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Host Components That Modulate the Disease Caused by hMPV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030519. [PMID: 33809875 PMCID: PMC8004172 DOI: 10.3390/v13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children up to 5 years of age, contributing substantially to health burden. The worldwide economic and social impact of this virus is significant and must be addressed. The structural components of hMPV (either proteins or genetic material) can be detected by several receptors expressed by host cells through the engagement of pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of the structural components of hMPV can promote the signaling of the immune response to clear the infection, leading to the activation of several pathways, such as those related to the interferon response. Even so, several intrinsic factors are capable of modulating the immune response or directly inhibiting the replication of hMPV. This article will discuss the current knowledge regarding the innate and adaptive immune response during hMPV infections. Accordingly, the host intrinsic components capable of modulating the immune response and the elements capable of restricting viral replication during hMPV infections will be examined.
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2
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Diab M, Schmiedel D, Seidel E, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. Human Metapneumovirus Escapes NK Cell Recognition through the Downregulation of Stress-Induced Ligands for NKG2D. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070781. [PMID: 32698530 PMCID: PMC7412239 DOI: 10.3390/v12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pneumoviridae family includes human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human orthopneumovirus, which is also known as a respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). These are large enveloped, negative single-strand RNA viruses. HMPV and HRSV are the human members, which commonly infect children. HMPV, which was discovered in 2001, infects most children until the age of five, which causes an influenza-like illness. The interaction of this virus with immune cells is poorly understood. In this study, we show that HMPV evades natural killer (NK) cell attack by downregulating stress-induced ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D including: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polypeptide-related sequences A and B (MICA, MICB), UL16 binding proteins ULBP2, and ULBP3, but not ULBP1. Mechanistically, we show that the viral protein G is involved in the downregulation of ULBP2 and that the viral protein M2.2 is required for MICA and MICB downregulation. These findings emphasize the importance of NK cells, in general, and NKG2D, in particular, in controlling HMPV infection, which opens new avenues for treating HMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2675-7515
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3
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Prospects of and Barriers to the Development of Epitope-Based Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060481. [PMID: 32570728 PMCID: PMC7350342 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory illnesses in children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. Although this pathogen was only discovered in 2001, an enormous amount of research has been conducted in order to develop safe and effective vaccines to prevent people from contracting the disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the most promising experimental B- and T-cell epitopes of human metapneumovirus for the rational design of HMPV vaccines using vector delivery systems, paying special attention to the conservation of these epitopes among different lineages/genotypes of HMPV. The prospects of the successful development of an epitope-based HMPV vaccine are discussed in the context of recent findings regarding HMPV’s ability to modulate host immunity. In particular, we discuss the lack of data on experimental human CD4 T-cell epitopes for HMPV despite the role of CD4 lymphocytes in both the induction of higher neutralizing antibody titers and the establishment of CD8 memory T-cell responses. We conclude that current research should be focused on searching for human CD4 T-cell epitopes of HMPV that can help us to design a safe and cross-protective epitope-based HMPV vaccine.
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4
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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5
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Benavente FM, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Lay MK, Riedel C, Bueno SM, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM. Human Metapneumovirus: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets Used by the Virus to Avoid the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2466. [PMID: 30405642 PMCID: PMC6207598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus, first reported the year 2001. Since then, it has been described as one of the main etiological agents that causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs), which is characterized by symptoms such as bronchiolitis, wheezing and coughing. Susceptible population to hMPV-infection includes newborn, children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This viral agent is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped virus, that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and Metapneumovirus genus. Early reports—previous to 2001—state several cases of respiratory illness without clear identification of the responsible pathogen, which could be related to hMPV. Despite the similarities of hMPV with several other viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus or influenza virus, mechanisms used by hMPV to avoid the host immune system are still unclear. In fact, evidence indicates that hMPV induces a poor innate immune response, thereby affecting the adaptive immunity. Among these mechanisms, is the promotion of an anergic state in T cells, instead of an effective polarization or activation, which could be induced by low levels of cytokine secretion. Further, the evidences support the notion that hMPV interferes with several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell signaling pathways triggered by interferon-associated genes. However, these mechanisms reported in hMPV are not like the ones reported for hRSV, as the latter has two non-structural proteins that are able to inhibit these pathways. Several reports suggest that viral glycoproteins, such as G and SH, could play immune-modulator roles during infection. In this work, we discuss the state of the art regarding the mechanisms that underlie the poor immunity elicited by hMPV. Importantly, these mechanisms will be compared with those elicited by other common respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Claudia Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Kumar P, Srivastava M. Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus. Virusdisease 2018; 29:434-444. [PMID: 30539045 PMCID: PMC6261883 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important pneumovirus which causes acute respiratory disease in human beings. The viral infection leads to mild to severe respiratory symptoms depending on the age and immune status of the infected individual. Several groups across the world are working on the development of immunogens and therapy to manage HMPV infection with promising results under laboratory conditions but till date any virus specific vaccine or therapy has not been approved for clinical use. This minireview gives an overview of the prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to manage HMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P. 201301 India
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P. 201301 India
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7
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Tzannou I, Nicholas SK, Lulla P, Aguayo-Hiraldo PI, Misra A, Martinez CA, Machado AA, Orange JS, Piedra PA, Vera JF, Leen AM. Immunologic Profiling of Human Metapneumovirus for the Development of Targeted Immunotherapy. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:678-687. [PMID: 28934427 PMCID: PMC5853664 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus detected in ≥9% of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, in whom it can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Given the lack of effective antivirals, we investigated the potential for immunotherapeutic intervention, using adoptively transferred T cells. Thus, we characterized the cellular immune response to the virus and identified F, N, M2-1, M, and P as immunodominant target antigens. Reactive T cells were polyclonal (ie, they expressed CD4 and CD8), T-helper type 1 polarized, and polyfunctional (ie, they produced interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and granzyme B), and they were able to kill autologous antigen-loaded targets. The detection of hMPV-specific T cells in HSCT recipients who endogenously controlled active infections support the clinical importance of T-cell immunity in mediating protective antiviral effects. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of developing an immunotherapy for immunocompromised patients with uncontrolled infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Tzannou
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Sarah K Nicholas
- Solid Organ Transplant Immunology, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology
| | - Premal Lulla
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Paibel I Aguayo-Hiraldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Anisha Misra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Caridad A Martinez
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Annette A Machado
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Juan F Vera
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
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8
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Kan-O K, Ramirez R, MacDonald MI, Rolph M, Rudd PA, Spann KM, Mahalingam S, Bardin PG, Thomas BJ. Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impact of Glucocorticosteroids and Interferon. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1536-1545. [PMID: 28379462 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection is implicated in exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Research into the pathogenesis of infection is restricted to animal models, and information about hMPV replication and inflammatory and immune responses in human disease is limited. Methods Human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from healthy and asthmatic subjects and those with COPD were infected with hMPV, with or without glucocorticosteroid (GCS) exposure. Viral replication, inflammatory and immune responses, and apoptosis were analyzed. We also determined whether adjuvant interferon (IFN) can blunt hMPV infection in vitro and in a murine model. Results hMPV infected human PBECs and viral replication was enhanced in cells from patients with COPD. The virus induced gene expression of IFN-stimulated gene 56 (ISG56) and IFN-β, as well as IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and more so in cells from patients with COPD. GCS exposure enhanced hMPV replication despite increased IFN expression. Augmented virus replication associated with GCS was mediated by reduced apoptosis via induction of antiapoptotic genes. Adjuvant IFN treatment suppressed hMPV replication in PBECs and reduced hMPV viral titers and inflammation in vivo. Conclusions hMPV infects human PBECs, eliciting innate and inflammatory responses. Replication is enhanced by GCS and adjuvant IFN is an effective treatment, restricting virus replication and proinflammatory consequences of hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kan-O
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne.,Research Institute for Disease of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Michael Rolph
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, and
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, and
| | - Kirsten M Spann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Philip G Bardin
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - Belinda J Thomas
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne
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9
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Abstract
Globally, as a leading agent of acute respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age and the elderly, the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has gained considerable attention. As inferred from studies comparing vaccinated and experimentally infected mice, the acquired immune response elicited by this pathogen fails to efficiently clear the virus from the airways, which leads to an exaggerated inflammatory response and lung damage. Furthermore, after disease resolution, there is a poor development of T and B cell immunological memory, which is believed to promote reinfections and viral spread in the community. In this article, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that shape the interactions of HMPV with host tissues that lead to pulmonary pathology and to the development of adaptive immunity that fails to protect against natural infections by this virus.
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10
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Diab M, Glasner A, Isaacson B, Bar-On Y, Drori Y, Yamin R, Duev-Cohen A, Danziger O, Zamostiano R, Mandelboim M, Jonjic S, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. NK-cell receptors NKp46 and NCR1 control human metapneumovirus infection. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:692-703. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Batya Isaacson
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yaron Drori
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services; Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Alexandra Duev-Cohen
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Oded Danziger
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Rachel Zamostiano
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services; Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
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11
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Céspedes PF, Rey-Jurado E, Espinoza JA, Rivera CA, Canedo-Marroquín G, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. A single, low dose of a cGMP recombinant BCG vaccine elicits protective T cell immunity against the human respiratory syncytial virus infection and prevents lung pathology in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:757-766. [PMID: 28065474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major health burden worldwide, causing the majority of hospitalizations in children under two years old due to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. HRSV causes year-to-year outbreaks of disease, which also affects the elderly and immunocompromised adults. Furthermore, both hRSV morbidity and epidemics are explained by a consistently high rate of re-infections that take place throughout the patient life. Although significant efforts have been invested worldwide, currently there are no licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV infection. Here, we describe that a recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine expressing the nucleoprotein (N) of hRSV formulated under current good manufacture practices (cGMP rBCG-N-hRSV) confers protective immunity to the virus in mice. Our results show that a single dose of the GMP rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine retains its capacity to protect mice against a challenge with a disease-causing infection of 1×107 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of the hRSV A2 clinical strain 13018-8. Compared to unimmunized infected controls, vaccinated mice displayed reduced weight loss and less infiltration of neutrophils within the airways, as well as reduced viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavages, parameters that are characteristic of hRSV infection in mice. Also, ex vivo re-stimulation of splenic T cells at 28days post-immunization activated a repertoire of T cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-17, which further suggest that the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine induced a mixed, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell response capable of both restraining viral spread and preventing damage of the lungs. All these features support the notion that rBCG-N-hRSV is a promising candidate vaccine to be used in humans to prevent the disease caused by hRSV in the susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Céspedes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; INSERM UMR 1064, Nantes, France.
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12
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González AE, Lay MK, Jara EL, Espinoza JA, Gómez RS, Soto J, Rivera CA, Abarca K, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection. Virulence 2016; 8:685-704. [PMID: 27911218 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E González
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- b Departamento de Biotecnología , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Soto
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- e Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,f Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Endocrinología , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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13
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Gu W, Wang Y, Hao C, Zhang X, Yan Y, Chen Z, Jiang W, Shao X, Ji W. Elevated Serum Levels of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Wheezing Children Infected with Human Metapneumovirus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:161-166. [PMID: 27357989 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to study the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in children in the Suzhou area, China, and to investigate the effect of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) on wheezing in hMPV-infected children. The study included 13,533 children with respiratory tract infections who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between January 2009 and December 2014. Clinical data were recorded. Plasma levels of TSLP, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-2 were compared among 35 wheezing children with single hMPV infection, 15 non-wheezing children with hMPV infection, and 35 wheezing children with other viral infections. The annual rates of hMPV infection from 2009 to 2014 were 2.33%, 6.41%, 3.29%, 3.52%, 0.23%, and 0.64%, respectively, peaking in 2010. The number of CD3-/CD16+/CD56+ cells was significantly lower in inpatients with hMPV infection than that in patients with other viral infections. Serum levels of TSLP and IL-4 in wheezing children with hMPV infection were significantly higher than the levels in the other 2 groups. hMPV is a common viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children in Suzhou, but annual rates have declined since 2010. Infection with hMPV may affect cell-mediated immunity. Serum TSLP levels were elevated after hMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University
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14
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Malmo J, Moe N, Krokstad S, Ryan L, Loevenich S, Johnsen IB, Espevik T, Nordbø SA, Døllner H, Anthonsen MW. Cytokine Profiles in Human Metapneumovirus Infected Children: Identification of Genes Involved in the Antiviral Response and Pathogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155484. [PMID: 27171557 PMCID: PMC4865088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes severe airway infection in children that may be caused by an unfavorable immune response. The nature of the innate immune response to hMPV in naturally occurring infections in children is largely undescribed, and it is unknown if inflammasome activation is implicated in disease pathogenesis. We examined nasopharynx aspirates and blood samples from hMPV-infected children without detectable co-infections. The expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes were measured in nasal airway secretions by relative mRNA quantification while blood plasma proteins were determined by a multiplex immunoassay. Several genes were significantly up-regulated at mRNA and protein level in the hMPV infected children. Most apparent was the expression of the chemokine IP-10, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 in addition to the interferon inducible gene ISG54. Interestingly, children experiencing more severe disease, as indicated by a severity index, had significantly more often up-regulation of the inflammasome-associated genes IL-1β and NLRP3. Overall, our data point to cytokines, particularly inflammasome-associated, that might be important in hMPV mediated lung disease and the antiviral response in children with severe infection. Our study is the first to demonstrate that inflammasome components are associated with increased illness severity in hMPV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostein Malmo
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Nina Moe
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sidsel Krokstad
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Simon Loevenich
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild B. Johnsen
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit W. Anthonsen
- Childhood Airway Infections Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Immune Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection: What We Have Learned from the Mouse Model. Pathogens 2015; 4:682-96. [PMID: 26393657 PMCID: PMC4584281 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading respiratory viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The development of a potential vaccine against hMPV requires detailed understanding of the host immune system, which plays a significant role in hMPV pathogenesis, susceptibility and vaccine efficacy. As a result, animal models have been developed to better understand the mechanisms by which hMPV causes disease. Several animal models have been evaluated and established so far to study the host immune responses and pathophysiology of hMPV infection. However, inbred laboratory mouse strains have been one of the most used animal species for experimental modeling and therefore used for the studies of immunity and immunopathogenesis to hMPV. This review summarizes the contributions of the mouse model to our understanding of the immune response against hMPV infection.
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16
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New Approaches for Immunization and Therapy against Human Metapneumovirus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:858-66. [PMID: 26063237 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus discovered in 2001 in the Netherlands. Studies have identified HMPV as an important causative agent of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. There are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against HMPV. However, several research groups have tested vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies in various animal models. Several of these approaches have shown promise in animal models. This minireview summarizes the current therapies used to treat HMPV infection as well as different approaches for immunization.
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Aerts L, Cavanagh MH, Dubois J, Carbonneau J, Rhéaume C, Lavigne S, Couture C, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Effect of in vitro syncytium formation on the severity of human metapneumovirus disease in a murine model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120283. [PMID: 25803584 PMCID: PMC4372586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in children, elderly individuals and immunocompromised patients. In vitro, different HMPV strains can induce variable cytopathic effects ranging from large multinucleated syncytia to focal cell rounding. In this study, we investigated the impact of different in vitro phenotypes of two HMPV strains on viral replication and disease severity in a BALB/c mouse model. We first generated two recombinant GFP-expressing HMPV viruses: C-85473, a syncytium-inducing strain (rC-85473) belonging to the A1 subtype and CAN98-75, a focal cell rounding-inducing strain (rCAN98-75) of the B2 subtype. We subsequently exchanged the F genes of both strains to create the chimeric viruses rC-85473_F and rCAN98-75_F. We demonstrated that the F protein was the sole protein responsible for the syncytium phenotype and that viruses carrying a syncytium-inducing F protein replicated to significantly higher titers in vitro. In vivo, however, the virulence and replicative capacity of the different HMPV strains did not appear to be solely dependent on the F gene but also on the viral background, with the strains containing the C-85473 background inducing more weight loss as well as increased lung viral titers, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation than strains containing the CAN98-75 background. In conclusion, the F protein is the main determinant of syncytium formation and replication kinetics in vitro, although it is not the only factor implicated in HMPV disease severity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aerts
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Cavanagh
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Dubois
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Anatomopathologie et cytologie, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Anatomopathologie et cytologie, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Chiu C, Openshaw PJ. Antiviral B cell and T cell immunity in the lungs. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:18-26. [PMID: 25521681 PMCID: PMC7097128 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are frequent causes of repeated common colds, bronchitis and pneumonia, which often occur unpredictably as epidemics and pandemics. Despite those decimating effects on health and decades of intensive research, treatments remain largely supportive. The only commonly available vaccines are against influenza virus, and even these need improvement. The lung shares some features with other mucosal sites, but preservation of its especially delicate anatomical structures necessitates a fine balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses; well-timed, appropriately placed and tightly regulated T cell and B cell responses are essential for protection from infection and limitation of symptoms, whereas poorly regulated inflammation contributes to tissue damage and disease. Recent advances in understanding adaptive immunity should facilitate vaccine development and reduce the global effect of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chiu
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Openshaw
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Palavecino CE, Céspedes PF, Gómez RS, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Immunization with a recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain confers protective Th1 immunity against the human metapneumovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:214-23. [PMID: 24319265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Along with the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization and a major health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, owing to an inefficient immunological memory, hMPV infection provides limited immune protection against reinfection. Furthermore, hMPV can induce an inadequate Th2 type immune response that causes severe lung inflammation, leading to airway obstruction. Similar to hRSV, it is likely that an effective clearance of hMPV would require a balanced Th1 type immunity by the host, involving the activation of IFN-γ-secreting T cells. A recognized inducer of Th1 immunity is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which has been used in newborns for many decades and in several countries as a tuberculosis vaccine. We have previously shown that immunization with BCG strains expressing hRSV Ags can induce an efficient immune response that protects against this virus. In this study, we show that immunization with rBCG strains expressing the phosphoprotein from hMPV also can induce protective Th1 immunity. Mice immunized with rBCG were protected against weight loss, airway inflammation, and viral replication in the lungs after hMPV infection. Our rBCG vaccine also induced the activation of hMPV-specific T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-2, which could protect from hMPV infection when transferred to recipient mice. These data strongly support the notion that rBCG induces protective Th1 immunity and could be considered as an efficient vaccine against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Palavecino
- Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile
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20
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Tedcastle A, Fenwick F, Robinson M, Toms G. Immunogenicity in mice of human metapneumovirus with a truncated SH glycoprotein. J Med Virol 2013; 86:547-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Tedcastle
- The Institute of Cellular Medicine; The University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
| | - F. Fenwick
- The Institute of Cellular Medicine; The University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
| | - M.J. Robinson
- The Institute of Cellular Medicine; The University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
| | - G.L. Toms
- The Institute of Cellular Medicine; The University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
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21
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O'Shaughnessy L, Carr M, Crowley B, Carberry S, Doyle S. Recombinant expression and immunological characterisation of proteins derived from human metapneumovirus. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:236-43. [PMID: 21920812 PMCID: PMC7108261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been shown to cause respiratory infection, accounting for approximately 7% of all such disease, and contributes to the development of asthma in humans. HMPV has a worldwide distribution with infectivity rates approaching 100%, and immunocompromised patients are particularly at risk from viral exposure. No anti-HMPV vaccine is available and diagnosis is primarily based on in-house molecular or serological tests, in part due to limited availability of recombinant HMPV antigens. OBJECTIVE To generate a panel of HMPV-derived recombinant antigens, develop standardised ELISA systems for HMPV IgG detection and explore the nature of B cell memory against HMPV to underpin future vaccine studies. STUDY DESIGN HMPV viral RNA was isolated from a clinical specimen and RT-PCR was conducted. The HMPV M and P genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The HMPV N gene was cloned and expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. Each purified recombinant antigens was subsequently employed in HMPV-specific ELISA. RESULTS High-level expression, and purification, of both HMPV matrix (M) (10 mg/g cells) and phosphoprotein (P) (3.82 mg/g cells) were achieved in an E. coli expression system. Recombinant HMPV (N) was successfully expressed in, and purified from the baculovirus expression system. Overall, a 99% HMPV IgG seroprevalence was observed (n = 96) using HMPV M-, N- and P-ELISA, respectively. The M antigen proved to be the most diagnostically useful with 99% of specimens tested exhibiting anti-M protein reactivity. A high correlation was observed between anti-M and N IgG reactivity (r = 0.96), with significant correlation also evident for anti-N and P IgG reactivity (r = 0.74). Lowest correlation was evident for anti-M and P IgG reactivity (r = 0.57). Finally, the first demonstration of HMPV-specific B cell memory (ranging 1-15 spot forming cells (SFC)/million cells) was achieved against M and P antigens in 40% of individuals tested. CONCLUSION This work describes robust diagnostic systems for HMPV and new insight into antigen-specific B cell memory against HMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke O'Shaughnessy
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Sukumaran S, Jusko WJ, Dubois DC, Almon RR. Light-dark oscillations in the lung transcriptome: implications for lung homeostasis, repair, metabolism, disease, and drug action. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1732-47. [PMID: 21436464 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00079.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal-nocturnal, or circadian-like, rhythms are 24-h variations in biological processes, evolved for the efficient functioning of living organisms. Such oscillations and their regulation in many peripheral tissues are still unclear. In this study, we used Affymetrix gene chips in a rich time-series experiment involving 54 animals killed at 18 time points within the 24-h cycle to examine light-dark cycle patterns of gene expression in rat lungs. Data mining identified 646 genes (represented by 1,006 probe sets) showing robust oscillations in expression in lung that were parsed into 8 distinct temporal clusters. Surprisingly, more than two-thirds of the probe sets showing cyclic expression peaked during the animal's light/inactive period. Six core clock genes and nine clock-related genes showed rhythmic oscillations in their expression in lung. Many of the genes that peaked during the inactive period included genes related to extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and protein processing and trafficking, which appear to be mainly involved in the repair and remodeling of the organ. Genes coding for growth factor ligands and their receptors, which play important roles in maintaining normal lung function, also showed rhythmic expression. In addition, genes involved in the metabolism and transport of endogenous compounds, xenobiotics, and therapeutic drugs, along with genes that are biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for many lung diseases, also exhibited 24-h cyclic oscillations, suggesting an important role for such rhythms in regulating various aspects of the physiology and pathophysiology of lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sukumaran
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, 107 Hochstetter Hall, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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