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Kraberger S, Serieys LEK, Leighton GRM, De Koch MD, Munday JS, Bishop JM, Varsani A. Two Lineages of Papillomaviruses Identified from Caracals ( Caracal caracal) in South Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:701. [PMID: 38793583 PMCID: PMC11125996 DOI: 10.3390/v16050701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) infect epithelial cells and can cause hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions. In felids, most described PVs are from domestic cats (Felis catus; n = 7 types), with one type identified in each of the five wild felid species studied to date (Panthera uncia, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Panthera leo persica and Lynx rufus). PVs from domestic cats are highly diverse and are currently classified into three genera (Lambdapapillomavirus, Dyothetapapillomavirus, and Taupapillomavirus), whereas those from wild felids, although diverse, are all classified into the Lambdapapillomavirus genus. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to identify ten novel PV genomes from rectal swabs of five deceased caracals (Caracal caracal) living in the greater Cape Town area, South Africa. These are the first PVs to be described from caracals, and represent six new PV types, i.e., Caracal caracal papillomavirus (CcarPV) 1-6. These CcarPV fall into two phylogenetically distinct genera: Lambdapapillomavirus, and Treisetapapillomavirus. Two or more PV types were identified in a single individual for three of the five caracals, and four caracals shared at least one of the same PV types with another caracal. This study broadens our understanding of wild felid PVs and provides evidence that there may be several wild felid PV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Gabriella R M Leighton
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Matthew D De Koch
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennant Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline M Bishop
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Fernandes KP, Alfieri AA, Darold GM, Boabaid FM, Dall Agnol AM, Lunardi M. Case report: Mixed infection of bovine papillomaviruses associated with squamous papilloma of the upper alimentary tract in a dairy cow. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1020166. [PMID: 36406071 PMCID: PMC9673478 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection can induce neoplastic lesions in both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia in cattle. This study describes the BPV types associated with proliferative lesions with diverse histopathological features present in the upper alimentary tract of a dairy cow suffering from chronic diarrhea from Midwestern Brazil. At autopsy, warts and plaques composed of multiple spherical nodules were observed in the esophageal mucosa, the areas surrounding and constricting the opening of the cardia, and the rumen pillars. One esophageal papillomatous proliferative lesion and a smooth-surfaced proliferative lesion located at the rumen entrance were evaluated by histopathological and molecular analyses. PCR amplification of partial fragments of the BPV L1 and E1 genes was performed followed by sequencing of the obtained amplicons. Upon histopathological evaluation, the esophageal lesion was classified as a squamous papilloma, whereas the other ruminal proliferative lesion consisted of a fibropapilloma. Direct sequencing of PCR products obtained from ruminal fibropapilloma DNA revealed the presence of BPV2. Sequencing of inserts from selected clones containing partial fragments of the BPV L1 and E1 genes revealed a mixed infection of BPV types 2 and 4 in the esophageal squamous papilloma. The findings reported in our investigation reinforce the association of BPV with benign lesions of the bovine alimentary tract in both single and mixed infections, as previously demonstrated to occur in a buffalo. In addition, this report represents the documentation of the occurrence of massive alimentary papillomatosis associated with BPV types 2 and 4 in cattle raised on lands without infestation by bracken fern in Midwestern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Michele Lunardi
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Universidade de Cuiaba, Cuiaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Michele Lunardi
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3
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Andersson KE, Adamovicz L, Mumm LE, Winter JM, Glowacki G, Teixeira-Neto R, Adkesson MJ, Hostnik ET, Haynes E, Allender MC. Detection of a novel herpesvirus associated with squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging Blanding's turtle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:348-351. [PMID: 33491592 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721989302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of both infectious and noninfectious diseases through wildlife populations is of increasing concern. Neoplastic diseases are rarely associated with population-level impacts in wildlife; however, impacts on individual health can be severe and might reflect deteriorating environmental conditions. An adult male free-ranging Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) originally captured in 2005 and deemed healthy, was recaptured in 2018 with a 1 × 1.5 cm intra-oral broad-based right mandibular mass. An excisional biopsy was performed, and histopathology revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Consensus herpesvirus PCR identified a novel herpesvirus (proposed name Emydoidea herpesvirus 2 [EBHV-2]) within the tumor. EBHV-2 shares 85% sequence homology with Terrapene herpesvirus 2 (TerHV-2), a herpesvirus linked to fibropapillomas in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Virus-associated fibropapillomas have been identified in multiple marine turtle species and have had debilitating effects on their populations, but to date, virus-associated SCCs are rarely reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Andersson
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Laura Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Lauren E Mumm
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - John M Winter
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Gary Glowacki
- Lake County Forest Preserve District, Libertyville, IL
| | - Rachel Teixeira-Neto
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Ellen Haynes
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana, IL.,Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL
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Facial Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Abdominal Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour with Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation in a Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis). J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:122-127. [PMID: 32359624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the pathological features of a facial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and an abdominal peripheral nerve sheath tumour (PNST) with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation in an aged free-ranging rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis). The animal was found stranded dead in poor body condition. On external examination, there was a 25 × 7 × 3 cm extensively ulcerated area on the right maxillary region of the rostrum, involving the oral mucocutaneous junction with prominent nodular edges, severe soft tissue loss and extensive maxillary and premaxillary bone lysis. On abdominal dissection, a 5 × 4 × 3.5 cm pale tan to red, raised mass expanded the inner aspect of the right transverse abdominis muscle. Microscopically, the aggressive facial lesion was an acantholytic SCC with extensive osteolysis; there was no evidence of metastasis in the tissues examined. The abdominal mass had cytohistomorphological features compatible with a localized PNST, including whorling, Antoni A and Antoni B areas and Verocay bodies intermixed with rhabdomyoblastic components, as suggested by phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin stain. This neoplasm was locally infiltrative, yet no metastases were observed in the tissues examined. No immunohistochemical investigations could be performed due to lack of tissue availability. Total DNA from the formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded SCC was extracted and tested by polymerase chain reaction for herpesvirus and papillomavirus genetic material. There was no amplification for either of these genera. Other pathological findings observed in this animal were related to the 'live-stranding stress response'. The severity and extent of the facial SCC likely related to anorexia and poor body condition and might have played a role in the stranding and death of this dolphin. These two tumour subtypes add to the relatively uncommon reports of neoplasia in cetaceans. Specifically, these appear to be the first neoplasia records for rough-toothed dolphins, including the first documentation of a PNST with features compatible with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation in a marine mammal.
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Leopardus wiedii Papillomavirus type 1, a novel papillomavirus species in the tree ocelot, suggests Felidae Lambdapapillomavirus polyphyletic origin and host-independent evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104239. [PMID: 32058075 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The limited knowledge on Papillomavirus diversity (particularly in wild animal species) influences the accuracy of PVs phylogeny and their evolutionary history, and hinders the comprehension of PVs pathogenicity, especially the mechanism of virus - related cancer progression. This study reports the identification of Leopardus wiedii Papillomavirus type 1 (LwiePV1), the first PV type within Lambdapapillomavirus in a Leopardus host. LwiePV1 full genome sequencing allowed the investigation of its taxonomic position and phylogeny. Based on results, LwiePV1 should be assigned to a novel PV species providing evidence for a polyphyletic origin of feline lambda PVs, and representing an exception to codivergence between feline lambda PVs and their hosts. Results improve our knowledge on PV diversity and pave the way to future studies investigating biological and evolutionary features of animal PVs.
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Di Bonito P, Galati L, Focà A, Brambilla M, Bisaglia C, Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Iaconelli M, Veneri C, La Rosa G. Evidence for swine and human papillomavirus in pig slurry in Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1246-1254. [PMID: 31251456 PMCID: PMC7166630 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The diversity and the geographical distribution of swine papillomaviruses (PVs) are virtually unknown. The occurrence and the diversity of swine PV were therefore investigated in pig slurry collected in Italy, to contribute towards filling this gap in knowledge. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-two slurry samples underwent analysis by nested PCR and DNA sequencing using published and newly designed specific primer pairs for Sus scrofa papillomavirus (SsPV) type 1 and 2 (SsPV1 and 2), along with degenerate PV-specific primers targeting the major coat protein L1 and the helicase protein E1. Overall, three samples (13·6%) were positive for SsPV1 by specific primers, and nucleotide (nt) sequences showed 99-100% nt identity with SsPV1 variant a (EF395818), while SsPV2 was not found in any sample. Using generic primers, eight samples (36·4%) were tested positive for human papillomavirus (HPV), and were characterized as follows: β1-HPV8, β1-HPV14, β1-HPV206, β2-HPV113, β2-HPV120 and γ1-HPV173. Moreover, one unclassified γ-type was detected. CONCLUSIONS Both swine and human PVs were detected in pig slurry in this study. The unexpected presence of HPV in pig waste could be explained as the result of an improper use of the sewage collection pits and/or with improper procedures of the operators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reports the first detection of SsPV1 in Italy, along with the first detection of HPVs in pig slurry samples in Italy, and expands our knowledge about PV diversity and geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Bonito
- Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Galati
- Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Focà
- School of medicine, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Brambilla
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agri Food Processing, Treviglio, BG, Italy
| | - C Bisaglia
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agri Food Processing, Treviglio, BG, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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7
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Sacristán C, Esperón F, Ewbank AC, Díaz-Delgado J, Ferreira-Machado E, Costa-Silva S, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Groch KR, Neves E, Pereira Dutra GH, Gravena W, Ferreira Da Silva VM, Marcondes MCC, Castaldo Colosio A, Cremer MJ, Carvalho VL, O Meirelles AC, Marigo J, Catão-Dias JL. Novel herpesviruses in riverine and marine cetaceans from South America. Acta Trop 2019; 190:220-227. [PMID: 30465743 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus (HV) infections in cetaceans are frequently associated with skin and mucosal lesions. Although HV infections have been reported worldwide, their occurrence in southern Atlantic marine mammals is still poorly understood. We tested skin, oral and genital mucosal beta-actin PCR-positive samples from 109 free-ranging Brazilian cetaceans using a universal herpesvirus DNA polymerase PCR. Herpesvirus-positive skin samples from a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), a dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima), a Bolivian river dolphin (Inia boliviensis), and a lingual sample from an Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) were histologically evaluated. Additional tissue samples from these animals were also PCR-positive for HV, including a novel sequence obtained from the dwarf sperm whale's stomach and mesenteric lymph node. Four novel HV species were detected in the Guiana dolphin (one), the dwarf sperm whale (two) and the Bolivian river dolphin (one). The cutaneous lesions (marked, focally extensive, chronic proliferative dermatitis) of the Guiana dolphin and the Bolivian river dolphin were similar to previous HV reports in cetaceans, despite the absence of intranuclear inclusion bodies. This is the largest HV survey in South American cetaceans and the first detection of HV infection in riverine dolphins worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Group of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Animal Health Research Centre (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, 28130, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferreira-Machado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Samira Costa-Silva
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica María Sánchez-Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia R Groch
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Neves
- Group of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Animal Health Research Centre (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, 28130, Spain
| | | | - Waleska Gravena
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, 69067-375, AM, Brazil; Instituto de Saúde e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Coari, 69460-000, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marta J Cremer
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Tetrápodes Marinhos e Costeiros, Universidade da Região de Joinville, São Francisco do Sul, 89240-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Carvalho
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Caucaia, 61627-210, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Marigo
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, SP, Brazil
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8
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Mashkour N, Maclaine A, Burgess GW, Ariel E. Discovery of an Australian Chelonia mydas papillomavirus via green turtle primary cell culture and qPCR. J Virol Methods 2018; 258:13-23. [PMID: 29630942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of reptilian viruses detected are continuously increasing due to improvements and developments of new diagnostic techniques. In this case we used primary cell culture and qPCR to describe the first Australian Chelonia mydas papillomavirus. Commercial chelonian cell lines are limited to one cell line from a terrestrial turtle (Terrapene Carolina). To establish primary cultures from green turtles (Chelonia mydas), turtle eggs were collected from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. From day 35 of incubation at 29°, the embryos were harvested to establish primary cultures. The primary cell cultures were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, 90% and foetal bovine serum, 10%. The cells became uniformly fibroblastic-shaped after 15 passages. The growth rate resembled that of cells originating from other cold-blooded animals and the average doubling time was ∼5 days from the 20th passage. Karyotyping and molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-loop gene were carried out for cell authentication. The primary cell cultures were screened to exclude mycoplasma contamination. Two primary cell lineages were found to be susceptible to Bohle iridovirus. The primary cell cultures were used to screen samples from green turtles foraging along the East Coast of Queensland for the presence of viruses. Homogenates from eight skin tumour samples caused cytopathic effects and were confirmed by qPCR to be infected with papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mashkour
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alicia Maclaine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham W Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
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Zhang W, Yang S, Shan T, Hou R, Liu Z, Li W, Guo L, Wang Y, Chen P, Wang X, Feng F, Wang H, Chen C, Shen Q, Zhou C, Hua X, Cui L, Deng X, Zhang Z, Qi D, Delwart E. Virome comparisons in wild-diseased and healthy captive giant pandas. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 28780905 PMCID: PMC5545856 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a vulnerable mammal herbivore living wild in central China. Viral infections have become a potential threat to the health of these endangered animals, but limited information related to these infections is available. METHODS Using a viral metagenomic approach, we surveyed viruses in the feces, nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, and different tissues from a wild giant panda that died from an unknown disease, a healthy wild giant panda, and 46 healthy captive animals. RESULTS The previously uncharacterized complete or near complete genomes of four viruses from three genera in Papillomaviridae family, six viruses in a proposed new Picornaviridae genus (Aimelvirus), two unclassified viruses related to posaviruses in Picornavirales order, 19 anelloviruses in four different clades of Anelloviridae family, four putative circoviruses, and 15 viruses belonging to the recently described Genomoviridae family were sequenced. Reflecting the diet of giant pandas, numerous insect virus sequences related to the families Iflaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Iridoviridae, Baculoviridae, Polydnaviridae, and subfamily Densovirinae and plant viruses sequences related to the families Tombusviridae, Partitiviridae, Secoviridae, Geminiviridae, Luteoviridae, Virgaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae; genus Umbravirus, Alphaflexiviridae, and Phycodnaviridae were also detected in fecal samples. A small number of insect virus sequences were also detected in the nasopharyngeal secretions of healthy giant pandas and lung tissues from the dead wild giant panda. Although the viral families present in the sick giant panda were also detected in the healthy ones, a higher proportion of papillomaviruses, picornaviruses, and anelloviruses reads were detected in the diseased panda. CONCLUSION This viral survey increases our understanding of eukaryotic viruses in giant pandas and provides a baseline for comparison to viruses detected in future infectious disease outbreaks. The similar viral families detected in sick and healthy giant pandas indicate that these viruses result in commensal infections in most immuno-competent animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
| | - Wang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300 China
| | - Lianghua Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
| | - Peng Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
| | - Chao Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300 China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Li Cui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000 China
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
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10
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Link EK, Hoferer M, Strobel B, Rigbers K, Langenmayer MC, Sutter G, Fux R. Sus scrofa papillomavirus 2 - genetic characterization of a novel suid papillomavirus from wild boar in Germany. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2113-2117. [PMID: 28758619 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel papillomavirus, Sus scrofa papillomavirus 2 (SsPV2), which is the first papillomavirus associated with papillomas in pigs. In skin alterations of a German wild boar, showing typical gross and histological appearance of papillomas, papillomavirus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Degenerate papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral DNA. Subsequently, the complete genomic DNA was cloned and sequenced. The SsPV2 genome had a length of 8218 bp, encoded the early proteins E6, E7, E1 and E2, the late proteins L1 and L2 and contained an upstream regulatory region. Genomic characterization demonstrated papillomavirus-typical characteristics as well as unique features. For example, the E2 protein was significantly larger than in every other known papillomavirus species. Phylogenetic analysis was not able to relate SsPV2 unambiguously with other papillomavirus species or existing genera. Therefore, it might be representative of a new papillomavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kathrin Link
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstrasse 3/3, D-70736 Fellbach, Germany
| | - Birte Strobel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rigbers
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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Bos taurus papillomavirus (BPV) E6 protein: Sequence analysis and molecular evolution. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:328-33. [PMID: 26494112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Vickers TW, Clifford DL, Garcelon DK, King JL, Duncan CL, Gaffney PM, Boyce WM. Pathology and Epidemiology of Ceruminous Gland Tumors among Endangered Santa Catalina Island Foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) in the Channel Islands, USA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143211. [PMID: 26618759 PMCID: PMC4664485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the prevalence, pathology, and epidemiology of tumors in free-ranging island foxes occurring on three islands in the California Channel Islands, USA. We found a remarkably high prevalence of ceruminous gland tumors in endangered foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) occurring on Santa Catalina Island (SCA)—48.9% of the dead foxes examined from 2001–2008 had tumors in their ears, and tumors were found in 52.2% of randomly-selected mature (≥ 4 years) foxes captured in 2007–2008, representing one of the highest prevalences of tumors ever documented in a wildlife population. In contrast, no tumors were detected in foxes from San Nicolas Island or San Clemente Island, although ear mites (Otodectes cynotis), a predisposing factor for ceruminous gland tumors in dogs and cats, were highly prevalent on all three islands. On SCA, otitis externa secondary to ear mite infection was highly correlated with ceruminous gland hyperplasia (CGH), and tumors were significantly associated with the severity of CGH, ceruminous gland dysplasia, and age group (older foxes). We propose a conceptual model for the formation of ceruminous gland tumors in foxes on SCA that is based on persistent, ubiquitous infection with ear mites, and an innate, over exuberant inflammatory and hyperplastic response of SCA foxes to these mites. Foxes on SCA are now opportunistically treated with acaricides in an attempt to reduce mite infections and the morbidity and mortality associated with this highly prevalent tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Winston Vickers
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California, United States of America
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TWV), (WMB)
| | - Deana L. Clifford
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Wildlife Investigations Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - David K. Garcelon
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Julie L. King
- Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin L. Duncan
- Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia M. Gaffney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Walter M. Boyce
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TWV), (WMB)
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Fux R, Langenmayer MC, Jörgens D, Schubert C, Heckel JO, Sutter G. Rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 - a novel deltapapillomavirus inducing endemic papillomatosis in the endangered Visayan spotted deer. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:128-133. [PMID: 26555294 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel papillomavirus - Rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 (RalPV1) - which causes endemic fibropapillomatosis in the European conservation breeding population of the highly endangered Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi). Degenerated papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral DNA. Subsequently, the complete genomic DNA was cloned and the sequence was determined. The RalPV1 genome has a length of 8029 bp, encodes the early proteins E6, E7, E1, E2 and E5, the two late proteins L1 and L2 and contains an upstream regulatory region. Highest sequence identities were observed with two deltapapillomaviruses, the Capreolus capreolus PV1 and Cervus elaphus PV1. Pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF L1 suggested that RalPV1 is a putative new type of the papillomavirus species Deltapapillomavirus 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Jörgens
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Christina Schubert
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Jens-Ove Heckel
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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14
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Kocjan BJ, Bzhalava D, Forslund O, Dillner J, Poljak M. Molecular methods for identification and characterization of novel papillomaviruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:808-16. [PMID: 26003284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) are a remarkably heterogeneous family of small DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of vertebrate species and are aetiologically linked with the development of various neoplastic changes of the skin and mucosal epithelia. Based on nucleotide similarity, PVs are hierarchically classified into genera, species and types. Novel human PV (HPV) types are given a unique number only after the whole genome has been cloned and deposited with the International HPV Reference Center. As of 9 March 2015, 200 different HPV types, belonging to 49 species, had been recognized by the International HPV Reference Center. In addition, 131 animal PV types identified from 66 different animal species exist. Recent advances in molecular techniques have resulted in an explosive increase in the identification of novel HPV types and novel subgenomic HPV sequences in the last few years. Among PV genera, the γ-PV genus has been growing most rapidly in recent years with 80 completely sequenced HPV types, followed by α-PV and β-PV genera that have 65 and 51 recognized HPV types, respectively. We reviewed in detail the contemporary molecular methods most often used for identification and characterization of novel PV types, including PCR, rolling circle amplification and next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, we present a short overview of 12 and 10 novel HPV types recently identified in Sweden and Slovenia, respectively. Finally, an update on the International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Bzhalava
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Dillner
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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HERPESVIRUS-ASSOCIATED GENITAL LESIONS IN A STRANDED STRIPED DOLPHIN (STENELLA COERULEOALBA) IN THE CANARY ISLANDS, SPAIN. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:696-702. [PMID: 25973629 DOI: 10.7589/2014-07-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An adult male striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded alive at Arico, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The dolphin died shortly after stranding, and a complete postmortem examination was performed. The most remarkable gross findings were two fleshy masses of approximately 1 cm diameter, near the tip of the penis. These masses were composed of hyperplastic epithelial cells with pigmentary incontinence. Ballooning degeneration and margination of chromatin was observed within the stratum corneum of the epidermis. A universal nested PCR assay that amplifies a conserved region within the polymerase gene of Herpesviridae was positive. The sequenced product was most closely related to a gammaherpesvirus that shared nucleotide identities of 93% with penile lesions from Atlantic and Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). This similarity supports the hypothesis of sexual transmission between species.
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16
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Oral papillomatosis caused by Enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (ElPV-1) in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) in California, USA. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:446-53. [PMID: 25647597 DOI: 10.7589/2014-06-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) is a threatened marine sentinel. During postmortem investigations of stranded sea otters from 2004 to 2013 in California, US, papillomas were detected in the oral cavity of at least seven otters via necropsy and histopathology. Next-generation sequencing of viral particles purified from a single papilloma revealed a novel papillomavirus, Enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (ElPV-1). The genome of ElPV-1 was obtained, representing the first fully sequenced viral genome from southern sea otters. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire L1 gene, as well as a concatenated protein identities plot of all papillomaviral genes revealed that ElPV-1 is a λ-papillomavirus, related to a raccoon papillomavirus (Procyon lotor papillomavirus type 1) and a canine oral papillomavirus. Immunohistochemical staining, using a cross-reactive bovine papillomavirus antibody, suggested that ElPV-1 is present in intranuclear inclusions and intracytoplasmic keratin granules. Virus-infected cells were scattered throughout the stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum of the gingival and buccal papillomas. Using ElPV-1-specific PCR, we confirmed viral DNA in oral papillomas from all seven stranded sea otters, with identical L1 sequences. This virus is associated with the development of oral papillomatosis in southern sea otters.
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17
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Varsani A, Kraberger S, Jennings S, Porzig EL, Julian L, Massaro M, Pollard A, Ballard G, Ainley DG. A novel papillomavirus in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) faeces sampled at the Cape Crozier colony, Antarctica. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1352-1365. [PMID: 24686913 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic viruses that have circular dsDNA genomes encapsidated in non-enveloped virions. They have been found to infect a variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, but so far they have not been found in amphibians. Using a next-generation sequencing de novo assembly contig-informed recovery, we cloned and Sanger sequenced the complete genome of a novel papillomavirus from the faecal matter of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) nesting on Ross Island, Antarctica. The genome had all the usual features of a papillomavirus and an E9 ORF encoding a protein of unknown function that is found in all avian papillomaviruses to date. This novel papillomavirus genome shared ~60 % pairwise identity with the genomes of the other three known avian papillomaviruses: Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus 1 (FcPV1), Francolinus leucoscepus papillomavirus 1 (FlPV1) and Psittacus erithacus papillomavirus 1. Pairwise identity analysis and phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein gene clearly indicated that it represents a novel species, which we named Pygoscelis adeliae papillomavirus 1 (PaCV1). No evidence of recombination was detected in the genome of PaCV1, but we did detect a recombinant region (119 nt) in the E6 gene of FlPV1 with the recombinant region being derived from ancestral FcPV1-like sequences. Previously only paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses and avian pox viruses have been genetically identified in penguins; however, the majority of penguin viral identifications have been based on serology or histology. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a papillomavirus associated with a penguin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7700, South Africa.,Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Scott Jennings
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, US Geological Survey, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Massaro
- School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
| | | | - Grant Ballard
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
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18
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Dunowska M, Munday JS, Laurie RE, Hills SFK. Genomic characterisation of Felis catus papillomavirus 4, a novel papillomavirus detected in the oral cavity of a domestic cat. Virus Genes 2013; 48:111-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Rector A, Van Ranst M. Animal papillomaviruses. Virology 2013; 445:213-23. [PMID: 23711385 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the host range, taxonomic classification and genomic diversity of animal papillomaviruses. The complete genomes of 112 non-human papillomavirus types, recovered from 54 different host species, are currently available in GenBank. The recent characterizations of reptilian papillomaviruses extend the host range of the Papillomaviridae to include all amniotes. Although the genetically diverse papillomaviruses have a highly conserved genomic lay-out, deviations from this prototypic genome organization are observed in several animal papillomaviruses, and only the core ORFs E1, E2, L2 and L1 are present in all characterized papillomavirus genomes. The discovery of papilloma-polyoma hybrids BPCV1 and BPCV2, containing a papillomaviral late region but an early region encoding typical polyomaviral nonstructural proteins, and the detection of recombination breakpoints between the early and late coding regions of cetacean papillomaviruses, could indicate that early and late gene cassettes of papillomaviruses are relatively independent entities that can be interchanged by recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasms considered to be the most common skin tumors of horses worldwide. Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 have typically been associated with sarcoids in equids. Investigations aiming to identify papillomavirus strains, aside from bovine papillomaviruses 1 and 2, which might be associated with sarcoid lesions, have been lacking. The aim of this article is to report the identification of a third bovine papillomavirus type, bovine papillomavirus 13, associated with equine sarcoids. Six sarcoid lesions were collected from diverse anatomical sites on two horses from southern Brazil. To detect a broad spectrum of papillomavirus strains, eight degenerate primer pairs designed to detect conserved regions on the L1 and E1 genes were tested on the DNA samples. Direct sequencing was then performed on the obtained amplicons, and sequence identities were compared with sequences from all bovine papillomavirus types. The FAP59/FAP64, MY09/MY11, and AR-E1F2/AR-E1R4 sequences generated from the sarcoids were shown to present 99 to 100% identity with bovine papillomavirus 13, a new bovine papillomavirus type previously described in cattle. The results from this study suggest that there is a need to identify bovine papillomavirus type 13 and other papillomavirus strains that might be associated with sarcoids in diverse geographical areas; such investigations might establish the frequency of occurrence of this viral type in these common tumors of equids.
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21
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Genetic characterization of a novel bovine papillomavirus member of the Deltapapillomavirus genus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Lam L, Garner MM, Miller CL, Milne VE, Cook KA, Riggs G, Grillo JF, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX. A novel gammaherpesvirus found in oral squamous cell carcinomas in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:99-106. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712472500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel herpesvirus was detected in sun bears ( Helarctos malayanus) with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Five captive sun bears from 4 institutions in the United States presented with oral lesions ranging from erythema and mild erosions to nodular, ulcerated masses. All 5 were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. The tumors were treated with surgical resection but recurrence, local extension, or appearance of new lesions was noted in all cases. Intralesional chemotherapy was administered in 2 cases, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam was administered in 3 cases. Virus was detected in 4 of the 5 bears’ tissue samples using a consensus herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that this herpesvirus is in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and distinct from other known herpesviruses. The association between the herpesvirus and squamous cell carcinoma is unknown. The current study presents a novel gammaherpesvirus within the order Ursidae, with the name Ursid herpesvirus 1 proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lam
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - Michael M. Garner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - Christine L. Miller
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - Victoria E. Milne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - Kimberly A. Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - Gary Riggs
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - James F. Grillo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - April L. Childress
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lam, Childress, Wellehan)
- Northwest ZooPath, Snohomish, WA (Garner)
- Zoo Miami, Miami, FL (Miller)
- El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX (Milne)
- Akron Zoo, Akron, OH (Cook)
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Crocuta crocuta Papillomavirus Type 1 (CcrPV1) from a Spotted Hyena, the First Papillomavirus Characterized in a Member of the Hyaenidae. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:genomeA00062-12. [PMID: 23405364 PMCID: PMC3569368 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00062-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the complete genomic sequence of the Crocuta crocuta papillomavirus type 1 (CcrPV1), isolated from an oral papillomatous lesion of a wild spotted hyena. This virus is the first papillomavirus found in a species belonging to the Hyaenidae family of carnivores, and it can be classified in the genus Lambdapapillomavirus.
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Virome analysis for identification of novel mammalian viruses in bat species from Chinese provinces. J Virol 2012; 86:10999-1012. [PMID: 22855479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01394-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts for a large variety of zoonotic viruses. This study aimed to describe the range of bat viromes, including viruses from mammals, insects, fungi, plants, and phages, in 11 insectivorous bat species (216 bats in total) common in six provinces of China. To analyze viromes, we used sequence-independent PCR amplification and next-generation sequencing technology (Solexa Genome Analyzer II; Illumina). The viromes were identified by sequence similarity comparisons to known viruses. The mammalian viruses included those of the Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Retroviridae, Circoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Astroviridae, Flaviridae, Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Parvovirinae; insect viruses included those of the Baculoviridae, Iflaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Tetraviridae, and Densovirinae; fungal viruses included those of the Chrysoviridae, Hypoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Totiviridae; and phages included those of the Caudovirales, Inoviridae, and Microviridae and unclassified phages. In addition to the viruses and phages associated with the insects, plants, and bacterial flora related to the diet and habitation of bats, we identified the complete or partial genome sequences of 13 novel mammalian viruses. These included herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, a circovirus, a bocavirus, picornaviruses, a pestivirus, and a foamy virus. Pairwise alignments and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these novel viruses showed little genetic similarity with previously reported viruses. This study also revealed a high prevalence and diversity of bat astroviruses and coronaviruses in some provinces. These findings have expanded our understanding of the viromes of bats in China and hinted at the presence of a large variety of unknown mammalian viruses in many common bat species of mainland China.
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Joh J, Jenson AB, Proctor M, Ingle A, Silva KA, Potter CS, Sundberg JP, Ghim SJ. Molecular diagnosis of a laboratory mouse papillomavirus (MusPV). Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:416-21. [PMID: 22796029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MusPV, a novel papillomavirus (PV) that naturally infects laboratory mice, was isolated and characterized from a colony of NMRI-Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1(nu) (nude) mice in India. Because MusPV may have been missed during routine pathogen screening of mice in colonies worldwide, a variety of detection methods are described to detect MusPV. The clinical and histologic lesions of productive MusPV infections fit PV-associated features, including papillomas, koilocytes within the stratum granulosum of the hyperplastic/acanthotic papillomatous epithelium, and the presence of intranuclear virus particles in koilocytotic cells visualized by electron microscopy. Antiserum against disrupted PV virions, isolated from another species (canine), identified conserved viral antigens in productively infected cells by immunohistochemistry. A rolling circle technique was used to amplify viral circular DNAs followed by endonuclease restriction enzyme digestion to determine the correct size of PV DNA. Consensus PV degenerative primers, My09/11, commonly used to detect many different types of PVs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), particularly mucosotropic HPVs, also identified MusPV and all rodent PVs tested. Since there was one nucleotide mismatch between the My09/11 primer set and the MusPV template, a new primer set, MusPV-My09/11, was designed to specifically detect MusPV in latent infections and spontaneous MusPV-induced papillomas. Southern blot analysis verified the presence of full size PV DNA in infected tissues. Virus-like particles (VLPs), generated from MusPV L1 genes, provided a substrate for serological testing of naturally and experimentally infected mice. In summary, a series of diagnostic assays were developed and validated to detect MusPV infection in skin tumors and serological response in laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongho Joh
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center (JGBCC), USA
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26
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Rogovskyy AS, Baszler TV, Bradway DS, Bruning DL, Davitt CM, Evermann JF, Burk RD, Chen Z, Mansfield KG, Haldorson GJ. A novel papillomavirus isolated from proliferative skin lesions of a wild American beaver (Castor canadensis). J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:750-4. [PMID: 22649160 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712448654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous papillomatosis was diagnosed in an adult American beaver (Castor canadensis). Gross lesions included numerous exophytic, roughly circular, lightly pigmented lesions on hairless areas of fore and hind feet and the nose. The most significant histopathologic findings were multifocal papilliform hyperplasia of the superficial stratified squamous epithelium, with multifocal koilocytes, and multiple cells with large, darkly basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. A virus with properties consistent with papillomavirus (PV) was recovered by virus isolation of skin lesions, utilizing rabbit and feline kidney cell lines. The presence of the virus was confirmed by PV-specific polymerase chain reaction. The partial sequences of E1 and L1 genes did not closely match those of any PVs in GenBank, suggesting that this might be a new type of PV. Partial E1 and L1 nucleotide sequences of the beaver papillomavirus (hereafter, ARbeaver-PV1) were used to create a phylogenetic tree employing the complete E1 and L1 open reading frame nucleotide sequences of 68 PVs. The phylogenetic tree placed the ARbeaver-PV1 in a clade that included the Mupapillomavirus (HPV1 and HPV63) and Kappapapillomavirus (OcPV1 and SfPV1) genera. The present article confirms the papillomaviral etiology of cutaneous exophytic lesions in the beaver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem S Rogovskyy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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27
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Robles-Sikisaka R, Rivera R, Nollens HH, St Leger J, Durden WN, Stolen M, Burchell J, Wellehan JFX. Evidence of recombination and positive selection in cetacean papillomaviruses. Virology 2012; 427:189-97. [PMID: 22386054 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small DNA viruses that have been associated with increased epithelial proliferation. Over one hundred PV types have been identified in humans; however, only three have been identified in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to date. Using rolling circle amplification and degenerate PCR, we identified four novel PV genomes of bottlenose dolphins. TtPV4, TtPV5 and TtPV6 were identified in genital lesions while TtPV7 was identified in normal genital mucosa. Bayesian analysis of the full-length L1 genes found that TtPV4 and TtPV7 group within the Upsilonpapillomavirus genus while TtPV5 and TtPV6 group with Omikronpapillomavirus. However, analysis of the E1 gene did not distinguish these genera, implying that these genes may not share a common history, consistent with recombination. Recombination analyses identified several probable events. Signals of positive selection were found mostly in the E1 and E2 genes. Recombination and diversifying selection pressures constitute important driving forces of cetacean PV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, Center for Marine Veterinary Virology, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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28
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Rivera R, Robles-Sikisaka R, Hoffman EM, Stacy BA, Jensen ED, Nollens HH, Wellehan JFX. Characterization of a novel papillomavirus species (ZcPV1) from two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:257-66. [PMID: 22005176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A seven-year old California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) presented with focally extensive, bilaterally symmetric, proliferative axillary skin lesions and preputial lesions. A second California sea lion in the same population presented with similar proliferative lesions on the underside of the tail. Histopathology revealed epidermal hyperplasia with severe hyperkeratosis, with proliferating keratinocytes forming broad, branching pegs that extended into the dermis. Pan-papillomaviral consensus PCR was used to obtain initial E1 sequence template and the complete genome was determined using a combination of rolling circle amplification and specific-primer PCR. Analysis revealed a novel papillomavirus, Zalophus californianus papillomavirus 1 (ZcPV1), with seven open reading frames encoding five early proteins (E6, E7, E1, E2 and E4) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that (ZcPV1) is most closely related to Equine papillomavirus 1 (EcPV1) in the genus Zetapapillomavirus, and Canine papillomaviruses 3 and 4 (CPV3, CPV4) in the genus Chipapillomavirus. The lesions regressed without intervention over a period of several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rivera
- Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, Center for Marine Veterinary Virology, 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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29
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Modular organizations of novel cetacean papillomaviruses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 59:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Clinically healthy skin of dogs is a potential reservoir for canine papillomaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:707-9. [PMID: 21159938 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02047-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses have been linked to several skin disorders in the dog. In order to have a suitable diagnostic tool for canine papillomavirus detection, eight PCRs with published primer combinations were evaluated. The most sensitive PCR was used to demonstrate that papillomavirus DNA can be detected on nonlesional skin of dogs.
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31
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Wood CE, Tannehill-Gregg SH, Chen Z, Doorslaer KV, Nelson DR, Cline JM, Burk RD. Novel betapapillomavirus associated with hand and foot papillomas in a cynomolgus macaque. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:731-6. [PMID: 20921322 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810383875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Betapapillomavirus is a genus of papillomaviruses (PVs) commonly found in human skin and associated with both benign and malignant skin lesions. Only 2 previous beta-PVs have been fully characterized in nonhuman species. This report describes a novel beta-PV, named Macaca fascicularis PV type 2 (MfPV2), isolated from exophytic skin papillomas on the hands and feet of a 2-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (M. fascicularis). On histology the papillomas were composed of diffusely thickened epidermis with superficial foci of cytomegaly, cytoplasmic pallor, marginalized chromatin, and rare eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Positive immunostaining for p16 and the proliferation marker Ki67 was present multifocally within affected epidermis, most prominently within basal-type cells. Complete sequence identity (100%) was noted between PV genomes fully sequenced from hand and foot lesions. The MfPV2 genome was 7632 base pairs in length and included putative open reading frames (ORFs) for E1, E2, E4, E6, E7, L1, and L2 genes, similar to other PVs. The closest relatives to MfPV2 based on the L1 ORF sequence were all beta-PVs. These included human PV (HPV) 9, HPV115, HPV76, HPV75, and MfPV1 (60-70% pairwise identity for all), the latter of which was also isolated from hand and foot papillomas in a cynomolgus macaque. Phylogenetic analysis placed MfPV2 in a new species group (beta-6), distinct from HPVs (beta-1 to beta-5) and MfPV1 (beta-1). These findings characterize a new nonhuman beta-PV and provide additional support for the idea that tissue tropism among ancestral primate PVs developed prior to divergence of certain Old World primate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wood
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA.
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Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology 2010; 401:70-9. [PMID: 20206957 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1081] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We present an expansion of the classification of the family Papillomaviridae, which now contains 29 genera formed by 189 papillomavirus (PV) types isolated from humans (120 types), non-human mammals, birds and reptiles (64, 3 and 2 types, respectively). To accommodate the number of PV genera exceeding the Greek alphabet, the prefix "dyo" is used, continuing after the Omega-PVs with Dyodelta-PVs. The current set of human PVs is contained within five genera, whereas mammalian, avian and reptile PVs are contained within 20, 3 and 1 genera, respectively. We propose standardizations to the names of a number of animal PVs. As prerequisite for a coherent nomenclature of animal PVs, we propose founding a reference center for animal PVs. We discuss that based on emerging species concepts derived from genome sequences, PV types could be promoted to the taxonomic level of species, but we do not recommend implementing this change at the current time.
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Lange C, Tobler K, Markau T, Alhaidari Z, Bornand V, Stöckli R, Trüssel M, Ackermann M, Favrot C. Sequence and classification of FdPV2, a papillomavirus isolated from feline Bowenoid in situ carcinomas. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schulz E, Gottschling M, Bravo IG, Wittstatt U, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. Genomic characterization of the first insectivoran papillomavirus reveals an unusually long, second non-coding region and indicates a close relationship to Betapapillomavirus. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:626-633. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about biological diversity is the prerequisite to reliably reconstruct the evolution of pathogens such as papillomaviruses (PV). However, complete genomes of non-human PV have only been cloned and sequenced from 8 out of 18 orders within the Placentalia, although the host-specific variety of PV is considered much larger. We isolated and sequenced the complete genome of the first insectivoran PV type from hair follicle cells of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), designated EHPV. We conducted phylogenetic analyses (maximum-likelihood criterion and Bayesian inference) with the genomic information of a systematically representative set of 67 PV types including EHPV. As inferred from amino acid sequence data of the separate genes E1, E2 and L1 as well as of the gene combination E6–E7–E1–E2–L1, EHPV clustered within the β-γ-π-Ξ-PV supertaxon and constituted the closest relative of genus Betapapillomavirus infecting primates. Beside the typical organization of the PV genome, EHPV exhibited a 1172 bp, non-coding region between the E2 and the L2 open reading frames. This trait has been previously described for the only distantly related Lambdapapillomavirus, but a common evolutionary origin of both non-coding regions is unlikely. Our results underscore the modular organization of the PV genome and the complex natural history of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schulz
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department of Biology, Systematic Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ignacio G. Bravo
- Experimental Molecular Evolution, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhems Universität Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wittstatt
- Institute für Lebensmittel, Arzneimittel und Tierseuchen, Zentrum für Infektionsdiagnostik (ZID), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Nindl
- DKFZ – Charité, Viral Skin Carcinogenesis, Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Stevens H, Rector A, Van Der Kroght K, Van Ranst M. Isolation and cloning of two variant papillomaviruses from domestic pigs: Sus scrofa papillomaviruses type 1 variants a and b. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2475-2481. [PMID: 18796716 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/003186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy skin of two female domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) was sampled with cotton-tipped swabs. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to PCR with degenerate papillomavirus (PV)-specific primers. Similarity searches performed with blastn showed that partial E1 and L1 sequences of two novel PVs were amplified. Subsequently, the complete genomes of these Sus scrofa papillomaviruses (SsPVs) were amplified by long-template PCR, cloned and sequenced using a transposon insertion method. They contained the typical PV open reading frames (ORFs) E1, E2, E4, E6, L1 and L2, but the E7 ORF was absent in both viruses. Pairwise nucleotide sequence alignment of the L1 ORFs of the SsPVs showed 98.5 % similarity, classifying these viruses as SsPV type 1 'variants' (SsPV-1a and -1b). Based on a concatenated alignment of the E1, E2, L1 and L2 ORFs of SsPV-1 variants a and b, and 81 other human and animal PV type species, a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed. This phylogenetic analysis showed that the SsPV-1a and -1b variants did not cluster with the other PVs of artiodactyls (cloven-hoofed) host species, but clustered on the edge of the genus Alphapapillomavirus, very near to the root of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Stevens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kees Van Der Kroght
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Manire CA, Stacy BA, Kinsel MJ, Daniel HT, Anderson ET, Wellehan JFX. Proliferative dermatitis in a loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, and a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, associated with novel papillomaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:227-37. [PMID: 18328645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A subadult loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, presented with generalized small, white, raised lesions over its neck, shoulders, and all four flippers. A juvenile green turtle, Chelonia mydas, recently treated for fibropapillomatosis, presented with four similar localized lesions on one flipper. To diagnose the conditions, biopsies of the lesions were taken for histopathology, electron microscopy, and molecular diagnostics. Histopathologic findings were similar in the two turtles and skin lesions were characterized by multifocal areas of epidermal hyperplasia accompanied by variation and abnormalities in the nuclear morphology of keratinocytes and a few intranuclear inclusions in some cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed multiple epithelial cells with large intranuclear aggregates of virions consistent in morphology with papillomavirus. Papillomavirus was detected in samples from both turtles by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequence analysis of the partial sequence of the papillomavirus E1 gene revealed two viruses (CcPV and CmPV) that were distinct from each other and from other species in Papillomaviridae, and likely represent two novel species and perhaps a new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Manire
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
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37
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Novel papillomavirus isolates from Erinaceus europaeus (Erinaceidae, Insectivora) and the Cervidae (Artiodactyla), Cervus timorensis and Pudu puda, and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequence data. Virus Genes 2008; 36:281-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Hatama S, Nobumoto K, Kanno T. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of two novel bovine papillomaviruses, BPV-9 and BPV-10. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:158-163. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types, BPV-1–8, have been classified, based on genome nucleotide sequence similarities, in the genera Deltapapillomavirus (BPV-1 and -2), Epsilonpapillomavirus (BPV-5 and -8), Xipapillomavirus (BPV-3, -4 and -6) and an unassigned genus (BPV-7). We report here the complete genome sequence of two new BPV types isolated from separate epithelial squamous papilloma lesions on cattle teats. The genomes are 7303 and 7399 bp in length, respectively, and both have genetic organization and consensus motifs typical of papillomaviruses. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed that both viruses cluster with BPV-3, -4 and -6. Nucleotide sequence identities of the BPV L1 major capsid protein of these two new BPVs with BPV-3, their closest relative, are 74.2 and 71.2 %, respectively. These results suggest that both viruses are new BPV types in the genus Xipapillomavirus, and they are designated BPV-9 and BPV-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Nobumoto
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishi, Obihiro 089-1182, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
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Stevens H, Rector A, Bertelsen MF, Leifsson PS, Van Ranst M. Novel papillomavirus isolated from the oral mucosa of a polar bear does not cluster with other papillomaviruses of carnivores. Vet Microbiol 2007; 129:108-16. [PMID: 18215475 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Papillomatosis has been documented in several carnivores, and papillomavirus (PV) types have been characterized from lesions in a number of carnivore species: the canine oral PV (COPV), the Felis domesticus PV type 1 (FdPV-1) isolated from a Persian cat, the Procyon lotor PV type 1 (PlPV-1) isolated from a raccoon, the canine PV type 2 (CPV-2) from a dog's foot pad lesion and the canine PV type 3 (CPV-3) associated with a canine epidermodysplasia verruciformis - like disease. A tissue sample was taken from a papillomatous lesion on the oral mucosa of a polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Extracted DNA was used as a template for multiply primed rolling-circle amplification (RCA), and restriction enzyme analysis of the RCA product indicated the presence of papillomaviral DNA. The genome of this PV was cloned and the complete genomic sequence was determined. The Ursus maritimus PV type 1 (UmPV-1) genome counts 7582 basepairs and is smaller than that of other papillomaviruses from carnivore species. UmPV-1 contains the typical noncoding region NCR1, but unlike the carnivore PVs of the Lambda genus, UmPV-1 does not possess a second noncoding region NCR2. Phylogenetic analysis based on a nucleotide sequence alignment of the L1 ORF of UmPV-1 and 51 other PV types indicates that UmPV-1 does not cluster with any of the other carnivore PVs, but branches off near the root of the common branch of the genus Alphapapillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Stevens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Woolford L, Rector A, Van Ranst M, Ducki A, Bennett MD, Nicholls PK, Warren KS, Swan RA, Wilcox GE, O'Hara AJ. A novel virus detected in papillomas and carcinomas of the endangered western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) exhibits genomic features of both the Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae. J Virol 2007; 81:13280-90. [PMID: 17898069 PMCID: PMC2168837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01662-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation efforts to prevent the extinction of the endangered western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) are currently hindered by a progressively debilitating cutaneous and mucocutaneous papillomatosis and carcinomatosis syndrome observed in captive and wild populations. In this study, we detected a novel virus, designated the bandicoot papillomatosis carcinomatosis virus type 1 (BPCV1), in lesional tissue from affected western barred bandicoots using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification and PCR with the cutaneotropic papillomavirus primer pairs FAP59/FAP64 and AR-L1F8/AR-L1R9. Sequencing of the BPCV1 genome revealed a novel prototype virus exhibiting genomic properties of both the Papillomaviridae and the Polyomaviridae. Papillomaviral properties included a large genome size ( approximately 7.3 kb) and the presence of open reading frames (ORFs) encoding canonical L1 and L2 structural proteins. The genomic organization in which structural and nonstructural proteins were encoded on different strands of the double-stranded genome and the presence of ORFs encoding the nonstructural proteins large T and small t antigens were, on the other hand, typical polyomaviral features. BPCV1 may represent the first member of a novel virus family, descended from a common ancestor of the papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses recognized today. Alternatively, it may represent the product of ancient recombination between members of these two virus families. The discovery of this virus could have implications for the current taxonomic classification of Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae and can provide further insight into the evolution of these ancient virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Woolford
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
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41
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Rector A, Lemey P, Tachezy R, Mostmans S, Ghim SJ, Van Doorslaer K, Roelke M, Bush M, Montali RJ, Joslin J, Burk RD, Jenson AB, Sundberg JP, Shapiro B, Van Ranst M. Ancient papillomavirus-host co-speciation in Felidae. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R57. [PMID: 17430578 PMCID: PMC1896010 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary rate of feline papillomaviruses is inferred from the phylogenetic analysis of their hosts, providing evidence for long-term virus-host co-speciation Background Estimating evolutionary rates for slowly evolving viruses such as papillomaviruses (PVs) is not possible using fossil calibrations directly or sequences sampled over a time-scale of decades. An ability to correlate their divergence with a host species, however, can provide a means to estimate evolutionary rates for these viruses accurately. To determine whether such an approach is feasible, we sequenced complete feline PV genomes, previously available only for the domestic cat (Felis domesticus, FdPV1), from four additional, globally distributed feline species: Lynx rufus PV type 1, Puma concolor PV type 1, Panthera leo persica PV type 1, and Uncia uncia PV type 1. Results The feline PVs all belong to the Lambdapapillomavirus genus, and contain an unusual second noncoding region between the early and late protein region, which is only present in members of this genus. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the evolutionary relationships between feline PVs perfectly mirror those of their feline hosts, despite a complex and dynamic phylogeographic history. By applying host species divergence times, we provide the first precise estimates for the rate of evolution for each PV gene, with an overall evolutionary rate of 1.95 × 10-8 (95% confidence interval 1.32 × 10-8 to 2.47 × 10-8) nucleotide substitutions per site per year for the viral coding genome. Conclusion Our work provides evidence for long-term virus-host co-speciation of feline PVs, indicating that viral diversity in slowly evolving viruses can be used to investigate host species evolution. These findings, however, should not be extrapolated to other viral lineages without prior confirmation of virus-host co-divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ruth Tachezy
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice, 128 22 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Mostmans
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shin-Je Ghim
- The Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Melody Roelke
- Basic Research Program-SAIC Frederick-National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Mitchell Bush
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation and Research Center, Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | | | - Janis Joslin
- Phoenix Zoo, Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Robert D Burk
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alfred B Jenson
- The Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Main Street, Bar Harbor, MA 04609-1500, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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42
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Bravo IG, Alonso A. Phylogeny and evolution of papillomaviruses based on the E1 and E2 proteins. Virus Genes 2007; 34:249-62. [PMID: 16927128 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviridae are a family of small double-stranded DNA viruses that infect stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates. Members of this family are causative agents of malignant tumours, such as cervical cancer while others are associated with benign proliferative lesions. So far, Papillomaviruses (PVs) are classified according to the sequence identity in the capsid gene L1. However, evidence has accumulated indicating a discontinuity in the evolutionary history of the L1 and L2 genes of many PVs, giving rise to differences in the phylogenetic reconstructions of the early and of the late genes. Neither the oncogenes E5, E6 and E7 nor the upstream regulatory region are suitable for phylogenetic inference due to the poor conservation along the Papillomaviridae family. We have analysed here the evolutionary relationships of the PVs with respect to the E1 and E2 proteins, and the results provide both phylogeny and biologic behaviour of the viruses. The hierarchical taxonomic relationships can be structured as an alternative classification system in which mucosal high-risk viruses, mucosal low-risk viruses and viruses associated with cutaneous lesions are grouped separately and do not appear intermingled. Some important trends are also observed: first, evolution of the PVs has not been homogeneous, even in viruses that infect the same host, and second mucosal human PVs have evolved faster than their cutaneous counterparts. The evolutionary analysis based on the E1 and E2 proteins will allow us to better understand the generation of the diversity of the PVs and the development of malignancy associated with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio G Bravo
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (F050), Im Neuenheimer Feld-242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a group of ubiquitous viruses that are often found in normal skin of humans, as well as a range of different vertebrates. In this study, swab samples collected from the healthy skin of 225 Australian animals from 54 species were analysed for the presence of papillomavirus DNA with the general skin papillomavirus primer pair FAP59/FAP64. A total of five putative and potential new animal papillomavirus types were identified from three different animal species. The papillomaviruses were detected in one monotreme and two marsupial species: three from koalas, and one each from an Eastern grey kangaroo and an echidna. The papillomavirus prevalence in the three species was 14 % (10/72) in koalas, 20 % (1/5) in echidnas and 4 % (1/23) in Eastern grey kangaroos. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the putative koala papillomavirus type that could be cloned and it appears in the phylogenetic tree as a novel putative papillomavirus genus. The data extend the range of species infected by papillomaviruses to the most primitive mammals: the monotremes and the marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Antonsson
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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44
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Rector A, Mostmans S, Van Doorslaer K, McKnight CA, Maes RK, Wise AG, Kiupel M, Van Ranst M. Genetic characterization of the first chiropteran papillomavirus, isolated from a basosquamous carcinoma in an Egyptian fruit bat: the Rousettus aegyptiacus papillomavirus type 1. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117:267-75. [PMID: 16854536 PMCID: PMC7127635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete genomic DNA of a novel papillomavirus (PV) was isolated from a basosquamous carcinoma on the wing of an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Initial short sequences of the E1 and L1 genes of this virus were retrieved by PCR with degenerate papillomavirus-specific primers, and the entire R. aegyptiacus papillomavirus type 1 (RaPV-1) DNA was then amplified by long template PCR, cloned and sequenced with a transposon insertion method. The RaPV-1 genome counts 7970 basepairs and contains the typical papillomavirus open reading frames (ORF) (E1, E2, E4, E6, E7, L1 and L2). Based on a concatenated alignment of the E1, E2, L1 and L2 open reading frames of RaPV-1 and 46 other human and animal papillomavirus type species, a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed. This phylogenetic analysis shows that RaPV-1 has a close-to-root position in the papillomavirus evolutionary tree. Since RaPV-1 is only distantly related to other papillomaviruses (with maximally 50% nucleotide sequence identity across the L1 open reading frame), it cannot be assigned to one of the existing papillomavirus genera and therefore represents the first member of a novel, as yet unnamed, close-to-root papillomavirus genus. This is the first time a papillomavirus has been isolated and characterized from a member of the Chiroptera order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, Belgium.
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