HBV infection. Previous attempts at developing HBV-based vectors encountered low yields of recombinant viruses and/or lack of sufficient infectivity/cargo gene expression in primary hepatocytes, which hampered follow-up applications. In this work, we constructed a novel vector based on a naturally occurring, highly replicative HBV mutant with a 207-bp deletion in the preS1/polymerase spacer region. By applying a novel insertion strategy that preserves the continuity of the polymerase open reading frame (ORF), recombinant HBV (rHBV) carrying protein or small interfering RNA (siRNA) genes were obtained that replicated and were packaged efficiently in cultured hepatocytes. We demonstrated that rHBV expressing a fluorescent reporter (DsRed) is highly infective in primary tree shrew hepatocytes, and rHBV expressing HBV-targeting siRNA successfully inhibited antigen expression from coinfected wild-type HBV. This novel HBV vector will be a powerful tool for hepatocyte-targeting gene delivery, as well as the study of HBV infection.
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24
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25
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Hu W, Wang X, Ding X, Li Y, Zhang X, Xie P, Yang J, Wang S. MicroRNA-141 represses HBV replication by targeting PPARA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34165. [PMID: 22479552 PMCID: PMC3316618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression primarily at the post-transcriptional level and play critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this report, miR-141 was identified to repress HBV expression by screening a small miRNA expressing library and synthetic miR-141 mimics could also significantly suppress HBV expression and replication in HepG2 cells. Bioinformatic analysis and experiment assays indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) was the target of hsa-miR-141 during this process. Furthermore, knockdown of PPARA by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited HBV replication similar to levels observed for miR-141. Promoter functional analysis indicated that repression of HBV replication by miR-141 mimics or siRNA was mediated by interfering with the HBV promoter functions, consistent with previous studies demonstrating that PPARA regulated HBV gene expression through interactions with HBV promoter regulatory elements. Our results suggest that miR-141 suppressed HBV replication by reducing HBV promoter activities by down-regulating PPARA. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with HBV-host interactions. Furthermore, this information may facilitate the development of novel anti-HBV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Zhu X, Liu J, Ding X, Han M, Hu W, Wang X, Zhou Z, Wang S. Inhibition of Hepatitis B virus replication by phospholipid scramblase 1 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:9-17. [PMID: 22342889 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is an α/β interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity against RNA viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of PLSCR1 protein against HBV (Hepatitis B virus). Firstly, PLSCR1 mRNA and protein expression was found to be downregulated in HepG2 cells after HBV infection. Then by performing co-transient-transfection experiments in cells and hydrodynamics-based transfection experiments in mice using a HBV expression plasmid and a PLSCR1 expression plasmid, we found that PLSCR1 inhibited HBV replication in vitro and in vivo through a significant reduction in the synthesis of viral proteins, DNA replicative intermediates and HBV RNAs. We also demonstrated that the antiviral action of PLSCR1 against HBV occurs, partly at least, by activating the Jak/Stat pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that the expression of PLSCR1 is involved in HBV replication and that PLSCR1 has antiviral activity against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, PR China
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Yoo J, Kang J, Lee HN, Aguilar B, Kafka D, Lee S, Choi I, Lee J, Ramu S, Haas J, Koh CJ, Hong YK. Kaposin-B enhances the PROX1 mRNA stability during lymphatic reprogramming of vascular endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001046. [PMID: 20730087 PMCID: PMC2921153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer among HIV-positive patients. Histogenetic origin of KS has long been elusive due to a mixed expression of both blood and lymphatic endothelial markers in KS tumor cells. However, we and others discovered that Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) induces lymphatic reprogramming of blood vascular endothelial cells by upregulating PROX1, which functions as the master regulator for lymphatic endothelial differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that the KSHV latent gene kaposin-B enhances the PROX1 mRNA stability and plays an important role in KSHV-mediated PROX1 upregulation. We found that PROX1 mRNA contains a canonical AU-rich element (ARE) in its 3′-untranslated region that promotes PROX1 mRNA turnover and that kaposin-B stimulates cytoplasmic accumulation of the ARE-binding protein HuR through activation of the p38/MK2 pathway. Moreover, HuR binds to and stabilizes PROX1 mRNA through its ARE and is necessary for KSHV-mediated PROX1 mRNA stabilization. Together, our study demonstrates that kaposin-B plays a key role in PROX1 upregulation during lymphatic reprogramming of blood vascular endothelial cells by KSHV. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in HIV-positive patients and KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV) was identified as its causing agent. We and others have discovered that when the virus infects endothelial cells of blood vessels, KSHV reprograms the cell type resembling endothelial cells in lymphatic vessels. Although endothelial cells of the blood vascular system and of the lymphatic system share functional similarities, the cell type-reprogramming does not occur under a normal physiological condition. Therefore, cell-fate reprogramming by the cancer-causing virus KSHV provides an important insight into the molecular mechanism for viral pathogenesis. Our current study investigates the molecular mechanism underlying the KSHV-mediated cell fate reprogramming. We identified that a KSHV latent gene kaposin-B plays an important role in KSHV-mediated regulation of PROX1 to promote PROX1 mRNA stability. This study will provide a better understanding on the tumorigenesis and pathogenesis of KS with a potential implication toward new KS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Yoo
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jinjoo Kang
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ha Neul Lee
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Berenice Aguilar
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Darren Kafka
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sunju Lee
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Inho Choi
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juneyong Lee
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Swapnika Ramu
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juergen Haas
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Departments of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is tightly controlled by a number of noncytotoxic mechanisms. This control occurs within the host hepatocyte at different steps of the HBV replication cycle. HBV persists by establishing a nuclear minichromosome, HBV cccDNA, serving as a transcription template for the viral pregenome and viral mRNAs. Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues widely used for antiviral therapy as well as most antiviral cytokines act at steps after transcription of HBV RNAs and thus can control virus replication but do not directly affect its gene expression. Control of HBV at the level of transcription in contrast is able to restrict both, HBV replication and gene expression. In the review, we focus on how HBV is controlled at the level of transcription. We discuss how the composition of transcription factors determines HBV gene expression and replication and how this may be influenced by antivirally active substances, e.g. the cytokine IL-6 or helioxanthin analogues, or by the differentiation state of the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quasdorff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is tightly controlled by a number of noncytotoxic mechanisms. This control occurs within the host hepatocyte at different steps of the HBV replication cycle. HBV persists by establishing a nuclear minichromosome, HBV cccDNA, serving as a transcription template for the viral pregenome and viral mRNAs. Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues widely used for antiviral therapy as well as most antiviral cytokines act at steps after transcription of HBV RNAs and thus can control virus replication but do not directly affect its gene expression. Control of HBV at the level of transcription in contrast is able to restrict both, HBV replication and gene expression. In the review, we focus on how HBV is controlled at the level of transcription. We discuss how the composition of transcription factors determines HBV gene expression and replication and how this may be influenced by antivirally active substances, e.g. the cytokine IL-6 or helioxanthin analogues, or by the differentiation state of the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quasdorff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
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Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by MyD88 involves accelerated degradation of pregenomic RNA and nuclear retention of pre-S/S RNAs. J Virol 2010; 84:6387-99. [PMID: 20410269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00236-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), which can be induced by alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), has an antiviral activity against the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The mechanism of this antiviral activity remains poorly understood. Here, we report that MyD88 inhibited HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells and in a mouse model. The knockdown of MyD88 expression weakened the IFN-alpha-induced inhibition of HBV replication. Furthermore, MyD88 posttranscriptionally reduced the levels of viral RNA. Remarkably, MyD88 accelerated the decay of viral pregenomic RNA in the cytoplasm. Mapping analysis showed that the RNA sequence located in the 5'-proximal region of the pregenomic RNA was critical for the decay. In addition, MyD88 inhibited the nuclear export of pre-S/S RNAs via the posttranscriptional regulatory element (PRE). The retained pre-S/S RNAs were shown to degrade in the nucleus. Finally, we found that MyD88 inhibited the expression of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), a key nuclear export factor for PRE-containing RNA. Taken together, our results define a novel antiviral mechanism against HBV mediated by MyD88.
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