1
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Zoepfl M, Dwivedi R, Kim SB, McVoy MA, Pomin VH. Antiviral activity of marine sulfated glycans against pathogenic human coronaviruses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4804. [PMID: 36959228 PMCID: PMC10035982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Great interest exists towards the discovery and development of broad-spectrum antivirals. This occurs due to the frequent emergence of new viruses which can also eventually lead to pandemics. A reasonable and efficient strategy to develop new broad-spectrum antivirals relies on targeting a common molecular player of various viruses. Heparan sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan present on the surface of cells which plays a key role as co-receptor in many virus infections. In previous work, marine sulfated glycans (MSGs) were identified as having antiviral activities. Their mechanism of action relies primarily on competitive inhibition of virion binding to heparan sulfate, preventing virus attachment to the cell surface prior to entry. In the current work we used pseudotyped lentivirus particles to investigate in a comparative fashion the inhibitory properties of five structurally defined MSGs against SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and influenza A virus (IAV). MSGs include the disaccharide-repeating sulfated galactan from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis, the tetrasaccharide-repeating sulfated fucans from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and from the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus, and the two marine fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from the sea cucumbers I. badionotus and Pentacta pygmaea. Results indicate specificity of action against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Curiously, the MSGs showed decreased inhibitory potencies against MERS-CoV and negligible action against IAV. Among the five MSGs, the two sulfated fucans here studied deserve further attention since they have the lowest anticoagulant effects but still present potent and selective antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Zoepfl
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Rohini Dwivedi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Seon Beom Kim
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael A McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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2
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Georgiou PG, Guy CS, Hasan M, Ahmad A, Richards SJ, Baker AN, Thakkar NV, Walker M, Pandey S, Anderson NR, Grammatopoulos D, Gibson MI. Plasmonic Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Polymer-Stabilized Glycosylated Gold Nanorods. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:317-322. [PMID: 35575357 PMCID: PMC8928465 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The COVID-19 pandemic
has highlighted the need for innovative biosensing,
diagnostic, and surveillance platforms. Here we report that glycosylated,
polymer-stabilized, gold nanorods can bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
and show correlation to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in primary COVID-19
clinical samples. Telechelic polymers were prepared by reversible
addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization, enabling
the capture of 2,3-sialyllactose and immobilization onto gold nanorods.
Control experiments with a panel of lectins and a galactosamine-terminated
polymer confirmed the selective binding. The glycosylated rods were
shown to give dose-dependent responses against recombinant truncated
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and the responses were further correlated
using primary patient swab samples. The essentiality of the anisotropic
particles for reducing the background interference is demonstrated.
This highlights the utility of polymer tethering of glycans for plasmonic
biosensors of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Collette S. Guy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Alexander N. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Neer V. Thakkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Sarojini Pandey
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K
| | - Neil R. Anderson
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K
| | - Dimitris Grammatopoulos
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
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3
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Jayaprakash NG, Surolia A. Spike Protein and the Various Cell-Surface Carbohydrates: An Interaction Study. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:103-117. [PMID: 34928574 PMCID: PMC8713392 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been known to gain entry into the host cell through the spike protein that binds to the host ACE2 cell surface protein. However, the role of the putative sugar-binding sites in the spike protein has remained unclear. We provide a comprehensive in silico outlook into the infection initiation wherein the virus first recognizes the sialosides on the cell via its S1A domain of the spike protein as it surfs over the cell surface. This facilitates the subsequent interaction with the cellular glycosaminoglycans through the S1B domain of the spike protein as it binds to the ACE2 receptor. The unique coadaptation to recognize both the host protein and the cell-surface carbohydrate receptors provides an additional coupling mechanism for efficient viral attachment and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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4
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Palacios-Rápalo SN, De Jesús-González LA, Cordero-Rivera CD, Farfan-Morales CN, Osuna-Ramos JF, Martínez-Mier G, Quistián-Galván J, Muñoz-Pérez A, Bernal-Dolores V, del Ángel RM, Reyes-Ruiz JM. Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts as Platforms for SARS-CoV-2 Entry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:796855. [PMID: 34975904 PMCID: PMC8719300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its appearance, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global problem for human health that involves the host lipid homeostasis. Regarding, lipid rafts are functional membrane microdomains with highly and tightly packed lipid molecules. These regions enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol recruit and concentrate several receptors and molecules involved in pathogen recognition and cellular signaling. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts have multiple functions for viral replication; however, their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. In this review, we discussed the novel evidence on the cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as a platform for SARS-CoV-2 entry, where receptors such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), human Toll-like receptors (TLRs), transmembrane serine proteases (TMPRSS), CD-147 and HDL-scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) are recruited for their interaction with the viral spike protein. FDA-approved drugs such as statins, metformin, hydroxychloroquine, and cyclodextrins (methyl-β-cyclodextrin) can disrupt cholesterol-rich lipid rafts to regulate key molecules in the immune signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Taken together, better knowledge on cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in the SARS-CoV-2-host interactions will provide valuable insights into pathogenesis and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Martínez-Mier
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Veracruz Norte, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Judith Quistián-Galván
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Veracruz Norte, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Armando Muñoz-Pérez
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Veracruz Norte, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Víctor Bernal-Dolores
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Veracruz Norte, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Rosa María del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional “Adolfo Ruiz Cortines”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Veracruz Norte, Veracruz, Mexico
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5
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Keane C, Coalter M, Martin-Loeches I. Immune System Disequilibrium-Neutrophils, Their Extracellular Traps, and COVID-19-Induced Sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:711397. [PMID: 34485339 PMCID: PMC8416266 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.711397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium within the immune system can often determine the fate of its host. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Immune dysregulation remains one of the main pathophysiological components of SARS-CoV-2-associated organ injury, with over-activation of the innate immune system, and induced apoptosis of adaptive immune cells. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune system, both in general and relating to COVID-19. We specifically discuss "NETosis," the process of neutrophil release of their extracellular traps, which may be a more recently described form of cell death that is different from apoptosis, and how this may propagate organ dysfunction in COVID-19. We complete this review by discussing Stem Cell Therapies in COVID-19 and emerging COVID-19 phenotypes, which may allow for more targeted therapy in the future. Finally, we consider the array of potential therapeutic targets in COVID-19, and associated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Keane
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Coalter
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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El-Sayed A, Aleya L, Kamel M. COVID-19: a new emerging respiratory disease from the neurological perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40445-40459. [PMID: 33590398 PMCID: PMC7884096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a challenging public health catastrophe worldwide. The newly emerged disease spread in almost all countries and infected 100 million persons worldwide. The infection is not limited to the respiratory system but involves various body systems and may lead to multiple organ failure. Tissue degenerative changes result from direct viral invasion, indirect consequences, or through an uncontrolled immune response. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads to the brain via hematogenous and neural routes accompanied with dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier. The involvement of the central nervous system is now suspected to be among the main causes of death. The present review discusses the historical background of coronaviruses, their role in previous and ongoing pandemics, the way they escape the immune system, why they are able to spread despite all undertaken measures, in addition to the neurological manifestations, long-term consequences of the disease, and various routes of viral introduction to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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7
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Kondo Y, Larabee JL, Gao L, Shi H, Shao B, Hoover CM, McDaniel JM, Ho YC, Silasi-Mansat R, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Srinivasan RS, Rezaie AR, Borczuk A, Laurence JC, Lupu F, Ahamed J, McEver RP, Papin JF, Yu Z, Xia L. L-SIGN is a receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells for SARS-CoV-2 virus. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148999. [PMID: 34291736 PMCID: PMC8410055 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a pandemic. Severe disease is associated with dysfunction of multiple organs, but some infected cells do not express ACE2, the canonical entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report that the C-type lectin receptor L-SIGN interacted in a Ca2+-dependent manner with high-mannose–type N-glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We found that L-SIGN was highly expressed on human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and lymph node lymphatic endothelial cells but not on blood endothelial cells. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy imaging, we detected SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins within the LSECs from liver autopsy samples from patients with COVID-19. We found that both pseudo-typed virus enveloped with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus infected L-SIGN–expressing cells relative to control cells. Moreover, blocking L-SIGN function reduced CoV-2–type infection. These results indicate that L-SIGN is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. LSECs are major sources of the clotting factors vWF and factor VIII (FVIII). LSECs from liver autopsy samples from patients with COVID-19 expressed substantially higher levels of vWF and FVIII than LSECs from uninfected liver samples. Our data demonstrate that L-SIGN is an endothelial cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2 that may contribute to COVID-19–associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kondo
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Liang Gao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Huiping Shi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bojing Shao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher M Hoover
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - J Michael McDaniel
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey C Laurence
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Pathology and
| | - Jasimuddin Ahamed
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rodger P McEver
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | | | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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8
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Inchingolo AD, Dipalma G, Inchingolo AM, Malcangi G, Santacroce L, D’Oria MT, Isacco CG, Bordea IR, Candrea S, Scarano A, Morandi B, Del Fabbro M, Farronato M, Tartaglia GM, Balzanelli MG, Ballini A, Nucci L, Lorusso F, Taschieri S, Inchingolo F. The 15-Months Clinical Experience of SARS-CoV-2: A Literature Review of Therapies and Adjuvants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:881. [PMID: 34072708 PMCID: PMC8226610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide, with a daily increase in confirmed cases and infection-related deaths. The World Health Organization declared a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. COVID-19 presents flu-like symptoms that become severe in high-risk medically compromised subjects. The aim of this study was to perform an updated overview of the treatments and adjuvant protocols for COVID-19. METHODS A systematic literature search of databases was performed (MEDLINE PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate, Embase, and Web of Science) using the keywords: "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "coronavirus" and "SARS-CoV-2" (date range: 1 January 2019 to 31st October 2020), focused on clinical features and treatments. RESULTS The main treatments retrieved were antivirals, antimalarials, convalescent plasma, immunomodulators, corticosteroids, anticoagulants, and mesenchymal stem cells. Most of the described treatments may provide benefits to COVID-19 subjects, but no one protocol has definitively proven its efficacy. CONCLUSIONS While many efforts are being spent worldwide in research aimed at identifying early diagnostic methods and evidence-based effective treatments, mass vaccination is thought to be the best option against this disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Oria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
- Research at Human Stem Cells Research Center HSC, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Vietnam
- Embryology and Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Pham Chau Trinh University of Medicine Hoi An, Hoi An 70000, Vietnam
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Sebastian Candrea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Pedodontics, County Hospital Cluj-Napoca, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Morandi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.M.); (M.D.F.); (M.F.); (G.M.T.); (S.T.)
- Dental Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.M.); (M.D.F.); (M.F.); (G.M.T.); (S.T.)
- Dental Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Farronato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.M.); (M.D.F.); (M.F.); (G.M.T.); (S.T.)
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.M.); (M.D.F.); (M.F.); (G.M.T.); (S.T.)
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Giosuè Balzanelli
- SET-118, Department of Pre-Hospital and Emergency-San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, 74100 Taranto, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Nucci
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.M.); (M.D.F.); (M.F.); (G.M.T.); (S.T.)
- Dental Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Medicine Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.D.); (A.M.I.); (L.S.); (M.T.D.); (C.G.I.); (F.I.)
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9
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Contribution of Syndecans to the Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105336. [PMID: 34069441 PMCID: PMC8159090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel emerging pathogen causing an unprecedented pandemic in 21st century medicine. Due to the significant health and economic burden of the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, there is a huge unmet medical need for novel interventions effectively blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unknown details of SARS-CoV-2 cellular biology hamper the development of potent and highly specific SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) has been reported to be the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. However, emerging scientific evidence suggests the involvement of additional membrane proteins, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, in SARS-CoV-2 internalization. Here, we report that syndecans, the evolutionarily conserved family of transmembrane proteoglycans, facilitate the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. Among syndecans, the lung abundant syndecan-4 was the most efficient in mediating SARS-CoV-2 uptake. The S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein plays a dominant role in the virus's interactions with syndecans. Besides the polyanionic heparan sulfate chains, other parts of the syndecan ectodomain, such as the cell-binding domain, also contribute to the interaction with SARS-CoV-2. During virus internalization, syndecans colocalize with ACE2, suggesting a jointly shared internalization pathway. Both ACE2 and syndecan inhibitors exhibited significant efficacy in reducing the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2, thus supporting the complex nature of internalization. Data obtained on syndecan specific in vitro assays present syndecans as novel cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 and offer molecularly precise yet simple strategies to overcome the complex nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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10
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Wadowski PP, Jilma B, Kopp CW, Ertl S, Gremmel T, Koppensteiner R. Glycocalyx as Possible Limiting Factor in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607306. [PMID: 33692785 PMCID: PMC7937603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Ertl
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Yu M, Zhang T, Zhang W, Sun Q, Li H, Li JP. Elucidating the Interactions Between Heparin/Heparan Sulfate and SARS-CoV-2-Related Proteins-An Important Strategy for Developing Novel Therapeutics for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:628551. [PMID: 33569392 PMCID: PMC7868326 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.628551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the high mortality and the spread rate, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a major threat to public health and social economy, leading to over 70 million infections and 1. 6 million deaths to date. Since there are currently no effective therapeutic or widely available vaccines, it is of urgent need to look for new strategies for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection diseases. Binding of a viral protein onto cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) is generally the first step in a cascade of interaction that is required for viral entry and the initiation of infection. Meanwhile, interactions of selectins and cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) with HS expressed on endothelial cells are crucial in controlling the recruitment of immune cells during inflammation. Thus, structurally defined heparin/HS and their mimetics might serve as potential drugs by competing with cell surface HS for the prevention of viral adhesion and modulation of inflammatory reaction. In this review, we will elaborate coronavirus invasion mechanisms and summarize the latest advances in HS-protein interactions, especially proteins relevant to the process of coronavirus infection and subsequent inflammation. Experimental and computational techniques involved will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyun Sun
- Division of Chemistry, Shandong Institute of Metrology, Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Baker A, Richards SJ, Guy CS, Congdon TR, Hasan M, Zwetsloot AJ, Gallo A, Lewandowski JR, Stansfeld PJ, Straube A, Walker M, Chessa S, Pergolizzi G, Dedola S, Field RA, Gibson MI. The SARS-COV-2 Spike Protein Binds Sialic Acids and Enables Rapid Detection in a Lateral Flow Point of Care Diagnostic Device. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2046-2052. [PMID: 33269329 PMCID: PMC7523238 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the behavior of the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2), which is the causative agent of COVID-19, and to develop point-of-care diagnostics. Here, a glyconanoparticle platform is used to discover that N-acetyl neuraminic acid has affinity toward the SARS-COV-2 spike glycoprotein, demonstrating its glycan-binding function. Optimization of the particle size and coating enabled detection of the spike glycoprotein in lateral flow and showed selectivity over the SARS-COV-1 spike protein. Using a virus-like particle and a pseudotyped lentivirus model, paper-based lateral flow detection was demonstrated in under 30 min, showing the potential of this system as a low-cost detection platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Collette S. Guy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Thomas R. Congdon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Angelo Gallo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Phillip J. Stansfeld
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Anne Straube
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Marc Walker
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Simona Chessa
- Iceni
Diagnostics Ltd, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7GJ, U.K.
| | - Giulia Pergolizzi
- Iceni
Diagnostics Ltd, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7GJ, U.K.
| | - Simone Dedola
- Iceni
Diagnostics Ltd, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7GJ, U.K.
| | - Robert A. Field
- Iceni
Diagnostics Ltd, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7GJ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
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13
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Drug Repurposing Approaches to Combating Viral Infections. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113777. [PMID: 33238464 PMCID: PMC7700377 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel antiviral molecules from the beginning costs an average of $350 million to $2 billion per drug, and the journey from the laboratory to the clinic takes about 10–15 years. Utilization of drug repurposing approaches has generated substantial interest in order to overcome these drawbacks. A drastic reduction in the failure rate, which otherwise is ~92%, is achieved with the drug repurposing approach. The recent exploration of the drug repurposing approach to combat the COVID-19 pandemic has further validated the fact that it is more beneficial to reinvestigate the in-practice drugs for a new application instead of designing novel drugs. The first successful example of drug repurposing is zidovudine (AZT), which was developed as an anti-cancer agent in the 1960s and was later approved by the US FDA as an anti-HIV therapeutic drug in the late 1980s after fast track clinical trials. Since that time, the drug repurposing approach has been successfully utilized to develop effective therapeutic strategies against a plethora of diseases. Hence, an extensive application of the drug repurposing approach will not only help to fight the current pandemics more efficiently but also predict and prepare for newly emerging viral infections. In this review, we discuss in detail the drug repurposing approach and its advancements related to viral infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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14
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Zhang Q, Chen CZ, Swaroop M, Xu M, Wang L, Lee J, Wang AQ, Pradhan M, Hagen N, Chen L, Shen M, Luo Z, Xu X, Xu Y, Huang W, Zheng W, Ye Y. Heparan sulfate assists SARS-CoV-2 in cell entry and can be targeted by approved drugs in vitro. Cell Discov 2020; 6:80. [PMID: 33298900 PMCID: PMC7610239 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as an attractive drug repurposing target for COVID-19. Here we combine genetics and chemical perturbation to demonstrate that ACE2-mediated entry of SARS-Cov and CoV-2 requires the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as an assisting cofactor: ablation of genes involved in HS biosynthesis or incubating cells with a HS mimetic both inhibit Spike-mediated viral entry. We show that heparin/HS binds to Spike directly, and facilitates the attachment of Spike-bearing viral particles to the cell surface to promote viral entry. We screened approved drugs and identified two classes of inhibitors that act via distinct mechanisms to target this entry pathway. Among the drugs characterized, Mitoxantrone is a potent HS inhibitor, while Sunitinib and BNTX disrupt the actin network to indirectly abrogate HS-assisted viral entry. We further show that drugs of the two classes can be combined to generate a synergized activity against SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effect. Altogether, our study establishes HS as an attachment factor that assists SARS coronavirus cell entry and reveals drugs capable of targeting this important step in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Zhengzheng Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Manju Swaroop
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Lihui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amy Qiu Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Natalie Hagen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Zhiji Luo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yue Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Salah HM, Naser JA, Calcaterra G, Bassareo PP, Mehta JL. The Effect of Anticoagulation Use on Mortality in COVID-19 Infection. Am J Cardiol 2020; 134:155-157. [PMID: 32892991 PMCID: PMC7428681 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Husam M Salah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jwan A Naser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
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16
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Drago F, Gozzo L, Li L, Stella A, Cosmi B. Use of Enoxaparin to Counteract COVID-19 Infection and Reduce Thromboembolic Venous Complications: A Review of the Current Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:579886. [PMID: 33041824 PMCID: PMC7525088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been dramatic worldwide, with China, Italy, and now US at its epicenter. Researchers and clinicians are studying and testing different approaches in the attempt to prevent the infection and minimize its severity. Major efforts are focused on optimizing mechanical ventilation, antiviral, and supportive treatment; however, the role of heparin and low molecular weight (LMW) heparin in this setting has been largely overlooked. This review summarizes the available evidence about the role of heparan sulfate as a key entry mechanism for SARS-CoV-2; the efficacy of heparin and LMW heparin in counteracting its entry into the cell, the recent experimental findings obtained in in vitro studies using the LMW heparin enoxaparin Inhixa®, the role of heparin and LMW heparin in modulating the cytokine storm, and the evidence for the use of LMW heparin in the prevention and treatment of the thromboembolic complications of COVID-19. The available evidence suggests that LMW heparin appears as a promising tool in the treatment of COVID-19. Whether its systematic use is associated with a reduction in complications and ultimately mortality of these patients is being tested in several studies starting worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Gozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory Hepalink, Shenzen, China
| | - Andrea Stella
- Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benilde Cosmi
- Division of Angiology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Specialty Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Drouet L, Harenberg J, Torri G. The Multiple Faces of Heparin: Opportunities in COVID-19 Infection and Beyond. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1347-1350. [PMID: 32920810 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Drouet
- CREATIF (Centre de Référence et d'Éducation aux AntiThrombotiques d'Île de France), Cardiology Department, Hôpital Lariboisiere, Paris, France.,Department of Vascular Medicine, Paris Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Job Harenberg
- DOASENSE GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
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18
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Martino C, Kellman BP, Sandoval DR, Clausen TM, Marotz CA, Song SJ, Wandro S, Zaramela LS, Salido Benítez RA, Zhu Q, Armingol E, Vázquez-Baeza Y, McDonald D, Sorrentino JT, Taylor B, Belda-Ferre P, Liang C, Zhang Y, Schifanella L, Klatt NR, Havulinna AS, Jousilahti P, Huang S, Haiminen N, Parida L, Kim HC, Swafford AD, Zengler K, Cheng S, Inouye M, Niiranen T, Jain M, Salomaa V, Esko JD, Lewis NE, Knight R. Bacterial modification of the host glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate modulates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32839779 PMCID: PMC7444296 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.17.238444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiota has a close relationship with human disease and it remodels components of the glycocalyx including heparan sulfate (HS). Studies of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor binding domain suggest that infection requires binding to HS and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in a codependent manner. Here, we show that commensal host bacterial communities can modify HS and thereby modulate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and that these communities change with host age and sex. Common human-associated commensal bacteria whose genomes encode HS-modifying enzymes were identified. The prevalence of these bacteria and the expression of key microbial glycosidases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was lower in adult COVID-19 patients than in healthy controls. The presence of HS-modifying bacteria decreased with age in two large survey datasets, FINRISK 2002 and American Gut, revealing one possible mechanism for the observed increase in COVID-19 susceptibility with age. In vitro , bacterial glycosidases from unpurified culture media supernatants fully blocked SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to human H1299 protein lung adenocarcinoma cells. HS-modifying bacteria in human microbial communities may regulate viral adhesion, and loss of these commensals could predispose individuals to infection. Understanding the impact of shifts in microbial community composition and bacterial lyases on SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to new therapeutics and diagnosis of susceptibility.
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