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Hufft-Martinez BM, Wang HH, Saadi I, Tran PV. Actin cytoskeletal regulation of ciliogenesis in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38958410 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that are evolutionarily conserved in nearly all modern eukaryotes, from the single-celled green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to vertebrates and mammals. Cilia are microtubule-based cellular projections that have adapted to perform a broad range of species-specific functions, from cell motility to detection of light and the transduction of extracellular mechanical and chemical signals. These functions render cilia essential for organismal development and survival. The high conservation of cilia has allowed for discoveries in C. reinhardtii to inform our understanding of the basic biology of mammalian primary cilia, and to provide insight into the genetic etiology of ciliopathies. Over the last two decades, a growing number of studies has revealed that multiple aspects of ciliary homeostasis are regulated by the actin cytoskeleton, including centrosome migration and positioning, vesicle transport to the basal body, ectocytosis, and ciliary-mediated signaling. Here, we review actin regulation of ciliary homeostasis, and highlight conserved and divergent mechanisms in C. reinhardtii and mammalian cells. Further, we compare the disease manifestations of patients with ciliopathies to those with mutations in actin and actin-associated genes, and propose that primary cilia defects caused by genetic alteration of the actin cytoskeleton may underlie certain birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Hufft-Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Henry H Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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2
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Messmore M, Kassab AJ, Prather RO, Arceo DAC, DeCampli W. Cilia and Nodal Flow in Asymmetry: An Engineering Perspective. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 52:63-82. [PMID: 38523441 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2024051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several years, cilia in the primitive node have become recognized more and more for their contribution to development, and more specifically, for their role in axis determination. Although many of the mechanisms behind their influence remain undocumented, it is known that their presence and motion in the primitive node of developing embryos is the determinant of the left-right axis. Studies on cilial mechanics and nodal fluid dynamics have provided clues as to how this asymmetry mechanism works, and more importantly, have shown that direct manipulation of the flow field in the node can directly influence physiology. Although relatively uncommon, cilial disorders have been shown to have a variety of impacts on individuals from chronic respiratory infections to infertility, as well as situs inversus which is linked to congenital heart disease. After first providing background information pertinent to understanding nodal flow and information on why this discussion is important, this paper aims to give a review of the history of nodal cilia investigations, an overview of cilia mechanics and nodal flow dynamics, as well as a review of research studies current and past that sought to understand the mechanisms behind nodal cilia's involvement in symmetry-breaking pathways through a biomedical engineering perspective. This discussion has the additional intention to compile interdisciplinary knowledge on asymmetry and development such that it may encourage more collaborative efforts between the sciences on this topic, as well as provide insight on potential paths forward in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain J Kassab
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Ray O Prather
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA; University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; The Heart Center at Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
| | - David A Castillo Arceo
- College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - William DeCampli
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA; The Heart Center, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
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3
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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4
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Xiong Y, Xia H, Yuan L, Deng S, Ding Z, Deng H. Identification of compound heterozygous DNAH11 variants in a Han-Chinese family with primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9028-9037. [PMID: 34405951 PMCID: PMC8435457 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorders with motile cilia dysfunction. It is clinically characterized by oto‐sino‐pulmonary diseases and subfertility, and half of the patients have situs inversus (Kartagener syndrome). To identify the genetic cause in a Han‐Chinese pedigree, whole‐exome sequencing was conducted in the 37‐year‐old proband, and then, Sanger sequencing was performed on available family members. Minigene splicing assay was applied to verify the impact of the splice‐site variant. Compound heterozygous variants including a splice‐site variant (c.1974‐1G>C, rs1359107415) and a missense variant (c.7787G>A, p.(Arg2596Gln), rs780492669), in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 11 gene (DNAH11) were identified and confirmed as the disease‐associated variants of this lineage. The minigene expression in vitro revealed that the c.1974‐1G>C variant could cause skipping over exon 12, predicted to result in a truncated protein. This discovery may enlarge the DNAH11 variant spectrum of PCD, promote accurate genetic counselling and contribute to PCD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zerui Ding
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Lynn NA, Martinez E, Nguyen H, Torres JZ. The Mammalian Family of Katanin Microtubule-Severing Enzymes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692040. [PMID: 34414183 PMCID: PMC8369831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The katanin family of microtubule-severing enzymes is critical for cytoskeletal rearrangements that affect key cellular processes like division, migration, signaling, and homeostasis. In humans, aberrant expression, or dysfunction of the katanins, is linked to developmental, proliferative, and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review current knowledge on the mammalian family of katanins, including an overview of evolutionary conservation, functional domain organization, and the mechanisms that regulate katanin activity. We assess the function of katanins in dividing and non-dividing cells and how their dysregulation promotes impaired ciliary signaling and defects in developmental programs (corticogenesis, gametogenesis, and neurodevelopment) and contributes to neurodegeneration and cancer. We conclude with perspectives on future katanin research that will advance our understanding of this exciting and dynamic class of disease-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Lynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Z. Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Abstract
The alignment of visceral and brain asymmetry observed in some vertebrate species raises the question of whether this association also exists in humans. While the visceral and brain systems may have developed asymmetry for different reasons, basic visceral left–right differentiation mechanisms could have been duplicated to establish brain asymmetry. We describe the main phenotypical anomalies and the general mechanism of left–right differentiation of vertebrate visceral and brain laterality. Next, we systematically review the available human studies that explored the prevalence of atypical behavioral and brain asymmetry in visceral situs anomalies, which almost exclusively involved participants with the mirrored visceral organization (situs inversus). The data show no direct link between human visceral and brain functional laterality as most participants with situs inversus show the typical population bias for handedness and brain functional asymmetry, although an increased prevalence of functional crowding may be present. At the same time, several independent studies present evidence for a possible relation between situs inversus and the gross morphological asymmetry of the brain torque with potential differences between subtypes of situs inversus with ciliary and non-ciliary etiologies.
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Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.
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Abstract
In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In addition to the main symmetry types in metazoan body plans, such as rotation (radial symmetry), reflection (mirror and glide reflection symmetry), and translation (metamerism), many biological objects show scale (fractal) symmetry as well as some symmetry-type combinations. Some genetic mechanisms of axial pattern establishment, creating a coordinate system of a metazoan body plan, bilaterian segmentation, and left–right symmetry/asymmetry, are analysed. Data on the crucial contribution of coupled functions of the Wnt, BMP, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (all pathways are designated according to the abbreviated or full names of genes or their protein products; for details, see below) and the axial Hox-code in the formation and maintenance of metazoan body plans are necessary for an understanding of the evolutionary diversification and phenotypic expression of various types of axial symmetry. The lost body plans of some extinct Ediacaran and early Cambrian metazoans are also considered in comparison with axial body plans and posterior growth in living animals.
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Min J, Ningappa M, So J, Shin D, Sindhi R, Subramaniam S. Systems Analysis of Biliary Atresia Through Integration of High-Throughput Biological Data. Front Physiol 2020; 11:966. [PMID: 32848883 PMCID: PMC7426509 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA), blockage of the proper bile flow due to loss of extrahepatic bile ducts, is a rare, complex disease of the liver and the bile ducts with unknown etiology. Despite ongoing investigations to understand its complex pathogenesis, BA remains the most common cause of liver failure requiring liver transplantation in children. To elucidate underlying mechanisms, we analyzed the different types of high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic data collected from the blood and liver tissue samples of children suffering from BA. Through use of a novel integrative approach, we identified potential biomarkers and over-represented biological functions and pathways to derive a comprehensive network showing the dysfunctional mechanisms associated with BA. One of the pathways highlighted in the integrative network was hypoxia signaling. Perturbation with hypoxia inducible factor activator, dimethyloxalylglycine, induced the biliary defects of BA in a zebrafish model, serving as a validation for our studies. Our approach enables a systems-level understanding of human BA biology that is highlighted by the interaction between key biological functions such as fibrosis, inflammation, immunity, hypoxia, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mylarappa Ningappa
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rakesh Sindhi
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Shiromizu T, Yuge M, Kasahara K, Yamakawa D, Matsui T, Bessho Y, Inagaki M, Nishimura Y. Targeting E3 Ubiquitin Ligases and Deubiquitinases in Ciliopathy and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5962. [PMID: 32825105 PMCID: PMC7504095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are antenna-like structures present in many vertebrate cells. These organelles detect extracellular cues, transduce signals into the cell, and play an essential role in ensuring correct cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in a spatiotemporal manner. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of cilia can cause various diseases, including cancer and ciliopathies, which are complex disorders caused by mutations in genes regulating ciliary function. The structure and function of cilia are dynamically regulated through various mechanisms, among which E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases play crucial roles. These enzymes regulate the degradation and stabilization of ciliary proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this review, we briefly highlight the role of cilia in ciliopathy and cancer; describe the roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in ciliogenesis, ciliopathy, and cancer; and highlight some of the E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases that are potential therapeutic targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (T.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mizuki Yuge
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (T.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-5807, Japan; (K.K.); (D.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Daishi Yamakawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-5807, Japan; (K.K.); (D.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Nara 630-0192, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Nara 630-0192, Japan; (T.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-5807, Japan; (K.K.); (D.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (T.S.); (M.Y.)
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Rubbo B, Best S, Hirst RA, Shoemark A, Goggin P, Carr SB, Chetcuti P, Hogg C, Kenia P, Lucas JS, Moya E, Narayanan M, O'Callaghan C, Williamson M, Walker WT. Clinical features and management of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia in England. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:724-729. [PMID: 32156696 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In England, the National Health Service commissioned a National Management Service for children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The aims of this study were to describe the health of children seen in this Service and compare lung function to children with cystic fibrosis (CF). DESIGN Multi-centre service evaluation of the English National Management PCD Service. SETTING Four nationally commissioned PCD centres in England. PATIENTS 333 children with PCD reviewed in the Service in 2015; lung function data were also compared with 2970 children with CF. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis for PCD was 2.6 years, significantly lower in children with situs inversus (1.0 vs 6.0 years, p<0.001). Compared with national data from the CF Registry, mean (SD) %predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 76.8% in PCD (n=240) and 85.0% in CF, and FEV1 was lower in children with PCD up to the age of 15 years. Approximately half of children had some hearing impairment, with 26% requiring hearing aids. Children with a lower body mass index (BMI) had lower FEV1 (p<0.001). One-third of children had positive respiratory cultures at review, 54% of these grew Haemophilus influenzae. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that children with PCD in England have worse lung function than those with CF. Nutritional status should be considered in PCD management, as those with a lower BMI have significantly lower FEV1. Hearing impairment is common but seems to improve with age. Well-designed and powered randomised controlled trials on management of PCD are needed to inform best clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Rubbo
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sunayna Best
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert Anthony Hirst
- PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patricia Goggin
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Siobhan B Carr
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philip Chetcuti
- Respiratory Paediatrics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Priti Kenia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane S Lucas
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Eduardo Moya
- Paediatric Department, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Manjith Narayanan
- PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Leicester National Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia diagnosis and management service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- Leicester National Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia diagnosis and management service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, GOSH NIHR BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Williamson
- Leicester National Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia diagnosis and management service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Woolf Theodore Walker
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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12
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Postema MC, Carrion-Castillo A, Fisher SE, Vingerhoets G, Francks C. The genetics of situs inversus without primary ciliary dyskinesia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3677. [PMID: 32111882 PMCID: PMC7048929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Situs inversus (SI), a left-right mirror reversal of the visceral organs, can occur with recessive Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). However, most people with SI do not have PCD, and the etiology of their condition remains poorly studied. We sequenced the genomes of 15 people with SI, of which six had PCD, as well as 15 controls. Subjects with non-PCD SI in this sample had an elevated rate of left-handedness (five out of nine), which suggested possible developmental mechanisms linking brain and body laterality. The six SI subjects with PCD all had likely recessive mutations in genes already known to cause PCD. Two non-PCD SI cases also had recessive mutations in known PCD genes, suggesting reduced penetrance for PCD in some SI cases. One non-PCD SI case had recessive mutations in PKD1L1, and another in CFAP52 (also known as WDR16). Both of these genes have previously been linked to SI without PCD. However, five of the nine non-PCD SI cases, including three of the left-handers in this dataset, had no obvious monogenic basis for their condition. Environmental influences, or possible random effects in early development, must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel C Postema
- Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Vingerhoets
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clyde Francks
- Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Liu X, Chen W, Li W, Priest JR, Fu Y, Pang K, Ma B, Han B, Liu X, Hu S, Zhou Z. Exome-Based Case-Control Analysis Highlights the Pathogenic Role of Ciliary Genes in Transposition of the Great Arteries. Circ Res 2020; 126:811-821. [PMID: 32078439 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is one of the most severe types of congenital heart diseases. Understanding the clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of TGA is, therefore, urgently needed for patient management of this severe disease. However, the clinical characteristics and genetic cause underlying TGA remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to systematically examine the clinical characteristics and genetic cause for isolated nonsyndromic TGA. METHODS AND RESULTS We recruited 249 patients with TGA (66 family trios) and performed whole-exome sequencing. The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in dextro-TGA (52.7%) and dextrocardia/mesocardia in congenitally corrected TGA (32.8%) were significantly higher than that in other subtypes. A high prevalence of bicuspid pulmonic valve (9.6%) was observed in patients with TGA. Similar results were observed in a replication group of TGA (n=132). Through a series of bioinformatics filtering steps, we obtained 82 candidate genes harboring potentially damaging de novo, loss of function, compound heterozygous, or X-linked recessive variants. Established congenital heart disease-causing genes, such as FOXH1, were found among the list of candidate genes. A total of 19 ciliary genes harboring rare potentially damaging variants were also found; for example, DYNC2LI1 with a de novo putatively damaging variant. The enrichment of ciliary genes supports the roles of cilia in the pathogenesis of TGA. In total, 33% of the TGA probands had >1 candidate gene hit by putatively deleterious variants, suggesting that a portion of the TGA cases were probably affected by oligogenic or polygenic inheritance. CONCLUSIONS The findings of clinical characteristic analyses have important implications for TGA patient stratification. The results of genetic analyses highlight the pathogenic role of ciliary genes and a complex genetic architecture underlying TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., Z.Z.)
| | - Wen Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., Z.Z.)
| | - Wenke Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., Z.Z.)
| | - James R Priest
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R.P.)
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., Z.Z.)
| | - Kunjing Pang
- Department of Echocardiography, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China (K.P.)
| | - Baihui Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.)
| | - Bianmei Han
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.)
| | - Xuewen Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.)
| | - Shengshou Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.)
| | - Zhou Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., B.M., B.H., Xuewen Liu, S.H., Z.Z.).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, China (Xuanyu Liu, W.C., W.L., Y.F., Z.Z.)
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14
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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15
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Role of the Novel Hsp90 Co-Chaperones in Dynein Arms' Preassembly. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246174. [PMID: 31817850 PMCID: PMC6940843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer and inner dynein arms (ODAs and IDAs) are composed of multiple subunits including dynein heavy chains possessing a motor domain. These complex structures are preassembled in the cytoplasm before being transported to the cilia. The molecular mechanism(s) controlling dynein arms’ preassembly is poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that canonical R2TP complex, an Hsp-90 co-chaperone, in cooperation with dynein axonemal assembly factors (DNAAFs), plays a crucial role in the preassembly of ODAs and IDAs. Here, we have summarized recent data concerning the identification of novel chaperone complexes and their role in dynein arms’ preassembly and their association with primary cilia dyskinesia (PCD), a human genetic disorder.
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16
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Abstract
Cells from all three domains of life on Earth utilize motile macromolecular devices that protrude from the cell surface to generate forces that allow them to swim through fluid media. Research carried out on archaea during the past decade or so has led to the recognition that, despite their common function, the motility devices of the three domains display fundamental differences in their properties and ancestry, reflecting a striking example of convergent evolution. Thus, the flagella of bacteria and the archaella of archaea employ rotary filaments that assemble from distinct subunits that do not share a common ancestor and generate torque using energy derived from distinct fuel sources, namely chemiosmotic ion gradients and FlaI motor-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, respectively. The cilia of eukaryotes, however, assemble via kinesin-2-driven intraflagellar transport and utilize microtubules and ATP-hydrolyzing dynein motors to beat in a variety of waveforms via a sliding filament mechanism. Here, with reference to current structural and mechanistic information about these organelles, we briefly compare the evolutionary origins, assembly and tactic motility of archaella, flagella and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Khan
- Molecular Biology Consortium, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California @ Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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17
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Korenić A, Perović S, Ćirković MM, Miquel PA. Symmetry breaking and functional incompleteness in biological systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:1-12. [PMID: 30776381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry-based explanations using symmetry breaking (SB) as the key explanatory tool have complemented and replaced traditional causal explanations in various domains of physics. The process of spontaneous SB is now a mainstay of contemporary explanatory accounts of large chunks of condensed-matter physics, quantum field theory, nonlinear dynamics, cosmology, and other disciplines. A wide range of empirical research into various phenomena related to symmetries and SB across biological scales has accumulated as well. Led by these results, we identify and explain some common features of the emergence, propagation, and cascading of SB-induced layers across the biosphere. These features are predicated on the thermodynamic openness and intrinsic functional incompleteness of the systems at stake and have not been systematically analyzed from a general philosophical and methodological perspective. We also consider possible continuity of SB across the physical and biological world and discuss the connection between Darwinism and SB-based analysis of the biosphere and its history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Korenić
- The Centre for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Nishimura Y, Kasahara K, Shiromizu T, Watanabe M, Inagaki M. Primary Cilia as Signaling Hubs in Health and Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801138. [PMID: 30643718 PMCID: PMC6325590 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia detect extracellular cues and transduce these signals into cells to regulate proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here, the function of primary cilia as signaling hubs of growth factors and morphogens is in focus. First, the molecular mechanisms regulating the assembly and disassembly of primary cilia are described. Then, the role of primary cilia in mediating growth factor and morphogen signaling to maintain human health and the potential mechanisms by which defects in these pathways contribute to human diseases, such as ciliopathy, obesity, and cancer are described. Furthermore, a novel signaling pathway by which certain growth factors stimulate cell proliferation through suppression of ciliogenesis is also described, suggesting novel therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative PharmacologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of PhysiologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative PharmacologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic PathologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of PhysiologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMie514‐8507Japan
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19
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Xavier da Silveira Dos Santos A, Liberali P. From single cells to tissue self-organization. FEBS J 2018; 286:1495-1513. [PMID: 30390414 PMCID: PMC6519261 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-organization is a process by which interacting cells organize and arrange themselves in higher order structures and patterns. To achieve this, cells must have molecular mechanisms to sense their complex local environment and interpret it to respond accordingly. A combination of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues are decoded by the single cells dictating their behaviour, their differentiation and symmetry-breaking potential driving development, tissue remodeling and regenerative processes. A unifying property of these self-organized pattern-forming systems is the importance of fluctuations, cell-to-cell variability, or noise. Cell-to-cell variability is an inherent and emergent property of populations of cells that maximize the population performance instead of the individual cell, providing tissues the flexibility to develop and maintain homeostasis in diverse environments. In this review, we will explore the role of self-organization and cell-to-cell variability as fundamental properties of multicellularity-and the requisite of single-cell resolution for its understanding. Moreover, we will analyze how single cells generate emergent multicellular dynamics observed at the tissue level 'travelling' across different scales: spatial, temporal and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Cruz L, Romero JAA, Iglesia RP, Lopes MH. Extracellular Vesicles: Decoding a New Language for Cellular Communication in Early Embryonic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:94. [PMID: 30211159 PMCID: PMC6121069 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM) that gives rise to a whole embryo in vivo can be derived and cultured in vitro as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which retain full developmental potential. ICM cells receive, from diverse sources, complex molecular and spatiotemporal signals that orchestrate the finely-tuned processes associated with embryogenesis. Those instructions come, continuously, from themselves and from surrounding cells, such as those present in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm (PrE). A key component of the ICM niche are the extracellular vesicles (EVs), produced by distinct cell types, that carry and transfer key molecules that regulate target cells and modulate cell renewal or cell fate. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the extracellular circulation of morphogens, a group of classical regulators of embryo development, are carried by EVs. miRNAs are also an important cargo of the EVs that have been implicated in tissue morphogenesis and have gained special attention due to their ability to regulate protein expression through post-transcriptional modulation, thereby influencing cell phenotype. This review explores the emerging evidence supporting the role of EVs as an additional mode of intercellular communication in early embryonic and ESCs differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cruz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jenny A A Romero
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca P Iglesia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Lopes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Saydmohammed M, Yagi H, Calderon M, Clark MJ, Feinstein T, Sun M, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Amack JD, Lo CW, Tsang M. Vertebrate myosin 1d regulates left-right organizer morphogenesis and laterality. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3381. [PMID: 30139971 PMCID: PMC6107537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing left-right asymmetry is a fundamental process essential for arrangement of visceral organs during development. In vertebrates, motile cilia-driven fluid flow in the left-right organizer (LRO) is essential for initiating symmetry breaking event. Here, we report that myosin 1d (myo1d) is essential for establishing left-right asymmetry in zebrafish. Using super-resolution microscopy, we show that the zebrafish LRO, Kupffer's vesicle (KV), fails to form a spherical lumen and establish proper unidirectional flow in the absence of myo1d. This process requires directed vacuolar trafficking in KV epithelial cells. Interestingly, the vacuole transporting function of zebrafish Myo1d can be substituted by myosin1C derived from an ancient eukaryote, Acanthamoeba castellanii, where it regulates the transport of contractile vacuoles. Our findings reveal an evolutionary conserved role for an unconventional myosin in vacuole trafficking, lumen formation, and determining laterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manush Saydmohammed
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA.
| | - Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Michael Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Madeline J Clark
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Timothy Feinstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA.
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22
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Narahari KN, Kapoor A, Sanamandra SK, Varma Gunturi SR. Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Situs Ambiguus: A Rare Association. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2018; 8:48-50. [PMID: 29552537 PMCID: PMC5846221 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_341_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disorder with impaired ciliary function resulting in a spectrum of clinical manifestations of varying severity. PCD affects approximately one in every 20,000 individuals with a reported prevalence between 1:4000 and 1:50,000. Due to its nonspecific clinical features, the condition is usually diagnosed late in its course, unless situs inversus (SI) or organ laterality defects are discovered at imaging. A small subset of patients with PCD display associated organ laterality defects, different from the classical SI totalis. We present here, the clinical and imaging findings in a young female with PCD along with left-sided isomerism, a variant of heterotaxy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Narahari Narahari
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anu Kapoor
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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23
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Apodaca G. Role of Polarity Proteins in the Generation and Organization of Apical Surface Protrusions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a027813. [PMID: 28264821 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protruding from the apical surfaces of epithelial cells are specialized structures, including cilia, microplicae, microvilli, and stereocilia. These contribute to epithelial function by cushioning the apical surface, by amplifying its surface area to facilitate nutrient absorption, and by promoting sensory transduction and barrier function. Despite these important roles, and the diseases that result when their formation is perturbed, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the biogenesis of apical protrusions, or the pathways that promote their organization and orientation once at the apical surface. Here, I review some general aspects of these apical structures, and then discuss our current understanding of their formation and organization with respect to proteins that specify apicobasolateral polarity and planar cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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24
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Schweickert A, Ott T, Kurz S, Tingler M, Maerker M, Fuhl F, Blum M. Vertebrate Left-Right Asymmetry: What Can Nodal Cascade Gene Expression Patterns Tell Us? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 5:jcdd5010001. [PMID: 29367579 PMCID: PMC5872349 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laterality of inner organs is a wide-spread characteristic of vertebrates and beyond. It is ultimately controlled by the left-asymmetric activation of the Nodal signaling cascade in the lateral plate mesoderm of the neurula stage embryo, which results from a cilia-driven leftward flow of extracellular fluids at the left-right organizer. This scenario is widely accepted for laterality determination in wildtype specimens. Deviations from this norm come in different flavors. At the level of organ morphogenesis, laterality may be inverted (situs inversus) or non-concordant with respect to the main body axis (situs ambiguus or heterotaxia). At the level of Nodal cascade gene activation, expression may be inverted, bilaterally induced, or absent. In a given genetic situation, patterns may be randomized or predominantly lacking laterality (absence or bilateral activation). We propose that the distributions of patterns observed may be indicative of the underlying molecular defects, with randomizations being primarily caused by defects in the flow-generating ciliary set-up, and symmetrical patterns being the result of impaired flow sensing, on the left, the right, or both sides. This prediction, the reasoning of which is detailed in this review, pinpoints functions of genes whose role in laterality determination have remained obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Tim Ott
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Kurz
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Melanie Tingler
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Markus Maerker
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Franziska Fuhl
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Alqadah A, Hsieh YW, Morrissey ZD, Chuang CF. Asymmetric development of the nervous system. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:124-137. [PMID: 28940676 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human nervous system consists of seemingly symmetric left and right halves. However, closer observation of the brain reveals anatomical and functional lateralization. Defects in brain asymmetry correlate with several neurological disorders, yet our understanding of the mechanisms used to establish lateralization in the human central nervous system is extremely limited. Here, we review left-right asymmetries within the nervous system of humans and several model organisms, including rodents, Zebrafish, chickens, Xenopus, Drosophila, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparing and contrasting mechanisms used to develop left-right asymmetry in the nervous system can provide insight into how the human brain is lateralized. Developmental Dynamics 247:124-137, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Alqadah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yi-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zachery D Morrissey
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chiou-Fen Chuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Rubbo B, Lucas JS. Clinical care for primary ciliary dyskinesia: current challenges and future directions. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/145/170023. [PMID: 28877972 PMCID: PMC9489029 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0023-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease that affects the motility of cilia, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance. It is estimated that the vast majority of patients with PCD have not been diagnosed as such, providing a major obstacle to delivering appropriate care. Challenges in diagnosing PCD include lack of disease-specific symptoms and absence of a single, “gold standard”, diagnostic test. Management of patients is currently not based on high-level evidence because research findings are mostly derived from small observational studies with limited follow-up period. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the available literature on clinical care for PCD patients, including recent advances. We identify barriers to PCD research and make suggestions for overcoming challenges. Challenges in PCD must be overcome through international collaboration; networks must build on recent advanceshttp://ow.ly/4d4I30dXzWg
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Rubbo
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane S Lucas
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK .,Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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27
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Klena NT, Gibbs BC, Lo CW. Cilia and Ciliopathies in Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028266. [PMID: 28159874 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A central role for cilia in congenital heart disease (CHD) was recently identified in a large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen. Although the screen was phenotype-driven, the majority of genes recovered were cilia-related, suggesting that cilia play a central role in CHD pathogenesis. This partly reflects the role of cilia as a hub for cell signaling pathways regulating cardiovascular development. Consistent with this, many cilia-transduced cell signaling genes were also recovered, and genes regulating vesicular trafficking, a pathway essential for ciliogenesis and cell signaling. Interestingly, among CHD-cilia genes recovered, some regulate left-right patterning, indicating cardiac left-right asymmetry disturbance may play significant roles in CHD pathogenesis. Clinically, CHD patients show a high prevalence of ciliary dysfunction and show enrichment for de novo mutations in cilia-related pathways. Combined with the mouse findings, this would suggest CHD may be a new class of ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai T Klena
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Brian C Gibbs
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
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28
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Lin CY, Tsai MY, Liu YH, Lu YF, Chen YC, Lai YR, Liao HC, Lien HW, Yang CH, Huang CJ, Hwang SPL. Klf8 regulates left-right asymmetric patterning through modulation of Kupffer's vesicle morphogenesis and spaw expression. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:45. [PMID: 28716076 PMCID: PMC5513281 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vertebrates are bilaterally symmetric organisms, their internal organs are distributed asymmetrically along a left-right axis. Disruption of left-right axis asymmetric patterning often occurs in human genetic disorders. In zebrafish embryos, Kupffer's vesicle, like the mouse node, breaks symmetry by inducing asymmetric expression of the Nodal-related gene, spaw, in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Spaw then stimulates transcription of itself and downstream genes, including lft1, lft2, and pitx2, specifically in the left side of the diencephalon, heart and LPM. This developmental step is essential to establish subsequent asymmetric organ positioning. In this study, we evaluated the role of krüppel-like factor 8 (klf8) in regulating left-right asymmetric patterning in zebrafish embryos. METHODS Zebrafish klf8 expression was disrupted by both morpholino antisense oligomer-mediated knockdown and a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was conducted to evaluate gene expression patterns of Nodal signalling components and the positions of heart and visceral organs. Dorsal forerunner cell number was evaluated in Tg(sox17:gfp) embryos and the length and number of cilia in Kupffer's vesicle were analyzed by immunocytochemistry using an acetylated tubulin antibody. RESULTS Heart jogging, looping and visceral organ positioning were all defective in zebrafish klf8 morphants. At the 18-22 s stages, klf8 morphants showed reduced expression of genes encoding Nodal signalling components (spaw, lft1, lft2, and pitx2) in the left LPM, diencephalon, and heart. Co-injection of klf8 mRNA with klf8 morpholino partially rescued spaw expression. Furthermore, klf8 but not klf8△zf overexpressing embryos showed dysregulated bilateral expression of Nodal signalling components at late somite stages. At the 10s stage, klf8 morphants exhibited reductions in length and number of cilia in Kupffer's vesicle, while at 75% epiboly, fewer dorsal forerunner cells were observed. Interestingly, klf8 mutant embryos, generated by a CRISPR-Cas9 system, showed bilateral spaw expression in the LPM at late somite stages. This observation may be partly attributed to compensatory upregulation of klf12b, because klf12b knockdown reduced the percentage of klf8 mutants exhibiting bilateral spaw expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that zebrafish Klf8 regulates left-right asymmetric patterning by modulating both Kupffer's vesicle morphogenesis and spaw expression in the left LPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Present address: Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defence Medical Center, National Defence University, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan.,Present address: Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ren Lai
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chi Liao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Ferreira RR, Vilfan A, Jülicher F, Supatto W, Vermot J. Physical limits of flow sensing in the left-right organizer. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28613157 PMCID: PMC5544429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid flows generated by motile cilia are guiding the establishment of the left-right asymmetry of the body in the vertebrate left-right organizer. Competing hypotheses have been proposed: the direction of flow is sensed either through mechanosensation, or via the detection of chemical signals transported in the flow. We investigated the physical limits of flow detection to clarify which mechanisms could be reliably used for symmetry breaking. We integrated parameters describing cilia distribution and orientation obtained in vivo in zebrafish into a multiscale physical study of flow generation and detection. Our results show that the number of immotile cilia is too small to ensure robust left and right determination by mechanosensing, given the large spatial variability of the flow. However, motile cilia could sense their own motion by a yet unknown mechanism. Finally, transport of chemical signals by the flow can provide a simple and reliable mechanism of asymmetry establishment. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25078.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7645), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1182) and Paris Saclay University, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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30
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Bidondo MP, Groisman B, Tardivo A, Tomasoni F, Tejeiro V, Camacho I, Vilas M, Liascovich R, Barbero P. Diprosopus: Systematic review and report of two cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:993-1007. [PMID: 27704687 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diprosopus is a subtype of symmetric conjoined twins with one head, facial duplication and a single trunk. Diprosopus is a very rare congenital anomaly. METHODS This is a systematic review of published cases and the presentation of two new cases born in Argentina. We estimated the prevalence of conjoined twins and diprosopus using data from the National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC). RESULTS The prevalence of conjoined twins in RENAC was 19 per 1,000,000 births (95% confidence interval, 12-29). Diprosopus prevalence was 2 per 1,000,000 births (95% confidence interval, 0.2-6.8). In the systematic review, we identified 31 diprosopus cases. The facial structures more frequently duplicated were nose and eyes. Most frequent associated anomalies were: anencephaly, duplication of cerebral hemispheres, craniorachischisis, oral clefts, spinal abnormalities, congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, thoracic and/or abdominal visceral laterality anomalies. One of the RENAC cases and three cases from the literature had another discordant nonmalformed twin. CONCLUSION The conjoined twins prevalence was similar to other studies. The prevalence of diprosopus was higher. The etiology is still unknown. The presence of visceral laterality anomalies may indicate the link between diprosopus and the alteration or duplication of the primitive node in the perigastrulation period (12-15 days postfertilization). Pregnancies of more than two embryos may be a risk factor for diprosopus. Given the low prevalence of this defect, it would be useful to perform studies involving several surveillance systems and international consortiums. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:993-1007, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Anencephaly/epidemiology
- Anencephaly/pathology
- Anencephaly/physiopathology
- Argentina/epidemiology
- Cerebrum/abnormalities
- Cleft Palate/epidemiology
- Cleft Palate/pathology
- Cleft Palate/physiopathology
- Face/abnormalities
- Female
- Heart Defects, Congenital/epidemiology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/epidemiology
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/pathology
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/physiopathology
- Humans
- Male
- Neural Tube Defects/epidemiology
- Neural Tube Defects/pathology
- Neural Tube Defects/physiopathology
- Nose/abnormalities
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Twins, Conjoined/pathology
- Twins, Conjoined/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Bidondo
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology, Embryology and Genetics. Medicine College, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Boris Groisman
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina Tardivo
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Tomasoni
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Neonatology Service in the Evita Pueblo Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Tejeiro
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Neonatology Service in the Evita Pueblo Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Camacho
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Neonatology Service in the 25 de Mayo Hospital, Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Mariana Vilas
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Liascovich
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Barbero
- National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC), National Center for Genetic Medicine (CNGM), National Administration of Labs and Health Institutes (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mutation of Growth Arrest Specific 8 Reveals a Role in Motile Cilia Function and Human Disease. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006220. [PMID: 27472056 PMCID: PMC4966937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are genetic disorders arising from dysfunction of microtubule-based cellular appendages called cilia. Different cilia types possess distinct stereotypic microtubule doublet arrangements with non-motile or 'primary' cilia having a 9+0 and motile cilia have a 9+2 array of microtubule doublets. Primary cilia are critical sensory and signaling centers needed for normal mammalian development. Defects in their structure/function result in a spectrum of clinical and developmental pathologies including abnormal neural tube and limb patterning. Altered patterning phenotypes in the limb and neural tube are due to perturbations in the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Motile cilia are important in fluid movement and defects in motility result in chronic respiratory infections, altered left-right asymmetry, and infertility. These features are the hallmarks of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD, OMIM 244400). While mutations in several genes are associated with PCD in patients and animal models, the genetic lesion in many cases is unknown. We assessed the in vivo functions of Growth Arrest Specific 8 (GAS8). GAS8 shares strong sequence similarity with the Chlamydomonas Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex (NDRC) protein 4 (DRC4) where it is needed for proper flagella motility. In mammalian cells, the GAS8 protein localizes not only to the microtubule axoneme of motile cilia, but also to the base of non-motile cilia. Gas8 was recently implicated in the Hh signaling pathway as a regulator of Smoothened trafficking into the cilium. Here, we generate the first mouse with a Gas8 mutation and show that it causes severe PCD phenotypes; however, there were no overt Hh pathway phenotypes. In addition, we identified two human patients with missense variants in Gas8. Rescue experiments in Chlamydomonas revealed a subtle defect in swim velocity compared to controls. Further experiments using CRISPR/Cas9 homology driven repair (HDR) to generate one of these human missense variants in mice demonstrated that this allele is likely pathogenic.
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32
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Inaba Y, Shinohara K, Botilde Y, Nabeshima R, Takaoka K, Ajima R, Lamri L, Takeda H, Saga Y, Nakamura T, Hamada H. Transport of the outer dynein arm complex to cilia requires a cytoplasmic protein Lrrc6. Genes Cells 2016; 21:728-39. [PMID: 27353389 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lrrc6 encodes a cytoplasmic protein that is expressed specifically in cells with motile cilia including the node, trachea and testes of the mice. A mutation of Lrrc6 has been identified in human patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Mutant mice lacking Lrrc6 show typical PCD defects such as hydrocephalus and laterality defects. We found that in the absence of Lrrc6, the morphology of motile cilia remained normal, but their motility was completely lost. The 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules remained normal in Lrrc6(-/-) mice, but the outer dynein arms (ODAs), the structures essential for the ciliary beating, were absent from the cilia. In the absence of Lrrc6, ODA proteins such as DNAH5, DNAH9 and IC2, which are assembled in the cytoplasm and transported to the ciliary axoneme, remained in the cytoplasm and were not transported to the ciliary axoneme. The IC2-IC1 interaction, which is the first step of ODA assembly, was normal in Lrrc6(-/-) mice testes. Our results suggest that ODA proteins may be transported from the cytoplasm to the cilia by an Lrrc6-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Inaba
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Shinohara
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yanick Botilde
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Nabeshima
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lynda Lamri
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Ichinose S, Ogawa T, Hirokawa N. Mechanism of Activity-Dependent Cargo Loading via the Phosphorylation of KIF3A by PKA and CaMKIIa. Neuron 2015; 87:1022-35. [PMID: 26335646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A regulated mechanism of cargo loading is crucial for intracellular transport. N-cadherin, a synaptic adhesion molecule that is critical for neuronal function, must be precisely transported to dendritic spines in response to synaptic activity and plasticity. However, the mechanism of activity-dependent cargo loading remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated the activity-dependent transport of N-cadherin via its transporter, KIF3A. First, by comparing KIF3A-bound cargo vesicles with unbound KIF3A, we identified critical KIF3A phosphorylation sites and specific kinases, PKA and CaMKIIa, using quantitative phosphoanalyses. Next, mutagenesis and kinase inhibitor experiments revealed that N-cadherin transport was enhanced via phosphorylation of the KIF3A C terminus, thereby increasing cargo-loading activity. Furthermore, N-cadherin transport was enhanced during homeostatic upregulation of synaptic strength, triggered by chronic inactivation by TTX. We propose the first model of activity-dependent cargo loading, in which phosphorylation of the KIF3A C terminus upregulates the loading and transport of N-cadherin in homeostatic synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Ichinose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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34
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Jeanson L, Copin B, Papon JF, Dastot-Le Moal F, Duquesnoy P, Montantin G, Cadranel J, Corvol H, Coste A, Désir J, Souayah A, Kott E, Collot N, Tissier S, Louis B, Tamalet A, de Blic J, Clement A, Escudier E, Amselem S, Legendre M. RSPH3 Mutations Cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with Central-Complex Defects and a Near Absence of Radial Spokes. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:153-62. [PMID: 26073779 PMCID: PMC4571005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal-recessive condition resulting from structural and/or functional defects of the axoneme in motile cilia and sperm flagella. The great majority of mutations identified so far involve genes whose defects result in dynein-arm anomalies. By contrast, PCD due to CC/RS defects (those in the central complex [CC] and radial spokes [RSs]), which might be difficult to diagnose, remains mostly unexplained. We identified non-ambiguous RSPH3 mutations in 5 of 48 independent families affected by CC/RS defects. RSPH3, whose ortholog in the flagellated alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes a RS-stalk protein, is mainly expressed in respiratory and testicular cells. Its protein product, which localizes within the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells, was undetectable in airway cells from an individual with RSPH3 mutations and in whom RSPH23 (a RS-neck protein) and RSPH1 and RSPH4A (RS-head proteins) were found to be still present within cilia. In the case of RSPH3 mutations, high-speed-videomicroscopy analyses revealed the coexistence of immotile cilia and motile cilia with movements of reduced amplitude. A striking feature of the ultrastructural phenotype associated with RSPH3 mutations is the near absence of detectable RSs in all cilia in combination with a variable proportion of cilia with CC defects. Overall, this study shows that RSPH3 mutations contribute to disease in more than 10% of PCD-affected individuals with CC/RS defects, thereby allowing an accurate diagnosis to be made in such cases. It also unveils the key role of RSPH3 in the proper building of RSs and the CC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Jeanson
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - Bruno Copin
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jean-François Papon
- INSERM UMR S955, Equipe 13, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil 94000, France; Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94275, France
| | - Florence Dastot-Le Moal
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Philippe Duquesnoy
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - Guy Montantin
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Service de Pneumologie-Centre Expert Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75020, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75020, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris 75012, France; INSERM UMR S938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - André Coste
- INSERM UMR S955, Equipe 13, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil 94000, France; Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital Intercommunal et Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Julie Désir
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles and Hôpital Erasme, Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | - Anissa Souayah
- Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | - Esther Kott
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France
| | - Nathalie Collot
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Sylvie Tissier
- Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- INSERM UMR S955, Equipe 13, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Aline Tamalet
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jacques de Blic
- Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatriques, Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annick Clement
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Centre National de Référence des Maladies Respiratoires Rares, Paris 75012, France
| | - Estelle Escudier
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | - Serge Amselem
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France.
| | - Marie Legendre
- INSERM UMR S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, Paris 75012, France; Service de Génétique et Embryologie Médicales, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
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35
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Schweickert A, Feistel K. The Xenopus Embryo: An Ideal Model System to Study Human Ciliopathies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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IFT46 plays an essential role in cilia development. Dev Biol 2015; 400:248-57. [PMID: 25722189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based structures that project into the extracellular space. Ciliary defects are associated with several human diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, primary ciliary dyskinesia, left-right axis patterning, hydrocephalus and retinal degeneration. However, the genetic and cellular biological control of ciliogenesis remains poorly understood. The IFT46 is one of the highly conserved intraflagellar transport complex B proteins. In zebrafish, ift46 is expressed in various ciliated tissues such as Kupffer׳s vesicle, pronephric ducts, ears and spinal cord. We show that ift46 is localized to the basal body. Knockdown of ift46 gene results in multiple phenotypes associated with various ciliopathies including kidney cysts, pericardial edema and ventral axis curvature. In ift46 morphants, cilia in kidney and spinal canal are shortened and abnormal. Similar ciliary defects are observed in otic vesicles, lateral line hair cells, olfactory pits, but not in Kupffer׳s vesicle. To explore the functions of Ift46 during mouse development, we have generated Ift46 knock-out mice. The Ift46 mutants have developmental defects in brain, neural tube and heart. In particular Ift46(-/-) homozygotes displays randomization of the embryo heart looping, which is a hallmark of defective left-right (L/R) axis patterning. Taken together, our results demonstrated that IFT46 has an essential role in vertebrate ciliary development.
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Narita K, Takeda S. Cilia in the choroid plexus: their roles in hydrocephalus and beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:39. [PMID: 25729351 PMCID: PMC4325912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli. In vertebrates, cilia are ubiquitously found in most cells, showing structural and functional diversities depending on the cell type. In this review, we focus on the structure and function of cilia in choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs). CPECs form one or two dozen non-motile 9+0 cilia, which display transient acquisition of motility during development. Genetic malfunction of cilia can lead to failure of multiple organs including the brain. Especially, several groups have demonstrated that the defects in CPEC cilia cause the communicating form of hydrocephalus. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hydrocephalus, we have previously demonstrated that the cilia possess an NPFF receptor for autocrine signaling to regulate transepithelial fluid transport. In this perspective, we also discuss the potential involvement of cilia in the other aspects of choroid plexus functions, such as the regulation of brain development and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Narita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Samarut E, Fraher D, Laudet V, Gibert Y. ZebRA: An overview of retinoic acid signaling during zebrafish development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Many aspects of heart development are determined by the left right axis and as a result several congenital diseases have their origins in aberrant left-right patterning. Establishment of this axis occurs early in embryogenesis before formation of the linear heart tube yet impacts upon much later morphogenetic events. In this review I discuss the differing mechanisms by which left-right polarity is achieved in the mouse and chick embryos and comment on the evolution of this system. I then discus three major classes of cardiovascular defect associated with aberrant left-right patterning seen in mouse mutants and human disease. I describe phenotypes associated with the determination of atrial identity and venous connections, looping morphogenesis of the heart tube and finally the asymmetric remodelling of the embryonic branchial arch arterial system to form the leftward looped arch of aorta and associated great arteries. Where appropriate, I consider left right patterning defects from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrating how developmental processes have been modified in species over time and illustrating how comparative embryology can aide in our understanding of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Dykes
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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40
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Turturici G, Tinnirello R, Sconzo G, Geraci F. Extracellular membrane vesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication: advantages and disadvantages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C621-33. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00228.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles represent a newly identified mechanism of intercellular communication. Two different types of microvesicles have been identified: membrane-derived vesicles (EVs) and exosomes. EVs originate by direct budding from the plasma membrane, while exosomes arise from ectocytosis of multivesicular bodies. Recent attention has focused on the capacity of EVs to alter the phenotype of neighboring cells to make them resemble EV-producing cells. Stem cells are an abundant source of EVs, and the interaction between stem cells and the microenvironment (i.e., stem cell niche) plays a critical role in determining stem cell phenotype. The stem cell niche hypothesis predicts that stem cell number is limited by the availability of niches releasing the necessary signals for self-renewal and survival, and the niche thus provides a mechanism for controlling and limiting stem cell numbers. EVs may play a fundamental role in this context by transferring genetic information between cells. EVs can transfer mRNA and microRNA to target cells, both of which may be involved in the change in target-cell phenotype towards that of EV-producing cells. The exchange of genetic information may be bidirectional, and EV-mediated transfer of genetic information after tissue damage may reprogram stem cells to acquire the phenotypic features of the injured tissue cells. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs may induce the de-differentiation of cells that survive injury by promoting their reentry into the cell cycle and subsequently increasing the possibility of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Turturici
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sconzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabiana Geraci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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41
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Onoufriadis A, Shoemark A, Schmidts M, Patel M, Jimenez G, Liu H, Thomas B, Dixon M, Hirst RA, Rutman A, Burgoyne T, Williams C, Scully J, Bolard F, Lafitte JJ, Beales PL, Hogg C, Yang P, Chung EMK, Emes RD, O'Callaghan C, Bouvagnet P, Mitchison HM. Targeted NGS gene panel identifies mutations in RSPH1 causing primary ciliary dyskinesia and a common mechanism for ciliary central pair agenesis due to radial spoke defects. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3362-74. [PMID: 24518672 PMCID: PMC4049301 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited chronic respiratory obstructive disease with randomized body laterality and infertility, resulting from cilia and sperm dysmotility. PCD is characterized by clinical variability and extensive genetic heterogeneity, associated with different cilia ultrastructural defects and mutations identified in >20 genes. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies therefore present a promising approach for genetic diagnosis which is not yet in routine use. We developed a targeted panel-based NGS pipeline to identify mutations by sequencing of selected candidate genes in 70 genetically undefined PCD patients. This detected loss-of-function RSPH1 mutations in four individuals with isolated central pair (CP) agenesis and normal body laterality, from two unrelated families. Ultrastructural analysis in RSPH1-mutated cilia revealed transposition of peripheral outer microtubules into the ‘empty’ CP space, accompanied by a distinctive intermittent loss of the central pair microtubules. We find that mutations in RSPH1, RSPH4A and RSPH9, which all encode homologs of components of the ‘head’ structure of ciliary radial spoke complexes identified in Chlamydomonas, cause clinical phenotypes that appear to be indistinguishable except at the gene level. By high-resolution immunofluorescence we identified a loss of RSPH4A and RSPH9 along with RSPH1 from RSPH1-mutated cilia, suggesting RSPH1 mutations may result in loss of the entire spoke head structure. CP loss is seen in up to 28% of PCD cases, in whom laterality determination specified by CP-less embryonic node cilia remains undisturbed. We propose this defect could arise from instability or agenesis of the ciliary central microtubules due to loss of their normal radial spoke head tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Onoufriadis
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK Present address: Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mitali Patel
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gina Jimenez
- Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4173, Université Lyon 1, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche sur Saône, Lyon, France Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Hui Liu
- Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4173, Université Lyon 1, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche sur Saône, Lyon, France Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Biju Thomas
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Division of Child Health, CSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Mellisa Dixon
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Division of Child Health, CSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Andrew Rutman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Division of Child Health, CSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christopher Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Division of Child Health, CSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Juliet Scully
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Florence Bolard
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Roubaix, Hôpital Victor Provo, Roubaix, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lafitte
- Département de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Hôpital Albert Calmette, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Philip L Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Eddie M K Chung
- General and Adolescent Paediatric Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Division of Child Health, CSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK Department of Respiratory Medicine, Portex Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Patrice Bouvagnet
- Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Equipe d'Accueil 4173, Université Lyon 1, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche sur Saône, Lyon, France Laboratoire Cardiogénétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, 69677 Bron, France Service de Cardiologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupe Hospitalier Est, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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42
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is the remarkable process by which cells self-assemble into complex tissues and organs that exhibit specialized form and function during embryological development. Many of the genes and chemical cues that mediate tissue and organ formation have been identified; however, these signals alone are not sufficient to explain how tissues and organs are constructed that exhibit their unique material properties and three-dimensional forms. Here, we review work that has revealed the central role that physical forces and extracellular matrix mechanics play in the control of cell fate switching, pattern formation, and tissue development in the embryo and how these same mechanical signals contribute to tissue homeostasis and developmental control throughout adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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43
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Goggolidou P, Soneji S, Powles-Glover N, Williams D, Sethi S, Baban D, Simon MM, Ragoussis I, Norris DP. A chronological expression profile of gene activity during embryonic mouse brain development. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:459-72. [PMID: 24249052 PMCID: PMC3843766 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a functionally complex organ, the patterning and development of which are key to adult health. To help elucidate the genetic networks underlying mammalian brain patterning, we conducted detailed transcriptional profiling during embryonic development of the mouse brain. A total of 2,400 genes were identified as showing differential expression between three developmental stages. Analysis of the data identified nine gene clusters to demonstrate analogous expression profiles. A significant group of novel genes of as yet undiscovered biological function were detected as being potentially relevant to brain development and function, in addition to genes that have previously identified roles in the brain. Furthermore, analysis for genes that display asymmetric expression between the left and right brain hemispheres during development revealed 35 genes as putatively asymmetric from a combined data set. Our data constitute a valuable new resource for neuroscience and neurodevelopment, exposing possible functional associations between genes, including novel loci, and encouraging their further investigation in human neurological and behavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goggolidou
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK,
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44
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Botilde Y, Yoshiba S, Shinohara K, Hasegawa T, Nishimura H, Shiratori H, Hamada H. Cluap1 localizes preferentially to the base and tip of cilia and is required for ciliogenesis in the mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2013; 381:203-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The centrosome, a major organizer of microtubules, has important functions in regulating cell shape, polarity, cilia formation and intracellular transport as well as the position of cellular structures, including the mitotic spindle. By means of these activities, centrosomes have important roles during animal development by regulating polarized cell behaviors, such as cell migration or neurite outgrowth, as well as mitotic spindle orientation. In recent years, the pace of discovery regarding the structure and composition of centrosomes has continuously accelerated. At the same time, functional studies have revealed the importance of centrosomes in controlling both morphogenesis and cell fate decision during tissue and organ development. Here, we review examples of centrosome and centriole positioning with a particular emphasis on vertebrate developmental systems, and discuss the roles of centrosome positioning, the cues that determine positioning and the mechanisms by which centrosomes respond to these cues. The studies reviewed here suggest that centrosome functions extend to the development of tissues and organs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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46
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47
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Sharma N, Malarkey EB, Berbari NF, O'Connor AK, Vanden Heuvel GB, Mrug M, Yoder BK. Proximal tubule proliferation is insufficient to induce rapid cyst formation after cilia disruption. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:456-64. [PMID: 23411784 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupting the function of cilia in mouse kidneys results in rapid or slow progression of cystic disease depending on whether the animals are juveniles or adults, respectively. Renal injury can also markedly accelerate the renal cyst formation that occurs after disruption of cilia in adult mice. Rates of cell proliferation are markedly higher in juvenile than adult kidneys and increase after renal injury, suggesting that cell proliferation may enhance the development of cysts. Here, we induced cilia loss in the kidneys of adult mice in the presence or absence of a Cux-1 transgene, which maintains cell proliferation. By using this model, we were able to avoid additional factors such as inflammation and dedifferentiation, which associate with renal injury and may also influence the rate of cystogenesis. After induction of cilia loss, cystic disease was not more pronounced in adult mice with the Cux-1 transgene compared with those without the transgene. In conclusion, these data suggest that proliferation is unlikely to be the sole mechanism underlying the rapid cystogenesis observed after injury in mice that lose cilia function in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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48
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Wolfe RP, Leleux J, Nerem RM, Ahsan T. Effects of shear stress on germ lineage specification of embryonic stem cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1263-73. [PMID: 22968330 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology to date has focused on differentiated cells or progenitors, yet the effects of mechanical forces on early differentiation of pluripotent stem cells are still largely unknown. To study the effects of cellular deformation, we utilize a fluid flow bioreactor to apply steady laminar shear stress to mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) cultured on a two dimensional surface. Shear stress was found to affect pluripotency, as well as germ specification to the mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal lineages, as indicated by gene expression of OCT4, T-BRACHY, AFP, and NES, respectively. The ectodermal and mesodermal response to shear stress was dependent on stress magnitude (ranging from 1.5 to 15 dynes cm(-2)). Furthermore, increasing the duration from one to four days resulted in a sustained increase in T-BRACHY and a marked suppression of AFP. These changes in differentiation occurred concurrently with the activation of Wnt and estrogen pathways, as determined by PCR arrays for signalling molecules. Together these studies show that the mechanical microenvironment may be an important regulator during early differentiation events, including gastrulation. This insight furthers understanding of normal and pathological events during development, as well as facilitates strategies for scale up production of stem cells for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Wolfe
- Tulane University Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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49
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Nakamura T, Saito D, Kawasumi A, Shinohara K, Asai Y, Takaoka K, Dong F, Takamatsu A, Belo JA, Mochizuki A, Hamada H. Fluid flow and interlinked feedback loops establish left–right asymmetric decay of Cerl2 mRNA. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1322. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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50
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Yoshiba S, Shiratori H, Kuo IY, Kawasumi A, Shinohara K, Nonaka S, Asai Y, Sasaki G, Belo JA, Sasaki H, Nakai J, Dworniczak B, Ehrlich BE, Pennekamp P, Hamada H. Cilia at the node of mouse embryos sense fluid flow for left-right determination via Pkd2. Science 2012; 338:226-31. [PMID: 22983710 PMCID: PMC3711115 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unidirectional fluid flow plays an essential role in the breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry in mouse embryos, but it has remained unclear how the flow is sensed by the embryo. We report that the Ca(2+) channel Polycystin-2 (Pkd2) is required specifically in the perinodal crown cells for sensing the nodal flow. Examination of mutant forms of Pkd2 shows that the ciliary localization of Pkd2 is essential for correct L-R patterning. Whereas Kif3a mutant embryos, which lack all cilia, failed to respond to an artificial flow, restoration of primary cilia in crown cells rescued the response to the flow. Our results thus suggest that nodal flow is sensed in a manner dependent on Pkd2 by the cilia of crown cells located at the edge of the node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yoshiba
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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