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Aliakbari S, Hasanzadeh L, Sayyah M, Amini N, Pourbadie HG. Induced expression of rabies glycoprotein in the dorsal hippocampus enhances hippocampal dependent memory in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01221-y. [PMID: 38943023 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that manipulates the natural cell death processes of its host to ensure its own survival and replication. Studies have shown that the anti-apoptotic effect of the virus is mediated by one of its protein named, rabies glycoprotein (RVG). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the loss of neural cells and memory impairment. We aim to examine whether expression of RVG in the hippocampal cells can shield the detrimental effects induced by Aβ. Oligomeric form of Aβ (oAβ) or vehicle was bilaterally microinjected into the dorsal hippocampus of male Wistar rats. One week later, two μl (108 T.U. /ml) of the lentiviral vector carrying RVG gene was injected into their dorsal hippocampus (post-treatment). In another experiment, the lentiviral vector was microinjected one week before Aβ injection (pre-treatment). One week later, the rat's brain was sliced into cross-sections, and the presence of RVG-expressing neuronal cells was confirmed using fluorescent microscopy. Rats were subjected to assessments of spatial learning and memory as well as passive avoidance using the Morris water maze (MWM) and the Shuttle box apparatuses, respectively. Protein expression of AMPA receptor subunit (GluA1) was determined using western blotting technique. In MWM, Aβ treated rats showed decelerated acquisition of the task and impairment of reference memory. RVG expression in the hippocampus prevented and restored the deficits in both pre- and post- treatment conditions, respectively. It also improved inhibitory memory in the oAβ treated rats. RVG increased the expression level of GluA1 level in the hippocampus. Based on our findings, the expression of RVG in the hippocampus has the potential to enhance both inhibitory and spatial learning abilities, ultimately improving memory performance in an AD rat model. This beneficial effect is likely attributed, at least in part, to the increased expression of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Aliakbari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Hasanzadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Amini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Liu X, Xu J, Zhang M, Wang H, Guo X, Zhao M, Duan M, Guan Z, Guo Y. RABV induces biphasic actin cytoskeletal rearrangement through Rac1 activity modulation. J Virol 2024:e0060624. [PMID: 38809020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00606-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is highly lethal and triggers severe neurological symptoms. The neuropathogenic mechanism remains poorly understood. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a Rho-GTPase that is involved in actin remodeling and has been reported to be closely associated with neuronal dysfunction. In this study, by means of a combination of pharmacological inhibitors, small interfering RNA, and specific dominant-negatives, we characterize the crucial roles of dynamic actin and the regulatory function of Rac1 in RABV infection, dominantly in the viral entry phase. The data show that the RABV phosphoprotein interacts with Rac1. RABV phosphoprotein suppress Rac1 activity and impedes downstream Pak1-Limk1-Cofilin1 signaling, leading to the disruption of F-actin-based structure formation. In early viral infection, the EGFR-Rac1-signaling pathway undergoes a biphasic change, which is first upregulated and subsequently downregulated, corresponding to the RABV entry-induced remodeling pattern of F-actin. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time the role played by the Rac1 signaling pathway in RABV infection and may provide a clue for an explanation for the etiology of rabies neurological pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEThough neuronal dysfunction is predominant in fatal rabies, the detailed mechanism by which rabies virus (RABV) infection causes neurological symptoms remains in question. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in numerous viruses infection and plays a crucial role in maintaining neurological function. The cytoskeletal disruption is closely associated with abnormal nervous symptoms and induces neurogenic diseases. In this study, we show that RABV infection led to the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton as well as the biphasic kinetics of the Rac1 signal transduction. These results help elucidate the mechanism that causes the aberrant neuronal processes by RABV infection and may shed light on therapeutic development aimed at ameliorating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxin Zhao
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Duan
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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Tomatis C, León A, López Ortiz AO, Oneto P, Fuentes F, Ferrer MF, Carrera Silva EA, Scorticati C, Gómez RM. Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Replicates in Primary Neuron Cultures and Impairs Spine Density Formation. Neuroscience 2023; 529:162-171. [PMID: 37598833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined infection with the highly neurovirulent GDVII, the less neurovirulent DA strains, and with a mutant DA, which lacks the L* protein (L*-1) involved in viral persistence and demyelinating disease, to analyze the direct effects of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) replication using primary cultures of mouse brain hippocampal neurons. All viruses replicate in cultured neurons, with GDVII having the highest titers and L*-1 the lowest. Accordingly, all were positive for viral antigen staining 3 days postinfection (dpi), and DA and L*-1 were also positive after 12 dpi. NeuN + immunostaining showed an early and almost complete absence of positive cells in cultures infected with GDVII, an approximately 50% reduction in cultures infected with DA, and fewer changes in L*-1 strains at 3 dpi. Accordingly, staining with chloromethyltetramethylrosamine orange (Mitotracker OrangeTM) as a parameter for cell viability showed similar results. Moreover, at 1 dpi, the strain DA induced higher transcript levels of neuroprotective genes such as IFN-Iβ, IRF7, and IRF8. At 3 dpi, strains GDVII and DA, but not the L*-1 mutant, showed lower PKR expression. In addition, confocal analysis showed that L*-1-infected neurons exhibited a decrease in spine density. Treatment with poly (I:C), which is structurally related to dsRNA and is known to trigger IFN type I synthesis, reduced spine density even more. These results confirmed the use of mouse hippocampal neuron cultures as a model to study neuronal responses after TMEV infection, particularly in the formation of spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tomatis
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, CABA, Argentina
| | - Antonella León
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Aída O López Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Paula Oneto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, CABA, Argentina
| | - María F Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eugenio A Carrera Silva
- Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, CABA, Argentina
| | - Camila Scorticati
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo M Gómez
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis viral, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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Liu X, Nawaz Z, Guo C, Ali S, Naeem MA, Jamil T, Ahmad W, Siddiq MU, Ahmed S, Asif Idrees M, Ahmad A. Rabies Virus Exploits Cytoskeleton Network to Cause Early Disease Progression and Cellular Dysfunction. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889873. [PMID: 35685339 PMCID: PMC9172992 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a cunning neurotropic pathogen and causes top priority neglected tropical diseases in the developing world. The genome of RABV consists of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and RNA polymerase L protein (L), respectively. The virus causes neuronal dysfunction instead of neuronal cell death by deregulating the polymerization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and subverts the associated binding and motor proteins for efficient viral progression. These binding proteins mainly maintain neuronal structure, morphology, synaptic integrity, and complex neurophysiological pathways. However, much of the exact mechanism of the viral-cytoskeleton interaction is yet unclear because several binding proteins of the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton are involved in multifaceted pathways to influence the retrograde and anterograde axonal transport of RABV. In this review, all the available scientific results regarding cytoskeleton elements and their possible interactions with RABV have been collected through systematic methodology, and thereby interpreted to explain sneaky features of RABV. The aim is to envisage the pathogenesis of RABV to understand further steps of RABV progression inside the cells. RABV interacts in a number of ways with the cell cytoskeleton to produce degenerative changes in the biochemical and neuropathological trails of neurons and other cell types. Briefly, RABV changes the gene expression of essential cytoskeleton related proteins, depolymerizes actin and microtubules, coordinates the synthesis of inclusion bodies, manipulates microtubules and associated motors proteins, and uses actin for clathrin-mediated entry in different cells. Most importantly, the P is the most intricate protein of RABV that performs complex functions. It artfully operates the dynein motor protein along the tracks of microtubules to assist the replication, transcription, and transport of RABV until its egress from the cell. New remedial insights at subcellular levels are needed to counteract the destabilization of the cytoskeleton under RABV infection to stop its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Presidents' Office of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zeeshan Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Presidents' Office of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sultan Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
- Department of Basic Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Siddiq
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Basic Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Idrees
- Department of Pathobiology, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Pathobiology, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
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Role of the glycoprotein thorns in anxious effects of rabies virus: Evidence from an animal study. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Harsha PK, Ranganayaki S, Yale G, Dey G, Mangalaparthi KK, Yarlagadda A, Chandrasekhar Sagar BK, Mahadevan A, Srinivas Bharath MM, Mani RS. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rabies Virus-Infected Human and Canine Brains. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1610-1636. [PMID: 35229271 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by the Rabies lyssavirus (RABV). The presence of minimal neuropathological changes observed in rabies indicates that neuronal dysfunction, rather than neuronal death contributes to the fatal outcome. The role of mitochondrial changes has been suggested as a possible mechanism for neuronal dysfunction in rabies. However, these findings are mostly based on studies that have employed experimental models and laboratory-adapted virus. Studies on brain tissues from naturally infected human and animal hosts are lacking. The current study investigated the role of mitochondrial changes in rabies by morphological, biochemical and proteomic analysis of RABV-infected human and canine brains. Morphological analysis showed minimal inflammation with preserved neuronal and disrupted mitochondrial structure in both human and canine brains. Proteomic analysis revealed involvement of mitochondrial processes (oxidative phosphorylation, cristae formation, homeostasis and transport), synaptic proteins and autophagic pathways, with over-expression of subunits of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Consistent with these findings, human and canine brains displayed elevated activities of complexes I (p < 0.05), IV (p < 0.05) and V (p < 0.05). However, this did not result in elevated ATP production (p < 0.0001), probably due to lowered mitochondrial membrane potential as noted in RABV-infected cells in culture. These could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy as indicated by expression of FKBP8 (p < 0.05) and PINK1 (p < 0.001)/PARKIN (p > 0.05) and ensuing autophagy, as shown by the status of LCIII (p < 0.05), LAMP1 (p < 0.001) and pertinent ultrastructural markers. We propose that altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and cristae architecture probably induce mitophagy, leading to autophagy and consequent neuronal dysfunction in rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulleri Kandi Harsha
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sathyanarayanan Ranganayaki
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Gourav Dey
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anusha Yarlagadda
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - B K Chandrasekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
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Chailangkarn T, Tanwattana N, Jaemthaworn T, Sriswasdi S, Wanasen N, Tangphatsornruang S, Leetanasaksakul K, Jantraphakorn Y, Nawae W, Chankeeree P, Lekcharoensuk P, Lumlertdacha B, Kaewborisuth C. Establishment of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons-A Promising In Vitro Model for a Molecular Study of Rabies Virus and Host Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111986. [PMID: 34769416 PMCID: PMC8584829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a deadly viral disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), transmitted through a bite of an infected host, resulting in irreversible neurological symptoms and a 100% fatality rate in humans. Despite many aspects describing rabies neuropathogenesis, numerous hypotheses remain unanswered and concealed. Observations obtained from infected primary neurons or mouse brain samples are more relevant to human clinical rabies than permissive cell lines; however, limitations regarding the ethical issue and sample accessibility become a hurdle for discovering new insights into virus-host interplays. To better understand RABV pathogenesis in humans, we generated human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons to offer the opportunity for an inimitable study of RABV infection at a molecular level in a pathologically relevant cell type. This study describes the characteristics and detailed proteomic changes of hiPSC-derived neurons in response to RABV infection using LC-MS/MS quantitative analysis. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) reveals temporal changes of proteins related to metabolic process, immune response, neurotransmitter transport/synaptic vesicle cycle, cytoskeleton organization, and cell stress response, demonstrating fundamental underlying mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in a time-course dependence. Lastly, we highlighted plausible functions of heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70 or HSPA8) that might play a pivotal role in regulating RABV replication and pathogenesis. Our findings acquired from this hiPSC-derived neuron platform help to define novel cellular mechanisms during RABV infection, which could be applicable to further studies to widen views of RABV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (C.K.)
| | - Nathiphat Tanwattana
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Thanakorn Jaemthaworn
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Sira Sriswasdi
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.S.)
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nanchaya Wanasen
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.N.)
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Yuparat Jantraphakorn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Wanapinun Nawae
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.N.)
| | - Penpicha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Boonlert Lumlertdacha
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training Prophylaxis on Rabies, 1871 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (C.K.)
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Farahtaj F, Alizadeh L, Gholami A, Khosravy MS, Bashar R, Gharibzadeh S, Mahmoodzadeh Niknam H, Ghaemi A. Differential pathogenesis of intracerebral and intramuscular inoculation of street rabies virus and CVS-11 strains in a mouse model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:943-950. [PMID: 34712425 PMCID: PMC8528248 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54264.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): The mechanisms of rabies evasion and immunological interactions with the host defense have not been completely elucidated. Here, we evaluated the dynamic changes in the number of astrocytes, microglial and neuronal cells in the brain following intramuscular (IM) and intracerebral (IC) inoculations of street rabies virus (SRV). Materials and Methods: The SRV isolated from a jackal and CVS-11 were used to establish infection in NMRI-female mice. The number of astrocytes (by expression of GFAP), microglial (by Iba1), and neuronal cells (by MAP-2) in the brain following IM and IC inoculations of SRV were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and H & E staining 7 to 30 days post-infection. Results: Increased numbers of astrocytes and microglial cells in dead mice infected by SRV via both IC and IM routes were recorded. The number of neuronal cells in surviving mice was decreased only in IC-infected mice, while in the dead group, this number was decreased by both routes. The risk of death in SRV-infected mice was approximately 3 times higher than in the CVS-11 group. In IC-inoculated mice, viral dilution was the only influential factor in mortality, while the type of strain demonstrated a significant impact on the mortality rate in IM inoculations. Conclusion: Our results suggested that microglial cells and their inflammatory cytokines may not contribute to the neuroprotection and recovery in surviving mice following intracerebral inoculation of SRV. An unexpected decrease in MAP2 expression via intramuscular inoculation indicates the imbalance in the integrity and stability of neuronal cytoskeleton which aggravates rabies infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firozeh Farahtaj
- National Center for Reference & Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- Viral vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Rouzbeh Bashar
- National Center for Reference & Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoora Gharibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Rabies virus glycoprotein enhances spatial memory via the PDZ binding motif. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:434-443. [PMID: 33788140 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening viral infection of the brain. Rabies virus (RABV) merely infects excitable cells including neurons provoking drastic behaviors including negative emotional memories. RABV glycoprotein (RVG) plays a critical role in RABV pathogenesis. RVG interacts with various cytoplasmic PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) containing proteins through its PDZ binding motif (PBM). PTZ domains have crucial role in formation and function of signal transduction. Hippocampus is one of the cerebral regions that contain high load of viral antigens. We examined impact of RVG expression in the dorsal hippocampus on aversive as well as spatial learning and memory performance in rats. Two microliter of the lentiviral vector (~108 T.U./ml) encoding RVG or ∆RVG (deleted PBM) genomes was microinjected into the hippocampal CA1. After 1 week, rat's brain was cross-sectioned and RVG/∆RVG-expressing neuronal cells were confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Passive avoidance and spatial learning and memory were assessed in rats by Shuttle box and Morris water maze (MWM). In the shuttle box, both RVG and ∆RVG decreased the time spent in the dark compartment compared to control (p < 0.05). In MWM, RVG and ∆RVG did not affect the acquisition of spatial task. In the probe test, RVG-expressing rats spent more time in the target quadrant, and also reached the platform position sooner than control group (p < 0.05). Rats expressing ∆RVG significantly swam farther from the hidden platform than RVG group (p < 0.05). Our data indicate RVG expression in the hippocampus strengthens aversive and spatial learning and memory performance. The boosting effect on spatial but not avoidance memory is mediated through PBM.
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Ghassemi S, Asgari T, Mirzapour-Delavar H, Aliakbari S, Pourbadie HG, Prehaud C, Lafon M, Gholami A, Azadmanesh K, Naderi N, Sayyah M. Lentiviral Expression of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein in the Rat Hippocampus Strengthens Synaptic Plasticity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1429-1440. [PMID: 33462779 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus exclusively infecting neurons in the central nervous system. RABV encodes five proteins. Among them, the viral glycoprotein (RVG) plays a key role in viral entry into neurons and rabies pathogenesis. It was shown that the nature of the C-terminus of the RABV G protein, which possesses a PDZ-binding motif (PBM), modulates the virulence of the RABV strain. The neuronal protein partners recruited by this PBM may alter host cell function. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of RVG on synaptic function in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rat. Two μl (108 T.U./ml) of the lentiviral vector containing RVG gene was injected into the DG of rat hippocampus. After 2 weeks, the rat's brain was cross-sectioned and RVG-expressing cells were detected by fluorescent microscopy. Hippocampal synaptic activity of the infected rats was then examined by recording the local field potentials from DG after stimulation of the perforant pathway. Short-term synaptic plasticity was also assessed by double pulse stimulation. Expression of RVG in DG increased long-term potentiation population spikes (LTP-PS), whereas no facilitation of LTP-PS was found in neurons expressing δRVG (deleted PBM). Furthermore, RVG and δRVG strengthened paired-pulse facilitation. Heterosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) in the DG was significantly blocked in RVG-expressing group compared to the control group. This blockade was dependent to PBM motif as rats expressing δRVG in the DG-expressed LTD comparable to the RVG group. Our data demonstrate that RVG expression facilitates both short- and long-term synaptic plasticity in the DG indicating that it may involve both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms to alter synaptic function. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Ghassemi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Asgari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shayan Aliakbari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Christophe Prehaud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, UMR 3569, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Monique Lafon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, UMR 3569, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Alireza Gholami
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Dexamethasone ameliorates the damage of hippocampal filamentous actin cytoskeleton but is not sufficient to cease epileptogenesis in pilocarpine induced epileptic mice. Epilepsy Res 2019; 154:26-33. [PMID: 31022637 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rogressive deconstruction of filament actin (F-actin) in hippocampal neurons in the epileptic brain have been associated with epileptogenesis. Previous clinical studies suggest that glucocorticoids treatment plays beneficial roles in refractory epilepsy. Glucocorticoids treatment affects dendritic spine morphology by regulating local glucocorticoid receptors and F-actin cytoskeleton dynamics. However, how glucocorticoids regulate epileptogenesis by controlling F-actin cytoskeleton is not clear yet. Here we study the function of glucocorticoids in epileptogenesis by examining F-actin abundance, hippocampal neuron number, and synaptic markers in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. We found that spontaneous seizure duration was significantly reduced; F-actin damage in hippocampal subfields was remarkably attenuated; loss of pyramidal cells was dramatically decreased; more intact synaptic structures indicated by pre- and postsynaptic markers were preserved in multiple hippocampal regions after DEX treatment. However, the number of ZNT3 positive particles in the molecular layer in the hippocampus of pilocarpine epileptic mice was not altered after DEX treatment. Although not sufficient to cease epileptogenesis, our results suggest that dexamethasone treatment ameliorates the damage of epileptic brain by stabilizing F-actin cytoskeleton in the pilocarpine epileptic mice.
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Yang X, Cao Z, Zhang J, Shao B, Song M, Han Y, Li Y. Dendritic spine loss caused by AlCl 3 is associated with inhibition of the Rac 1/cofilin signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1689-1695. [PMID: 30300874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) has neurotoxicity that can result in cognitive dysfunction. Hippocampal dendritic spine loss is a pathological characteristic of cognitive dysfunction. Our previous study reported that Al exposure caused dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, rats were orally administered 50, 150 or 450 mg/kg of AlCl3 for 90 days. The dendritic spine density of the CA1 and DG regions was detected by Golgi-Cox staining. The F-actin/G-actin ratio, the expression of drebrin A and the components of the Rac 1/cofilin pathway were measured in the hippocampus. The results obtained showed that AlCl3 caused dendritic spine loss and decreased the F-actin/G-actin ratio. In addition, it was found that AlCl3 downregulated the expression of Rac 1, p-PAK, p-LIMK, p-cofilin and drebrin A and upregulated cofilin expression. Altogether, these results demonstrated that Al inactivated the Rac 1/cofilin pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of cofilin and the polymerization of F-actin, resulting in dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Overexpression of MAP2 and NF-H Associated with Dendritic Pathology in the Spinal Cord of Mice Infected with Rabies Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030112. [PMID: 29509660 PMCID: PMC5869505 DOI: 10.3390/v10030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a viral infection that targets the nervous system, specifically neurons. The clinical manifestations of the disease are dramatic and their outcome fatal; paradoxically, conventional histopathological descriptions reveal only subtle changes in the affected nervous tissue. Some researchers have considered that the pathophysiology of rabies is based more on biochemical changes than on structural alterations, as is the case with some psychiatric diseases. However, we believe that it has been necessary to resort to other methods that allow us to analyze the effect of the infection on neurons. The Golgi technique is the gold standard for studying the morphology of all the components of a neuron and the cytoskeletal proteins are the structural support of dendrites and axons. We have previously shown, in the mouse cerebral cortex and now with this work in spinal cord, that rabies virus generates remarkable alterations in the morphological pattern of the neurons and that this effect is associated with the increase in the expression of two cytoskeletal proteins (MAP2 and NF-H). It is necessary to deepen the investigation of the pathogenesis of rabies in order to find therapeutic alternatives to a disease to which the World Health Organization classifies as a neglected disease.
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Xiong TQ, Chen LM, Tan BH, Guo CY, Li YN, Zhang YF, Li SL, Zhao H, Li YC. The effects of calcineurin inhibitor FK506 on actin cytoskeleton, neuronal survival and glial reactions after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:138-147. [PMID: 29358156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After status epilepticus (SE), actin cytoskeleton (F-actin) becomes progressively deconstructed in the hippocampus, which is consistent with the delayed pyramidal cell death in both time course and spatial distribution. A variety of experiments show that calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 are able to inhibit the SE-induced actin depolymerization. However, it is still unclear what changes happen to the F-actin in the epileptic brain after FK506 treatment. A pilocarpine model of SE in mice was used to examine the effects of FK506 on the F-actin in the hippocampal neurons. The post SE (PSE) mice with or without FK506 treatment were monitored consecutively for 14 days to examine the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. The effects of FK506 on the activity of cofilin and actin dynamics were assessed at 7 and 14 d PSE by western blots. The organization of F-actin, neuronal cell death, and glial reactions were investigated by phalloidin staining, histological and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. As compared to the PSE + vehicle mice, FK506 treatment significantly decreased the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. Relative to the PSE + vehicle mice, western blots detected a partial restoration of phosphorylated cofilin and a significant increase of F/G ratio in the hippocampus after FK506 treatment. In the PSE + vehicle mice, almost no F-actin puncta were left in the CA1 and CA3 subfields at 7 and 14 d PSE. FK506-treated PSE mice showed a similar decrease of F-actin, but the extent of damage was significantly ameliorated. Consistently, the surviving neurons became significantly increased in number after FK506 treatment, relative to the PSE + vehicle groups. After FK506 treatment, microglial reaction was partially inhibited, but the expression of GFAP was not significantly changed, compared to the PSE + vehicle mice. The results suggest that post-epileptic treatment with FK506 ameliorated, but could not stop the deconstruction of F-actin or the delayed neuronal loss in the PSE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Ling-Meng Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yong-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shu-Lei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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16
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Rabies virus co-localizes with early (Rab5) and late (Rab7) endosomal proteins in neuronal and SH-SY5Y cells. Virol Sin 2017. [PMID: 28634871 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a highly neurotropic virus that follows clathrin-mediated endocytosis and pH-dependent pathway for trafficking and invasion into endothelial cells. Early (Rab5, EEA1) and late (Rab7, LAMP1) endosomal proteins play critical roles in endosomal sorting, maturity and targeting various molecular cargoes, but their precise functions in the early stage of RABV neuronal infection remain elusive. In this study, the relationship between enigmatic entry of RABV with these endosomal proteins into neuronal and SH-SY5Y cells was investigated. Immunofluorescence, TCID50 titers, electron microscopy and western blotting were carried out to determine the molecular interaction of the nucleoprotein (N) of RABV with early or late endosomal proteins in these cell lines. The expression of N was also determined by down-regulating Rab5 and Rab7 in both cell lines through RNA interference. The results were indicative that N proficiently colocalized with Rab5/EEA1 and Rab7/LAMP1 in both cell lines at 24 and 48 h post-infection, while N titers significantly decreased in early infection of RABV. Down-regulation of Rab5 and Rab7 did not inhibit N expression, but it prevented productive infection via blocking the normal trafficking of RABV in a low pH environment. Ultrathin sections of cells studied by electron microscope also verified the close association of RABV with Rab5 and Rab7 in neurons. From the data it was concluded that primary entry of RABV strongly correlates with the kinetics of Rab-proteins present on early and late vesicles, which provides helpful clues to explain the early events of RABV in nerve cells.
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17
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Ahmad W, Li Y, Guo Y, Wang X, Duan M, Guan Z, Liu Z, Zhang M. Rabies virus co-localizes with early (Rab5) and late (Rab7) endosomal proteins in neuronal and SH-SY5Y cells. Virol Sin 2017. [PMID: 28634871 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3968-959:665-677,2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a highly neurotropic virus that follows clathrin-mediated endocytosis and pH-dependent pathway for trafficking and invasion into endothelial cells. Early (Rab5, EEA1) and late (Rab7, LAMP1) endosomal proteins play critical roles in endosomal sorting, maturity and targeting various molecular cargoes, but their precise functions in the early stage of RABV neuronal infection remain elusive. In this study, the relationship between enigmatic entry of RABV with these endosomal proteins into neuronal and SH-SY5Y cells was investigated. Immunofluorescence, TCID50 titers, electron microscopy and western blotting were carried out to determine the molecular interaction of the nucleoprotein (N) of RABV with early or late endosomal proteins in these cell lines. The expression of N was also determined by down-regulating Rab5 and Rab7 in both cell lines through RNA interference. The results were indicative that N proficiently colocalized with Rab5/EEA1 and Rab7/LAMP1 in both cell lines at 24 and 48 h post-infection, while N titers significantly decreased in early infection of RABV. Down-regulation of Rab5 and Rab7 did not inhibit N expression, but it prevented productive infection via blocking the normal trafficking of RABV in a low pH environment. Ultrathin sections of cells studied by electron microscope also verified the close association of RABV with Rab5 and Rab7 in neurons. From the data it was concluded that primary entry of RABV strongly correlates with the kinetics of Rab-proteins present on early and late vesicles, which provides helpful clues to explain the early events of RABV in nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, 35200, Pakistan
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ming Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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18
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Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Mozhgani SH, Gholami Pourbadie H, Mirzaie M, Noorbakhsh F, Vaziri B, Gholami A, Ansari-Pour N, Jafari M. Systems Biomedicine of Rabies Delineates the Affected Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1688. [PMID: 27872612 PMCID: PMC5098112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical neurotropic virus, rabies, is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family that causes lethal encephalomyelitis. Although there have been a plethora of studies investigating the etiological mechanism of the rabies virus and many precautionary methods have been implemented to avert the disease outbreak over the last century, the disease has surprisingly no definite remedy at its late stages. The psychological symptoms and the underlying etiology, as well as the rare survival rate from rabies encephalitis, has still remained a mystery. We, therefore, undertook a systems biomedicine approach to identify the network of gene products implicated in rabies. This was done by meta-analyzing whole-transcriptome microarray datasets of the CNS infected by strain CVS-11, and integrating them with interactome data using computational and statistical methods. We first determined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each study and horizontally integrated the results at the mRNA and microRNA levels separately. A total of 61 seed genes involved in signal propagation system were obtained by means of unifying mRNA and microRNA detected integrated DEGs. We then reconstructed a refined protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) of infected cells to elucidate the rabies-implicated signal transduction network (RISN). To validate our findings, we confirmed differential expression of randomly selected genes in the network using Real-time PCR. In conclusion, the identification of seed genes and their network neighborhood within the refined PPIN can be useful for demonstrating signaling pathways including interferon circumvent, toward proliferation and survival, and neuropathological clue, explaining the intricate underlying molecular neuropathology of rabies infection and thus rendered a molecular framework for predicting potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Mirzaie
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ansari-Pour
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technology, University of TehranTehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran, Iran
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Sun X, Shi N, Li Y, Dong C, Zhang M, Guan Z, Duan M. Quantitative Proteome Profiling of Street Rabies Virus-Infected Mouse Hippocampal Synaptosomes. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:301-311. [PMID: 27155843 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well established now that neuronal dysfunction rather than structural damage may be responsible for the development of rabies. In order to explore the underlying mechanisms in rabies virus (RABV) and synaptic dysfunctions, a quantitative proteome profiling was carried out on synaptosome samples from mice hippocampus. Synaptosome samples from mice hippocampus were isolated and confirmed by Western blot and transmission electron microscopy. Synaptosome protein content changes were quantitatively detected by Nano-LC-MS/MS. Protein functions were classified by the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway. PSICQUIC was used to create a network. MCODE algorithm was applied to obtain subnetworks. Of these protein changes, 45 were upregulated and 14 were downregulated following RABV infection relative to non-infected (mock) synaptosomes. 28 proteins were unique to mock treatment and 12 were unique to RABV treatment. Proteins related to metabolism and synaptic vesicle showed the most changes in expression levels. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks revealed that several key biological processes related to synaptic functions potentially were modulated by RABV, including energy metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, and synaptic transmission. These data will be useful for better understanding of neuronal dysfunction of rabies and provide the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences CAAS, Changchun, 132109, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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20
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Synaptic Plasticity and Neurological Disorders in Neurotropic Viral Infections. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:138979. [PMID: 26649202 PMCID: PMC4663354 DOI: 10.1155/2015/138979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the type of cells or tissues they tend to harbor or attack, many of the viruses are characterized. But, in case of neurotropic viruses, it is not possible to classify them based on their tropism because many of them are not primarily neurotropic. While rabies and poliovirus are considered as strictly neurotropic, other neurotropic viruses involve nervous tissue only secondarily. Since the AIDS pandemic, the interest in neurotropic viral infections has become essential for all clinical neurologists. Although these neurotropic viruses are able to be harbored in or infect the nervous system, not all the neurotropic viruses have been reported to cause disrupted synaptic plasticity and impaired cognitive functions. In this review, we have discussed the neurotropic viruses, which play a major role in altered synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders.
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Xiong T, Liu J, Dai G, Hou Y, Tan B, Zhang Y, Li S, Song Y, Liu H, Li Y, Li Y. The progressive changes of filamentous actin cytoskeleton in the hippocampal neurons after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2015; 118:55-67. [PMID: 26600371 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported a persistent reduction of F-actin puncta but a compensating increase in puncta size in the mouse hippocampus at 2 months after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (Epilepsy Res. 108 (2014), 379-389). However, the F-actin changes during the period of epileptogenesis remain unknown. This study was designed to examine the temporal and spatial changes of F-actin during the period of epileptogenesis in a pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model, primarily by the histological and TUNEL evaluation of cell loss, phalloidin detection of F-actin, and immunohistochemical analysis of glial reactions. The results demonstrated that F-actin continued to decrease after pilocarpine treatment, which was consistent in its time course with hippocampal neuronal death. Within different hippocampal subfields, the spatial changes of F-actin exhibited similar features. First, the F-actin puncta decreased in number. Thereafter, F-actin was transiently aggregated in dendritic shafts and neuronal cell bodies and eventually was completely lost in the degenerated neurons. The progressive changes of F-actin in the degenerating neurons reported in this study may help to elucidate a cytoskeletal mechanism that may link to the delayed cell loss that occurs during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Gaoyue Dai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Baihong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Pediatric Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shulei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Yan Song
- Nursing College, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yanchao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
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22
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Jeong EH, Vaidya B, Cho SY, Park MA, Kaewintajuk K, Kim SR, Oh MJ, Choi JS, Kwon J, Kim D. Identification of regulators of the early stage of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection during curcumin treatment. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:184-193. [PMID: 25862970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of curcumin pretreatment (15-240 μM) in fathead minnow cells infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was evaluated. Cell viability, apoptosis and viral copy number were analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Annexin V staining, and reverse transcription-PCR, respectively. Pretreatment with 120 μM curcumin showed an increase in viability (>90% of mock) of VHSV-infected cells and reduction in the copy number (0.2-log reduction in VHSV N gene expression), reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in the cells without cytotoxic effects. To understand the mechanisms underlaying the antiviral effects of curcumin pretreatment, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed in four samples (M, mock; C, curcumin-treated; V, VHSV-infected; and CV, curcumin-treated VHSV-infected) in triplicate. In total, 185 proteins were detected. The analysis showed that three proteins, including heat shock cognate 71 (HSC71), actin, alpha cardiac muscle (ACTC1) and elongation factor 1 (EEF1) were differentially expressed between V and CV samples. Network analysis performed by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) showed that HSC71 was the primary protein interacting with fibronectin (FN) 1, actins (ACTB, ACTG, F-actin) and gelsolin (GSN) in both V and CV samples and thus is a strong target candidate for the protection from VHSV infection at the viral entry stage. Our proteomics data suggest that curcumin pretreatment inhibits entry of VHSV in cells by downregulating FN1 or upregulating F-actin. For both proteins, HSC71 acts as a binding protein that modulates their functions. Furthermore, consistent with the effect of a heat shock protein inhibitor (KNK437), curcumin downregulated HSC71 expression with increasing viability of VHSV-infected cells and inhibited VHSV replication, suggesting that the downregulation of HSC71 could be responsible for the antiviral activity of curcumin. In conclusion, this study indicates that the suppression of viral entry by rearrangement of the F-actin/G-actin ratio via downregulating HSC71 is a plausible mechanism by which curcumin pretreatment controls the early stages of VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, South Korea
| | - Kusuma Kaewintajuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Seok Ryel Kim
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Incheon 400-420, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea.
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea; Agribio Disaster Research Center, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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23
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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24
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Jacob T, Van den Broeke C, Grauwet K, Baert K, Claessen C, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Waesberghe C, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies virus US3 leads to filamentous actin disassembly and contributes to viral genome delivery to the nucleus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:379-85. [PMID: 25869795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conserved alphaherpesvirus US3 tegument protein induces rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, consisting of protrusion formation and stress fiber breakdown. Although US3 does not affect levels of total actin protein, it remains unclear whether US3 modulates the total levels of filamentous (F) actin. In this report, we show that the pseudorabies virus (PRV) US3 protein, via its kinase activity, leads to disassembly of F-actin in porcine ST cells. F-actin disassembly has been reported before to contribute to host cell entry of HIV. In line with this, in the current study, we report that US3 has a previously uncharacterized role in viral genome delivery to the nucleus, since quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays on nuclear fractions demonstrated a reduced nuclear delivery of US3null PRV compared to wild type PRV genomes. Treatment of cells with the actin depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D enhanced virus genome delivery to the nucleus, particularly of US3null PRV, supporting a role for F-actin disassembly during certain aspects of viral entry. In conclusion, the US3 kinase of PRV leads to F-actin depolymerization, and US3 and F-actin disassembly contribute to viral genome delivery to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thary Jacob
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Céline Van den Broeke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kim Baert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christophe Claessen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cliff Van Waesberghe
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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25
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in rabies virus infection of neurons. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:537-49. [PMID: 24277436 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the challenge virus standard-11 (CVS) strain of fixed rabies virus induces neuronal process degeneration in adult mice after hindlimb footpad inoculation. CVS-induced axonal swellings of primary rodent dorsal root ganglion neurons are associated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adduct staining, indicating a critical role of oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the major cause of oxidative stress. We hypothesized that CVS infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of CVS infection on several mitochondrial parameters in different cell types. CVS infection significantly increased maximal uncoupled respiration and complex IV respiration and complex I and complex IV activities, but did not affect complex II-III or citrate synthase activities. Increases in complex I activity, but not complex IV activity, correlated with susceptibility of the cells to CVS infection. CVS infection maintained coupled respiration and rate of proton leak, indicating a tight mitochondrial coupling. Possibly as a result of enhanced complex activity and efficient coupling, a high mitochondrial membrane potential was generated. CVS infection reduced the intracellular ATP level and altered the cellular redox state as indicated by a high NADH/NAD+ ratio. The basal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was not affected in CVS-infected neurons. However, a higher rate of ROS generation occurred in CVS-infected neurons in the presence of mitochondrial substrates and inhibitors. We conclude that CVS infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to ROS overgeneration and oxidative stress.
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