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Rijnink WF, Stadlbauer D, Puente-Massaguer E, Okba NMA, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Strohmeier S, Mudd PA, Schmitz A, Ellebedy A, McMahon M, Krammer F. Characterization of non-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that target the M1 and NP of influenza A viruses. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164622. [PMID: 37916834 PMCID: PMC10688359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, many groups are focusing on isolating both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies to the mutation-prone hemagglutinin as a tool to treat or prevent influenza virus infection. Less is known about the level of protection induced by non-neutralizing antibodies that target conserved internal influenza virus proteins. Such non-neutralizing antibodies could provide an alternative pathway to induce broad cross-reactive protection against multiple influenza virus serotypes and subtypes by partially overcoming influenza virus escape mediated by antigenic drift and shift. Accordingly, more information about the level of protection and potential mechanism(s) of action of non-neutralizing antibodies targeting internal influenza virus proteins could be useful for the design of broadly protective and universal influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ericka Kirkpatrick Roubidoux
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Schmitz
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Ellebedy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Sircy LM, Ramstead AG, Joshi H, Baessler A, Mena I, García-Sastre A, Williams MA, Scott Hale J. Generation of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells by heterologous immunization enhances the magnitude of the germinal center response upon influenza infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555253. [PMID: 37693425 PMCID: PMC10491174 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccine strategies have yet to overcome significant obstacles, including rapid antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses, in generating efficacious long-term humoral immunity. Due to the necessity of germinal center formation in generating long-lived high affinity antibodies, the germinal center has increasingly become a target for the development of novel or improvement of less-efficacious vaccines. However, there remains a major gap in current influenza research to effectively target T follicular helper cells during vaccination to alter the germinal center reaction. In this study, we used a heterologous infection or immunization priming strategy to seed an antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cell pool prior to influenza infection in mice to evaluate the effect of recalled memory T follicular helper cells in increased help to influenza-specific primary B cells and enhanced generation of neutralizing antibodies. We found that heterologous priming with intranasal infection with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or intramuscular immunization with adjuvanted recombinant LCMV glycoprotein induced increased antigen-specific effector CD4+ T and B cellular responses following infection with a recombinant influenza strain that expresses LCMV glycoprotein. Heterologously primed mice had increased expansion of secondary Th1 and Tfh cell subsets, including increased CD4+ TRM cells in the lung. However, the early enhancement of the germinal center cellular response following influenza infection did not impact influenza-specific antibody generation or B cell repertoires compared to primary influenza infection. Overall, our study suggests that while heterologous infection/immunization priming of CD4+ T cells is able to enhance the early germinal center reaction, further studies to understand how to target the germinal center and CD4+ T cells specifically to increase long-lived antiviral humoral immunity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Sircy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Ramstead
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hemant Joshi
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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3
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Antiviral Activities of Compounds Isolated from Pinus densiflora (Pine Tree) against the Influenza A Virus. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050711. [PMID: 32375402 PMCID: PMC7278015 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus densiflora was screened in an ongoing project to discover anti-influenza candidates from natural products. An extensive phytochemical investigation provided 26 compounds, including two new megastigmane glycosides (1 and 2), 21 diterpenoids (3–23), and three flavonoids (24–26). The chemical structures were elucidated by a series of chemical reactions, including modified Mosher’s analysis and various spectroscopic measurements such as LC/MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR. The anti-influenza A activities of all isolates were screened by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assays and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assays. Ten candidates were selected, and detailed mechanistic studies were performed by various assays, such as Western blot, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Compound 5 exerted its antiviral activity not by direct neutralizing virion surface proteins, such as HA, but by inhibiting the expression of viral mRNA. In contrast, compound 24 showed NA inhibitory activity in a noncompetitive manner with little effect on viral mRNA expression. Interestingly, both compounds 5 and 24 were shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results provide not only the chemical profiling of P. densiflora but also anti-influenza A candidates.
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4
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Hutchinson GB, Boyington JC, Moin SM, Gillespie RA, Tsybovsky Y, Stephens T, Vaile JR, Lederhofer J, Corbett KS, Fisher BE, Yassine HM, Andrews SF, Crank MC, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Kanekiyo M. Glycan repositioning of influenza hemagglutinin stem facilitates the elicitation of protective cross-group antibody responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32034141 PMCID: PMC7005838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem has been a focus of universal influenza vaccine efforts. Influenza A group 1 HA stem-nanoparticles have been demonstrated to confer heterosubtypic protection in animals; however, the protection does not extend to group 2 viruses, due in part to differences in glycosylation between group 1 and 2 stems. Here, we show that introducing the group 2 glycan at Asn38HA1 to a group 1 stem-nanoparticle (gN38 variant) based on A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) broadens antibody responses to cross-react with group 2 HAs. Immunoglobulins elicited by the gN38 variant provide complete protection against group 2 H7N9 virus infection, while the variant loses protection against a group 1 H5N1 virus. The N38HA1 glycan thus is pivotal in directing antibody responses by controlling access to group-determining stem epitopes. Precise targeting of stem-directed antibody responses to the site of vulnerability by glycan repositioning may be a step towards achieving cross-group influenza protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Geoffrey B Hutchinson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Syed M Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, ATRF, 8560 Progressive Drive, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, ATRF, 8560 Progressive Drive, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - John R Vaile
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia Lederhofer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, New Research Complex Zone 5, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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5
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Najar TA, Kar U, Flynn JA, Varadarajan R. Isolation of an in Vitro Affinity-Matured, Thermostable “Headless” HA Stem Fragment That Binds Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies with High Affinity. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3817-3829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ahmad Najar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Uddipan Kar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Jessica A. Flynn
- ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States
| | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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6
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Ibañez LI, Caldevilla CA, Paredes Rojas Y, Mattion N. Genetic and subunit vaccines based on the stem domain of the equine influenza hemagglutinin provide homosubtypic protection against heterologous strains. Vaccine 2018; 36:1592-1598. [PMID: 29454522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
H3N8 influenza virus strains have been associated with infectious disease in equine populations throughout the world. Although current vaccines for equine influenza stimulate a protective humoral immune response against the surface glycoproteins, disease in vaccinated horses has been frequently reported, probably due to poor induction of cross-reactive antibodies against non-matching strains. This work describes the performance of a recombinant protein vaccine expressed in prokaryotic cells (ΔHAp) and of a genetic vaccine (ΔHAe), both based on the conserved stem region of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) derived from A/equine/Argentina/1/93 (H3N8) virus. Sera from mice inoculated with these immunogens in different combinations and regimes presented reactivity in vitro against highly divergent influenza virus strains belonging to phylogenetic groups 1 and 2 (H1 and H3 subtypes, respectively), and conferred robust protection against a lethal challenge with both the homologous equine strain (100%) and the homosubtypic human strain A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) (70-100%). Animals vaccinated with the same antigens but challenged with the human strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), belonging to the phylogenetic group 1, were not protected (0-33%). Combination of protein and DNA immunogens showed higher reactivity to non-homologous strains than protein alone, although all vaccines were permissive for lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Itatí Ibañez
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cecilia Andrea Caldevilla
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yesica Paredes Rojas
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nora Mattion
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Paungpin W, Wiriyarat W, Chaichoun K, Tiyanun E, Sangkachai N, Changsom D, Poltep K, Ratanakorn P, Puthavathana P. Serosurveillance for pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in domestic elephants, Thailand. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186962. [PMID: 29073255 PMCID: PMC5658122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study conducted serosurveillance for the presence of antibody to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1pdm virus) in archival serum samples collected between 2009 and 2013 from 317 domestic elephants living in 19 provinces situated in various parts of Thailand. To obtain the most accurate data, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay was employed as the screening test; and sera with HI antibody titers ≥20 were further confirmed by other methods, including cytopathic effect/hemagglutination based-microneutralization (microNT) and Western blot (WB) assays using H1N1pdm matrix 1 (M1) or hemagglutinin (HA) recombinant protein as the test antigen. Conclusively, the appropriate assays using HI in conjunction with WB assays for HA antibody revealed an overall seropositive rate of 8.5% (27 of 317). The prevalence of antibody to H1N1pdm virus was 2% (4/172) in 2009, 32% (17/53) in 2010, 9% (2/22) in 2011, 12% (1/8) in 2012, and 5% (3/62) in 2013. Notably, these positive serum samples were collected from elephants living in 7 tourist provinces of Thailand. The highest seropositive rate was obtained from elephants in Phuket, a popular tourist beach city. Young elephants had higher seropositive rate than older elephants. The source of H1N1pdm viral infection in these elephants was not explored, but most likely came from close contact with the infected mahouts or from the infected tourists who engaged in activities such as elephant riding and feeding. Nevertheless, it could not be excluded that elephant-to-elephant transmission did occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weena Paungpin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kridsada Chaichoun
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ekasit Tiyanun
- One Health Animal Clinic, Mahidol University Nakhon Sawan Campus, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Sangkachai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Don Changsom
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanaporn Poltep
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Disease, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Cho J, Yi H, Jang EY, Lee MS, Lee JY, Kang C, Lee CH, Kim K. Mycophenolic mofetil, an alternative antiviral and immunomodulator for the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:298-304. [PMID: 29017920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus results in a high incidence of mortality in humans. Severe complications from infection are often associated with hypercytokinemia. However, current neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have several limitations including the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 virus and the inability to completely ameliorate hyper-immune responses. To overcome these limitations, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) against A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus infection using MDCK cells and mice. The IC50 of MMF (0.94 μM) was comparable to that of zanamivir (0.87 μM) in H5N1 virus-infected MDCK cells based on ELISA. Time-course assays demonstrated that MMF completely inhibited H5N1 viral mRNA replication and protein expression for approximately 8 h after the initiation of treatment. In addition, MMF treatment protected 100% of mice, and lung viral titers were substantially reduced. The anti-viral mechanism of MMF against H5N1 virus infection was further confirmed to depend on the inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by exogenous guanosine, which inhibits viral mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, IL-1β, IFN-β, IL-6, and IP-10 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in MDCK cells with MMF treatment. These results indicated that MMF could represent a novel inhibitor of viral replication and a potent immunomodulator for the treatment of H5N1 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Cho
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Yi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Technology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Hollý J, Fogelová M, Jakubcová L, Tomčíková K, Vozárová M, Varečková E, Kostolanský F. Comparison of infectious influenza A virus quantification methods employing immuno-staining. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:107-113. [PMID: 28610903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by highly variable influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose perpetual threat to humans as well as to animals. Their surveillance requires reliable methods for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The most frequently utilized quantification method is the titration by plaque assay or 50% tissue culture infectious dose estimation by TCID50. However, both methods are time-consuming. Moreover, some IAV strains form hardly visible plaques, and the evaluation of TCID50 is subjective. Employment of immuno-staining into the classic protocols for plaque assay or TCID50 assay enables to avoid these problems and moreover, shorten the time needed for reliable infectious virus quantification. Results obtained by these two alternatives of classic virus titration methods were compared to the newer rapid culture assay (RCA), where titration endpoint of infectious virus was estimated microscopically based on the immuno-staining of infected cells. In our analysis of compared methods, five different IAV strains of H1, H3 and H5 subtypes were used and results were statistically evaluated. We conclude that the RCA proved to be at least as reliable in assessment of infectious viral titer as plaque assay and TCID50, considering the employed immuno-staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hollý
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Margaréta Fogelová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Jakubcová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karolína Tomčíková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Vozárová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Varečková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - František Kostolanský
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Department of Orthomyxoviruses, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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10
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Krammer F. Strategies to induce broadly protective antibody responses to viral glycoproteins. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:503-513. [PMID: 28277797 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1299576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, several universal/broadly protective influenza virus vaccine candidates are under development. Many of these vaccines are based on strategies to induce protective antibody responses against the surface glycoproteins of antigenically and genetically diverse influenza viruses. These strategies might also be applicable to surface glycoproteins of a broad range of other important viral pathogens. Areas covered: Common strategies include sequential vaccination with divergent antigens, multivalent approaches, vaccination with glycan-modified antigens, vaccination with minimal antigens and vaccination with antigens that have centralized/optimized sequences. Here we review these strategies and the underlying concepts. Furthermore, challenges, feasibility and applicability to other viral pathogens are discussed. Expert commentary: Several broadly protective/universal influenza virus vaccine strategies will be tested in humans in the coming years. If successful in terms of safety and immunological readouts, they will move forward into efficacy trials. In the meantime, successful vaccine strategies might also be applied to other antigenically diverse viruses of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krammer
- a Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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11
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Rattan A, Pawar SD, Nawadkar R, Kulkarni N, Lal G, Mullick J, Sahu A. Synergy between the classical and alternative pathways of complement is essential for conferring effective protection against the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006248. [PMID: 28301559 PMCID: PMC5354441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide thus necessitating the need to understand the host factors that influence its control. Previously, the complement system has been shown to provide protection during the seasonal influenza virus infection, however, the role of individual complement pathways is not yet clear. Here, we have dissected the role of intact complement as well as of its individual activation pathways during the pandemic influenza virus infection using mouse strains deficient in various complement components. We show that the virus infection in C3-/- mice results in increased viral load and 100% mortality, which can be reversed by adoptive transfer of naïve wild-type (WT) splenocytes, purified splenic B cells, or passive transfer of immune sera from WT, but not C3-/- mice. Blocking of C3a and/or C5a receptor signaling in WT mice using receptor antagonists and use of C3aR-/- and C5aR-/- mice showed significant mortality after blocking/ablation of C3aR, with little or no effect after blocking/ablation of C5aR. Intriguingly, deficiency of C4 and FB in mice resulted in only partial mortality (24%-32%) suggesting a necessary cross-talk between the classical/lectin and alternative pathways for providing effective protection. In vitro virus neutralization experiments performed to probe the cross-talk between the various pathways indicated that activation of the classical and alternative pathways in concert, owing to coating of viral surface by antibodies, is needed for its efficient neutralization. Examination of the virus-specific complement-binding antibodies in virus positive subjects showed that their levels vary among individuals. Together these results indicate that cooperation between the classical and alternative pathways not only result in efficient direct neutralization of the pandemic influenza virus, but also lead to the optimum generation of C3a, which when sensed by the immune cells along with the antigen culminates in generation of effective protective immune responses. The pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus is now circulating seasonally and causing a significant disease burden worldwide. Hence, it is important to delineate the immune components required for protection against its infection. Here we demonstrate that presence of intact complement is essential for clearing the pandemic influenza virus infection, wherein complement synthesized by B cells plays a major role. Further, we show that activation of the classical as well as alternative pathways is a requisite for efficient neutralization of the virus as well as the optimum generation of C3a, which is necessary for boosting the protective immune responses. Our results thus reveal that deficiencies of components of the classical and alternative pathways enhance the susceptibility to and severity of the pandemic influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitanuj Rattan
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Shailesh D. Pawar
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Neeraja Kulkarni
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
- * E-mail:
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12
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Chowdhury MYE, Kim TH, Uddin MB, Kim JH, Hewawaduge CY, Ferdowshi Z, Sung MH, Kim CJ, Lee JS. Mucosal vaccination of conserved sM2, HA2 and cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) fusion protein with poly gamma-glutamate/chitosan nanoparticles (PC NPs) induces protection against divergent influenza subtypes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:240-251. [PMID: 28284616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine that broad cross protection against seasonal or emerging influenza A viruses, we generated a mucosal influenza vaccine system combining the highly conserved matrix protein-2 (sM2), fusion peptide of hemagglutinin (HA2), the well-known mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-chitosan nanoparticles (PC NPs), which are safe, natural materials that are able to target the mucosal membrane as a mucosal adjuvant. The mucosal administration of sM2HA2CTA1/PC NPs could induce a high degree of systemic immunity (IgG and IgA) at the site of inoculation as well as at remote locations and also significantly increase the levels of sM2- or HA2-specific cell-mediated immune response. In challenge tests in BALB/c mice with 10 MLD50 of A/EM/Korea/W149/06(H5N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005(H5N2), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W44/2005 (H7N3) or A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004(H9N2) viruses, the recombinant sM2HA2CTA1/PC NPs provided cross protection against divergent lethal influenza subtypes and also the protection was maintained up to six months after vaccination. Thus, sM2HA2CTA1/PC NPs could be a promising strategy for a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y E Chowdhury
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet -3100, Bangladesh
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - C Y Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zannatul Ferdowshi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Arévalo MT, Li J, Diaz-Arévalo D, Chen Y, Navarro A, Wu L, Yan Y, Zeng M. A dual purpose universal influenza vaccine candidate confers protective immunity against anthrax. Immunology 2016; 150:276-289. [PMID: 27775159 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive influenza vaccines must be reformulated annually because of antigen shift and drift of circulating influenza viral strains. However, seasonal vaccines do not always match the circulating strains, and there is the ever-present threat that avian influenza viruses may adapt to humans. Hence, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide protective immunity against a broad range of influenza viruses. We designed an influenza antigen consisting of three tandem M2e repeats plus HA2, in combination with a detoxified anthrax oedema toxin delivery system (EFn plus PA) to enhance immune responses. The EFn-3×M2e-HA2 plus PA vaccine formulation elicited robust, antigen-specific, IgG responses; and was protective against heterologous influenza viral challenge when intranasally delivered to mice three times. Moreover, use of the detoxified anthrax toxin system as an adjuvant had the additional benefit of generating protective immunity against anthrax. Hence, this novel vaccine strategy could potentially address two major emerging public health and biodefence threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Junwei Li
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Diana Diaz-Arévalo
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Navarro
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Lihong Wu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyong Yan
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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14
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An avian influenza H5N1 virus vaccine candidate based on the extracellular domain produced in yeast system as subviral particles protects chickens from lethal challenge. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:242-9. [PMID: 27498036 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an on-going problem in poultry and a potential human pandemic threat. Pandemics occur suddenly and vaccine production must be fast and effective to be of value in controlling the spread of the virus. In this study we evaluated the potential of a recombinant protein from the extracellular domain of an H5 hemagglutinin protein produced in a yeast expression system to act as an effective vaccine. Protein production was efficient, with up to 200 mg purified from 1 L of culture medium. We showed that the deletion of the multibasic cleavage site from the protein improves oligomerization and, consequentially, its immunogenicity. We also showed that immunization with this deleted protein protected chickens from challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Our results suggest that this recombinant protein produced in yeast may be an effective vaccine against H5N1 virus in poultry.
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15
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Freidl GS, van den Ham HJ, Boni MF, de Bruin E, Koopmans MPG. Changes in heterosubtypic antibody responses during the first year of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20385. [PMID: 26853924 PMCID: PMC4745054 DOI: 10.1038/srep20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seropositivity to avian influenza (AI) via low-level antibody titers has been reported in the general population and poultry-exposed individuals, raising the question whether these findings reflect true infection with AI or cross-reactivity. Here we investigated serological profiles against human and avian influenza viruses in the general population using a protein microarray platform. We hypothesized that higher antibody diversity across recent H1 and H3 influenza viruses would be associated with heterosubtypic reactivity to older pandemic- and AI viruses. We found significant heterogeneity in antibody profiles. Increased antibody diversity to seasonal influenza viruses was associated with low-level heterosubtypic antibodies to H9 and H7, but not to H5 AI virus. Individuals exposed to the recent 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic showed higher heterosubtypic reactivity. We show that there is a complex interplay between prior exposures to seasonal and recent pandemic influenza viruses and the development of heterosubtypic antibody reactivity to animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun S Freidl
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Virology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maciej F Boni
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Virology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Virology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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16
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Mucosally administered Lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sM2 and HA2) with cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) Induce broadly protective immune responses against divergent influenza subtypes. Vet Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection against existing and unforeseen influenza viruses is a critical challenge. In this study, we constructed and expressed conserved sM2 and HA2 influenza antigens with cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) on the surface of Lactobacillus casei (pgsA-CTA1sM2HA2/L. casei). Oral and nasal administrations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and their isotypes (IgG1 & IgG2a) as well as mucosal IgA. The mucosal administration of pgsA-CTA1sM2HA2/L. casei may also significantly increase the levels of sM2- or HA2-specific cell-mediated immunity because increased release of both IFN-γ and IL-4 was observed. The recombinant pgsA-CTA1sM2HA2/L. casei provided better protection of BALB/c mice against 10 times the 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD50) of homologous A/EM/Korea/W149/06(H5N1) or A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2) and heterologous A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1), or A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004(H9N2) or A/Philippines/2/08(H3N2) viruses, compared with L. casei harboring sM2HA2 and also the protection was maintained up to seven months after administration. These results indicate that recombinant L. casei expressing the highly conserved sM2, HA2 of influenza and CTA1 as a mucosal adjuvant could be a potential mucosal vaccine candidate or tool to protect against divergent influenza viruses for human and animal.
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17
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Development of broadly reactive H5N1 vaccine against different Egyptian H5N1 viruses. Vaccine 2015; 33:2670-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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To KKW, Zhang AJX, Chan ASF, Li C, Cai JP, Lau CCY, Li CG, Jahan AS, Wu WL, Li L, Tsang AKL, Chan KH, Chen H, Yuen KY. Recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinin HA2 subunit protects mice against influenza A(H7N9) virus infection. Arch Virol 2015; 160:777-86. [PMID: 25616843 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has emerged to infect humans in eastern China since 2013. An effective vaccine is needed because of the high mortality despite antiviral treatment and intensive care. We sought to develop an effective vaccine for A(H7N9) virus. The HA2 subunit was chosen as the vaccine antigen because it is highly conserved among the human A(H7N9) virus strains. Moreover, in silico analysis predicted two immunogenic regions within the HA2 subunit that may contain potential human B-cell epitopes. The HA2 fragment was readily expressed in Escherichia coli. In BALB/c mice, intraperitoneal immunization with two doses of HA2 with imiquimod (2-dose-imiquimod) elicited the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-HA2 IgG (12699), which was greater than that of two doses of HA2 without imiquimod (2-dose-no-adjuvant) (6350), one dose of HA2 with imiquimod (1-dose-imiquimod) (2000) and one dose of HA2 without imiquimod (1-dose-no-adjuvant) (794). The titer of anti-HA2 IgG was significantly higher in the 1-dose-imiquimod group than the 1-dose-no-adjuvant group. Although both hemagglutination inhibition titers and microneutralization titers were below 10, serum from immunized mice showed neutralizing activity in a fluorescent focus microneutralization assay. In a viral challenge experiment, the 2-dose-imiquimod group had the best survival rate (100 %), followed by the 2-dose-no-adjuvant group (90 %), the 1-dose-imiquimod group (70 %) and the 1-dose-no-adjuvant group (40 %). The 2-dose-imiquimod group also had significantly lower mean pulmonary viral loads than the 1-dose-imiquimod, 1-dose-no-adjuvant and non-immunized groups. This recombinant A(H7N9)-HA2 vaccine should be investigated as a complement to egg- or cell-based live attenuated or subunit influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Aminoquinolines/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Imiquimod
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Gauger PC, Loving CL, Khurana S, Lorusso A, Perez DR, Kehrli ME, Roth JA, Golding H, Vincent AL. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine protects against A(H1N1)pdm09 heterologous challenge without vaccine associated enhanced respiratory disease. Virology 2014; 471-473:93-104. [PMID: 25461535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines may provide cross-protection against contemporary influenza A virus (IAV) in swine. Conversely, whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines have the potential risk of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) when challenged with IAV of substantial antigenic drift. A temperature sensitive, intranasal H1N2 LAIV was compared to wild type exposure (WT) and an intramuscular WIV vaccine in a model shown to induce VAERD. WIV vaccinated swine challenged with pandemic A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) were not protected from infection and demonstrated severe respiratory disease consistent with VAERD. Lung lesions were mild and challenge virus was not detected in the respiratory tract of LAIV vaccinates. High levels of post-vaccination IgG serum antibodies targeting the H1N1pdm09 HA2 stalk domain were exclusively detected in the WIV group and associated with increased H1N1pdm09 virus infectivity in MDCK cells. In contrast, infection-enhancing antibodies were not detected in the serum of LAIV vaccinates and VAERD was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Gauger
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Crystal L Loving
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Marcus E Kehrli
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - James A Roth
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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20
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A nonfusogenic antigen mimic of influenza hemagglutinin glycoproteins constituted with soluble full-length HA1 and truncated HA2 proteins expressed in E. coli. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 57:128-37. [PMID: 25288022 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel method is proposed to produce a soluble recombinant antigen mimic, constituted with full-length HA1 and truncated HA2 individually expressed in E. coli, instead of a precursor form of hemagglutinin protein, that is similar to the naturally processed and disulfide-linked HA1/HA2 on the envelope of the influenza A virus strain X-31 (H3N2). A truncated ectodomain of HA2 subunit, HA2(23-185)/C137S, lacked two membrane-interacting sequences, i.e., the N-terminal fusion peptide as well as the transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic segment at the C terminus. A recombinant HA1 (rHA1) subunit protein, HA1(1-328)/C14S/L157S, lacked the signal peptide. Mutations C137S and C14S in the HA2 and HA1 subunits, respectively, were introduced to prevent any possible disulfide linkage between the two subunit proteins. The rHA antigen mimic would be nonfusogenic mainly due to the absence of the N-terminal fusion peptide as well as the C-terminal transmembrane domain in the truncated HA2, and eventually less cytotoxic as well. Antibody responses induced by two soluble rHA antigens were evaluated by ELISA assays to detect rHA antigens injected and to validate both anti-HA1 and anti-HA2 antibodies produced in the mice sera. Antigenic rHA proteins also elicited neutralizing antibodies against homologous H3N2 influenza virus in the immunized mice, without severe body weight loss or any other adverse symptoms.
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21
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Protective immunity based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain and its prospects for universal influenza vaccine development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:546274. [PMID: 24982895 PMCID: PMC4055638 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is an excellent and chief target that elicits neutralizing antibodies during vaccination or natural infection. Its HA2 subunit (stem domain) is most conserved as compared to HA1 subunit (globular head domain). Current influenza vaccine relies on globular head domain that provides protection only against the homologous vaccine strains, rarely provides cross-protection against divergent strains, and needs to be updated annually. There is an urge for a truly universal vaccine that provides broad cross-protection against different subtype influenza A viruses along with influenza B viruses and need not be updated annually. Antibodies against the stem domain of hemagglutinin (HA) are able to neutralize a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains and subtypes. These stem-specific antibodies have great potential for the development of universal vaccine against influenza viruses. In this review, we have discussed the stem-specific cross-reactive antibodies and heterosubtypic protection provided by them. We have also discussed their epitope-based DNA vaccine and their future prospects in this scenario.
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22
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Li J, Arévalo MT, Chen Y, Posadas O, Smith JA, Zeng M. Intranasal immunization with influenza antigens conjugated with cholera toxin subunit B stimulates broad spectrum immunity against influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1211-20. [PMID: 24632749 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent mutation of influenza viruses keep vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations vulnerable to new infections, causing serious burdens to public health and the economy. Vaccination with universal influenza vaccines would be the best way to effectively protect people from infection caused by mismatched or unforeseen influenza viruses. Presently, there is no FDA approved universal influenza vaccine. In this study, we expressed and purified a fusion protein comprising of influenza matrix 2 protein ectodomain peptides, a centralized influenza hemagglutinin stem region, and cholera toxin subunit B. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with this novel artificial antigen resulted in potent humoral immune responses, including induction of specific IgA and IgG, and broad protection against infection by multiple influenza viruses. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that when used as a mucosal antigen, cholera toxin subunit B improved antigen-stimulated T cell and memory B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Olivia Posadas
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Jacob A Smith
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
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23
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The highly conserved HA2 protein of the influenza a virus induces a cross protective immune response. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:280-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based antibodies and vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:521-30. [PMID: 23978327 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the conserved stalk domain of the hemagglutinin are currently being discussed as promising therapeutic tools against influenza virus infections. Because of the conservation of the stalk domain these antibodies are able to broadly neutralize a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains and subtypes. Broadly protective vaccine candidates based on the epitopes of these antibodies, for example, chimeric and headless hemagglutinin structures, are currently under development and show promising results in animals models. These candidates could be developed into universal influenza virus vaccines that protect from infection with drifted seasonal as well as novel pandemic influenza virus strains therefore obviating the need for annual vaccination, and enhancing our pandemic preparedness.
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Mallajosyula VVA, Citron M, Lu X, Meulen JT, Varadarajan R, Liang X. In vitro
and in vivo
characterization of designed immunogens derived from the CD-helix of the stem of influenza hemagglutinin. Proteins 2013; 81:1759-75. [PMID: 23625724 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Citron
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Xianghan Lu
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Jan ter Meulen
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
| | | | - Xiaoping Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
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26
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Staneková Z, Adkins I, Kosová M, Janulíková J, Sebo P, Varečková E. Heterosubtypic protection against influenza A induced by adenylate cyclase toxoids delivering conserved HA2 subunit of hemagglutinin. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:24-35. [PMID: 23036818 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of currently available influenza vaccines is restricted to vaccine strains and their close antigenic variants. A new strategy to obtain cross-protection against influenza is based on conserved antigens of influenza A viruses (IAV), which are able to elicit a protective immune response. Here we describe a vaccination approach involving the conserved stem part of hemagglutinin, the HA2 subunit, shared by different HA subtypes of IAV. To increase its immunogenicity, a novel strategy of antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells (APCs) has been used. The HA2 segment (residues 23-185) was inserted into a genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxoid (CyaA-E5) which specifically targets and penetrates CD11b-expressing dendritic cells. The CyaA-E5-HA2 toxoid induced HA2(93-102), HA2(96-104) and HA2(170-178)-specific and Th1 polarized T-cell responses, and also elicited strong broadly cross-reactive HA2-specific antibody response. BALB/c mice immunized with three doses of purified CyaA-E5-HA2 without any adjuvant recovered from influenza infection 2days earlier than the control mock-immunized mice. More importantly, immunized mice were protected against a lethal challenge with 2LD(50) dose of a homologous virus (H3 subtype), as well as against the infection with a heterologous (H7 subtype) influenza A virus. This is the first report on heterosubtypic protection against influenza A infection mediated by an HA2-based vaccine that can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses without the need of adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Staneková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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27
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Wu CY, Yeh YC, Chan JT, Yang YC, Yang JR, Liu MT, Wu HS, Hsiao PW. A VLP vaccine induces broad-spectrum cross-protective antibody immunity against H5N1 and H1N1 subtypes of influenza A virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42363. [PMID: 22879951 PMCID: PMC3413679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent threats of influenza epidemics and pandemics have prioritized the development of a universal vaccine that offers protection against a wider variety of influenza infections. Here, we demonstrate a genetically modified virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, referred to as H5M2eN1-VLP, that increased the antigenic content of NA and induced rapid recall of antibody against HA2 after viral infection. As a result, H5M2eN1-VLP vaccination elicited a broad humoral immune response against multiple viral proteins and caused significant protection against homologous RG-14 (H5N1) and heterologous A/California/07/2009 H1N1 (CA/07) and A/PR/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) viral lethal challenges. Moreover, the N1-VLP (lacking HA) induced production of a strong NA antibody that also conferred significant cross protection against H5N1 and heterologous CA/07 but not PR8, suggesting the protection against N1-serotyped viruses can be extended from avian-origin to CA/07 strain isolated in humans, but not to evolutionally distant strains of human-derived. By comparative vaccine study of an HA-based VLP (H5N1-VLP) and NA-based VLPs, we found that H5N1-VLP vaccination induced specific and strong protective antibodies against the HA1 subunit of H5, thus restricting the breadth of cross-protection. In summary, we present a feasible example of direction of VLP vaccine immunity toward NA and HA2, which resulted in cross protection against both seasonal and pandemic influenza strains, that could form the basis for future design of a better universal vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Cross Protection/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Wu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chih Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Rong Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Košík I, Krejnusová I, Práznovská M, Poláková K, Russ G. A DNA vaccine expressing PB1 protein of influenza A virus protects mice against virus infection. Arch Virol 2012; 157:811-7. [PMID: 22294447 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although influenza DNA vaccine research has focused mainly on viral hemagglutinin and has led to promising results, other virion proteins have also shown some protective potential. In this work, we explored the potential of a DNA vaccine based on the PB1 protein to protect BALB/c mice against lethal influenza A virus infection. The DNA vaccine consisted of pTriEx4 plasmid expressing PB1. As a positive control, a pTriEx4 plasmid expressing influenza A virus HA was used. Two weeks after three subcutaneous doses of DNA vaccine, the mice were challenged intranasally with 1 LD50 of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virus, and PB1- and HA-specific antibodies, survival rate, body weight change, viral mRNA load, infectious virus titer in the lungs, cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10, and granzyme-B were measured. The results showed that (i) the PB1-expressing DNA vaccine provided a fair protective immunity in the mouse model and (ii) viral structural proteins such as PB1 represent promising antigens for DNA vaccination against influenza A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Košík
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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29
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Ye J, Shao H, Perez DR. Passive immune neutralization strategies for prevention and control of influenza A infections. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:175-86. [PMID: 22339460 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination significantly reduces influenza severity, seasonal human influenza epidemics still cause more than 250,000 deaths annually. Vaccine efficacy is limited in high-risk populations such as infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. In the event of an influenza pandemic (such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic), a significant delay in vaccine availability represents a significant public health concern, particularly in high-risk groups. The increasing emergence of strains resistant to the two major anti-influenza drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, and the continuous circulation of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential in poultry, strongly calls for alternative prophylactic and treatment options. In this review, we focus on passive virus neutralization strategies for the prevention and control of influenza type A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park & Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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30
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Cold-adapted pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus live vaccine elicits cross-reactive immune responses against seasonal and H5 influenza A viruses. J Virol 2012; 86:5953-8. [PMID: 22438541 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07149-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (pH1N1) among humans has raised the concern of a potential emergence of reassortment between pH1N1 and highly pathogenic influenza strains, especially the avian H5N1 influenza virus. Here, we report that the cold-adapted pH1N1 live attenuated vaccine (CApH1N1) elicits cross-reactive immunity to seasonal and H5 influenza A viruses in the mouse model. Immunization with CApH1N1 induced both systemic and mucosal antibodies with broad reactivity to seasonal and H5 strains, including HAPI H5N1 and the avian H5N2 virus, providing complete protection against heterologous and heterosubtypic lethal challenges. Our results not only accentuate the merit of using live attenuated influenza virus vaccines in view of cross-reactivity but also represent the potential of CApH1N1 live vaccine for mitigating the clinical severity of infections that arise from reassortments between pH1N1 and highly pathogenic H5 subtype viruses.
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31
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Staneková Z, Mucha V, Sládková T, Blaškovičová H, Kostolanský F, Varečková E. Epitope specificity of anti-HA2 antibodies induced in humans during influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:389-95. [PMID: 22236105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conserved, fusion-active HA2 glycopolypeptide (HA2) subunit of influenza A hemagglutinin comprises four distinct antigenic sites. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing three of these sites are broadly cross-reactive and protective. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to establish whether antibodies specific to these three antigenic sites were elicited during a natural influenza infection or by vaccination of humans. METHODS Forty-five paired acute and convalescent sera from individuals with a confirmed influenza A (subtype H3) infection were examined for the presence of HA2-specific antibodies. The fraction of antibodies specific to three particular antigenic sites (designated IIF4, FC12, and CF2 here) was investigated using competitive enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Increased levels of antibodies specific to an ectodomain of HA2 (EHA2: N-terminal residues 23-185 of HA2) were detected in 73% of tested convalescent sera (33/45), while an increased level of antibodies specific to the HA2 fusion peptide (N-terminal residues 1-38) was induced in just 15/45 individuals (33%). Competitive assays confirmed that antibodies specific to the IIF4 epitope (within HA2 residues 125-175) prevailed in 86% (13/15) over those specific to the other two epitopes during infection. However, only a negligible increase in HA2-specific antibodies was detectable following vaccination with a current subunit vaccine. CONCLUSIONS We observed that the antigenic site localized within N-terminal HA2 residues 125-175 was more immunogenic than that within residues 1-38 (HA2 fusion protein), although both are weak natural immunogens. We suggest that new anti-influenza vaccines should include HA2 (or specific epitopes localized within this glycopolypeptide) to enhance their cross-protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Staneková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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32
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Gomez-Casado E, Gomez-Sebastian S, Núñez MC, Lasa-Covarrubias R, Martínez-Pulgarín S, Escribano JM. Insect larvae biofactories as a platform for influenza vaccine production. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:35-43. [PMID: 21421054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased production capacity is one of the most important priorities for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. In the present study, we used a baculovirus-insect larvae system (considered small, living biofactories) to improve the production of recombinant influenza virus H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA). Insect larvae produced four-fold more HA protein than insect cells per biomass unit (1 g of fresh larvae weight). A single infected Trichoplusia ni larva produced up to 113 μg of soluble and easily purified recombinant HA, an amount similar to that produced by 1.2×10(8) Sf21 insect cells infected by the same baculovirus. The use of the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal fused to the HA protein further increased recombinant protein production. Larvae-derived HA was immunogenically functional in vaccinated mice, inducing the generation of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and a protective immune response against a lethal challenge with a highly virulent virus. The productivity, scalability and cost efficiency of small, living biofactories based on insect larvae suggest a broad-based strategy for the production of recombinant subunit vaccines against seasonal or pandemic influenza as an alternative to fermentation technologies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/isolation & purification
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunization
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Larva/virology
- Mice
- Moths/virology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gomez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Wang SF, Yao L, Liu SJ, Chong P, Liu WT, Chen YMA, Huang JC. Identifying conserved DR1501-restricted CD4(+) T-cell epitopes in avian H5N1 hemagglutinin proteins. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:585-93. [PMID: 21142444 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are capable of causing poultry epidemics and human mortality. Vaccines that induce protective neutralizing antibodies can prevent outbreaks and decrease the potential for influenza A pandemics. Identifying unique H5N1 virus-specific HLA class II-restricted epitopes is essential for monitoring cellular strain-specific immunity. Our results indicate that 80% of the 30 study participants who were inoculated with an H5N1 vaccine produced neutralizing antibodies. We used intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) to screen and identify six DR1501-restricted H5N1 virus epitopes: H5HA(148-162), H5HA(155-169), H5HA(253-267), H5HA(260-274), H5HA(267-281) and H5HA(309-323.) Tetramer staining results confirmed that two immunodominant epitopes were DR1501-restricted: H5HA(155-169) and H5HA(267-281). Both are located at the HA surface and are highly conserved in currently circulating H5N1 clades. These results suggest that a combination of ICS and tetramer staining can be used as a T-cell epitope-mapping platform, and the identified epitopes may serve as markers for monitoring vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Serological response to the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus for disease diagnosis and estimating the infection rate in Thai population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16164. [PMID: 21283570 PMCID: PMC3026791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals infected with the 2009 pandemic virus A(H1N1) developed serological response which can be measured by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (microNT) assays. Methodology/Principal Findings MicroNT and HI assays for specific antibody to the 2009 pandemic virus were conducted in serum samples collected at the end of the first epidemic wave from various groups of Thai people: laboratory confirmed cases, blood donors and health care workers (HCW) in Bangkok and neighboring province, general population in the North and the South, as well as archival sera collected at pre- and post-vaccination from vaccinees who received influenza vaccine of the 2006 season. This study demonstrated that goose erythrocytes yielded comparable HI antibody titer as compared to turkey erythrocytes. In contrast to the standard protocol, our investigation found out the necessity to eliminate nonspecific inhibitor present in the test sera by receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) prior to performing microNT assay. The investigation in pre-pandemic serum samples showed that HI antibody was more specific to the 2009 pandemic virus than NT antibody. Based on data from pre-pandemic sera together with those from the laboratory confirmed cases, HI antibody titers ≥40 for adults and ≥20 for children could be used as the cut-off level to differentiate between the individuals with or without past infection by the 2009 pandemic virus. Conclusions/Significance Based on the cut-off criteria, the infection rates of 7 and 12.8% were estimated in blood donors and HCW, respectively after the first wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Among general population, the infection rate of 58.6% was found in children versus 3.1% in adults.
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35
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Staneková Z, Varečková E. Conserved epitopes of influenza A virus inducing protective immunity and their prospects for universal vaccine development. Virol J 2010; 7:351. [PMID: 21118546 PMCID: PMC3009981 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses belong to the best studied viruses, however no effective prevention against influenza infection has been developed. The emerging of still new escape variants of influenza A viruses causing epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics represents a threat for human population. Therefore, current, hot task of influenza virus research is to look for a way how to get us closer to a universal vaccine. Combination of chosen conserved antigens inducing cross-protective antibody response with epitopes activating also cross-protective cytotoxic T-cells would offer an attractive strategy for improving protection against drift variants of seasonal influenza viruses and reduces the impact of future pandemic strains. Antigenically conserved fusion-active subunit of hemagglutinin (HA2 gp) and ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (eM2) are promising candidates for preparation of broadly protective HA2- or eM2-based vaccine that may aid in pandemic preparedness. Overall protective effect could be achieved by contribution of epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) that have been studied extensively to reach much broader control of influenza infection. In this review we present the state-of-art in this field. We describe known adaptive immune mechanisms mediated by influenza specific B- and T-cells involved in the anti-influenza immune defense together with the contribution of innate immunity. We discuss the mechanisms of neutralization of influenza infection mediated by antibodies, the role of CTL in viral elimination and new approaches to develop epitope based vaccine inducing cross-protective influenza virus-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Staneková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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36
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Specific subtyping of influenza A virus using a recombinant hemagglutinin protein expressed in baculovirus. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3293-8. [PMID: 21110118 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are subtyped according to antigen characterization of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay using reference antiserum is currently applied to serologic screening of subtype-specific antibodies in sera. The reference antiserum is made by injecting chickens with live or inactivated whole virus preparations. Nonspecific inhibitors of antisera prepared by the conventional method may affect the specificity of HI assay. In this study, highly pure recombinant proteins generated using baculovirus expression vector system based on full-length of HA (HAF) and antigenic region of HA(1) genes of H9 subtype, and also inactivated whole virus were used to immunization of chickens. Measurable antibody titers were present for treated birds after 3 weeks and generally increased after each boost. The performance of the prepared antisera was evaluated by testing a panel of known standard strains of influenza virus representing five HA subtypes. Relative to the conventional method using whole virus immunization and recombinant HAF protein, the antiserum prepared by recombinant HA(1) had a specificity of 100% for all tested subtypes. The antiserum prepared by expression of HA1 protein in baculovirus has the potential for rapid and specific HA subtyping of influenza viruses without producing antibodies specific to other viral proteins.
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37
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Development of rHA1-ELISA for specific and sensitive detection of H9 subtype influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:260-3. [PMID: 21111002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant antigen-based single serum dilution ELISA was developed for simultaneous detection and subtyping of influenza viruses. Recombinant baculovirus encoding the hemagglutinin (HA(1) subunit) of H9N2 virus was generated. To evaluate the rHA1-ELISA, microplates were coated with purified HA1 protein and tested with reference control sera. Subsequently, 92 field sera collected from chickens suspected to be infected with H9N2 AIV were employed to test the efficacy of the rHA1-ELISA. The sera were tested simultaneously by HI and a commercial AIV ELISA kit. The rHA1-ELISA appeared to be highly specific and sensitive for direct detection of H9N2 antibodies in serum samples.
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38
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Kositanont U, Wongsurakiat P, Pooruk P, Maranetra N, Puthavathana P. Induction of cross-neutralizing antibody against H5N1 virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine in COPD patients. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:329-34. [PMID: 20565296 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Archival serum samples from elderly individuals with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were enrolled in a double-blind case-control study of seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy were assayed for cross-neutralizing antibody formation to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Of 118 serum samples, 58 were collected from influenza vaccinees (mean age 68.5 y), and 60 from placebo controls (mean age 68.4 y) who received vitamin B injections. Blood samples were collected before and at 1 mo after seasonal influenza vaccination from all subjects; in addition, for a longitudinal follow-up period of 1 y paired-blood samples were collected again from subjects who developed acute respiratory illness. Hemagglutination inhibition assay for antibodies to influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses was carried out to determine the serological response to vaccination, and to diagnose influenza viral infection, while microneutralization assays were performed to detect cross-reactive antibody to H5N1 virus. Pre-existing cross-reactive H5N1 antibody at reciprocal titer 10 was found in 6 (10.3%) vaccinees and 4 (6.7%) placebo controls. There was no change in H5N1 antibody titer in these subjects after vaccination. On the other hand, 3 (5.2%) vaccinees developed seroconversion to H5N1 virus at 1 mo after vaccination, even though they had no pre-existing H5N1 antibody in their first blood samples. No cross-neutralizing antibody to H5N1 virus was detected in the placebo controls or in the 22 influenza patients, suggesting that influenza vaccination, but not influenza virus infection, induces cross-neutralizing antibody against avian influenza H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Kositanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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39
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Design of an HA2-based Escherichia coli expressed influenza immunogen that protects mice from pathogenic challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13701-6. [PMID: 20615991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007465107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza HA is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies during infection, and its sequence undergoes genetic drift and shift in response to immune pressure. The receptor binding HA1 subunit of HA shows much higher sequence variability relative to the metastable, fusion-active HA2 subunit, presumably because neutralizing antibodies are primarily targeted against the former in natural infection. We have designed an HA2-based immunogen using a protein minimization approach that incorporates designed mutations to destabilize the low pH conformation of HA2. The resulting construct (HA6) was expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded from inclusion bodies. Biophysical studies and mutational analysis of the protein indicate that it is folded into the desired neutral pH conformation competent to bind the broadly neutralizing HA2 directed monoclonal 12D1, not the low pH conformation observed in previous studies. HA6 was highly immunogenic in mice and the mice were protected against lethal challenge by the homologous A/HK/68 mouse-adapted virus. An HA6-like construct from another H3 strain (A/Phil/2/82) also protected mice against A/HK/68 challenge. Regions included in HA6 are highly conserved within a subtype and are fairly well conserved within a clade. Targeting the highly conserved HA2 subunit with a bacterially produced immunogen is a vaccine strategy that may aid in pandemic preparedness.
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An antibody against a novel and conserved epitope in the hemagglutinin 1 subunit neutralizes numerous H5N1 influenza viruses. J Virol 2010; 84:8275-86. [PMID: 20519402 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02593-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of the recently emerged, highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has raised concern. Preclinical studies suggest that passive immunotherapy could be a new form of treatment for H5N1 virus infection. Here, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza A/chicken/Hatay/2004 H5N1 virus, MAb 9F4, was generated and characterized. MAb 9F4 binds both the denatured and native forms of HA. It was shown to recognize the HA proteins of three heterologous strains of H5N1 viruses belonging to clades 1, 2.1, and 2.2, respectively. By use of lentiviral pseudotyped particles carrying HA on the surface, MAb 9F4 was shown to effectively neutralize the homologous strain, Hatay04, and another clade 1 strain, VN04, at a neutralization titer of 8 ng/ml. Furthermore, MAb 9F4 also neutralized two clade 2 viruses at a neutralizing titer of 40 ng/ml. The broad cross-neutralizing activity of MAb 9F4 was confirmed by its ability to neutralize live H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.2. Epitope-mapping analysis revealed that MAb 9F4 binds a previously uncharacterized epitope below the globular head of the HA1 subunit. Consistently, this epitope is well conserved among the different clades of H5N1 viruses. MAb 9F4 does not block the interaction between HA and its receptor but prevents the pH-mediated conformational change of HA. MAb 9F4 was also found to be protective, both prophylactically and therapeutically, against a lethal viral challenge of mice. Taken together, our results showed that MAb 9F4 is a neutralizing MAb that binds a novel and well-conserved epitope in the HA1 subunit of H5N1 viruses.
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Hu W. The interaction between the 2009 H1N1 influenza A hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: mutations, co-mutations, and the NA stalk motifs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2010.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Monoclonal antibodies against the fusion peptide of hemagglutinin protect mice from lethal influenza A virus H5N1 infection. J Virol 2008; 83:2553-62. [PMID: 19109379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02165-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HA2 glycopolypeptide (gp) is highly conserved in all influenza A virus strains, and it is known to play a major role in the fusion of the virus with the endosomal membrane in host cells during the course of viral infection. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting this HA2 gp could induce efficient broad-spectrum immunity against influenza A virus infections. So far, there have been no studies on the possible therapeutic effects of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), specifically against the fusion peptide of hemagglutinin (HA), upon lethal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. We have identified MAb 1C9, which binds to GLFGAIAGF, a part of the fusion peptide of the HA2 gp. We evaluated the efficacy of MAb 1C9 as a therapy for influenza A virus infections. This MAb, which inhibited cell fusion in vitro when administered passively, protected 100% of mice from challenge with five 50% mouse lethal doses of HPAI H5N1 influenza A viruses from two different clades. Furthermore, it caused earlier clearance of the virus from the lung. The influenza virus load was assessed in lung samples from mice challenged after pretreatment with MAb 1C9 (24 h prior to challenge) and from mice receiving early treatment (24 h after challenge). The study shows that MAb 1C9, which is specific to the antigenically conserved fusion peptide of HA2, can contribute to the cross-clade protection of mice infected with H5N1 virus and mediate more effective recovery from infection.
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Throsby M, van den Brink E, Jongeneelen M, Poon LLM, Alard P, Cornelissen L, Bakker A, Cox F, van Deventer E, Guan Y, Cinatl J, ter Meulen J, Lasters I, Carsetti R, Peiris M, de Kruif J, Goudsmit J. Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross-protective against H5N1 and H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory B cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3942. [PMID: 19079604 PMCID: PMC2596486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the principal target of protective humoral immune responses to influenza virus infections but such antibody responses only provide efficient protection against a narrow spectrum of HA antigenic variants within a given virus subtype. Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 are currently panzootic and pose a pandemic threat. These viruses are antigenically diverse and protective strategies need to cross protect against diverse viral clades. Furthermore, there are 16 different HA subtypes and no certainty the next pandemic will be caused by an H5 subtype, thus it is important to develop prophylactic and therapeutic interventions that provide heterosubtypic protection. METHODS AND FINDINGS Here we describe a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recovered from combinatorial display libraries that were constructed from human IgM(+) memory B cells of recent (seasonal) influenza vaccinees. The mAbs have broad heterosubtypic neutralizing activity against antigenically diverse H1, H2, H5, H6, H8 and H9 influenza subtypes. Restriction to variable heavy chain gene IGHV1-69 in the high affinity mAb panel was associated with binding to a conserved hydrophobic pocket in the stem domain of HA. The most potent antibody (CR6261) was protective in mice when given before and after lethal H5N1 or H1N1 challenge. CONCLUSIONS The human monoclonal CR6261 described in this study could be developed for use as a broad spectrum agent for prophylaxis or treatment of human or avian influenza infections without prior strain characterization. Moreover, the CR6261 epitope could be applied in targeted vaccine strategies or in the design of novel antivirals. Finally our approach of screening the IgM(+) memory repertoire could be applied to identify conserved and functionally relevant targets on other rapidly evolving pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cross Reactions
- Dogs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Peptide Library
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Tissue Donors
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leo L. M. Poon
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Lisette Cornelissen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Freek Cox
- Crucell Holland BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yi Guan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute for Medical Virology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Rita Carsetti
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Bambino Gesu Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Malik Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Crucell Holland BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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