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Yang L, Xiong J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Si Y, Zhu B, Chen H, Cao S, Ye J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the immune features and viral tropism in the central nervous system of mice infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:76. [PMID: 38532383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic pathogen that causes lethal encephalitis. The high susceptibility and massive proliferation of JEV in neurons lead to extensive neuronal damage and inflammation within the central nervous system. Despite extensive research on JEV pathogenesis, the effect of JEV on the cellular composition and viral tropism towards distinct neuronal subtypes in the brain is still not well comprehended. To address these issues, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on cells isolated from the JEV-highly infected regions of mouse brain. We obtained 88,000 single cells and identified 34 clusters representing 10 major cell types. The scRNA-seq results revealed an increasing amount of activated microglia cells and infiltrating immune cells, including monocytes & macrophages, T cells, and natural killer cells, which were associated with the severity of symptoms. Additionally, we observed enhanced communication between individual cells and significant ligand-receptor pairs related to tight junctions, chemokines and antigen-presenting molecules upon JEV infection, suggesting an upregulation of endothelial permeability, inflammation and antiviral response. Moreover, we identified that Baiap2-positive neurons were highly susceptible to JEV. Our findings provide valuable clues for understanding the mechanism of JEV induced neuro-damage and inflammation as well as developing therapies for Japanese encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling'en Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junyao Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yinguang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youhui Si
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bibo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jing Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Li XY, Zeng ZX, Cheng ZX, Wang YL, Yuan LJ, Zhai ZY, Gong W. Common pathogenic bacteria-induced reprogramming of the host proteinogenic amino acids metabolism. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1487-1499. [PMID: 37814028 PMCID: PMC10689525 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Apart from cancer, metabolic reprogramming is also prevalent in other diseases, such as bacterial infections. Bacterial infections can affect a variety of cells, tissues, organs, and bodies, leading to a series of clinical diseases. Common Pathogenic bacteria include Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and so on. Amino acids are important and essential nutrients in bacterial physiology and support not only their proliferation but also their evasion of host immune defenses. Many pathogenic bacteria or opportunistic pathogens infect the host and lead to significant changes in metabolites, especially the proteinogenic amino acids, to inhibit the host's immune mechanism to achieve its immune evasion and pathogenicity. Here, we review the regulation of host metabolism, while host cells are infected by some common pathogenic bacteria, and discuss how amino acids of metabolic reprogramming affect bacterial infections, revealing the potential adjunctive application of amino acids alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zi-Xin Zeng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Cheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Liang-Jun Yuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhai
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101, China.
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3
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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4
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Somogyvári M, Khatatneh S, Sőti C. Hsp90: From Cellular to Organismal Proteostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162479. [PMID: 36010556 PMCID: PMC9406713 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assuring a healthy proteome is indispensable for survival and organismal health. Proteome disbalance and the loss of the proteostasis buffer are hallmarks of various diseases. The essential molecular chaperone Hsp90 is a regulator of the heat shock response via HSF1 and a stabilizer of a plethora of signaling proteins. In this review, we summarize the role of Hsp90 in the cellular and organismal regulation of proteome maintenance.
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Mankovich AG, Freeman BC. Regulation of Protein Transport Pathways by the Cytosolic Hsp90s. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081077. [PMID: 36008972 PMCID: PMC9406046 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is well-known for maintaining metastable proteins and mediating various aspects of intracellular protein dynamics. Intriguingly, high-throughput interactome studies suggest that Hsp90 is associated with a variety of other pathways. Here, we will highlight the potential impact of Hsp90 in protein transport. Currently, a limited number of studies have defined a few mechanistic contributions of Hsp90 to protein transport, yet the relevance of hundreds of additional connections between Hsp90 and factors known to aide this process remains unresolved. These interactors broadly support transport pathways including endocytic and exocytic vesicular transport, the transfer of polypeptides across membranes, or unconventional protein secretion. In resolving how Hsp90 contributes to the protein transport process, new therapeutic targets will likely be obtained for the treatment of numerous human health issues, including bacterial infection, cancer metastasis, and neurodegeneration.
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6
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Wei R, Zhou B, Li S, Zhong D, Li B, Qin J, Zhao L, Qin L, Hu J, Wang J, Yang S, Zhao J, Meng S. Plasma gp96 is a Novel Predictive Biomarker for Severe COVID-19. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0059721. [PMID: 34817280 PMCID: PMC8612155 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00597-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and effective identification of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may allow us to improve the outcomes of associated severe acute respiratory illness with fever and respiratory symptoms. This study analyzed plasma concentrations of heat shock protein gp96 in nonsevere (including mild and typical) and severe (including severe and critical) patients with COVID-19 to evaluate its potential as a predictive and prognostic biomarker for disease severity. Plasma gp96 levels that were positively correlated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital but not in non-COVID-19 patients with less severe respiratory impairment. Meanwhile, significantly higher gp96 levels were observed in severe than nonsevere patients. Moreover, the continuous decline of plasma gp96 levels predicted disease remission and recovery, whereas its persistently high levels indicated poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Finally, monocytes were identified as the major IL-6 producers under exogenous gp96 stimulation. Our results demonstrate that plasma gp96 may be a useful predictive and prognostic biomarker for disease severity and outcome of COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Early and effective identification of severe COVID-19 may allow us to improve the outcomes of associated severe acute respiratory illness with fever and respiratory symptoms. Some heat shock proteins (Hsps) are released during oxidative stress, cytotoxic injury, and viral infection and behave as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This study analyzed plasma concentrations of Hsp gp96 in nonsevere and severe patients with COVID-19. Significantly higher plasma gp96 levels were observed in severe than those in nonsevere patients, and its persistently high levels indicated poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. The results demonstrate that plasma gp96 may be a useful predictive and prognostic biomarker for disease severity and outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguo Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Biyan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, The 5th Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Debin Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Boan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 5th Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiu Qin
- Nanning Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lixian Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuru Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiong Yang
- Nanning Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Jingming Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, The 5th Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Jia K, Jia P, Xiang Y, Lu X, Liu W, Yi M. Marine medaka heat shock protein 90ab1 is a receptor for red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus and promotes virus internalization through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008668. [PMID: 32639977 PMCID: PMC7371229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) can infect many species of fish and causes serious acute or persistent infection. However, its pathogenic mechanism is still far from clear. Specific cellular surface receptors are crucial determinants of the species tropism of a virus and its pathogenesis. Here, the heat shock protein 90ab1 of marine model fish species marine medaka (MmHSP90ab1) was identified as a novel receptor of red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV). MmHSP90ab1 interacted directly with RGNNV capsid protein (CP). Specifically, MmHSP90ab1 bound to the linker region (LR) of CP through its NM domain. Inhibition of MmHSP90ab1 by HSP90-specific inhibitors or MmHSP90ab1 siRNA caused significant inhibition of viral binding and entry, whereas its overexpression led to the opposite effect. The binding of RGNNV to cultured marine medaka hMMES1 cells was inhibited by blocking cell surface-localized MmHSP90ab1 with anti-HSP90β antibodies or pretreating virus with recombinant MmHSP90ab1 or MmHSP90ab1-NM protein, indicating MmHSP90ab1 was an attachment receptor for RGNNV. Furthermore, we found that MmHSP90ab1 formed a complex with CP and marine medaka heat shock cognate 70, a known NNV receptor. Exogenous expression of MmHSP90ab1 independently facilitated the internalization of RGNNV into RGNNV impenetrable cells (HEK293T), which was blocked by chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Further study revealed that MmHSP90ab1 interacted with the marine medaka clathrin heavy chain. Collectively, these data suggest that MmHSP90ab1 is a functional part of the RGNNV receptor complex and involved in the internalization of RGNNV via the clathrin endocytosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (KJ); (MY)
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangxi Xiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobing Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (KJ); (MY)
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Lamut A, Gjorgjieva M, Naesens L, Liekens S, Lillsunde KE, Tammela P, Kikelj D, Tomašič T. Anti-influenza virus activity of benzo[d]thiazoles that target heat shock protein 90. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Lien JC, Lin CS, Lai HC, Tsai YC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Huang SH, Lin CW. Antiviral efficacy of bromo-anilino substituents of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 against Japanese encephalitis virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126742. [PMID: 31648857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, occasionally causes severe central nervous system disorders in the risk zone where more than 3 billion people reside. Our prior studies demonstrated antiviral potential of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 (ethyl 2-(3',5'-dimethylanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) and its derivative CW-33A ((ethyl 2-(2-fluoroanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) against JEV infection ((Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17: E1386; Sci. Rep. 2018, 8: 16595). This study synthesized six new CW-33 derivatives containing chloro, or bromo groups at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, and assessed the antiviral activity and mechanisms of these chloro- and bromo-anilino substitutedderivatives. CW-33K, CW-33L and CW-33M had the bromo-substituents at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, respectively, showing the higher anti-JEV activity than CW-33 and other derivatives. CW-33K (ethyl 2-(2-bromoanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) exhibited the highest antiviral efficacy and therapeutic index. The IC50 value of CW-33K was less than 5 μM for reducing JEV-induced cytopathic effect, virus infectivity and virus yield. CW-33K significantly inhibited the JEV replication at the early and late stages, suppressing viral RNA synthesis and intracellular JEV particle production. The study demonstrated that the CW-33 derivative with a bromosubstitutionat the C-2 anilino ring improved the antiviral activity JEV, providing the structure-antiviral activity relationship for the development of anti-JEV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tsai
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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10
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Huck JD, Que NL, Sharma S, Taldone T, Chiosis G, Gewirth DT. Structures of Hsp90α and Hsp90β bound to a purine-scaffold inhibitor reveal an exploitable residue for drug selectivity. Proteins 2019; 87:869-877. [PMID: 31141217 PMCID: PMC6718336 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90α and Hsp90β are implicated in a number of cancers and neurodegenerative disorders but the lack of selective pharmacological probes confounds efforts to identify their individual roles. Here, we analyzed the binding of an Hsp90α-selective PU compound, PU-11-trans, to the two cytosolic paralogs. We determined the co-crystal structures of Hsp90α and Hsp90β bound to PU-11-trans, as well as the structure of the apo Hsp90β NTD. The two inhibitor-bound structures reveal that Ser52, a nonconserved residue in the ATP binding pocket in Hsp90α, provides additional stability to PU-11-trans through a water-mediated hydrogen-bonding network. Mutation of Ser52 to alanine, as found in Hsp90β, alters the dissociation constant of Hsp90α for PU-11-trans to match that of Hsp90β. Our results provide a structural explanation for the binding preference of PU inhibitors for Hsp90α and demonstrate that the single nonconserved residue in the ATP-binding pocket may be exploited for α/β selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Huck
- Hauptman-Wood ward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Sahil Sharma
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tony Taldone
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel T. Gewirth
- Hauptman-Wood ward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
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11
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Staufen1 Protein Participates Positively in the Viral RNA Replication of Enterovirus 71. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020142. [PMID: 30744035 PMCID: PMC6409738 DOI: 10.3390/v11020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen1 (Stau1) has multiple functions during RNA virus infection. In this study, we investigated the role of Stau1 in viral translation by using a combination of enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, RNA reporter transfection, and in vitro functional and biochemical assays. We demonstrated that Stau1 specifically binds to the 5′-untranslated region of EV-A71 viral RNA. The RNA-binding domain 2-3 of Stau1 is responsible for this binding ability. Subsequently, we created a Stau1 knockout cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach to further characterize the functional role of Stau1’s interaction with viral RNA in the EV-A71-infected cells. Both the viral RNA accumulation and viral protein expression were downregulated in the Stau1 knockout cells compared with the wild-type naïve cells. Moreover, dysregulation of viral RNA translation was observed in the Stau1 knockout cells using ribosome fractionation assay, and a reduced RNA stability of 5′-UTR of the EV-A71 was also identified using an RNA stability assay, which indicated that Stau1 has a role in facilitating viral translation during EV-A71 infection. In conclusion, we determined the functional relevance of Stau1 in the EV-A71 infection cycle and herein describe the mechanism of Stau1 participation in viral RNA translation through its interaction with viral RNA. Our results suggest that Stau1 is an important host factor involved in viral translation and influential early in the EV-A71 replication cycle.
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12
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Laureti M, Narayanan D, Rodriguez-Andres J, Fazakerley JK, Kedzierski L. Flavivirus Receptors: Diversity, Identity, and Cell Entry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2180. [PMID: 30319635 PMCID: PMC6168832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne pathogens responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The genus comprises more than seventy small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, which are responsible for a spectrum of human and animal diseases ranging in symptoms from mild, influenza-like infection to fatal encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. Despite genomic and structural similarities across the genus, infections by different flaviviruses result in disparate clinical presentations. This review focusses on two haemorrhagic flaviviruses, dengue virus and yellow fever virus, and two neurotropic flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus and Zika virus. We review current knowledge on host-pathogen interactions, virus entry strategies and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laureti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Divya Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Hoter A, El-Sabban ME, Naim HY. The HSP90 Family: Structure, Regulation, Function, and Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2560. [PMID: 30158430 PMCID: PMC6164434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian HSP90 family of proteins is a cluster of highly conserved molecules that are involved in myriad cellular processes. Their distribution in various cellular compartments underlines their essential roles in cellular homeostasis. HSP90 and its co-chaperones orchestrate crucial physiological processes such as cell survival, cell cycle control, hormone signaling, and apoptosis. Conversely, HSP90, and its secreted forms, contribute to the development and progress of serious pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting HSP90 is an attractive strategy for the treatment of neoplasms and other diseases. This manuscript will review the general structure, regulation and function of HSP90 family and their potential role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hoter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany.
| | - Marwan E El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany.
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14
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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15
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Wang Y, Jin F, Li F, Qin S, Wang Y. Could targeting the heat shock protein 90 revolutionize antiviral therapy? Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antiviral strategies that target viral components are frequently associated with the generation of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, the development of novel antiviral drugs is critical. Hsp90 is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral drug target; however, whether targeting Hsp90 will revolutionize antiviral therapy remains ambiguous. Here, we summarize how Hsp90 functions in relation to its interactors, and listed the specific Hsp90 isoforms that participated in the virus life cycle. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of targeting Hsp90, taking into account antiviral activity, toxicity and the likelihood of emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Overall, we highlight that targeting Hsp90 might represent a novel and effective antiviral strategy. However, further studies are required before Hsp90 inhibitors can be used in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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16
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Wang Y, Jin F, Wang R, Li F, Wu Y, Kitazato K, Wang Y. HSP90: a promising broad-spectrum antiviral drug target. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3269-3282. [PMID: 28780632 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antiviral drug-resistant mutants is the most important issue in current antiviral therapy. As obligate parasites, viruses require host factors for efficient replication. An ideal therapeutic target to prevent drug-resistance development is represented by host factors that are crucial for the viral life cycle. Recent studies have indicated that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a crucial host factor that is required by many viruses for multiple phases of their life cycle including viral entry, nuclear import, transcription, and replication. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances regarding HSP90 function, mechanisms of action, and molecular pathways that are associated with viral infection, and provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of HSP90 in the immune response and exosome-mediated viral transmission. In addition, several HSP90 inhibitors have entered clinical trials for specific cancers that are associated with viral infection, which further implies a crucial role for HSP90 in the malignant transformation of virus-infected cells; as such, HSP90 inhibitors exhibit excellent therapeutic potential. Finally, we describe the challenge of developing HSP90 inhibitors as anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongze Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Wang Y, Li Y, Ding T. Heat shock protein 90β in the Vero cell membrane binds Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:474-482. [PMID: 28656253 PMCID: PMC5505021 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is complex and unclearly defined, and in particular, the effects of the JEV receptor (JEVR) on diverse susceptible cells are elusive. In contrast to previous studies investigating JEVR in rodent or mosquito cells, in this study, we used primate Vero cells instead. We noted that few novel proteins co‑immunoprecipitated with JEV, and discovered that one of these was heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β), which was probed by mass spectrometry with the highest score of 60.3 after questing the monkey and human protein databases. The specific HSP90β‑JEV binding was confirmed by western blot analysis under non‑reducing conditions, and this was significantly inhibited by an anti‑human HSP90β monoclonal antibody in a dose‑dependent manner, as shown by immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry. In addition, the results of confocal laser scanning microscopic examination demonstrated that the HSP90β‑JEV binding occurred on the Vero cell surface. Finally, JEV progeny yields determined by plaque assay were also markedly decreased in siRNA‑treated Vero cells, particularly at 24 and 36 h post‑infection. Thus, our data indicate that HSP90β is a binding receptor for JEV in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Tianbing Ding
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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18
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Integrin αvβ3 promotes infection by Japanese encephalitis virus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 111:67-74. [PMID: 28043010 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis diseases worldwide. The JEV envelope protein facilitates viral entry, and its domain III contains an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, that may modulate JEV entry through the RGD-binding integrin. In this study, the roles of integrin αv and β3 on the infection of JEV were evaluated. Reduced expression of integrin αv/β3 by special shRNA confers 2 to 4-fold inhibition of JEV replication in BHK-21 cells. Meanwhile, antibodies specific for integrin αv/β3 displayed ~58% and ~33% inhibition of JEV infectivity and RGD-specific peptides produced ~36% of inhibition. Expression of E protein and JEV RNA loads were clearly increased in CHO cells transfected with cDNA encoding human integrin β3. Moreover, integrin αv mediates JEV infection in viral binding stage of life cycle. Therefore, our study suggested that integrin αv and β3 serve as a host factor associated with JEV entry into the target cells.
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19
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Liu J, Zhang X, Ma C, You J, Dong M, Yun S, Jiang P. Heat shock protein 90 is essential for replication of porcine circovirus type 2 in PK-15 cells. Virus Res 2016; 224:29-37. [PMID: 27553861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). However, the mechanism of PCV2 replication has not been understood completely. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an important role in viral genome replication, viral genes expression, and viral particle packaging. In this study, we firstly found that inhibition of Hsp90 by pretreatment of host cells with 17-AAG, a specific inhibitor of Hsp90, or blocking Hsp90α/Hsp90β with siRNA, resulted in significantly reduced viral replication in PK-15 cells. But inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG did not affect PCV2 entry into the host cells. Meanwhile, over-expression of Hsp90α/Hsp90β enhanced PCV2 genome replication and virion production. In addition, Hsp90β was enriched in the nuclear zone in the cells infected with PCV2. But it did not interact with the viral Cap/Rep proteins. It suggested that Hsp90 is required for PCV2 production in PK-15 cells culture. It should be helpful for further evaluating the mechanism of replication and pathogenesis of PCV2 and developing novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Chang Ma
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jinwei You
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Shifeng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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20
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A KDEL Retrieval System for ER-Golgi Transport of Japanese Encephalitis Viral Particles. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020044. [PMID: 26861384 PMCID: PMC4776199 DOI: 10.3390/v8020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has emerged that RNA viruses utilize the host secretory pathway for processing and trafficking mature viral particles and for exiting the infected cells. Upon completing the complex assembly process, the viral particles take advantage of the cellular secretory trafficking machinery for their intracellular trafficking toward the Golgi organelle and budding or export of virions. In this study, we showed that Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-induced extracellular GRP78 contains no KDEL motif using an anti-KDEL-specific antibody. Overexpression of the KDEL-truncated GRP78 in the GPR78 knocked down cells significantly reduced JEV infectivity, suggesting that the KDEL motif is required for GRP78 function in the release of JE viral particles. In addition, we demonstrated the KDELR protein, an ER-Golgi retrieval system component, is associated with viral envelope proteins and is engaged in the subcellular localization of viral particles in Golgi. More importantly, accumulation of intracellular virions was observed in the KDELR knocked down cells, indicating that the KDELR protein mediated the intracellular trafficking of JE viral particles. Altogether, we demonstrated that intracellular trafficking of JE assembled viral particles was mediated by the host ER-Golgi retrieval system prior to exit by the secretory pathway.
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21
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Nain M, Abdin MZ, Kalia M, Vrati S. Japanese encephalitis virus invasion of cell: allies and alleys. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:129-41. [PMID: 26695690 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis globally and a major public health concern of several countries in Southeast Asia, with the potential to become a global pathogen. The virus is neurotropic, and the disease ranges from mild fever to severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic manifestations and death. The early steps of the virus life cycle, binding, and entry into the cell are crucial determinants of infection and are potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies. JEV can infect multiple cell types; however, the key receptor molecule(s) still remains elusive. JEV also has the capacity to utilize multiple endocytic pathways for entry into cells of different lineages. This review not only gives a comprehensive update on what is known about the virus attachment and receptor system (allies) and the endocytic pathways (alleys) exploited by the virus to gain entry into the cell and establish infection but also discusses crucial unresolved issues. We also highlight common themes and key differences between JEV and other flaviviruses in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Nain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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22
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Ma R, Zhang Y, Liu H, Ning P. Proteome profile of swine testicular cells infected with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110647. [PMID: 25333634 PMCID: PMC4204940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions occurring between a virus and a host cell during a viral infection are complex. The purpose of this paper was to analyze altered cellular protein levels in porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV)-infected swine testicular (ST) cells in order to determine potential virus-host interactions. A proteomic approach using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-coupled two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identification was conducted on the TGEV-infected ST cells. The results showed that the 4-plex iTRAQ-based quantitative approach identified 4,112 proteins, 146 of which showed significant changes in expression 48 h after infection. At 64 h post infection, 219 of these proteins showed significant change, further indicating that a larger number of proteomic changes appear to occur during the later stages of infection. Gene ontology analysis of the altered proteins showed enrichment in multiple biological processes, including cell adhesion, response to stress, generation of precursor metabolites and energy, cell motility, protein complex assembly, growth, developmental maturation, immune system process, extracellular matrix organization, locomotion, cell-cell signaling, neurological system process, and cell junction organization. Changes in the expression levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), caspase-8, and heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α) were also verified by western blot analysis. To our knowledge, this study is the first time the response profile of ST host cells following TGEV infection has been analyzed using iTRAQ technology, and our description of the late proteomic changes that are occurring after the time of vigorous viral production are novel. Therefore, this study provides a solid foundation for further investigation, and will likely help us to better understand the mechanisms of TGEV infection and pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/genetics
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/metabolism
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/pathology
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Male
- Proteome/genetics
- Swine
- Testis/metabolism
- Testis/pathology
- Testis/virology
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/genetics
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Haiquan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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23
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Gao J, Xiao S, Liu X, Wang L, Ji Q, Mo D, Chen Y. Inhibition of HSP70 reduces porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in vitro. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:64. [PMID: 24625230 PMCID: PMC3984673 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful viral infection requires the involvement of host cellular factors in their life cycle. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) can be recruited by numerous viruses to promote the folding, maturation, or assembly of viral proteins. We have previously shown that HSP70 is significantly elevated in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected lungs, suggesting HSP70 may play a potential role during PRRSV infection. In this study, we tried to investigate the role of HSP70 during PRRSV infection. Results In this study, we observed that PRRSV infection induced the expression of HSP70. The down-regulation of HSP70 using quercetin, a HSPs synthesis inhibitor, or small interfering RNAs (siRNA) reduced the viral protein level and viral production. Notably, these inhibitory effects on PRRSV infection could be attenuated by heat shock treatment. In addition, HSP70 was found to colocalize with the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and knockdown of HSP70 decreased the dsRNA levels, suggesting HSP70 is involved in the formation of viral replication and transcription complex (RTC) and thus affects the viral replication. Conclusions Our study revealed that HSP70 is an essential host factor required for the replication of PRRSV. The inhibition of HSP70 significantly reduced PRRSV replication, which may be applied as an effective antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P, R, China.
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24
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Tsou YL, Lin YW, Chang HW, Lin HY, Shao HY, Yu SL, Liu CC, Chitra E, Sia C, Chow YH. Heat shock protein 90: role in enterovirus 71 entry and assembly and potential target for therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77133. [PMID: 24098578 PMCID: PMC3788750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several factors participating in enterovirus 71 (EV71) entry and replication had been reported, the precise mechanisms associated with these events are far from clear. In the present study, we showed that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a key element associated with EV71 entry and replication in a human rhabdomyosarcoma of RD cells. Inhibition of HSP90 by pretreating host cells with HSP90β siRNA or blocking HSP90 with a HSP90-specific antibody or geldanamycin (GA), a specific inhibitor of HSP90, as well as recombinant HSP90β resulted in inhibiting viral entry and subsequent viral replication. Co-immunprecipitation of EV71 with recombinant HSP90β and colocalization of EV71-HSP90 in the cells demonstrated that HSP90 was physically associated with EV71 particles. HSP90 seems to mediate EV71 replication by preventing proteosomal degradation of the newly synthesized capsid proteins, but does not facilitate viral gene expression at transcriptional level. This was evident by post-treatment of host cells with GA, which did not affect the expression of viral transcripts but accelerated the degradation of viral capsid proteins and interfered with the formation of assembled virions. In vivo studies were carried out using human SCARB2-transgenic mice to evaluate the protection conferred by HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an analog of geldanamycin, that elicited similar activity but with less toxicity. The results showed that the administration of 17-AAG twice conferred the resistance to hSCARB2 mice challenged with C2, C4, and B4 genotypes of EV71. Our data supports HSP90 plays an important role in EV71 infection. Targeting of HSP90 with clinically available drugs might provide a feasible therapeutic approach to treat EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Liang Tsou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsuen-Wen Chang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
| | - Charles Sia
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YHC); (CS)
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, County, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YHC); (CS)
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Wang RYL, Kuo RL, Ma WC, Huang HI, Yu JS, Yen SM, Huang CR, Shih SR. Heat shock protein-90-beta facilitates enterovirus 71 viral particles assembly. Virology 2013; 443:236-47. [PMID: 23711381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are reported to be crucial for virus propagation, but are not yet addressed in Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71). Here we describe the specific association of heat shock protein-90-beta (Hsp90β), but not alpha form (Hsp90α), with EV71 viral particles by the co-purification with virions using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and by the colocalization with viral particles, as assessed by immunogold electron microscopy. The reduction of the Hsp90β protein using RNA interference decreased the correct assembly of viral particles, without affecting EV71 replication levels. Tracking ectopically expressed Hsp90β protein associated with EV71 virions revealed that Hsp90β protein was transmitted to new host cells through its direct association with infectious viral particles. Our findings suggest a new antiviral strategy in which extracellular Hsp90β protein is targeted to decrease the infectivity of EV71 and other enteroviruses, without affecting the broader functions of this constitutively expressed molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Wang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
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26
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Li W, Tsen F, Sahu D, Bhatia A, Chen M, Multhoff G, Woodley DT. Extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) as the actual target in clinical trials: intentionally or unintentionally. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:203-35. [PMID: 23445811 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigative studies and clinical trials over the past two decades, we still do not understand why cancer cells are more sensitive to the cellular toxicity of Hsp90 inhibitors than normal cells. We still do not understand why only some cancer cells are sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitors. Based on studies of the past few years, we argue that the selected sensitivity of cancer cells to Hsp90 inhibitors, such as 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, is due to inhibition of the extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) rather than intracellular Hsp90 by these inhibitors. Because not all tumor cells utilize eHsp90 for motility, invasion and metastasis, only the group of "eHsp90-dependent" cancer cells is sensitive to Hsp90 inhibitors. If these notions prove to be true, pharmaceutical agents that selectively target eHsp90 should be more effective on tumor cells and less toxic on normal cells than current inhibitors that nondiscriminatively target both extracellular and intracellular Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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27
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Liu CI, Wang RYL, Lin JJ, Su JH, Chiu CC, Chen JC, Chen JYF, Wu YJ. Proteomic profiling of the 11-dehydrosinulariolide-treated oral carcinoma cells Ca9-22: effects on the cell apoptosis through mitochondrial-related and ER stress pathway. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5578-89. [PMID: 22885288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An oral squamous cell carcinoma Ca9-22 cell line was treated with 11-dehydrosinulariolide, an active compound isolated from the soft coral Sinularia leptoclados, in order to evaluate the effect of this compound on cell growth and protein expression. Cell proliferation was strongly inhibited by 11-dehydrosinulariolide treatment. The 2-DE master maps of control and treated Ca9-22 cells were generated by analysis with the PDQuest software. The comparison between such maps showed up- and down-regulation of 23 proteins, of which 14 were upregulated and 9 were downregulated. The proteomic studies described here have identified some proteins, which are involved in the mitochondrial dysfunction and ER-stress pathway and imply that 11-dehydrosinulariolide induces cell apoptosis through either mitochondrial dysfunction-related or ER stress pathway. Based on this observation, several proteins related to apoptosis pathway were explored for the potential roles involved in this drug-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor, is able to protect the cell from 11-dehydrosinulariolide-induced apoptosis in a physiological dosage. The significance of these studies illustrates the potential development of anticancer drugs from the natural derivatives of soft coral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-I Liu
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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28
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Lu Q, Bai J, Zhang L, Liu J, Jiang Z, Michal JJ, He Q, Jiang P. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) Labeling Approach Revealed First Proteome Profiles of Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2890-903. [DOI: 10.1021/pr201266z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Key Laboratory
of Animal Diseases
Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory
of Animal Diseases
Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Animal Diseases
Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory
of Animal Diseases
Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6351,
United States
| | - Jennifer J. Michal
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6351,
United States
| | - Qindong He
- Key Laboratory
of Animal Diseases
Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory
of Animal Diseases
Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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29
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Thongtan T, Wikan N, Wintachai P, Rattanarungsan C, Srisomsap C, Cheepsunthorn P, Smith DR. Characterization of putative Japanese encephalitis virus receptor molecules on microglial cells. J Med Virol 2012; 84:615-23. [PMID: 22337301 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) a mosquito-borne flavivirus is a major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. While the principle target cells for JEV in the central nervous system are believed to be neurons, microglia are activated in response to JEV and have been proposed to act as a long lasting virus reservoir. Viral attachment to a host cell is the first step of the viral entry process and is a critical mediator of tissue tropism. This study sought to identify molecules associated with JEV entry to microglial cells. Virus overlay protein-binding assay (VOPBA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) identified the 37/67 kDa high-affinity laminin receptor protein and nucleolin as a potential JEV-binding proteins. These proteins were subsequently investigated for a contribution to JEV entry to mouse microglial BV-2 cells together with other possible candidate receptor molecules including Hsp70, Hsp90, GRP78, CD14, and CD4. In antibody mediated inhibition of infection experiments, both anti-laminin receptor and anti-CD4 antibodies significantly reduced virus entry while anti-Hsp70 and 90 antibodies produced a slight reduction. Significant inhibition of virus entry (up to 80%) was observed in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which resulted in a complete down-regulation of CD4 and moderate down-regulation of CD14. These results suggest that multiple receptor proteins may mediate the entry of JEV to microglial cells, with CD4 playing a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thananya Thongtan
- Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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