1
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Carmola LR, Roebling AD, Khosravi D, Langsjoen RM, Bombin A, Bixler B, Reid A, Chen C, Wang E, Lu Y, Zheng Z, Zhang R, Nguyen PV, Arthur RA, Fitts E, Gulick DA, Higginbotham D, Taz A, Ahmed A, Crumpler JH, Kraft C, Lam WA, Babiker A, Waggoner JJ, Openo KP, Johnson LM, Westbrook A, Piantadosi A. Viral and host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease severity in Georgia, USA. medRxiv 2023:2023.10.25.23297530. [PMID: 37961729 PMCID: PMC10635197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.23297530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have shown strong efficacy, their suboptimal uptake combined with the continued emergence of new viral variants raises concerns about the ongoing and future public health impact of COVID-19. We investigated viral and host factors, including vaccination status, that were associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease severity in a setting with low vaccination rates. We analyzed clinical and demographic data from 1,957 individuals in the state of Georgia, USA, coupled with viral genome sequencing from 1,185 samples. We found no difference in disease severity between individuals infected with Delta and Omicron variants among the participants in this study, after controlling for other factors, and we found no specific mutations associated with disease severity. Compared to those who were unvaccinated, vaccinated individuals experienced less severe SARS-CoV-2 disease, and the effect was similar for both variants. Vaccination within 270 days before infection was associated with decreased odds of moderate and severe outcomes, with the strongest association observed at 91-270 days post-vaccination. Older age and underlying health conditions, especially immunosuppression and renal disease, were associated with increased disease severity. Overall, this study provides insights into the impact of vaccination status, variants/mutations, and clinical factors on disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection when vaccination rates are low. Understanding these associations will help refine and reinforce messaging around the crucial importance of vaccination in mitigating the severity of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludy R. Carmola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Allison Dorothy Roebling
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program; Georgia Department of Health; Atlanta, GA, 30303; USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Decatur, GA, 30033; USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Dara Khosravi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Rose M. Langsjoen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Andrei Bombin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Bri Bixler
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Alex Reid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Cara Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Ethan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Ziduo Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Rebecca Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Phuong-Vi Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Robert A. Arthur
- Emory Integrated Computational Core; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Eric Fitts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Dalia Arafat Gulick
- Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Dustin Higginbotham
- Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Azmain Taz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Alaa Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Emory Integrated Genomics Core; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - John Hunter Crumpler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Colleen Kraft
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- The Atlanta Center for Microsystems-Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmed Babiker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Kyle P. Openo
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program; Georgia Department of Health; Atlanta, GA, 30303; USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Decatur, GA, 30033; USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Laura M. Johnson
- Pediatric Biostatistics Core; Department of Pediatrics; School of Medicine; Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Adrianna Westbrook
- Pediatric Biostatistics Core; Department of Pediatrics; School of Medicine; Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
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2
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Langsjoen RM, Key A, Shariatzadeh N, Jackson CR, Mahmood F, Arkun K, Alexandrescu S, Solomon IH, Piantadosi A. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Diversity in Massachusetts Patients, 1938-2020. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:387-396. [PMID: 37339758 PMCID: PMC10397450 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a relatively little-studied alphavirus that can cause devastating viral encephalitis, potentially leading to severe neurological sequelae or death. Although case numbers have historically been low, outbreaks have been increasing in frequency and scale since the 2000 s. It is critical to investigate EEEV evolutionary patterns, especially within human hosts, to understand patterns of emergence, host adaptation, and within-host evolution. To this end, we obtained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from discrete brain regions from five contemporary (2004-2020) patients from Massachusetts, confirmed the presence of EEEV RNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) staining, and sequenced viral genomes. We additionally sequenced RNA from scrapings of historical slides made from brain sections of a patient in the first documented EEE outbreak in humans in 1938. ISH staining revealed the presence of RNA in all contemporary samples, and quantification loosely correlated with the proportion of EEEV reads in samples. Consensus EEEV sequences were generated for all six patients, including the sample from 1938; phylogenetic analysis using additional publicly available sequences revealed clustering of each study sample with like sequences from a similar region, whereas an intrahost comparison of consensus sequences between discrete brain regions revealed minimal changes. Intrahost single nucleotide variant (iSNV) analysis of four samples from two patients revealed the presence of tightly compartmentalized, mostly nonsynonymous iSNVs. This study contributes critical primary human EEEV sequences, including a historic sequence as well as novel intrahost evolution findings, contributing substantially to our understanding of the natural history of EEEV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Langsjoen
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Autum Key
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nima Shariatzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher R. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Knarik Arkun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac H. Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Khosravi D, Soloff H, Langsjoen RM, Bombin A, Kelley CF, Ray SM, Gunthel CJ, Zanoni BC, Nguyen PV, Waggoner JJ, Wang YF, Cantos VD, Piantadosi A. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Evolution and Escape From Combination Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in a Person With HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad054. [PMID: 36820315 PMCID: PMC9938522 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) escape from combination monoclonal antibody treatment is rarely reported. We describe an immunocompromised individual with human immunodeficiency virus and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in whom substantial SARS-CoV-2 evolution occurred, including the emergence of 2 mutations associated with escape from the monoclonal antibody cocktail received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Khosravi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrei Bombin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan M Ray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clifford J Gunthel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian C Zanoni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Phuong-Vi Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse J Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yun F Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Valeria D Cantos
- Correspondence: Anne Piantadosi, MD, PhD, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 (); Valeria D. Cantos, 46 Armstrong St SE, Atlanta, GA; ()
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Correspondence: Anne Piantadosi, MD, PhD, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322 (); Valeria D. Cantos, 46 Armstrong St SE, Atlanta, GA; ()
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4
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McMinn RJ, Langsjoen RM, Bombin A, Robich RM, Ojeda E, Normandin E, Goethert HK, Lubelczyk CB, Schneider E, Cosenza D, Meagher M, Prusinski MA, Sabeti PC, Smith RP, Telford SR, Piantadosi A, Ebel GD. Phylodynamics of deer tick virus in North America. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead008. [PMID: 36846826 PMCID: PMC9943884 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of ticks and the pathogens they carry is increasing worldwide. Powassan virus (POWV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), the only known North American tick-borne flavivirus, is of particular concern due to rising cases and the severe morbidity of POWV encephalitis. Here, we use a multifaceted approach to evaluate the emergence of the II POWV lineage, known as deer tick virus (DTV), in parts of North America where human cases occur. We detected DTV-positive ticks from eight of twenty locations in the Northeast USA with an average infection rate of 1.4 per cent. High-depth, whole-genome sequencing of eighty-four POWV and DTV samples allowed us to assess geographic and temporal phylodynamics. We observed both stable infection in the Northeast USA and patterns of geographic dispersal within and between regions. A Bayesian skyline analysis demonstrated DTV population expansion over the last 50 years. This is concordant with the documented expansion of Ixodes scapularis tick populations and suggests an increasing risk of human exposure as the vector spreads. Finally, we isolated sixteen novel viruses in cell culture and demonstrated limited genetic change after passage, a valuable resource for future studies investigating this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Andrei Bombin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | | | - Erick Ojeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heidi K Goethert
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | | | | | | | - Molly Meagher
- Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Melissa A Prusinski
- Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Robert P Smith
- Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Sam R Telford
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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5
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Scherer EM, Babiker A, Adelman MW, Allman B, Key A, Kleinhenz JM, Langsjoen RM, Nguyen PV, Onyechi I, Sherman JD, Simon TW, Soloff H, Tarabay J, Varkey J, Webster AS, Weiskopf D, Weissman DB, Xu Y, Waggoner JJ, Koelle K, Rouphael N, Pouch SM, Piantadosi A. SARS-CoV-2 Evolution and Immune Escape in Immunocompromised Patients. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:2436-2438. [PMID: 35675197 PMCID: PMC9202319 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2202861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Langsjoen RM, Zhou Y, Holcomb RJ, Routh AL. Chikungunya Virus Infects the Heart and Induces Heart-Specific Transcriptional Changes in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model of Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:99-104. [PMID: 34844209 PMCID: PMC8733537 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen in family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. Although CHIKV is well known for its ability to cause debilitating rheumatoid-like arthritis, it has been also been observed to cause cardiovascular symptoms such as arrhythmias. Here, using samples from a previous study, we sequenced RNA from serum, kidney, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle from CHIKV- and mock-infected IFN-αR-/- mice using two sequencing techniques to investigate heart-specific changes in virus mutational profiles and host gene expression. Mutation rates were similar across muscle tissues although heart tissue carried heart-specific CHIKV minority variants, one of which had a coding change in the nsP3 gene and another in the 3'UTR. Importantly, heart-specific transcriptional changes included differential expression of genes critical for ion transport and muscle contraction. These results demonstrate that CHIKV replicates in the hearts of immunodeficient mice and induce heart-specific mutations and host responses with implications for cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Langsjoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;,Address correspondence to Rose M. Langsjoen, Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Woodruff Memorial Research Building 7207A, 101 Woodruff Cir NE, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail:
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Richard J. Holcomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrew L. Routh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;,Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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7
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Muruato A, Vu MN, Johnson BA, Davis-Gardner ME, Vanderheiden A, Lokugamage K, Schindewolf C, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Langsjoen RM, Plante JA, Plante KS, Weaver SC, Debbink K, Routh AL, Walker D, Suthar MS, Shi PY, Xie X, Menachery VD. Mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 protects animals from lethal SARS-CoV challenge. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001284. [PMID: 34735434 PMCID: PMC8594810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a pandemic causing significant damage to public health and the economy. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been hampered by the lack of robust mouse models. To overcome this barrier, we used a reverse genetic system to generate a mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2. Incorporating key mutations found in SARS-CoV-2 variants, this model recapitulates critical elements of human infection including viral replication in the lung, immune cell infiltration, and significant in vivo disease. Importantly, mouse adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 does not impair replication in human airway cells and maintains antigenicity similar to human SARS-CoV-2 strains. Coupled with the incorporation of mutations found in variants of concern, CMA3p20 offers several advantages over other mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains. Using this model, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2-infected mice are protected from lethal challenge with the original Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), suggesting immunity from heterologous Coronavirus (CoV) strains. Together, the results highlight the use of this mouse model for further study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Muruato
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michelle N. Vu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Johnson
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abigail Vanderheiden
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kumari Lokugamage
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Craig Schindewolf
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Rose M. Langsjoen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Natural Science, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Routh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuping Xie
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Jaworski E, Langsjoen RM, Mitchell B, Judy B, Newman P, Plante JA, Plante KS, Miller AL, Zhou Y, Swetnam D, Sotcheff S, Morris V, Saada N, Machado RR, McConnell A, Widen SG, Thompson J, Dong J, Ren P, Pyles RB, Ksiazek TG, Menachery VD, Weaver SC, Routh AL. Tiled-ClickSeq for targeted sequencing of complete coronavirus genomes with simultaneous capture of RNA recombination and minority variants. eLife 2021; 10:68479. [PMID: 34581669 PMCID: PMC8478411 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genomics of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to characterize virus evolution and to identify adaptations that affect pathogenicity or transmission. While single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) are commonly considered as driving virus adaption, RNA recombination events that delete or insert nucleic acid sequences are also critical. Whole genome targeting sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 is typically achieved using pairs of primers to generate cDNA amplicons suitable for next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, paired-primer approaches impose constraints on where primers can be designed, how many amplicons are synthesized and requires multiple PCR reactions with non-overlapping primer pools. This imparts sensitivity to underlying SNVs and fails to resolve RNA recombination junctions that are not flanked by primer pairs. To address these limitations, we have designed an approach called ‘Tiled-ClickSeq’, which uses hundreds of tiled-primers spaced evenly along the virus genome in a single reverse-transcription reaction. The other end of the cDNA amplicon is generated by azido-nucleotides that stochastically terminate cDNA synthesis, removing the need for a paired-primer. A sequencing adaptor containing a Unique Molecular Identifier (UMI) is appended to the cDNA fragment using click-chemistry and a PCR reaction generates a final NGS library. Tiled-ClickSeq provides complete genome coverage, including the 5’UTR, at high depth and specificity to the virus on both Illumina and Nanopore NGS platforms. Here, we analyze multiple SARS-CoV-2 isolates and clinical samples to simultaneously characterize minority variants, sub-genomic mRNAs (sgmRNAs), structural variants (SVs) and D-RNAs. Tiled-ClickSeq therefore provides a convenient and robust platform for SARS-CoV-2 genomics that captures the full range of RNA species in a single, simple assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,ClickSeq Technologies LLC, Galveston, United States
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Brooke Mitchell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Barbara Judy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Patrick Newman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Aaron L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Daniele Swetnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Stephanea Sotcheff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Victoria Morris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Nehad Saada
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Rafael Rg Machado
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Allan McConnell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Next-Generation Sequencing Core, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Jill Thompson
- Next-Generation Sequencing Core, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Jianli Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Rick B Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Thomas G Ksiazek
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Andrew L Routh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Sealy Centre for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
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9
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Jaworski E, Langsjoen RM, Mitchell B, Judy B, Newman P, Plante JA, Plante KS, Miller AL, Zhou Y, Swetnam D, Sotcheff S, Morris V, Saada N, Machado R, McConnell A, Widen S, Thompson J, Dong J, Ren P, Pyles RB, Ksiazek T, Menachery VD, Weaver SC, Routh A. Tiled-ClickSeq for targeted sequencing of complete coronavirus genomes with simultaneous capture of RNA recombination and minority variants. bioRxiv 2021:2021.03.10.434828. [PMID: 33758846 PMCID: PMC7987005 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.10.434828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput genomics of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to characterize virus evolution and to identify adaptations that affect pathogenicity or transmission. While single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) are commonly considered as driving virus adaption, RNA recombination events that delete or insert nucleic acid sequences are also critical. Whole genome targeting sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 is typically achieved using pairs of primers to generate cDNA amplicons suitable for Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). However, paired-primer approaches impose constraints on where primers can be designed, how many amplicons are synthesized and requires multiple PCR reactions with non-overlapping primer pools. This imparts sensitivity to underlying SNVs and fails to resolve RNA recombination junctions that are not flanked by primer pairs. To address these limitations, we have designed an approach called 'Tiled-ClickSeq', which uses hundreds of tiled-primers spaced evenly along the virus genome in a single reverse-transcription reaction. The other end of the cDNA amplicon is generated by azido-nucleotides that stochastically terminate cDNA synthesis, removing the need for a paired-primer. A sequencing adaptor containing a Unique Molecular Identifier (UMI) is appended to the cDNA fragment using click-chemistry and a PCR reaction generates a final NGS library. Tiled-ClickSeq provides complete genome coverage, including the 5'UTR, at high depth and specificity to the virus on both Illumina and Nanopore NGS platforms. Here, we analyze multiple SARS-CoV-2 isolates and clinical samples to simultaneously characterize minority variants, sub-genomic mRNAs (sgmRNAs), structural variants (SVs) and D-RNAs. Tiled-ClickSeq therefore provides a convenient and robust platform for SARS-CoV-2 genomics that captures the full range of RNA species in a single, simple assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- ClickSeq Technologies LLC, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rose M. Langsjoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brooke Mitchell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Judy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Newman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniele Swetnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanea Sotcheff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria Morris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nehad Saada
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rafael Machado
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Allan McConnell
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steve Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Next-Generation Sequencing Core, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Next-Generation Sequencing Core, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jianli Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rick B. Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Routh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Centre for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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10
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Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Porier DL, Erasmus JH, Bergren NA, Bolling BG, Luo H, Singh A, Guzman H, Popov VL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wang T, Kang L, Allen IC, Carrington CVF, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems. Virology 2021; 562:50-62. [PMID: 34256244 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV), tentatively named Aripo virus (ARPV), that was isolated from Psorophora albipes mosquitoes collected in Trinidad. The ARPV genome was determined and phylogenetic analyses showed that it is a dual host associated ISFV, and clusters with the main mosquito-borne flaviviruses. ARPV antigen was significantly cross-reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup antisera, with significant cross-reactivity to Ilheus and West Nile virus (WNV). Results suggest that ARPV replication is limited to mosquitoes, as it did not replicate in the sandfly, culicoides or vertebrate cell lines tested. We also demonstrated that ARPV is endocytosed into vertebrate cells and is highly immunomodulatory, producing a robust innate immune response despite its inability to replicate in vertebrate systems. We show that prior infection or coinfection with ARPV limits WNV-induced disease in mouse models, likely the result of a robust ARPV-induced type I interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jesse H Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bethany G Bolling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, LA, 71203, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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11
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Muruato A, Vu MN, Johnson BA, Davis-Gardner ME, Vanderheiden A, Lokugmage K, Schindewolf C, Crocquet-Valdes PA, Langsjoen RM, Plante JA, Plante KS, Weaver SC, Debbink K, Routh AL, Walker D, Suthar MS, Xie X, Shi PY, Xie X, Menachery VD. Mouse Adapted SARS-CoV-2 protects animals from lethal SARS-CoV challenge. bioRxiv 2021:2021.05.03.442357. [PMID: 33972939 PMCID: PMC8109199 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.03.442357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic causing significant damage to public health and the economy. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of COVID-19 disease have been hampered by the lack of robust mouse models. To overcome this barrier, we utilized a reverse genetic system to generate a mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2. Incorporating key mutations found in SARSCoV-2 variants, this model recapitulates critical elements of human infection including viral replication in the lung, immune cell infiltration, and significant in vivo disease. Importantly, mouse-adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 does not impair replication in human airway cells and maintains antigenicity similar to human SARS-CoV-2 strains. Utilizing this model, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infected mice are protected from lethal challenge with the original SARS-CoV, suggesting immunity from heterologous CoV strains. Together, the results highlight the utility of this mouse model for further study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Muruato
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle N. Vu
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan A. Johnson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Vanderheiden
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kumari Lokugmage
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Schindewolf
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rose M. Langsjoen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Natural Science, Bowie State University, Bowie, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L. Routh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David Walker
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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12
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Kautz TF, Guerbois M, Khanipov K, Patterson EI, Langsjoen RM, Yun R, Warmbrod KL, Fofanov Y, Weaver SC, Forrester NL. Low-fidelity Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus polymerase mutants to improve live-attenuated vaccine safety and efficacy. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey004. [PMID: 29593882 PMCID: PMC5841381 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During RNA virus replication, there is the potential to incorporate mutations that affect virulence or pathogenesis. For live-attenuated vaccines, this has implications for stability, as replication may result in mutations that either restore the wild-type phenotype via reversion or compensate for the attenuating mutations by increasing virulence (pseudoreversion). Recent studies have demonstrated that altering the mutation rate of an RNA virus is an effective attenuation tool. To validate the safety of low-fidelity mutations to increase vaccine attenuation, several mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) were tested in the live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine strain, TC-83. Next generation sequencing after passage in the presence of mutagens revealed a mutant containing three mutations in the RdRp, TC-83 3x, to have decreased replication fidelity, while a second mutant, TC-83 4x displayed no change in fidelity, but shared many phenotypic characteristics with TC-83 3x. Both mutants exhibited increased, albeit inconsistent attenuation in an infant mouse model, as well as increased immunogenicity and complete protection against lethal challenge of an adult murine model compared with the parent TC-83. During serial passaging in a highly permissive model, the mutants increased in virulence but remained less virulent than the parent TC-83. These results suggest that the incorporation of low-fidelity mutations into the RdRp of live-attenuated vaccines for RNA viruses can confer increased immunogenicity whilst showing some evidence of increased attenuation. However, while in theory such constructs may result in more effective vaccines, the instability of the vaccine phenotype decreases the likelihood of this being an effective vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany F Kautz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mathilde Guerbois
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ruimei Yun
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kelsey L Warmbrod
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Naomi L Forrester
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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13
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Langsjoen RM, Auguste AJ, Rossi SL, Roundy CM, Penate HN, Kastis M, Schnizlein MK, Le KC, Haller SL, Chen R, Watowich SJ, Weaver SC. Host oxidative folding pathways offer novel anti-chikungunya virus drug targets with broad spectrum potential. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:246-251. [PMID: 28461071 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses require conserved cysteine residues for proper folding and assembly of the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins, and likely depend on host protein disulfide isomerase-family enzymes (PDI) to aid in facilitating disulfide bond formation and isomerization in these proteins. Here, we show that in human HEK293 cells, commercially available inhibitors of PDI or modulators thereof (thioredoxin reductase, TRX-R; endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1, ERO-1) inhibit the replication of CHIKV chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the TRX-R inhibitor auranofin inhibited Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and the flavivirus Zika virus replication in vitro, while PDI inhibitor 16F16 reduced replication but demonstrated notable toxicity. 16F16 significantly altered the viral genome: plaque-forming unit (PFU) ratio of CHIKV in vitro without affecting relative intracellular viral RNA quantities and inhibited CHIKV E1-induced cell-cell fusion, suggesting that PDI inhibitors alter progeny virion infectivity through altered envelope function. Auranofin also increased the extracellular genome:PFU ratio but decreased the amount of intracellular CHIKV RNA, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action. Finally, auranofin reduced footpad swelling and viremia in the C57BL/6 murine model of CHIKV infection. Our results suggest that targeting oxidative folding pathways represents a potential new anti-alphavirus therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Langsjoen
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Heidy N Penate
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Kastis
- Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sherry L Haller
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stanley J Watowich
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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14
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Langsjoen RM, Rubinstein RJ, Kautz TF, Auguste AJ, Erasmus JH, Kiaty-Figueroa L, Gerhardt R, Lin D, Hari KL, Jain R, Ruiz N, Muruato AE, Silfa J, Bido F, Dacso M, Weaver SC. Molecular Virologic and Clinical Characteristics of a Chikungunya Fever Outbreak in La Romana, Dominican Republic, 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005189. [PMID: 28030537 PMCID: PMC5193339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since emerging in Saint Martin in 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, has infected approximately two million individuals in the Americas, with over 500,000 reported cases in the Dominican Republic (DR). CHIKV-infected patients typically present with a febrile syndrome including polyarthritis/polyarthralgia, and a macropapular rash, similar to those infected with dengue and Zika viruses, and malaria. Nevertheless, many Dominican cases are unconfirmed due to the unavailability and high cost of laboratory testing and the absence of specific treatment for CHIKV infection. To obtain a more accurate representation of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) clinical signs and symptoms, and confirm the viral lineage responsible for the DR CHIKV outbreak, we tested 194 serum samples for CHIKV RNA and IgM antibodies from patients seen in a hospital in La Romana, DR using quantitative RT-PCR and IgM capture ELISA, and performed retrospective chart reviews. RNA and antibodies were detected in 49% and 24.7% of participants, respectively. Sequencing revealed that the CHIKV strain responsible for the La Romana outbreak belonged to the Asian/American lineage and grouped phylogenetically with recent Mexican and Trinidadian isolates. Our study shows that, while CHIKV-infected individuals were infrequently diagnosed with CHIKF, uninfected patients were never falsely diagnosed with CHIKF. Participants testing positive for CHIKV RNA were more likely to present with arthralgia, although it was reported in just 20.0% of CHIKF+ individuals. High percentages of respiratory (19.6%) signs and symptoms, especially among children, were noted, though it was not possible to determine whether individuals infected with CHIKV were co-infected with other pathogens. These results suggest that CHIKV may have been underdiagnosed during this outbreak, and that CHIKF should be included in differential diagnoses of diverse undifferentiated febrile syndromes in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Langsjoen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Rubinstein
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Tiffany F. Kautz
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Albert J. Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jesse H. Erasmus
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Liddy Kiaty-Figueroa
- Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Renessa Gerhardt
- Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - David Lin
- cBio Inc., Fremont, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Ravi Jain
- cBio Inc., Fremont, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Ruiz
- Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jael Silfa
- Hospital Dr. Francisco Gonzalvo, La Romana, Dominican Republic
| | - Franklin Bido
- Hospital el Buen Samaritano, La Romana, Dominican Republic
| | - Matthew Dacso
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Global Health Education, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
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15
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Kautz TF, Díaz-González EE, Erasmus JH, Malo-García IR, Langsjoen RM, Patterson EI, Auguste DI, Forrester NL, Sanchez-Casas RM, Hernández-Ávila M, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Weaver SC, Fernández-Salas I. Chikungunya Virus as Cause of Febrile Illness Outbreak, Chiapas, Mexico, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2070-3. [PMID: 26488312 PMCID: PMC4622247 DOI: 10.3201/eid2111.150546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was introduced into the Americas in 2013, its geographic distribution has rapidly expanded. Of 119 serum samples collected in 2014 from febrile patients in southern Mexico, 79% were positive for CHIKV or IgM against CHIKV. Sequencing results confirmed CHIKV strains closely related to Caribbean isolates.
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16
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Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Azar SR, Muruato AE, Hanley KA, Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Paessler S, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC. Characterization of a Novel Murine Model to Study Zika Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1362-1369. [PMID: 27022155 PMCID: PMC4889758 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for an explosive ongoing outbreak of febrile illness across the Americas. ZIKV was previously thought to cause only a mild, flu-like illness, but during the current outbreak, an association with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in neonates has been detected. A previous study showed that ZIKV requires murine adaptation to generate reproducible murine disease. In our study, a low-passage Cambodian isolate caused disease and mortality in mice lacking the interferon (IFN) alpha receptor (A129 mice) in an age-dependent manner, but not in similarly aged immunocompetent mice. In A129 mice, viremia peaked at ∼10(7) plaque-forming units/mL by day 2 postinfection (PI) and reached high titers in the spleen by day 1. ZIKV was detected in the brain on day 3 PI and caused signs of neurologic disease, including tremors, by day 6. Robust replication was also noted in the testis. In this model, all mice infected at the youngest age (3 weeks) succumbed to illness by day 7 PI. Older mice (11 weeks) showed signs of illness, viremia, and weight loss but recovered starting on day 8. In addition, AG129 mice, which lack both type I and II IFN responses, supported similar infection kinetics to A129 mice, but with exaggerated disease signs. This characterization of an Asian lineage ZIKV strain in a murine model, and one of the few studies reporting a model of Zika disease and demonstrating age-dependent morbidity and mortality, could provide a platform for testing the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
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17
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Díaz-González EE, Kautz TF, Dorantes-Delgado A, Malo-García IR, Laguna-Aguilar M, Langsjoen RM, Chen R, Auguste DI, Sánchez-Casas RM, Danis-Lozano R, Weaver SC, Fernández-Salas I. First Report of Aedes aegypti Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1325-9. [PMID: 26416113 PMCID: PMC4674253 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During a chikungunya fever outbreak in late 2014 in Chiapas, Mexico, entomovirological surveillance was performed to incriminate the vector(s). In neighborhoods, 75 households with suspected cases were sampled for mosquitoes, of which 80% (60) harbored Aedes aegypti and 2.7% (2) Aedes albopictus. A total of 1,170 Ae. aegypti and three Ae. albopictus was collected and 81 pools were generated. Although none of the Ae. albopictus pools were chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-positive, 18 Ae. aegypti pools (22.8%) contained CHIKV, yielding an infection rate of 32.3/1,000 mosquitoes. A lack of herd immunity in conjunction with high mosquito populations, poor vector control services in this region, and targeted collections in locations of human cases may explain the high infection rate in this vector. Consistent with predictions from experimental studies, Ae. aegypti appears to be the principal vector of CHIKV in southern Mexico, while the role of Ae. albopictus remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban E Díaz-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Tiffany F Kautz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Alicia Dorantes-Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Iliana R Malo-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Maricela Laguna-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rubing Chen
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Dawn I Auguste
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Sánchez-Casas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Chiapas, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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