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Yu N, Chen S, Liu Y, Wang P, Wang L, Hu N, Zhang H, Li X, Lu H, Jin N. Pathogenicity and transcriptomic resolution in dengue virus serotype 1 infected AGB6 mouse model. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29895. [PMID: 39228306 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Dengue viruses are the causative agents of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome, which are mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, and cost billions of dollars annually in patient treatment and mosquito control. Progress in understanding DENV pathogenesis and developing effective treatments has been hampered by the lack of a suitable small pathological animal model. Until now, the candidate vaccine, antibody, and drug for DENV have not been effectively evaluated. Here, we analyzed the pathogenicity of DENV-1 in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ interferon receptor-deficient mice (AGB6) by intraperitoneal inoculation. Infected mice showed such neurological symptoms as opisthotonus, hunching, ataxia, and paralysis of one or both hind limbs. Viremia can be detected 3 days after infection. It was found that 6.98 × 103 PFU or higher dose induce 100% mortality. To determine the cause of lethality in mice, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestinal, and brain tissues were collected from AGB6 mice (at an attack dose of 6.98 × 103 PFU) for RNA quantification, and it was found that the viral load in brain tissues peaked at moribund states (14 dpi) and that the viral loads in the other tissues and organs decreased over time. Significant histopathologic changes were observed in brain tissue (hippocampal region and cerebral cortex). Hematological analysis showed hemorrhage and hemoconcentration in infected mice. DENV-1 can be isolated from the brain tissue of infected mice. Subsequently, brain tissue transcriptome sequencing was performed to assess host response characteristics in infected AGB6 mice. Transcriptional patterns in brain tissue suggest that aberrant expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induces antiviral responses and tissue damage. Screening of hub genes and their characterization by qPCR and ELISA, it was hypothesized that IL-6 and IFN-γ might be the key factors in dengue virus-induced inflammatory response. Therefore, this study provides an opportunity to decipher certain aspects of dengue pathogenesis further and provides a new platform for drug, antibody, and vaccine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shigang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningning Hu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
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2
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Zoladek J, Nisole S. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and type I interferon: catch me if you can! Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1257024. [PMID: 37965539 PMCID: PMC10642725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include many viruses that are important human pathogens, including Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. While these viruses have long been confined to tropical regions, they now pose a global public health concern, as the geographical distribution of their mosquito vectors has dramatically expanded. The constant threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence underlines the need for a better understanding of the relationships between these viruses and their hosts. In particular, unraveling how these viruses manage to bypass antiviral immune mechanisms could enable the design of countermeasures to limit their impact on human health. The body's first line of defense against viral infections is provided by the interferon (IFN) response. This antiviral defense mechanism takes place in two waves, namely the induction of type I IFNs triggered by viral infection, followed by the IFN signaling pathway, which leads to the synthesis of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose products inhibit viral replication. In order to spread throughout the body, viruses must race against time to replicate before this IFN-induced antiviral state hinders their dissemination. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the multiple strategies developed by mosquito-borne flaviviruses to interfere with innate immune detection and signaling pathways, in order to delay, if not prevent, the establishment of an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling, CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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3
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Monogue B, Chen Y, Sparks H, Behbehani R, Chai A, Rajic AJ, Massey A, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Vermeren M, Kunath T, Beckham JD. Alpha-synuclein supports type 1 interferon signalling in neurons and brain tissue. Brain 2022; 145:3622-3636. [PMID: 35858675 PMCID: PMC10233298 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein is predominantly expressed in neurons and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, the normal function of alpha-synuclein in neurons is not clearly defined. We have previously shown that mice lacking alpha-synuclein expression exhibit markedly increased viral growth in the brain, increased mortality and increased neuronal cell death, implicating alpha-synuclein in the neuronal innate immune response. To investigate the mechanism of alpha-synuclein-induced immune responses to viral infections in the brain, we challenged alpha-synuclein knockout mice and human alpha-synuclein knockout dopaminergic neurons with RNA virus infection and discovered that alpha-synuclein is required for neuronal expression of interferon-stimulated genes. Furthermore, human alpha-synuclein knockout neurons treated with type 1 interferon failed to induce a broad range of interferon stimulated genes, implying that alpha-synuclein interacts with type 1 interferon signalling. We next found that alpha-synuclein accumulates in the nucleus of interferon-treated human neurons after interferon treatment and we demonstrated that interferon-mediated phosphorylation of STAT2 is dependent on alpha-synuclein expression in human neurons. Next, we found that activated STAT2 co-localizes with alpha-synuclein following type 1 interferon stimulation in neurons. Finally, we found that brain tissue from patients with viral encephalitis expresses increased levels of phospho-serine129 alpha-synuclein in neurons. Taken together, our results show that alpha-synuclein expression supports neuron-specific interferon responses by localizing to the nucleus, supporting STAT2 activation, co-localizing with phosphorylated STAT2 in neurons and supporting expression of interferon-stimulated genes. These data provide a novel mechanism that links interferon activation and alpha-synuclein function in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Monogue
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yixi Chen
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hadrian Sparks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ranya Behbehani
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Andrew Chai
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander J Rajic
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Aaron Massey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - B K Kleinschmidt-Demasters
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthieu Vermeren
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
- UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - J David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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4
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Ma J, Boudewijns R, Sanchez-Felipe L, Mishra N, Vercruysse T, Buh Kum D, Thibaut HJ, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Comparing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the yellow fever 17D vaccine in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2279-2290. [PMID: 34792431 PMCID: PMC8648041 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2008772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The live-attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF17D) vaccine is one of the most efficacious human vaccines and also employed as a vector for novel vaccines. However, in the lack of appropriate immunocompetent small animal models, mechanistic insight in YF17D-induced protective immunity remains limited. To better understand YF17D vaccination and to identify a suitable mouse model, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of YF17D in five complementary mouse models, i.e. wild-type (WT) BALB/c, C57BL/6, IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR-/-) deficient mice, and in WT mice in which type I IFN signalling was temporally ablated by an IFNAR blocking (MAR-1) antibody. Alike in IFNAR-/- mice, YF17D induced in either WT mice strong humoral immune responses dominated by IgG2a/c isotype (Th1 type) antibodies, yet only when IFNAR was blocked. Vigorous cellular immunity characterized by CD4+ T-cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α were mounted in MAR-1 treated C57BL/6 and in IFNAR-/- mice. Surprisingly, vaccine-induced protection was largely mouse model dependent. Full protection against lethal intracranial challenge and a massive reduction of virus loads was conferred already by a minimal dose of 2 PFU YF17D in BALB/c and IFNAR-/- mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice. Correlation analysis of infection outcome with pre-challenge immunological markers indicates that YFV-specific IgG might suffice for protection, even in the absence of detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we propose that, in addition to IFNAR-/- mice, C57BL/6 mice with temporally blocked IFN-α/β receptors represent a promising immunocompetent mouse model for the study of YF17D-induced immunity and evaluation of YF17D-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbert Boudewijns
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niraj Mishra
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieudonné Buh Kum
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Hay-McCullough E, Morrison J. Contributions of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitination to Flaviviral Antagonism of Type I IFN. Viruses 2021; 13:763. [PMID: 33925296 PMCID: PMC8145522 DOI: 10.3390/v13050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses implement a broad range of antagonism strategies against the host antiviral response. A pivotal component of the early host response is production and signaling of type I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin, a prevalent cellular protein-modifying molecule, is heavily involved in the cellular regulation of this and other immune response pathways. Viruses use ubiquitin and ubiquitin machinery to antagonize various steps of these pathways through diverse mechanisms. Here, we highlight ways in which flaviviruses use or inhibit ubiquitin to antagonize the antiviral IFN-I response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
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6
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Yang Q, You J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Pei R, Chen X, Yang M, Chen J. Tick-borne encephalitis virus NS4A ubiquitination antagonizes type I interferon-stimulated STAT1/2 signalling pathway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:714-726. [PMID: 32196427 PMCID: PMC7170394 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) accounts for approximately 10,000 annual cases of severe encephalitis in Europe and Asia and causes encephalitis in humans. In this study, we demonstrate TBEV appears to activate the interferon (IFN)-β dependent on RIG-I/MDA5. Both the IFN-β accumulation and the IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) transcription greatly delay. Further studies reveal that TBEV NS4A could block the phosphorylation and dimerization of STAT1/STAT2 to affect type I and II IFN-mediated STAT signalling. Additional data indicate that the residue at K132 of TBEV NS4A could be modified by ubiquitination and this modification is necessary for the interaction of NS4A with STAT1. Dynamic ubiquitination of the NS4 protein during TBEV infection might account for delayed activation of the ISGs. These results define the TBEV NS4A as an antagonist of the IFN response, by demonstrating a correlation between the association and STAT interference. Our findings provide a foundation for further understanding how TBEV evade innate immunity and a potential viral target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia You
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Alves RPDS, Andreata-Santos R, de Freitas CL, Pereira LR, Fabris-Maeda DLN, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Pereira SS, Carvalho AAVB, Sales NS, Peron JPS, Amorim JH, Ferreira LCDS. Protective Immunity to Dengue Virus Induced by DNA Vaccines Encoding Nonstructural Proteins in a Lethal Challenge Immunocompetent Mouse Model. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:558984. [PMID: 35047876 PMCID: PMC8757693 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.558984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus represents the main arbovirus affecting humans, but there are no effective drugs or available worldwide licensed vaccine formulations capable of conferring full protection against the infection. Experimental studies and results generated after the release of the licensed anti-DENV vaccine demonstrated that induction of high-titer neutralizing antibodies does not represent the sole protection correlate and that, indeed, T cell-based immune responses plays a relevant role in the establishment of an immune protective state. In this context, this study aimed to further demonstrate protective features of immune responses elicited in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice immunized with three plasmids encoding DENV2 nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS3, and NS5), which were subsequently challenged with a DENV2 strain naturally capable of inducing lethal encephalitis in immunocompetent mouse strains. The animals were immunized intramuscularly with the DNA vaccine mix and complete protection was observed among vaccinated mice. Vaccine induced protection correlated with the cytokine profiles expressed by spleen cells and brain-infiltrating mononuclear cells. The results confirm the pivotal role of cellular immune responses targeting nonstructural DENV proteins and validate the experimental model based on a DENV2 strain capable of infecting and killing immunocompetent mice as a tool for the evaluation of protective immunity induced by anti-DENV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúbens Prince dos Santos Alves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Longo de Freitas
- Laboratório de Interações Neuroimunes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denicar Lina Nascimento Fabris-Maeda
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Josiane Rodrigues-Jesus
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natiely Silva Sales
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime Henrique Amorim
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
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8
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Flavivirus infection—A review of immunopathogenesis, immunological response, and immunodiagnosis. Virus Res 2019; 274:197770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Partial dysfunction of STAT1 profoundly reduces host resistance to flaviviral infection. Virology 2017; 506:1-6. [PMID: 28282567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis for a dramatically increased virus susceptibility phenotype of MHC-II knockout mice acquired during routine maintenance of the mouse strain was determined. Segregation of the susceptibility allele from the defective MHC-II locus combined with sequence capture and sequencing showed that a Y37L substitution in STAT1 accounted for high flavivirus susceptibility of a newly derived mouse strain, designated Tuara. Interestingly, the mutation in STAT1 gene gave only partial inactivation of the type I interferon antiviral pathway. Accordingly, merely a relatively small impairment of interferon α/β signalling is sufficient to overcome the ability of the host to control the infection.
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10
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Li XF, Li XD, Deng CL, Dong HL, Zhang QY, Ye Q, Ye HQ, Huang XY, Deng YQ, Zhang B, Qin CF. Visualization of a neurotropic flavivirus infection in mouse reveals unique viscerotropism controlled by host type I interferon signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:912-925. [PMID: 28382163 PMCID: PMC5381253 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus includes a large group of human pathogens with medical importance. Especially, neurotropic flaviviruses capable of invading central and peripheral nervous system, e.g. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), are highly pathogenic to human and constitute major global health problems. However, the dynamic dissemination and pathogenesis of neurotropic flavivirus infections remain largely unknown. Here, using JEV as a model, we rationally designed and constructed a recombinant reporter virus that stably expressed Renilla luciferase (Rluc). The resulting JEV reporter virus (named Rluc-JEV) and parental JEV exhibited similar replication and infection characteristics, and the magnitude of Rluc activity correlated well with progeny viral production in vitro and in vivo. By using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) technology, we dissected the replication and dissemination dynamics of JEV infection in mice upon different inoculation routes. Interestingly, besides replicating in mouse brain, Rluc-JEV predominantly invaded the abdominal organs in mice with typical viscerotropism. Further tests in mice deficient in type I interferon (IFN) receptors demonstrated robust and prolonged viral replication in the intestine, spleen, liver, kidney and other abdominal organs. Combined with histopathological and immunohistochemical results, the host type I IFN signaling was evidenced as the major barrier to the viscerotropism and pathogenicity of this neurotropic flavivirus. Additionally, the Rluc-JEV platform was readily adapted for efficacy assay of known antiviral compounds and a live JE vaccine. Collectively, our study revealed abdominal organs as important targets of JEV infection in mice and profiled the unique viscerotropism trait controlled by the host type I IFN signaling. This in vivo visualization technology described here provides a powerful tool for testing antiviral agents and vaccine candidates for flaviviral infection.
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11
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Miller KD, Schnell MJ, Rall GF. Keeping it in check: chronic viral infection and antiviral immunity in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:766-776. [PMID: 27811921 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that the manner by which the immune response resolves or contains infection by a pathogen varies according to the tissue that is affected. Unlike many peripheral cell types, CNS neurons are generally non-renewable. Thus, the cytolytic and inflammatory strategies that are effective in controlling infections in the periphery could be damaging if deployed in the CNS. Perhaps for this reason, the immune response to some CNS viral infections favours maintenance of neuronal integrity and non-neurolytic viral control. This modified immune response - when combined with the unique anatomy and physiology of the CNS - provides an ideal environment for the maintenance of viral genomes, including those of RNA viruses. Therefore, it is possible that such viruses can reactivate long after initial viral exposure, contributing to CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn D Miller
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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12
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Kim JH, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Hossain FMA, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. CCL2, but not its receptor, is essential to restrict immune privileged central nervous system-invasion of Japanese encephalitis virus via regulating accumulation of CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) monocytes. Immunology 2016; 149:186-203. [PMID: 27260136 PMCID: PMC5011677 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a re‐emerging zoonotic flavivirus that poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare due to rapid changes in climate and demography. Although the CCR2–CCL2 axis plays an important role in trafficking CD11b+ Ly‐6Chi monocytes to regulate immunopathological diseases, little is known about their role in monocyte trafficking during viral encephalitis caused by JEV infection. Here, we explored the role of CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 in JE caused by JEV infection using CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated murine models. Somewhat surprisingly, the ablation of CCR2 and CCL2 resulted in starkly contrasting susceptibility to JE. CCR2 ablation induced enhanced resistance to JE, whereas CCL2 ablation highly increased susceptibility to JE. This contrasting regulation of JE progression by CCR2 and CCL2 was coupled to central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of Ly‐6Chi monocytes and Ly‐6Ghi granulocytes. There was also enhanced expression of CC and CXC chemokines in the CNS of CCL2‐ablated mice, which appeared to induce CNS infiltration of these cell populations. However, our data revealed that contrasting regulation of JE in CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated mice was unlikely to be mediated by innate natural killer and adaptive T‐cell responses. Furthermore, CCL2 produced by haematopoietic stem cell‐derived leucocytes played a dominant role in CNS accumulation of Ly‐6Chi monocytes in infected bone marrow chimeric models, thereby exacerbating JE progression. Collectively, our data indicate that CCL2 plays an essential role in conferring protection against JE caused by JEV infection. In addition, blockage of CCR2, but not CCL2, will aid in the development of strategies for prophylactics and therapeutics of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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13
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Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Azar SR, Muruato AE, Hanley KA, Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Paessler S, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC. Characterization of a Novel Murine Model to Study Zika Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1362-1369. [PMID: 27022155 PMCID: PMC4889758 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for an explosive ongoing outbreak of febrile illness across the Americas. ZIKV was previously thought to cause only a mild, flu-like illness, but during the current outbreak, an association with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in neonates has been detected. A previous study showed that ZIKV requires murine adaptation to generate reproducible murine disease. In our study, a low-passage Cambodian isolate caused disease and mortality in mice lacking the interferon (IFN) alpha receptor (A129 mice) in an age-dependent manner, but not in similarly aged immunocompetent mice. In A129 mice, viremia peaked at ∼10(7) plaque-forming units/mL by day 2 postinfection (PI) and reached high titers in the spleen by day 1. ZIKV was detected in the brain on day 3 PI and caused signs of neurologic disease, including tremors, by day 6. Robust replication was also noted in the testis. In this model, all mice infected at the youngest age (3 weeks) succumbed to illness by day 7 PI. Older mice (11 weeks) showed signs of illness, viremia, and weight loss but recovered starting on day 8. In addition, AG129 mice, which lack both type I and II IFN responses, supported similar infection kinetics to A129 mice, but with exaggerated disease signs. This characterization of an Asian lineage ZIKV strain in a murine model, and one of the few studies reporting a model of Zika disease and demonstrating age-dependent morbidity and mortality, could provide a platform for testing the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
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14
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Kim SB, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Hossain FMA, Hur J, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. Blockage of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulates Japanese encephalitis via enhancement of type I/II IFN innate and adaptive T-cell responses. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:79. [PMID: 27090635 PMCID: PMC4835894 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE), a leading cause of viral encephalitis, is characterized by extensive neuroinflammation following infection with neurotropic JE virus (JEV). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been identified as an enzyme associated with immunoregulatory function. Although the regulatory role of IDO in viral replication has been postulated, the in vivo role of IDO activity has not been fully addressed in neurotropic virus-caused encephalitis. Methods Mice in which IDO activity was inhibited by genetic ablation or using a specific inhibitor were examined for mortality and clinical signs after infection. Neuroinflammation was evaluated by central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of leukocytes and cytokine expression. IDO expression, viral burden, JEV-specific T-cell, and type I/II interferon (IFN-I/II) innate responses were also analyzed. Results Elevated expression of IDO activity in myeloid and neuron cells of the lymphoid and CNS tissues was closely associated with clinical signs of JE. Furthermore, inhibition of IDO activity enhanced resistance to JE, reduced the viral burden in lymphoid and CNS tissues, and resulted in early and increased CNS infiltration by Ly-6Chi monocytes, NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells. JE amelioration in IDO-ablated mice was also associated with enhanced NK and JEV-specific T-cell responses. More interestingly, IDO ablation induced rapid enhancement of type I IFN (IFN-I) innate responses in CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), including conventional and plasmacytoid DCs, following JEV infection. This enhanced IFN-I innate response in IDO-ablated CD11c+ DCs was coupled with strong induction of PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5), transcription factors (IRF7, STAT1), and antiviral ISG genes (Mx1, Mx2, ISG49, ISG54, ISG56). IDO ablation also enhanced the IFN-I innate response in neuron cells, which may delay the spread of virus in the CNS. Finally, we identified that IDO ablation in myeloid cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) dominantly contributed to JE amelioration and that HSC-derived leukocytes played a key role in the enhanced IFN-I innate responses in the IDO-ablated environment. Conclusions Inhibition of IDO activity ameliorated JE via enhancement of antiviral IFN-I/II innate and adaptive T-cell responses and increased CNS infiltration of peripheral leukocytes. Therefore, our data provide valuable insight into the use of IDO inhibition by specific inhibitors as a promising tool for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies against viral encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John-Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Aliota MT, Caine EA, Walker EC, Larkin KE, Camacho E, Osorio JE. Characterization of Lethal Zika Virus Infection in AG129 Mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004682. [PMID: 27093158 PMCID: PMC4836712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes a mild and self-limiting illness known as Zika fever, which often is accompanied by maculopapular rash, headache, and myalgia. During the current outbreak in South America, ZIKV infection during pregnancy has been hypothesized to cause microcephaly and other diseases. The detection of ZIKV in fetal brain tissue supports this hypothesis. Because human infections with ZIKV historically have remained sporadic and, until recently, have been limited to small-scale epidemics, neither the disease caused by ZIKV nor the molecular determinants of virulence and/or pathogenicity have been well characterized. Here, we describe a small animal model for wild-type ZIKV of the Asian lineage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using mice deficient in interferon α/β and Ɣ receptors (AG129 mice), we report that these animals were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection and disease, succumbing within seven to eight days. Rapid viremic dissemination was observed in visceral organs and brain; but only was associated with severe pathologies in the brain and muscle. Finally, these results were consistent across challenge routes, age of mice, and inoculum doses. These data represent a mouse model for ZIKV that is not dependent on adapting ZIKV to intracerebral passage in mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Foot pad injection of AG129 mice with ZIKV represents a biologically relevant model for studying ZIKV infection and disease development following wild-type virus inoculation without the requirement for adaptation of the virus or intracerebral delivery of the virus. This newly developed Zika disease model can be exploited to identify determinants of ZIKV virulence and reveal molecular mechanisms that control the virus-host interaction, providing a framework for rational design of acute phase therapeutics and for vaccine efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Caine
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma C. Walker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katrina E. Larkin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erwin Camacho
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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16
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Kurhade C, Zegenhagen L, Weber E, Nair S, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Spanier J, Gekara NO, Kröger A, Överby AK. Type I Interferon response in olfactory bulb, the site of tick-borne flavivirus accumulation, is primarily regulated by IPS-1. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:22. [PMID: 26819220 PMCID: PMC4730761 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although type I interferons (IFNs)-key effectors of antiviral innate immunity are known to be induced via different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the cellular source and the relative contribution of different PRRs in host protection against viral infection is often unclear. IPS-1 is a downstream adaptor for retinoid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling. In this study, we investigate the relative contribution of IPS-1 in the innate immune response in the different brain regions during infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus that causes a variety of severe symptoms like hemorrhagic fevers, encephalitis, and meningitis in the human host. METHODS IPS-1 knockout mice were infected with TBEV/Langat virus (LGTV), and viral burden in the peripheral and the central nervous systems, type I IFN induction, brain infiltrating cells, and inflammatory response was analyzed. RESULTS We show that IPS-1 is indispensable for controlling TBEV and LGTV infections in the peripheral and central nervous system. Our data indicate that IPS-1 regulates neuropathogenicity in mice. IFN response is differentially regulated in distinct regions of the central nervous system (CNS) influencing viral tropism, as LGTV replication was mainly restricted to olfactory bulb in wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast to the other brain regions, IFN upregulation in the olfactory bulb was dependent on IPS-1 signaling. IPS-1 regulates basal levels of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) like viperin and IRF-1 which contributes to the establishment of early viral replication which inhibits STAT1 activation. This diminishes the antiviral response even in the presence of high IFN-β levels. Consequently, the absence of IPS-1 causes uncontrolled virus replication, in turn resulting in apoptosis, activation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated proinflammatory response, and recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. CONCLUSIONS We show that LGTV replication is restricted to the olfactory bulb and that IPS-1 is a very important player in the olfactory bulb in shaping the innate immune response by inhibiting early viral replication and viral spread throughout the central nervous system. In the absence of IPS-1, higher viral replication leads to the evasion of antiviral response by inhibiting interferon signaling. Our data suggest that the local microenvironment of distinct brain regions is critical to determine virus permissiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kurhade
- Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loreen Zegenhagen
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elvira Weber
- Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Present Address: Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sharmila Nair
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Present Address: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelson O Gekara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna K Överby
- Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Kim SB, Choi JY, Kim JH, Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Han YW, Eo SK. Amelioration of Japanese encephalitis by blockage of 4-1BB signaling is coupled to divergent enhancement of type I/II IFN responses and Ly-6C(hi) monocyte differentiation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:216. [PMID: 26597582 PMCID: PMC4657197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE), a neuroinflammation caused by zoonotic JE virus, is the major cause of viral encephalitis worldwide and poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare. To date, however, there has been no report describing the regulation of JE progression using immunomodulatory tools for developing therapeutic strategies. We tested whether blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway would regulate JE progression using murine JE model. Methods Infected wild-type and 4-1BB-knockout (KO) mice were examined daily for mortality and clinical signs, and neuroinflammation in the CNS was evaluated by infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes and cytokine expression. In addition, viral burden, JEV-specific T cell, and type I/II IFN (IFN-I/II) innate responses were analyzed. Results Blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway significantly increased resistance to JE and reduced viral burden in extraneural tissues and the CNS, rather than causing a detrimental effect. In addition, treatment with 4-1BB agonistic antibody exacerbated JE. Furthermore, JE amelioration and reduction of viral burden by blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway were associated with an increased frequency of IFN-II-producing NK and CD4+ Th1 cells as well as increased infiltration of mature Ly-6Chi monocytes in the inflamed CNS. More interestingly, DCs and macrophages derived from 4-1BB KO mice showed potent and rapid IFN-I innate immune responses upon JEV infection, which was coupled to strong induction of PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5), transcription factors (IRF7), and antiviral ISG genes (ISG49, ISG54, ISG56). Further, the ablation of 4-1BB signaling enhanced IFN-I innate responses in neuron cells, which likely regulated viral spread in the CNS. Finally, we confirmed that blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway in myeloid cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) played a dominant role in ameliorating JE. In support of this finding, HSC-derived leukocytes played a dominant role in generating the IFN-I innate responses in the host. Conclusions Blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway ameliorates JE via divergent enhancement of IFN-II-producing NK and CD4+ Th1 cells and mature Ly-6Chi monocyte infiltration, as well as an IFN-I innate response of myeloid-derived cells. Therefore, regulation of the 4-1BB signaling pathway with antibodies or inhibitors could be a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Addis SNK, Lee E, Bettadapura J, Lobigs M. Proteolytic cleavage analysis at the Murray Valley encephalitis virus NS1-2A junction. Virol J 2015; 12:144. [PMID: 26377679 PMCID: PMC4574091 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the proteolytic processing events at the NS1-2A junction in the flavivirus polyprotein has not markedly progressed since the early work conducted on dengue virus (DENV). This work identified an octapeptide sequence located immediately upstream of the cleavage site thought to be important in substrate recognition by an as yet unknown, endoplasmic reticulum-resident host protease. Of the eight amino acid recognition sequence, the highly conserved residues at positions P1, P3, P5, P7 and P8 (with respect to N-terminus of NS2A) are particularly sensitive to amino acid substitutions in terms of DENV NS1-NS2A cleavage efficiency; however, the role of the octapeptide in efficient NS1 and NS2A production of other flaviviruses has not been experimentally addressed. METHODS AND RESULTS Using site-directed mutagenesis at the NS1-2A cleavage site of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), we confirmed the dominant role of conserved octapeptide residues for efficient NS1-2A cleavage, while changes at variable and the P1' residues were mostly tolerated. However, digressions from the consensus cleavage motif derived from studies on DENV were also found. Thus, comparison of the impact on cleavage of mutations at the NS1-2A junction of MVEV and DENV showed virus-specific differences at both conserved and variable residues. CONCLUSION We show, with subgenomic expression and infectious clone-derived mutants of MVEV that conserved residues in the flavivirus octapeptide motif can be replaced with a different amino acid without markedly reducing cleavage efficiency of NS1 and NS2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Khadijah Addis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Eva Lee
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Jayaram Bettadapura
- Emerging Viruses & Inflammation Research Group, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mario Lobigs
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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19
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Grygorczuk S, Parczewski M, Moniuszko A, Świerzbińska R, Kondrusik M, Zajkowska J, Czupryna P, Dunaj J, Boroń-Kaczmarska A, Pancewicz S. Increased concentration of interferon lambda-3, interferon beta and interleukin-10 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Cytokine 2015; 71:125-31. [PMID: 25461389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has a wide clinical spectrum, from asymptomatic to severe encephalitis, and host-dependent factors determining the outcome remain elusive. We have measured concentrations of pro-inflammatory/Th1 interferon-γ (IFNγ), immunomodulatory/Th2 interleukin-10 (IL-10), anti-viral type I (IFNβ) and type III (IFNλ3) interferons in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum of 18 TBE patients, simultaneously genotyped for polymorphisms associated with the expression of genes IFNL3 (coding IFNλ3), IL10, CD209 and CCR5. IL-10, IFNβ and IFNλ3 were up-regulated in csf, with IFNλ3 level higher in patients with the milder clinical presentation (meningitis) than in meningoencephalitis. There was an increased serum IFNβ and a tendency for increased serum IL-10 in meningitis patients. Genotype in rs12979860 locus upstream of IFNL3 was associated with IFNλ3 expression and in rs287886 (CD209) - IL-10 expression. IL-10, IFNβ and IFNλ3 are expressed and play a protective role in TBE and their expression in TBE patients is associated with genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, ul. Arkońska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Boroń-Kaczmarska
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, ul. Arkońska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Medical University in Białystok, Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland
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Gromowski GD, Firestone CY, Bustos-Arriaga J, Whitehead SS. Genetic and phenotypic properties of vero cell-adapted Japanese encephalitis virus SA14-14-2 vaccine strain variants and a recombinant clone, which demonstrates attenuation and immunogenicity in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:98-107. [PMID: 25311701 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) SA14-14-2 vaccine, produced in primary hamster kidney cells, is safe and effective. Past attempts to adapt this virus to replicate in cells that are more favorable for vaccine production resulted in mutations that significantly reduced immunogenicity. In this study, 10 genetically distinct Vero cell-adapted JEV SA14-14-2 variants were isolated and a recombinant wild-type JEV clone, modified to contain the JEV SA14-14-2 polyprotein amino acid sequence, was recovered in Vero cells. A single capsid protein mutation (S66L) was important for Vero cell-adaptation. Mutations were also identified that modulated virus sensitivity to type I interferon-stimulation in Vero cells. A subset of JEV SA14-14-2 variants and the recombinant clone were evaluated in vivo and exhibited levels of attenuation that varied significantly in suckling mice, but were avirulent and highly immunogenic in weanling mice and are promising candidates for the development of a second-generation, recombinant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Gromowski
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cai-Yen Firestone
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - José Bustos-Arriaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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21
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Wijesundara DK, Xi Y, Ranasinghe C. Unraveling the convoluted biological roles of type I interferons in infection and immunity: a way forward for therapeutics and vaccine design. Front Immunol 2014; 5:412. [PMID: 25221557 PMCID: PMC4148647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that type I interferons (IFN-Is) have pleiotropic effects and play an early central role in the control of many acute viral infections. However, their pleiotropic effects are not always beneficial to the host and in fact several reports suggest that the induction of IFN-Is exacerbate disease outcomes against some bacterial and chronic viral infections. In this brief review, we probe into this mystery and try to develop answers based on past and recent studies evaluating the roles of IFN-Is in infection and immunity as this is vital for developing effective IFN-Is based therapeutics and vaccines. We also discuss the biological roles of an emerging IFN-I, namely IFN-ε, and discuss its potential use as a mucosal therapeutic and/or vaccine adjuvant. Overall, we anticipate the discussions generated in this review will provide new insights for better exploiting the biological functions of IFN-Is in developing efficacious therapeutics and vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danushka Kumara Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia ; Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Yang Xi
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, UQ School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
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22
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Type I interferon protects mice from fatal neurotropic infection with Langat virus by systemic and local antiviral responses. J Virol 2014; 88:12202-12. [PMID: 25122777 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01215-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vector-borne flaviviruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus, and dengue virus, cause millions of infections in humans. TBEV causes a broad range of pathological symptoms, ranging from meningitis to severe encephalitis or even hemorrhagic fever, with high mortality. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the incidence of TBEV infections is increasing. Not much is known about the role of the innate immune system in the control of TBEV infections. Here, we show that the type I interferon (IFN) system is essential for protection against TBEV and Langat virus (LGTV) in mice. In the absence of a functional IFN system, mice rapidly develop neurological symptoms and succumb to LGTV and TBEV infections. Type I IFN system deficiency results in severe neuroinflammation in LGTV-infected mice, characterized by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of macrophages into the central nervous system (CNS). Using mice with tissue-specific IFN receptor deletions, we show that coordinated activation of the type I IFN system in peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS is indispensable for viral control and protection against virus induced inflammation and fatal encephalitis. IMPORTANCE The type I interferon (IFN) system is important to control viral infections; however, the interactions between tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and the type I IFN system are poorly characterized. TBEV causes severe infections in humans that are characterized by fever and debilitating encephalitis, which can progress to chronic illness or death. No treatment options are available. An improved understanding of antiviral innate immune responses is pivotal for the development of effective therapeutics. We show that type I IFN, an effector molecule of the innate immune system, is responsible for the extended survival of TBEV and Langat virus (LGTV), an attenuated member of the TBE serogroup. IFN production and signaling appeared to be essential in two different phases during infection. The first phase is in the periphery, by reducing systemic LGTV replication and spreading into the central nervous system (CNS). In the second phase, the local IFN response in the CNS prevents virus-induced inflammation and the development of encephalitis.
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Hoenen A, Gillespie L, Morgan G, van der Heide P, Khromykh A, Mackenzie J. The West Nile virus assembly process evades the conserved antiviral mechanism of the interferon-induced MxA protein. Virology 2014; 448:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Internal ribosome entry site-based attenuation of a flavivirus candidate vaccine and evaluation of the effect of beta interferon coexpression on vaccine properties. J Virol 2013; 88:2056-70. [PMID: 24307589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03051-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious clone technologies allow the rational design of live attenuated viral vaccines with the possibility of vaccine-driven coexpression of immunomodulatory molecules for additional vaccine safety and efficacy. The latter could lead to novel strategies for vaccine protection against infectious diseases where traditional approaches have failed. Here we show for the flavivirus Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) that incorporation of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of Encephalomyocarditis virus between the capsid and prM genes strongly attenuated virulence and that the resulting bicistronic virus was both genetically stable and potently immunogenic. Furthermore, the novel bicistronic genome organization facilitated the generation of a recombinant virus carrying an beta interferon (IFN-β) gene. Given the importance of IFNs in limiting virus dissemination and in efficient induction of memory B and T cell antiviral immunity, we hypothesized that coexpression of the cytokine with the live vaccine might further increase virulence attenuation without loss of immunogenicity. We found that bicistronic mouse IFN-β coexpressing MVEV yielded high virus and IFN titers in cultured cells that do not respond to the coexpressed IFN. However, in IFN response-sufficient cell cultures and mice, the virus produced a self-limiting infection. Nevertheless, the attenuated virus triggered robust innate and adaptive immune responses evidenced by the induced expression of Mx proteins (used as a sensitive biomarker for measuring the type I IFN response) and the generation of neutralizing antibodies, respectively. IMPORTANCE The family Flaviviridae includes a number of important human pathogens, such as Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Hepatitis C virus. Flaviviruses infect large numbers of individuals on all continents. For example, as many as 100 million people are infected annually with Dengue virus, and 150 million people suffer a chronic infection with Hepatitis C virus. However, protective vaccines against dengue and hepatitis C are still missing, and improved vaccines against other flaviviral diseases are needed. The present study investigated the effects of a redesigned flaviviral genome and the coexpression of an antiviral protein (interferon) on virus replication, pathogenicity, and immunogenicity. Our findings may aid in the rational design of a new class of well-tolerated and safe vaccines.
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25
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Furuya Y, Müllbacher A. Type I IFN exhaustion is a host defence protecting against secondary bacterial infections. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:395-400. [PMID: 24006947 PMCID: PMC7169485 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) have been known for decades for their indispensable role in curtailing viral infections. It is, however, now also increasingly recognized that IFN-I is detrimental to the host in combating a number of bacterial infections. We have previously reported that viral infections induce partial lymphocyte activation, characterized by significant increases in the cell surface expression of CD69 and CD86, but not CD25. This systemic partial activation of lymphocytes, mediated by IFN-I, is rapid and is followed by a period of IFN-I unresponsiveness. Here we propose that IFN-I exhaustion that occurs soon after a primary viral infection may be a host response protecting it from secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Furuya
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and VaccinesJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - A. Müllbacher
- Department of ImmunologyJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
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26
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Lee EY, Schultz KLW, Griffin DE. Mice deficient in interferon-gamma or interferon-gamma receptor 1 have distinct inflammatory responses to acute viral encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76412. [PMID: 24204622 PMCID: PMC3811984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-gamma is an important component of the immune response to viral infections that can have a role both in controlling virus replication and inducing inflammatory damage. To determine the role of IFN-gamma in fatal alphavirus encephalitis, we have compared the responses of wild type C57BL/6 (WTB6) mice with mice deficient in either IFN-gamma (GKO) or the alpha-chain of the IFN-gamma receptor (GRKO) after intranasal infection with a neuroadapted strain of sindbis virus. Mortalities of GKO and GRKO mice were similar to WTB6 mice. Both GKO and GRKO mice had delayed virus clearance from the brain and spinal cord, more infiltrating perforin(+) cells and lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNAs than WTB6 mice. However, inflammation was more intense in GRKO mice than WTB6 or GKO mice with more infiltrating CD3(+) T cells, greater expression of major histocompatibility complex-II and higher levels of interleukin-17A mRNA. Fibroblasts from GRKO embryos did not develop an antiviral response after treatment with IFN-gamma, but showed increases in TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNAs although these increases developed more slowly and were less intense than those of WTB6 fibroblasts. These data indicate that both GKO and GRKO mice fail to develop an IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral response, but differ in regulation of the inflammatory response to infection. Therefore, GKO and GRKO cannot be considered equivalent when assessing the role of IFN-gamma in CNS viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L. W. Schultz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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27
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Kimura T, Okumura M, Kim E, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sawa H. Characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an immortalized mesencephalic cell line, CSM14.1. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:723-31. [PMID: 23905906 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kimura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Megumi Okumura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology; Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control; West 10 North 20; Kita-ku; Sapporo; 001-0020; Japan
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28
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Larena M, Regner M, Lobigs M. Cytolytic effector pathways and IFN-γ help protect against Japanese encephalitis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Larena
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
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29
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Sorgeloos F, Kreit M, Hermant P, Lardinois C, Michiels T. Antiviral type I and type III interferon responses in the central nervous system. Viruses 2013; 5:834-57. [PMID: 23503326 PMCID: PMC3705299 DOI: 10.3390/v5030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors highly differentiated cells, such as neurons that are essential to coordinate the functions of complex organisms. This organ is partly protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from toxic substances and pathogens carried in the bloodstream. Yet, neurotropic viruses can reach the CNS either by crossing the BBB after viremia, or by exploiting motile infected cells as Trojan horses, or by using axonal transport. Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are critical to control early steps of viral infections. Deficiencies in the IFN pathway have been associated with fatal viral encephalitis both in humans and mice. Therefore, the IFN system provides an essential protection of the CNS against viral infections. Yet, basal activity of the IFN system appears to be low within the CNS, likely owing to the toxicity of IFN to this organ. Moreover, after viral infection, neurons and oligodendrocytes were reported to be relatively poor IFN producers and appear to keep some susceptibility to neurotropic viruses, even in the presence of IFN. This review addresses some trends and recent developments concerning the role of type I and type III IFNs in: i) preventing neuroinvasion and infection of CNS cells; ii) the identity of IFN-producing cells in the CNS; iii) the antiviral activity of ISGs; and iv) the activity of viral proteins of neurotropic viruses that target the IFN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sorgeloos
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 avenue Hippocrate, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Terry RL, Getts DR, Deffrasnes C, van Vreden C, Campbell IL, King NJC. Inflammatory monocytes and the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:270. [PMID: 23244217 PMCID: PMC3560265 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in many models of human diseases, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Ly6Chi/CCR2hi inflammatory monocytes have been identified as the circulating precursors of brain macrophages, dendritic cells and arguably microglia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Alzheimer’s disease; stroke; and more recently in CNS infection caused by Herpes simplex virus, murine hepatitis virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. The precise differentiation pathways and functions of inflammatory monocyte-derived populations in the inflamed CNS remains a contentious issue, especially in regard to the existence of monocyte-derived microglia. Furthermore, the contributions of monocyte-derived subsets to viral clearance and immunopathology are not well-defined. Thus, understanding the pathways through which inflammatory monocytes migrate to the brain and their functional capacity within the CNS is critical to inform future therapeutic strategies. This review discusses some of the key aspects of inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the brain and addresses the role of these cells in viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Blackburn Circuit, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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31
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Evaluation of Japanese encephalitis virus polytope DNA vaccine candidate in BALB/c mice. Virus Res 2012; 170:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Prestwood TR, Morar MM, Zellweger RM, Miller R, May MM, Yauch LE, Lada SM, Shresta S. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) receptor restricts systemic dengue virus replication and prevents paralysis in IFN-α/β receptor-deficient mice. J Virol 2012; 86:12561-70. [PMID: 22973027 PMCID: PMC3497655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06743-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors (IFN-α/βR and -γR) uniformly exhibit paralysis following infection with the dengue virus (DENV) clinical isolate PL046, while only a subset of mice lacking the IFN-γR alone and virtually no mice lacking the IFN-α/βR alone develop paralysis. Here, using a mouse-passaged variant of PL046, strain S221, we show that in the absence of the IFN-α/βR, signaling through the IFN-γR confers approximately 140-fold greater resistance against systemic vascular leakage-associated dengue disease and virtually complete protection from dengue-induced paralysis. Viral replication in the spleen was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, which revealed a reduction in the number of infected cells due to IFN-γR signaling by 2 days after infection, coincident with elevated levels of IFN-γ in the spleen and serum. By 4 days after infection, IFN-γR signaling was found to restrict DENV replication systemically. Clearance of DENV, on the other hand, occurred in the absence of IFN-γR, except in the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord), where clearance relied on IFN-γ from CD8(+) T cells. These results demonstrate the roles of IFN-γR signaling in protection from initial systemic and subsequent CNS disease following DENV infection and demonstrate the importance of CD8(+) T cells in preventing DENV-induced CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Prestwood
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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33
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Lobigs M, Diamond MS. Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:177-87. [PMID: 22309667 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serological cross-reactivity providing cross-protective immunity between antigenically related viruses is a cornerstone of vaccination. It was the immunological basis for the first human vaccine against smallpox introduced more than 200 years ago, and continues to underpin modern vaccine development as has recently been shown for human papillomavirus vaccines, which confer cross-protection against other oncogenic papillomavirus types not present in the vaccine. Here, we review the feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against an antigenic group of clinically important viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex in the Flaviviridae family. We will discuss evidence suggesting that 'new generation' flavivirus vaccines may provide effective cross-protective immunity against heterologous Japanese encephalitis serocomplex viruses, and appraise potential risks associated with cross-reactive vaccine immunity. The review will also focus on the structural and mechanistic basis for cross-protective immunity among this group of flaviviruses, which is predominantly mediated by antibodies against a single viral surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lobigs
- Department of Emerging Pathogens & Vaccines, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, 2600, ACT, Australia.
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34
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Giordano D, Li C, Suthar MS, Draves KE, Ma DY, Gale M, Clark EA. Nitric oxide controls an inflammatory-like Ly6C(hi)PDCA1+ DC subset that regulates Th1 immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:443-55. [PMID: 21178115 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using NOS2 KO mice, we investigated the hypothesis that NO modulation of BM-DC contributes to the NO-mediated control of Th1 immune responses. BM-DCs from NOS2 KO mice, compared with WT BM-DCs, have enhanced survival and responsiveness to TLR agonists, develop more Ly6C(hi)PDCA1(+) DCs that resemble inflammatory DCs and produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Also, compared with WT-infected mice, NOS2 KO mice infected with WNV showed enhanced expansion of a similar inflammatory Ly6C(hi)PDCA1(+) DC subset. Furthermore, in contrast to WT DCs, OVA-loaded NOS2 KO BM-DCs promoted increased IFN-γ production by OTII CD4(+) T cells in vitro and when adoptively transferred in vivo. The addition of a NO donor to NOS2 KO BM-DCs prior to OTII T cells priming in vivo was sufficient to revert Th1 immune responses to levels induced by WT BM-DCs. Thus, autocrine NO effects on maturation of inflammatory DCs and on DC programming of T cells may contribute to the protective role of NO in autoimmune diseases and infections. Regulating NO levels may be a useful tool to shape beneficial immune responses for DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357330, 1959 N.E. Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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35
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Shueb RH, Papadimitriou J, Urosevic N. Fatal persistence of West Nile virus subtype Kunjin in the brains of flavivirus resistant mice. Virus Res 2010; 155:455-61. [PMID: 21167228 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause febrile illnesses in humans that may progress to encephalitis and death. Both viral and host factors determine the level of virus replication and outcome of infection. In mice, genetically determined resistance conferred by the flavivirus resistance locus (Flv) is responsible for the restricted flavivirus replication and prevention of disease development. Majority of flaviviruses express significant virulence, replicate to high titers and cause high mortality in susceptible mice, while congenic resistant mice endure the infection, show significantly reduced levels of virus replication and remain healthy. In contrast, infection with West Nile virus subtype Kunjin (KUNV) causes morbidity and fatal outcomes even in mice that are naturally resistant to flaviviruses. There are two possible mechanisms that could account for such an unforeseen virulence of KUNV in resistant mice: (a) an abrogation of Flv-controlled natural resistance leading to high virus replication, or (b) massive virus-induced immunopathology in the brain. To identify the cause(s) of fatality of KUNV infection, disease progression, virus replication and brain histopathology were studied in parallel in resistant and congenic susceptible mice. While KUNV replicated to high titers causing early fatalities in susceptible mice, it showed only reduced replication associated with the delayed morbidity in resistant mice indicating no abrogation of the Flv resistance. No evidence of excessive immune cell infiltration and tissue damage following KUNV infection were found. However, incomplete KUNV clearance not previously described was perceived as an important source of pathogenesis in resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah H Shueb
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawly, Western Australia, Australia
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36
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Tick-borne encephalitis virus delays interferon induction and hides its double-stranded RNA in intracellular membrane vesicles. J Virol 2010; 84:8470-83. [PMID: 20554782 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00176-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) accounts for approximately 10,000 annual cases of severe encephalitis in Europe and Asia. Here, we investigated the induction of the antiviral type I interferons (IFNs) (alpha/beta IFN [IFN-alpha/beta]) by TBEV. Using strains Neudörfl, Hypr, and Absettarov, we demonstrate that levels of IFN-beta transcripts and viral RNA are strictly correlated. Moreover, IFN induction by TBEV was dependent on the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3). However, even strain Hypr, which displayed the strongest IFN-inducing activity and the highest RNA levels, substantially delayed the activation of IRF-3. As a consequence, TBEV can keep the level of IFN transcripts below the threshold value that would permit the release of IFN by the cell. Only after 24 h of infection have cells accumulated sufficient IFN transcripts to produce detectable amounts of secreted IFNs. The delay in IFN induction appears not to be caused by a specific viral protein, since the individual expressions of TBEV C, E, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5, and NS2B-NS3, as well as TBEV infection itself, had no apparent influence on specific IFN-beta induction. We noted, however, that viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), an important trigger of the IFN response, is immunodetectable only inside intracellular membrane compartments. Nonetheless, the dependency of IFN induction on IFN promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1) as well as the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) suggest the cytoplasmic exposure of some viral dsRNA late in infection. Using ultrathin-section electron microscopy, we demonstrate that, similar to other flaviviruses, TBEV rearranges intracellular membranes. Virus particles and membrane-connected vesicles (which most likely represent sites of virus RNA synthesis) were observed inside the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, apparently, TBEV rearranges internal cell membranes to provide a compartment for its dsRNA, which is largely inaccessible for detection by cytoplasmic pathogen receptors. This delays the onset of IFN induction sufficiently to give progeny particle production a head start of approximately 24 h.
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A flavivirus signal peptide balances the catalytic activity of two proteases and thereby facilitates virus morphogenesis. Virology 2010; 401:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Diamond MS. Mechanisms of evasion of the type I interferon antiviral response by flaviviruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:521-30. [PMID: 19694536 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus survival and the ability to cause disease in mammalian hosts depend on their ability to avoid recognition and control by the interferon signal transduction and effector pathways. Flaviviruses comprise a large family of nonsegmented positive sense enveloped cytoplasmic RNA viruses, many of which are globally important human pathogens. Although the mechanistic details are still being dissected, new insight has emerged as to how a flavivirus minimizes the antiviral activity of type I interferon (IFN) to establish productive and potentially lethal infection. This review will summarize our current understanding of how mammalian cells recognize flaviviruses to induce an inhibitory IFN response and the countermeasures this group of viruses has evolved to antagonize this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Muñoz-Jordán JL, Fredericksen BL. How flaviviruses activate and suppress the interferon response. Viruses 2010; 2:676-691. [PMID: 21994652 PMCID: PMC3185611 DOI: 10.3390/v2020676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus genus includes viruses with a remarkable ability to produce disease on a large scale. The expansion and increased endemicity of dengue and West Nile viruses in the Americas exemplifies their medical and epidemiological importance. The rapid detection of viral infection and induction of the innate antiviral response are crucial to determining the outcome of infection. The intracellular pathogen receptors RIG-I and MDA5 play a central role in detecting flavivirus infections and initiating a robust antiviral response. Yet, these viruses are still capable of producing acute illness in humans. It is now clear that flaviviruses utilize a variety of mechanisms to modulate the interferon response. The non-structural proteins of the various flaviviruses reduce expression of interferon dependent genes by blocking phosphorylation, enhancing degradation or down-regulating expression of major components of the JAK/STAT pathway. Recent studies indicate that interferon modulation is an important factor in the development of severe flaviviral illness. This suggests that an increased understanding of viral-host interactions will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics to treat these viral infections and improved biological models to study flavivirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
- Molecular Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Dengue Branch, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, PR 00920, Puerto Rico
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-787-2873728; Fax: +1-787-706-2496
| | - Brenda L. Fredericksen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, MD 20742, USA; E-Mail:
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The NS5 protein of the virulent West Nile virus NY99 strain is a potent antagonist of type I interferon-mediated JAK-STAT signaling. J Virol 2010; 84:3503-15. [PMID: 20106931 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01161-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses transmitted by arthropods represent a tremendous disease burden for humans, causing millions of infections annually. All vector-borne flaviviruses studied to date suppress host innate responses to infection by inhibiting alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-mediated JAK-STAT signal transduction. The viral nonstructural protein NS5 of some flaviviruses functions as the major IFN antagonist, associated with inhibition of IFN-dependent STAT1 phosphorylation (pY-STAT1) or with STAT2 degradation. West Nile virus (WNV) infection prevents pY-STAT1 although a role for WNV NS5 in IFN antagonism has not been fully explored. Here, we report that NS5 from the virulent NY99 strain of WNV prevented pY-STAT1 accumulation, suppressed IFN-dependent gene expression, and rescued the growth of a highly IFN-sensitive virus (Newcastle disease virus) in the presence of IFN, suggesting that this protein can function as an efficient IFN antagonist. In contrast, NS5 from Kunjin virus (KUN), a naturally attenuated subtype of WNV, was a poor suppressor of pY-STAT1. Mutation of a single residue in KUN NS5 to the analogous residue in WNV-NY99 NS5 (S653F) rendered KUN NS5 an efficient inhibitor of pY-STAT1. Incorporation of this mutation into recombinant KUN resulted in 30-fold greater inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling than with the wild-type virus and enhanced KUN replication in the presence of IFN. Thus, a naturally occurring mutation is associated with the function of NS5 in IFN antagonism and may influence virulence of WNV field isolates.
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41
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Meier KC, Gardner CL, Khoretonenko MV, Klimstra WB, Ryman KD. A mouse model for studying viscerotropic disease caused by yellow fever virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000614. [PMID: 19816561 PMCID: PMC2749449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne yellow fever virus (YFV) causes highly lethal, viscerotropic disease in humans and non-human primates. Despite the availability of efficacious live-attenuated vaccine strains, 17D-204 and 17DD, derived by serial passage of pathogenic YFV strain Asibi, YFV continues to pose a significant threat to human health. Neither the disease caused by wild-type YFV, nor the molecular determinants of vaccine attenuation and immunogenicity, have been well characterized, in large part due to the lack of a small animal model for viscerotropic YFV infection. Here, we describe a small animal model for wild-type YFV that manifests clinical disease representative of that seen in primates without adaptation of the virus to the host, which was required for the current hamster YF model. Investigation of the role of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) in protection of mice from viscerotropic YFV infection revealed that mice deficient in the IFN-alpha/beta receptor (A129) or the STAT1 signaling molecule (STAT129) were highly susceptible to infection and disease, succumbing within 6-7 days. Importantly, these animals developed viscerotropic disease reminiscent of human YF, instead of the encephalitic signs typically observed in mice. Rapid viremic dissemination and extensive replication in visceral organs, spleen and liver, was associated with severe pathologies in these tissues and dramatically elevated MCP-1 and IL-6 levels, suggestive of a cytokine storm. In striking contrast, infection of A129 and STAT129 mice with the 17D-204 vaccine virus was subclinical, similar to immunization in humans. Although, like wild-type YFV, 17D-204 virus amplified within regional lymph nodes and seeded a serum viremia in A129 mice, infection of visceral organs was rarely established and rapidly cleared, possibly by type II IFN-dependent mechanisms. The ability to establish systemic infection and cause viscerotropic disease in A129 mice correlated with infectivity for A129-derived, but not WT129-derived, macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro, suggesting a role for these cells in YFV pathogenesis. We conclude that the ability of wild-type YFV to evade and/or disable components of the IFN-alpha/beta response may be primate-specific such that infection of mice with a functional IFN-alpha/beta antiviral response is attenuated. Consequently, subcutaneous YFV infection of A129 mice represents a biologically relevant model for studying viscerotropic infection and disease development following wild-type virus inoculation, as well as mechanisms of 17D-204 vaccine attenuation, without a requirement for adaptation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Meier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Gardner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mikhail V. Khoretonenko
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kate D. Ryman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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Liang JJ, Liao CL, Liao JT, Lee YL, Lin YL. A Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine candidate strain is attenuated by decreasing its interferon antagonistic ability. Vaccine 2009; 27:2746-54. [PMID: 19366580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes acute encephalitis with high mortality in humans. To understand the virus-host interactions that influence JEV virulence, we determined the lethality of a neurovirulent (RP-9) and an attenuated (RP-2ms) variant of JEV in several immunodeficient mice strains. The attenuated phenotype of RP-2ms was completely lost in Stat-1-deficient mice, but its virulence was only slightly increased in mice lacking the components of adaptive immunity, suggesting an important role of the interferon (IFN) system in controlling JEV infection. Cell-based assays demonstrated that RP-2ms is more sensitive to IFN-alpha treatment; however, the NS5 protein of RP-2ms was still a potent antagonist of IFN, like RP-9 NS5. Using a recombinant infectious clone of RP-9, we found that a single Glu-->Lys mutation at residue 138 of the envelope protein (E-E138K) rendered the mutated RP-9 sensitive to the antiviral effect of IFN-alpha. Furthermore, IFN signaling was blocked earlier in the RP-9-infected cells relative to that in cells infected with RP-2ms or recombinant RP-9 bearing the E-E138K mutation. Thus, the E-E138K mutation of JEV appears to affect the viral growth properties, leading to a reduced efficiency in blocking IFN signaling, which then results in an attenuated phenotype in inoculated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jong Liang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Live chimeric and inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines differ in their cross-protective values against Murray Valley encephalitis virus. J Virol 2008; 83:2436-45. [PMID: 19109382 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02273-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex, which also includes Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), is a group of antigenically closely related, mosquito-borne flaviviruses that are responsible for severe encephalitic disease in humans. While vaccines against the prominent members of this serocomplex are available or under development, it is unlikely that they will be produced specifically against those viruses which cause less-frequent disease, such as MVEV. Here we have evaluated the cross-protective values of an inactivated JEV vaccine (JE-VAX) and a live chimeric JEV vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE) against MVEV in two mouse models of flaviviral encephalitis. We show that (i) a three-dose vaccination schedule with JE-VAX provides cross-protective immunity, albeit only partial in the more severe challenge model; (ii) a single dose of ChimeriVax-JE gives complete protection in both challenge models; (iii) the cross-protective immunity elicited with ChimeriVax-JE is durable (>or=5 months) and broad (also giving protection against West Nile virus); (iv) humoral and cellular immunities elicited with ChimeriVax-JE contribute to protection against lethal challenge with MVEV; (v) ChimeriVax-JE remains fully attenuated in immunodeficient mice lacking type I and type II interferon responses; and (vi) immunization with JE-VAX, but not ChimeriVax-JE, can prime heterologous infection enhancement in recipients of vaccination on a low-dose schedule, designed to mimic vaccine failure or waning of vaccine-induced immunity. Our results suggest that the live chimeric JEV vaccine will protect against other viruses belonging to the JEV serocomplex, consistent with the observation of cross-protection following live virus infections.
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Klein RS, Diamond MS. Immunological headgear: antiviral immune responses protect against neuroinvasive West Nile virus. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:286-94. [PMID: 18539532 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of epidemic strains of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, there has been a surge in new research and knowledge regarding the peripheral immune responses that prevent neuroinvasion, the routes of WNV entry into the central nervous system (CNS) and the critical CNS immune responses that promote viral clearance and recovery at this anatomic site. WNV infection induces archetypal antiviral immune responses that, in most cases, lead to elimination of the virus with relatively few immunopathological consequences. Here, we present our current understanding of the innate and adaptive immune responses that limit dissemination to the CNS from WNV infection and the antiviral immune responses within the CNS that intervene when they fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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Alsharifi M, Müllbacher A, Regner M. Interferon type I responses in primary and secondary infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:239-45. [PMID: 18180794 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to a microbial infection with a rapid innate immune reaction that is dominated by type I interferon (IFN-I) release. Most cells of vertebrates can respond to microbial attack with IFN-I production, but the cell type responsible for most of the systemic IFN-I release is thought to be plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Besides its anti-microbial and especially anti-viral properties IFN-I also exerts a regulatory role on many facets of the sequential adaptive immune response. One of these is being the recently described partial, systemic activation of the vast majority of B and T lymphocytes in mice, irrespective of antigen reactivity. The biological significance of this partial activation of lymphocytes is at present speculative. Secondary infections occurring within a short time span of a primary infection fail to elicit a similar lymphocyte activation response due to a refractory period in systemic IFN-I production. This period of exhaustion in IFN-I responses is associated with an increased susceptibility of the host to secondary infections. The latter correlates with well-established clinical observations of heightened susceptibility of patients to secondary microbial infections after viral episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsharifi
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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46
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An insufficient anti-inflammatory cytokine response in mouse brain is associated with increased tissue pathology and viral load during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Arch Virol 2007; 153:283-92. [PMID: 18074098 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) results in fatal encephalitis in humans. No reports exist describing the sequence of pathological changes and their correlation to the immune response in the brain following infection with JEV. In this report, we analyzed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA, proinflammatory (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokine expression, viral load, and the correlation of these factors with the major histopathological changes in brain of JEV challenged mice at different time points during infection. We report for the first time that in JE, there is a progressive decline in the level of IL-4. The extent of progressive decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 level following viral infection is inversely correlated to the increased level of proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological changes with negative consequences following viral infection. In contrast, proinflammatory mediators like IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). A negative correlation between IFN-gamma and iNOS indicates their independent actions during JEV infection. To conclude, an insufficient anti-inflammatory cytokine response indicated by IL-4 and IL-10 in the brain is associated with increased tissue pathology and viral load, which regulates inflammatory responses driven by IFN-gamma in concert with TNF-alpha to cause brain tissue damage.
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47
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Hoenen A, Liu W, Kochs G, Khromykh AA, Mackenzie JM. West Nile virus-induced cytoplasmic membrane structures provide partial protection against the interferon-induced antiviral MxA protein. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:3013-3017. [PMID: 17947524 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human MxA protein is a type I and III interferon (IFN)-induced protein with proven antiviral activity against RNA viruses. In this study, we investigated the effect of MxA expression on the replication of West Nile Virus strain Kunjin (WNV(KUN)). Pretreatment of A549 cells with IFN-alpha lead to increased expression of MxA, which contributed to inhibition of WNV(KUN) replication and secretion. However, in Vero cells stably expressing the MxA protein, WNV(KUN) replication, maturation and secretion was not inhibited. Biochemical and subcellular localization studies of WNV(KUN) proteins and MxA suggest that the MxA activity was not compromised by a flavivirus-encoded antagonist. Instead, we show that characteristic membranous structures induced during WNV(KUN) replication provide partial protection from MxA, possibly by 'hiding' WNV(KUN) replication components. This distinct compartmentalization of viral replication and components of the cellular antiviral response may be an evolutionary mechanism by which flaviviruses can hide from host surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Hoenen
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georg Kochs
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Silva MC, Guerrero-Plata A, Gilfoy FD, Garofalo RP, Mason PW. Differential activation of human monocyte-derived and plasmacytoid dendritic cells by West Nile virus generated in different host cells. J Virol 2007; 81:13640-8. [PMID: 17913823 PMCID: PMC2168853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00857-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in innate immunity and antiviral responses. In this study, we investigated the production of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and inducible chemokines by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) infected with West Nile virus (WNV), an emergent pathogen whose infection can lead to severe cases of encephalitis in the elderly, children, and immunocompromised individuals. Our experiments demonstrated that WNV grown in mammalian cells (WNV(Vero)) was a potent inducer of IFN-alpha secretion in pDCs and, to a lesser degree, in mDCs. The ability of WNV(Vero) to induce IFN-alpha in pDCs did not require viral replication and was prevented by the treatment of cells with bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, suggesting that it was dependent on endosomal Toll-like receptor recognition. On the other hand, IFN-alpha production in mDCs required viral replication and was associated with the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and viral antigen expression. Strikingly, pDCs failed to produce IFN-alpha when stimulated with WNV grown in mosquito cells (WNV(C7/10)), while mDCs responded similarly to WNV(Vero) or WNV(C7/10). Moreover, the IFN-dependent chemokine IP-10 was produced in substantial amounts by pDCs in response to WNV(Vero) but not WNV(C7/10), while interleukin-8 was produced in greater amounts by mDCs infected with WNV(C7/10) than in those infected with WNV(Vero). These findings suggest that cell-specific mechanisms of WNV recognition leading to the production of type I IFN and inflammatory chemokines by DCs may contribute to both the innate immune response and disease pathogenesis in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carlan Silva
- Department of Pathology, 3.206B Mary Moody Northen Pavilion, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
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49
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Brien JD, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich-Zugich J. Protective capacity and epitope specificity of CD8(+) T cells responding to lethal West Nile virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1855-63. [PMID: 17559175 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a small, positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae genus, which causes lethal encephalitis in a subset of infected birds and mammals. In humans, WNV exhibits pronounced age-related morbidity and mortality, but the basis of this effect is unclear, and the molecular and cellular parameters of the host-WNV infection are just beginning to be elucidated. Indeed, numerous mechanisms were implicated in protection in vivo against WNV (IFN-I and IFN-gamma, antibody, C', CD8 and CD4 T cells), but the individual importance of each one of these remains unclear. Here, we show that transfer of highly enriched naïve CD8(+ )T cells protects the majority of alymphoid mice against lethal WNV infection. To substantiate and expand this finding, we defined the peptide specificity of the CD8 response in H-2b mice and used a panel of identified peptides to map one dominant (NS4b (2248-2256)) and several subdominant epitopes. The hierarchy of these epitopes was stably maintained in the memory responses. Most importantly, CTL lines directed against these peptides conferred protection against lethal WNV infection in direct proportion to the epitope immunodominance. These results provide a springboard for future characterization of T cell responses against WNV and demonstrate, for the first time, that CD8 T cells can single-handedly protect from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Brien
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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50
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Bourne N, Scholle F, Silva MC, Rossi SL, Dewsbury N, Judy B, De Aguiar JB, Leon MA, Estes DM, Fayzulin R, Mason PW. Early production of type I interferon during West Nile virus infection: role for lymphoid tissues in IRF3-independent interferon production. J Virol 2007; 81:9100-8. [PMID: 17567689 PMCID: PMC1951458 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00316-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of cells with flaviviruses in vitro is reduced by pretreatment with small amounts of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). Similarly, pretreatment of animals with IFN and experiments using mice defective in IFN signaling have indicated a role for IFN in controlling flavivirus disease in vivo. These data, along with findings that flavivirus-infected cells block IFN signaling, suggest that flavivirus infection can trigger an IFN response. To investigate IFN gene induction by the very first cells infected during in vivo infection with the flavivirus West Nile virus (WNV), we infected mice with high-titer preparations of WNV virus-like particles (VLPs), which initiate viral genome replication in cells but fail to spread. These studies demonstrated a brisk production of IFN in vivo, with peak levels of over 1,000 units/ml detected in sera between 8 and 24 h after inoculation by either the intraperitoneal or footpad route. The IFN response was dependent on genome replication, and WNV genomes and WNV antigen-positive cells were readily detected in the popliteal lymph nodes (pLN) of VLP-inoculated mice. High levels of IFN mRNA transcripts and functional IFN were also produced in VLP-inoculated IFN regulatory factor 3 null (IRF3(-/-)) mice, indicating that IFN production was independent of the IRF3 pathways to IFN gene transcription, consistent with the IFN type produced (predominantly alpha).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Bourne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
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