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Cook NJ, Li W, Berta D, Badaoui M, Ballandras-Colas A, Nans A, Kotecha A, Rosta E, Engelman AN, Cherepanov P. Structural basis of second-generation HIV integrase inhibitor action and viral resistance. Science 2020. [PMID: 32001525 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4919/suppl_file/papv2.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Although second-generation HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are prescribed throughout the world, the mechanistic basis for the superiority of these drugs is poorly understood. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the mode of action of the advanced INSTIs dolutegravir and bictegravir at near-atomic resolution. Glutamine-148→histidine (Q148H) and glycine-140→serine (G140S) amino acid substitutions in integrase that result in clinical INSTI failure perturb optimal magnesium ion coordination in the enzyme active site. The expanded chemical scaffolds of second-generation compounds mediate interactions with the protein backbone that are critical for antagonizing viruses containing the Q148H and G140S mutations. Our results reveal that binding to magnesium ions underpins a fundamental weakness of the INSTI pharmacophore that is exploited by the virus to engender resistance and provide a structural framework for the development of this class of anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dénes Berta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Magd Badaoui
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, 5651 GG, Netherlands
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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2
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Cook NJ, Li W, Berta D, Badaoui M, Ballandras-Colas A, Nans A, Kotecha A, Rosta E, Engelman AN, Cherepanov P. Structural basis of second-generation HIV integrase inhibitor action and viral resistance. Science 2020; 367:806-810. [PMID: 32001525 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although second-generation HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are prescribed throughout the world, the mechanistic basis for the superiority of these drugs is poorly understood. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the mode of action of the advanced INSTIs dolutegravir and bictegravir at near-atomic resolution. Glutamine-148→histidine (Q148H) and glycine-140→serine (G140S) amino acid substitutions in integrase that result in clinical INSTI failure perturb optimal magnesium ion coordination in the enzyme active site. The expanded chemical scaffolds of second-generation compounds mediate interactions with the protein backbone that are critical for antagonizing viruses containing the Q148H and G140S mutations. Our results reveal that binding to magnesium ions underpins a fundamental weakness of the INSTI pharmacophore that is exploited by the virus to engender resistance and provide a structural framework for the development of this class of anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dénes Berta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Magd Badaoui
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, 5651 GG, Netherlands
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. .,Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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Ahuka-Mundeke S, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Ndimbo-Kumogo SP, Foncelle C, Lunguya-Metila O, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Ayouba A. Full Genome Characterization of a New Simian Immune Deficiency Virus Lineage in a Naturally Infected Cercopithecus ascanius whitesidei in the Democratic Republic of Congo Reveals High Genetic Diversity Among Red-Tailed Monkeys in Central and Eastern Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:735-739. [PMID: 28383997 PMCID: PMC5512325 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge on simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) diversity and evolution in the different nonhuman primate species is still incomplete. In this study, we report the full genome characterization of a new SIV from a red-tailed monkey (2013DRC-I8), from the Cercopithecus ascanius whitesidei subspecies, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The new full-length genome is 9,926 bp long, and the genomic structure is similar to that of other SIVs with the absence of vpx and vpu genes. The new SIVasc-13DRC-I8 strain fell within the Cercopithecus specific SIV lineage. SIVasc-13DRC-I8 and previously reported SIVrtg from the C.a. schmidti subspecies in Uganda did not form a separate species-specific SIV lineage. These observations provide additional evidence for high genetic diversity and the complex evolution of SIVs in the Cercopithecus genus. More studies on a large number of monkeys from a wider geographic area are needed to understand SIV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Caroline Foncelle
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Octavie Lunguya-Metila
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Eric Delaporte
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Viruses are incapable of autonomous energy production. Although many experimental studies make it clear that viruses are parasitic entities that hijack the molecular resources of the host, a detailed estimate for the energetic cost of viral synthesis is largely lacking. To quantify the energetic cost of viruses to their hosts, we enumerated the costs associated with two very distinct but representative DNA and RNA viruses, namely, T4 and influenza. We found that, for these viruses, translation of viral proteins is the most energetically expensive process. Interestingly, the costs of building a T4 phage and a single influenza virus are nearly the same. Due to influenza's higher burst size, however, the overall cost of a T4 phage infection is only 2-3% of the cost of an influenza infection. The costs of these infections relative to their host's estimated energy budget during the infection reveal that a T4 infection consumes about a third of its host's energy budget, whereas an influenza infection consumes only ≈ 1%. Building on our estimates for T4, we show how the energetic costs of double-stranded DNA phages scale with the capsid size, revealing that the dominant cost of building a virus can switch from translation to genome replication above a critical size. Last, using our predictions for the energetic cost of viruses, we provide estimates for the strengths of selection and genetic drift acting on newly incorporated genetic elements in viral genomes, under conditions of energy limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Mahmoudabadi
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rob Phillips
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Steve AM, Ahidjo A, Placide MK, Caroline F, Mukulumanya M, Simon-Pierre NK, Octavie LM, Valentin MA, Jean-Jacques MT, Eric D, Martine P. High Prevalences and a Wide Genetic Diversity of Simian Retroviruses in Non-human Primate Bushmeat in Rural Areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:100-114. [PMID: 28050688 PMCID: PMC5360875 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Like the majority of emerging infectious diseases, HIV and HTLV are of zoonotic origin. Here we assess the risk of cross-species transmissions of their simian counterparts, SIV and STLV, from non-human primates (NHP) to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A total of 331 samples, derived from NHP bushmeat, were collected as dried blood spots (DBS, n = 283) or as tissue samples (n = 36) at remote forest sites mainly in northern and eastern DRC. SIV antibody prevalences in DBS were estimated with a novel high throughput immunoassay with antigens representing the actual known diversity of HIV/SIV lineages. Antibody-positive samples were confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis. Screening for STLV infection was done with universal primers in tax, and new strains were further characterized in LTR. SIV and STLV infection in tissue samples was done by PCR only. Overall, 5 and 15.4% of NHP bushmeat was infected with SIV and STLV, respectively. A new SIV lineage was identified in Allen's swamp monkeys (Allenopithecus nigroviridis). Three new STLV-1 subtypes were identified in Allen's swamp monkeys (Allenopithecus nigroviridis), blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) and agile mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis). SIV and STLV prevalences varied according to species and geographic region. Our study illustrates clearly, even on a small sample size from a limited number of geographic areas, that our knowledge on the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of simian retroviruses is still limited and that humans continue to be exposed to relative high proportions on infected NHP bushmeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahuka-Mundeke Steve
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 1, France
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Ayouba Ahidjo
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 1, France
| | - Mbala-Kingebeni Placide
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Foncelle Caroline
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 1, France
| | - Mubonga Mukulumanya
- Institut Supérieur de Techniques Médicales de Walikale, Walikale, Nord Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Lunguya-Metila Octavie
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Muyembe-Tamfum Jean-Jacques
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Delaporte Eric
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 1, France
| | - Peeters Martine
- UMI 233 TransVIHMI/INSERM1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 1, France.
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6
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Ayouba A, Njouom R, Chia JE, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Kfutwah A, Ngole EM, Nerrienet E, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Molecular characterization of a new mosaic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in a naturally infected tantalus monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus) from Cameroon: a challenge to the virus-host co-evolution of SIVagm in African green monkeys. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 30:65-73. [PMID: 25500294 PMCID: PMC4680966 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGMs) represent the most widely distributed non-human primates species in Africa. SIVagm naturally infects four of the 6 AGMs species at high prevalence in a species-specific manner. To date, only limited information is available on molecular characteristics of SIVagm infecting Chlorocebus tantalus. Here, we characterized the full-length genome of a virus infecting a naturally infected captive C. tantalus from Cameroon by amplifying and sequencing sub-genomic PCR fragments. The isolate (SIVagmTAN-CM545) is 9923bp long and contained all canonical genes of a functional SIV. SIVagmTAN-CM545 showed a mosaic structure, with gag, pol, nef and accessory genes closely related to SIVagmSAB infecting Chlorocebus sabaeus monkeys from west Africa, and the env gene, closely related to SIVagmTAN infecting tantalus monkeys from Central Africa. Thus SIVagmTAN-CM545 is SIVagmSAB/SIVagmTAN recombinant. These unexpected findings suggest that the evolution of SIVagm is more complex than previously thought and warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahidjo Ayouba
- UMI 233, IRD and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Richard Njouom
- Service de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Anfumbom Kfutwah
- Service de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Eric Nerrienet
- Service de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eric Delaporte
- UMI 233, IRD and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, IRD and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Montpellier, France
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Sasseville VG, Mansfield KG, Mankowski JL, Tremblay C, Terio KA, Mätz-Rensing K, Gruber-Dujardin E, Delaney MA, Schmidt LD, Liu D, Markovits JE, Owston M, Harbison C, Shanmukhappa S, Miller AD, Kaliyaperumal S, Assaf BT, Kattenhorn L, Macri SC, Simmons HA, Baldessari A, Sharma P, Courtney C, Bradley A, Cline JM, Reindel JF, Hutto DL, Montali RJ, Lowenstine LJ. Meeting report: Spontaneous lesions and diseases in wild, captive-bred, and zoo-housed nonhuman primates and in nonhuman primate species used in drug safety studies. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:1057-69. [PMID: 23135296 PMCID: PMC4034460 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812461655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The combination of loss of habitat, human population encroachment, and increased demand of select nonhuman primates for biomedical research has significantly affected populations. There remains a need for knowledge and expertise in understanding background findings as related to the age, source, strain, and disease status of nonhuman primates. In particular, for safety/biomedical studies, a broader understanding and documentation of lesions would help clarify background from drug-related findings. A workshop and a minisymposium on spontaneous lesions and diseases in nonhuman primates were sponsored by the concurrent Annual Meetings of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology held December 3-4, 2011, in Nashville, Tennessee. The first session had presentations from Drs Lowenstine and Montali, pathologists with extensive experience in wild and zoo populations of nonhuman primates, which was followed by presentations of 20 unique case reports of rare or newly observed spontaneous lesions in nonhuman primates (see online files for access to digital whole-slide images corresponding to each case report at http://www.scanscope.com/ACVP%20Slide%20Seminars/2011/Primate%20Pathology/view.apml). The minisymposium was composed of 5 nonhuman-primate researchers (Drs Bradley, Cline, Sasseville, Miller, Hutto) who concentrated on background and spontaneous lesions in nonhuman primates used in drug safety studies. Cynomolgus and rhesus macaques were emphasized, with some material presented on common marmosets. Congenital, acquired, inflammatory, and neoplastic changes were highlighed with a focus on clinical, macroscopic, and histopathologic findings that could confound the interpretation of drug safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Sasseville
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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New STLV-3 strains and a divergent SIVmus strain identified in non-human primate bushmeat in Gabon. Retrovirology 2012; 9:28. [PMID: 22462797 PMCID: PMC3413610 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human retroviral infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) are the result of simian zoonotic transmissions through handling and butchering of Non-Human Primates (NHP) or by close contact with pet animals. Recent studies on retroviral infections in NHP bushmeat allowed for the identification of numerous Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIV) and Simian T-cell Lymphotropic Viruses (STLV) to which humans are exposed. Nevertheless, today, data on simian retroviruses at the primate/hunter interface remain scarce. We conducted a pilot study on 63 blood and/or tissues samples derived from NHP bushmeat seized by the competent authorities in different locations across the country. RESULTS SIV and STLV were detected by antibodies to HIV and HTLV antigens, and PCRs were performed on samples with an HIV or/and HTLV-like or indeterminate profile. Fourteen percent of the samples cross-reacted with HIV antigens and 44% with HTLV antigens. We reported STLV-1 infections in five of the seven species tested. STLV-3 infections, including a new STLV-3 subtype, STLV-1 and -3 co-infections, and triple SIV, STLV-1, STLV-3 infections were observed in red-capped mangabeys (C.torquatus). We confirmed SIV infections by PCR and sequence analyses in mandrills, red-capped mangabeys and showed that mustached monkeys in Gabon are infected with a new SIV strain basal to the SIVgsn/mus/mon lineage that did not fall into the previously described SIVmus lineages reported from the corresponding species in Cameroon. The same monkey (sub)species can thus be carrier of, at least, three distinct SIVs. Overall, the minimal prevalence observed for both STLV and SIV natural infections were 26.9% and 11.1% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data, obtained from a restricted sampling, highlight the need for further studies on simian retroviruses in sub-Saharan Africa to better understand their evolutionary history and to document SIV strains to which humans are exposed. We also show that within one species, a high genetic diversity may exist for SIVs and STLVs and observe a high genetic diversity in the SIVgsn/mon/mus lineage, ancestor of HIV-1/SIVcpz/SIVgor.
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Liégeois F, Butel C, Mouinga-Ondéme A, Verrier D, Motsch P, Gonzalez JP, Peeters M, Rouet F, Onanga R. Full-length genome sequence of a simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-captured sun-tailed monkey in Gabon provides evidence for a species-specific monophyletic SIVsun lineage. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1237-41. [PMID: 21453183 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first characterization of SIVsun (L14 strain) from a sun-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus solatus) in Gabon in 1999, no further information exists about the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of this lentivirus. Here, we report the full-length molecular characterization of a second SIVsun virus (SIVsunK08) naturally infecting a wild-caught sun-tailed monkey. The SIVsunK08 strain was most closely related to SIVsunL14 and clustered with members of the SIVmnd-1/SIVlhoest group. SIVsunK08 shared identical functional motifs in the LTR, Gag and Env proteins with SIVsunL14. Our data indicate that C. solatus is naturally infected with a monophyletic SIVsun strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Liégeois
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier I (UMI), Montpellier France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christelle Butel
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier I (UMI), Montpellier France
| | | | - Delphine Verrier
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Peggy Motsch
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean-Paul Gonzalez
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier I (UMI), Montpellier France
| | - François Rouet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
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Identification and structural characterization of the ALIX-binding late domains of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 and SIVagmTan-1. J Virol 2010; 85:632-7. [PMID: 20962096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01683-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral Gag proteins contain short late-domain motifs that recruit cellular ESCRT pathway proteins to facilitate virus budding. ALIX-binding late domains often contain the core consensus sequence YPX(n)L (where X(n) can vary in sequence and length). However, some simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag proteins lack this consensus sequence, yet still bind ALIX. We mapped divergent, ALIX-binding late domains within the p6(Gag) proteins of SIV(mac239) ((40)SREKPYKEVTEDLLHLNSLF(59)) and SIV(agmTan-1) ((24)AAGAYDPARKLLEQYAKK(41)). Crystal structures revealed that anchoring tyrosines (in lightface) and nearby hydrophobic residues (underlined) contact the ALIX V domain, revealing how lentiviruses employ a diverse family of late-domain sequences to bind ALIX and promote virus budding.
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