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Havula E, Ghazanfar S, Lamichane N, Francis D, Hasygar K, Liu Y, Alton LA, Johnstone J, Needham EJ, Pulpitel T, Clark T, Niranjan HN, Shang V, Tong V, Jiwnani N, Audia G, Alves AN, Sylow L, Mirth C, Neely GG, Yang J, Hietakangas V, Simpson SJ, Senior AM. Genetic variation of macronutrient tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1637. [PMID: 35347148 PMCID: PMC8960806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are essential nutrients to all animals; however, closely related species, populations, and individuals can display dramatic variation in diet. Here we explore the variation in macronutrient tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster using the Drosophila genetic reference panel, a collection of ~200 strains derived from a single natural population. Our study demonstrates that D. melanogaster, often considered a "dietary generalist", displays marked genetic variation in survival on different diets, notably on high-sugar diet. Our genetic analysis and functional validation identify several regulators of macronutrient tolerance, including CG10960/GLUT8, Pkn and Eip75B. We also demonstrate a role for the JNK pathway in sugar tolerance and de novo lipogenesis. Finally, we report a role for tailless, a conserved orphan nuclear hormone receptor, in regulating sugar metabolism via insulin-like peptide secretion and sugar-responsive CCHamide-2 expression. Our study provides support for the use of nutrigenomics in the development of personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Havula
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Ghazanfar
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Lamichane
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Francis
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - K Hasygar
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y Liu
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L A Alton
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - J Johnstone
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - E J Needham
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - T Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - T Clark
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - H N Niranjan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - V Shang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - V Tong
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - N Jiwnani
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - G Audia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - A N Alves
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - L Sylow
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - G G Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - J Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - V Hietakangas
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - A M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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2
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Pedone KH, González-Pérez V, Leopold LE, Rasmussen NR, Der CJ, Cox AD, Ahmed S, Reiner DJ. Engineering threshold-based selection systems. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab234. [PMID: 34544135 PMCID: PMC8496214 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using model organisms to identify novel therapeutic targets is frequently constrained by pre-existing genetic toolkits. To expedite positive selection for identification of novel downstream effectors, we engineered conditional expression of activated CED-10/Rac to disrupt Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic morphogenesis, titrated to 100% lethality. The strategy of engineering thresholds for positive selection using experimental animals was validated with pharmacological and genetic suppression and is generalizable to diverse molecular processes and experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Pedone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vanessa González-Pérez
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Luciana E Leopold
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Neal R Rasmussen
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Ahmed
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David J Reiner
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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The structure and function of protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs). Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:217-235. [PMID: 33522581 PMCID: PMC7925014 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases, PRK1, PRK2 and PRK3, are effectors for the Rho family small G proteins. An array of studies have linked these kinases to multiple signalling pathways and physiological roles, but while PRK1 is relatively well-characterized, the entire PRK family remains understudied. Here, we provide a holistic overview of the structure and function of PRKs and describe the molecular events that govern activation and autoregulation of catalytic activity, including phosphorylation, protein interactions and lipid binding. We begin with a structural description of the regulatory and catalytic domains, which facilitates the understanding of their regulation in molecular detail. We then examine their diverse physiological roles in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, chromatin remodelling, androgen receptor signalling, cell cycle regulation, the immune response, glucose metabolism and development, highlighting isoform redundancy but also isoform specificity. Finally, we consider the involvement of PRKs in pathologies, including cancer, heart disease and bacterial infections. The abundance of PRK-driven pathologies suggests that these enzymes will be good therapeutic targets and we briefly report some of the progress to date.
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Wang Y, Wang B, Shao X, Liu M, Jiang K, Wang M, Wang L. Identification and Profiling of MicroRNAs During Embryogenesis in the Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:878. [PMID: 33041835 PMCID: PMC7521159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that constitute a broad layer of gene regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In embryonic development, they regulate the complex gene expression associated with the complexity of embryogenesis. There is little information about miRNAs in the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), an important commercial species and a potential biological model. In the present study, miRNAs and their target genes were identified during three embryonic developmental stages of C. quadricarinatus. Nineteen known miRNAs and 331 novel ones belonging to 50 miRNA families were obtained. A total of 113 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and 2,575 target genes were predicted, of which 1,257 were annotated. Additionally, 63 target genes of 9 miRNAs in C. quadricarinatus were found to be related to embryonic development. For example, miR-10 and its target genes may regulate the nervous system development and body segmentation and miR-2788 may regulate cell proliferation to impact embryonic development. Moreover, miR-28 (target gene tutl), miR-50 (target gene fbx5), and miR-1260b (target gene sif) may co-regulate eye development of embryonic C. quadricarinatus. These miRNAs together with their target genes constitute a network for regulating the development of tissues and organs in the embryo of C. quadricarinatus. Our results lay a foundation for further study on the fundamental molecular and developmental mechanism of crustacean embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuqing Shao
- Shandong Cigna Detection Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Keyong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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5
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Sophocleous G, Wood G, Owen D, Mott HR. 1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments of the HR1c domain of PRK1, a protein kinase C-related kinase. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2020; 14:245-250. [PMID: 32500230 PMCID: PMC7462907 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PRK1 is a member of the protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases and a downstream effector of Rho GTPases. PRK1 has three N-terminal Homology Region 1 (HR1) domains (HR1a, HR1b and HR1c), which form antiparallel coiled coils that interact with Rho family GTPases. PRK1 also has a C2-like domain that targets it to the plasma membrane and a kinase domain, which is a member of the protein kinase C superfamily. PRK1 is involved in cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression and the immune response, and is implicated in cancer. There is currently no structural information for the HR1c domain. The 1H, 15N and 13C NMR backbone and sidechain resonance assignment of the HR1c domain presented here forms the basis for this domain's structural characterisation. This work will also enable studies of interactions between the three HR1 domains in an effort to obtain structural insight into the regulation of PRK1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Department of Pathology, 10, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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6
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Ponte S, Carvalho L, Gagliardi M, Campos I, Oliveira PJ, Jacinto A. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission regulates calcium and F-actin dynamics during wound healing. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio048629. [PMID: 32184231 PMCID: PMC7225088 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria adapt to cellular needs by changes in morphology through fusion and fission events, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial function and morphology are intimately connected and the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is linked to several human diseases. In this work, we investigated the role of mitochondrial dynamics in wound healing in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis. Mutants for mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins fail to close their wounds, indicating that the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is required for wound healing. By live-imaging, we found that loss of function of the mitochondrial fission protein Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) compromises the increase of cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium upon wounding and leads to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and F-actin defects at the wound edge, culminating in wound healing impairment. Our results highlight a new role for mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of calcium, ROS and F-actin during epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ponte
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lara Carvalho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Gagliardi
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- Animal Platforms, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António Jacinto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Ho TY, Wu WH, Hung SJ, Liu T, Lee YM, Liu YH. Expressional Profiling of Carpet Glia in the Developing Drosophila Eye Reveals Its Molecular Signature of Morphology Regulators. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 30983950 PMCID: PMC6449730 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis in the nervous system requires intricate regulation and is largely accomplished by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The major gate keeper of the vertebrate BBB is vascular endothelial cells, which form tight junctions (TJs). To gain insight into the development of the BBB, we studied the carpet glia, a subperineurial glial cell type with vertebrate TJ-equivalent septate junctions, in the developing Drosophila eye. The large and flat, sheet-like carpet glia, which extends along the developing eye following neuronal differentiation, serves as an easily accessible experimental system to understand the cell types that exhibit barrier function. We profiled transcribed genes in the carpet glia using targeted DNA adenine methyl-transferase identification, followed by next-generation sequencing (targeted DamID-seq) and found that the majority of genes expressed in the carpet glia function in cellular activities were related to its dynamic morphological changes in the developing eye. To unravel the morphology regulators, we silenced genes selected from the carpet glia transcriptome using RNA interference. The Rho1 gene encoding a GTPase was previously reported as a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. The expression of the pathetic (path) gene, encoding a solute carrier transporter in the developing eye, is specific to the carpet glia. The reduced expression of Rho1 severely disrupted the formation of intact carpet glia, and the silencing path impaired the connection between the two carpet glial cells, indicating the pan-cellular and local effects of Rho1 and Path on carpet glial cell morphology, respectively. Our study molecularly characterized a particular subperineurial cell type providing a resource for a further understanding of the cell types comprising the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ying Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jou Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsunglin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Identifying Genetic Players in Cell Sheet Morphogenesis Using a Drosophila Deficiency Screen for Genes on Chromosome 2R Involved in Dorsal Closure. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2361-2387. [PMID: 29776969 PMCID: PMC6027880 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell sheet morphogenesis characterizes key developmental transitions and homeostasis, in vertebrates and throughout phylogeny, including gastrulation, neural tube formation and wound healing. Dorsal closure, a process during Drosophila embryogenesis, has emerged as a model for cell sheet morphogenesis. ∼140 genes are currently known to affect dorsal closure and new genes are identified each year. Many of these genes were identified in screens that resulted in arrested development. Dorsal closure is remarkably robust and many questions regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in this complex biological process remain. Thus, it is important to identify all genes that contribute to the kinematics and dynamics of closure. Here, we used a set of large deletions (deficiencies), which collectively remove 98.5% of the genes on the right arm of Drosophila melanogaster’s 2nd chromosome to identify “dorsal closure deficiencies”. Through two crosses, we unambiguously identified embryos homozygous for each deficiency and time-lapse imaged them for the duration of closure. Images were analyzed for defects in cell shapes and tissue movements. Embryos homozygous for 47 deficiencies have notable, diverse defects in closure, demonstrating that a number of discrete processes comprise closure and are susceptible to mutational disruption. Further analysis of these deficiencies will lead to the identification of at least 30 novel “dorsal closure genes”. We expect that many of these novel genes will identify links to pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure. We also expect to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure.
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9
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Haines JE, Eisen MB. Patterns of chromatin accessibility along the anterior-posterior axis in the early Drosophila embryo. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007367. [PMID: 29727464 PMCID: PMC5955596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the Drosophila embryo transitions from the use of maternal RNAs to zygotic transcription, domains of open chromatin, with relatively low nucleosome density and specific histone marks, are established at promoters and enhancers involved in patterned embryonic transcription. However it remains unclear how regions of activity are established during early embryogenesis, and if they are the product of spatially restricted or ubiquitous processes. To shed light on this question, we probed chromatin accessibility across the anterior-posterior axis (A-P) of early Drosophila melanogaster embryos by applying a transposon based assay for chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) to anterior and posterior halves of hand-dissected, cellular blastoderm embryos. We find that genome-wide chromatin accessibility is highly similar between the two halves, with regions that manifest significant accessibility in one half of the embryo almost always accessible in the other half, even for promoters that are active in exclusively one half of the embryo. These data support previous studies that show that chromatin accessibility is not a direct result of activity, and point to a role for ubiquitous factors or processes in establishing chromatin accessibility at promoters in the early embryo. However, in concordance with similar works, we find that at enhancers active exclusively in one half of the embryo, we observe a significant skew towards greater accessibility in the region of their activity, highlighting the role of patterning factors such as Bicoid in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. Haines
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Eisen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States of America
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10
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Tsankova A, Pham TT, Garcia DS, Otte F, Cabernard C. Cell Polarity Regulates Biased Myosin Activity and Dynamics during Asymmetric Cell Division via Drosophila Rho Kinase and Protein Kinase N. Dev Cell 2017; 42:143-155.e5. [PMID: 28712722 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell and tissue morphogenesis depends on the correct regulation of non-muscle Myosin II, but how this motor protein is spatiotemporally controlled is incompletely understood. Here, we show that in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila neural stem cells, cell intrinsic polarity cues provide spatial and temporal information to regulate biased Myosin activity. Using live cell imaging and a genetically encoded Myosin activity sensor, we found that Drosophila Rho kinase (Rok) enriches for activated Myosin on the neuroblast cortex prior to nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB). After NEB, the conserved polarity protein Partner of Inscuteable (Pins) sequentially enriches Rok and Protein Kinase N (Pkn) on the apical neuroblast cortex. Our data suggest that apical Rok first increases phospho-Myosin, followed by Pkn-mediated Myosin downregulation, possibly through Rok inhibition. We propose that polarity-induced spatiotemporal control of Rok and Pkn is important for unequal cortical expansion, ensuring correct cleavage furrow positioning and the establishment of physical asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tsankova
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tri Thanh Pham
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kinkaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | - Fabian Otte
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Cabernard
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kinkaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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11
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Wheat bran feruloyl oligosaccharides protect against AAPH-induced oxidative injury via p38MAPK/PI3K-Nrf2/Keap1-MafK pathway. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Danno S, Kubouchi K, Mehruba M, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Eguchi S, Oka M, Hirashima M, Yasuda H, Mukai H. PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts. Genes Cells 2017; 22:220-236. [PMID: 28102564 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PKN2, a member of the protein kinase N (PKN) family, has been suggested by in vitro culture cell experiments to bind to Rho/Rac GTPases and contributes to cell-cell contact and cell migration. To unravel the in vivo physiological function of PKN2, we targeted the PKN2 gene. Constitutive disruption of the mouse PKN2 gene resulted in growth retardation and lethality before embryonic day (E) 10.5. PKN2-/- embryo did not undergo axial turning and showed insufficient closure of the neural tube. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from PKN2-/- embryos at E9.5 failed to grow. Cre-mediated ablation of PKN2 in PKN2flox/flox MEFs obtained from E14.5 embryos showed impaired cell proliferation, and cell cycle analysis of these MEFs showed a decrease in S-phase population. Our results show that PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and cell-autonomous proliferation of primary MEFs in culture. Comparison of the PKN2-/- phenotype with the phenotypes of PKN1 and PKN3 knockout strains suggests that PKN2 has distinct nonredundant functions in vivo, despite the structural similarity and evolutionary relationship among the three isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eguchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, 983-8512, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Yasuda
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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13
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Wernike D, Chen Y, Mastronardi K, Makil N, Piekny A. Mechanical forces drive neuroblast morphogenesis and are required for epidermal closure. Dev Biol 2016; 412:261-77. [PMID: 26923492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires myosin-dependent events such as cell shape changes and migration to be coordinated between cells within a tissue, and/or with cells from other tissues. However, few studies have investigated the simultaneous morphogenesis of multiple tissues in vivo. We found that during Caenorhabditis elegans ventral enclosure, when epidermal cells collectively migrate to cover the ventral surface of the embryo, the underlying neuroblasts (neuronal precursor cells) also undergo morphogenesis. We found that myosin accumulates as foci along the junction-free edges of the ventral epidermal cells to form a ring, whose closure is myosin-dependent. We also observed the accumulation of myosin foci and the adhesion junction proteins E-cadherin and α-catenin in the underlying neuroblasts. Myosin may help to reorganize a subset of neuroblasts into a rosette-like pattern, and decrease their surface area as the overlying epidermal cells constrict. Since myosin is required in the neuroblasts for ventral enclosure, we propose that mechanical forces in the neuroblasts influence constriction of the overlying epidermal cells. In support of this model, disrupting neuroblast cell division or altering their fate influences myosin localization in the overlying epidermal cells. The coordination of myosin-dependent events and forces between cells in different tissues could be a common theme for coordinating morphogenetic events during metazoan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wernike
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Neetha Makil
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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14
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Quétier I, Marshall JJT, Spencer-Dene B, Lachmann S, Casamassima A, Franco C, Escuin S, Worrall JT, Baskaran P, Rajeeve V, Howell M, Copp AJ, Stamp G, Rosewell I, Cutillas P, Gerhardt H, Parker PJ, Cameron AJM. Knockout of the PKN Family of Rho Effector Kinases Reveals a Non-redundant Role for PKN2 in Developmental Mesoderm Expansion. Cell Rep 2016; 14:440-448. [PMID: 26774483 PMCID: PMC4733087 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, the protein kinase C (PKC) family has expanded into diversely regulated subgroups, including the Rho family-responsive PKN kinases. Here, we describe knockouts of all three mouse PKN isoforms and reveal that PKN2 loss results in lethality at embryonic day 10 (E10), with associated cardiovascular and morphogenetic defects. The cardiovascular phenotype was not recapitulated by conditional deletion of PKN2 in endothelial cells or the developing heart. In contrast, inducible systemic deletion of PKN2 after E7 provoked collapse of the embryonic mesoderm. Furthermore, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which arise from the embryonic mesoderm, depend on PKN2 for proliferation and motility. These cellular defects are reflected in vivo as dependence on PKN2 for mesoderm proliferation and neural crest migration. We conclude that failure of the mesoderm to expand in the absence of PKN2 compromises cardiovascular integrity and development, resulting in lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Quétier
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jacqueline J T Marshall
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | - Sylvie Lachmann
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Adele Casamassima
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Claudio Franco
- Instituto Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sarah Escuin
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Joseph T Worrall
- John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Priththivika Baskaran
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Genetic Manipulation Services, Francis Crick Institute, Clare Hall, Herts EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Saint Thomas Street, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Angus J M Cameron
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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15
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Mukai H, Muramatsu A, Mashud R, Kubouchi K, Tsujimoto S, Hongu T, Kanaho Y, Tsubaki M, Nishida S, Shioi G, Danno S, Mehruba M, Satoh R, Sugiura R. PKN3 is the major regulator of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18979. [PMID: 26742562 PMCID: PMC4705536 DOI: 10.1038/srep18979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PKN, a conserved family member related to PKC, was the first protein kinase identified as a target of the small GTPase Rho. PKN is involved in various functions including cytoskeletal arrangement and cell adhesion. Furthermore, the enrichment of PKN3 mRNA in some cancer cell lines as well as its requirement in malignant prostate cell growth suggested its involvement in oncogenesis. Despite intensive research efforts, physiological as well as pathological roles of PKN3 in vivo remain elusive. Here, we generated mice with a targeted deletion of PKN3. The PKN3 knockout (KO) mice are viable and develop normally. However, the absence of PKN3 had an impact on angiogenesis as evidenced by marked suppressions of micro-vessel sprouting in ex vivo aortic ring assay and in vivo corneal pocket assay. Furthermore, the PKN3 KO mice exhibited an impaired lung metastasis of melanoma cells when administered from the tail vein. Importantly, PKN3 knock-down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced a glycosylation defect of cell-surface glycoproteins, including ICAM-1, integrin β1 and integrin α5 in HUVECs. Our data provide the first in vivo genetic demonstration that PKN3 plays critical roles in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, and that defective maturation of cell surface glycoproteins might underlie these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mukai
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Aiko Muramatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rana Mashud
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Hongu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047
| | - Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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16
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Mishra JP, Cohen D, Zamperone A, Nesic D, Muesch A, Stein M. CagA of Helicobacter pylori interacts with and inhibits the serine-threonine kinase PRK2. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1670-82. [PMID: 26041307 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CagA is a multifunctional toxin of Helicobacter pylori that is secreted into host epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system. Following host cell translocation, CagA interferes with various host-cell signalling pathways. Most notably this toxin is involved in the disruption of apical-basolateral cell polarity and cell adhesion, as well as in the induction of cell proliferation, migration and cell morphological changes. These are processes that also play an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell invasion. In fact, CagA is considered as the only known bacterial oncoprotein. The cellular effects are triggered by a variety of CagA activities including the inhibition of serine-threonine kinase Par1b/MARK2 and the activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Additionally, CagA was described to affect the activity of Src family kinases and C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) suggesting that interference with multiple cellular kinase- and phosphatase-associated signalling pathways is a major function of CagA. Here, we describe the effect of CagA on protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2), which acts downstream of Rho GTPases and is known to affect cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell polarity. CagA interacts with PRK2 and inhibits its kinase activity. Because PRK2 has been linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements and establishment of cell polarity, we suggest that CagA may hijack PRK2 to further manipulate cancer-related signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prasad Mishra
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David Cohen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Dragana Nesic
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Muesch
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Markus Stein
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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17
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Wu D, Zhu X, Jimenez-Cowell K, Mold AJ, Sollecito CC, Lombana N, Jiao M, Wei Q. Identification of the GTPase-activating protein DEP domain containing 1B (DEPDC1B) as a transcriptional target of Pitx2. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:80-92. [PMID: 25704760 PMCID: PMC4387072 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pitx2 is a bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor implicated in regulating left-right patterning and organogenesis. However, only a limited number of Pitx2 downstream target genes have been identified and characterized. Here we demonstrate that Pitx2 is a transcriptional repressor of DEP domain containing 1B (DEPDC1B). The first intron of the human and mouse DEP domain containing 1B genes contains multiple consensus DNA-binding sites for Pitx2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Pitx2, along with histone deacetylase 1, was recruited to the first intron of Depdc1b. In contrast, RNAi-mediated depletion of Pitx2 not only enhanced the acetylation of histone H4 in the first intron of Depdc1b, but also increased the protein level of Depdc1b. Luciferase reporter assays also showed that Pitx2 could repress the transcriptional activity mediated by the first intron of human DEPDC1B. The GAP domain of DEPDC1B interacted with nucleotide-bound forms of RAC1 in vitro. In addition, exogenous expression of DEPDC1B suppressed RAC1 activation and interfered with actin polymerization induced by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor TRIO. Moreover, DEPDC1B interacted with various signaling molecules such as U2af2, Erh, and Salm. We propose that Pitx2-mediated repression of Depdc1b expression contributes to the regulation of multiple molecular pathways, such as Rho GTPase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Cooperation between Max Delbrück Center and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Jimenez-Cowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | - Alexander J Mold
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | | | - Nicholas Lombana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | - Meng Jiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States
| | - Qize Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, United States.
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18
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Ferreira T, Prudêncio P, Martinho RG. Drosophila protein kinase N (Pkn) is a negative regulator of actin-myosin activity during oogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 394:277-91. [PMID: 25131196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nurse cell dumping is an actin-myosin based process, where 15 nurse cells of a given egg chamber contract and transfer their cytoplasmic content through the ring canals into the growing oocyte. We isolated two mutant alleles of protein kinase N (pkn) and showed that Pkn negatively-regulates activation of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton during the onset of dumping. Using live-cell imaging analysis we observed that nurse cell dumping rates sharply increase during the onset of fast dumping. Such rate increase was severely impaired in pkn mutant nurse cells due to excessive nurse cell actin-myosin activity and/or loss of tissue integrity. Our work demonstrates that the transition between slow and fast dumping is a discrete event, with at least a five to six-fold dumping rate increase. We show that Pkn negatively regulates nurse cell actin-myosin activity. This is likely to be important for directional cytoplasmic flow. We propose Pkn provides a negative feedback loop to help avoid excessive contractility after local activation of Rho GTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Ferreira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Pedro Prudêncio
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rui Gonçalo Martinho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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19
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Swope D, Kramer J, King TR, Cheng YS, Kramer SG. Cdc42 is required in a genetically distinct subset of cardiac cells during Drosophila dorsal vessel closure. Dev Biol 2014; 392:221-32. [PMID: 24949939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic heart tube is formed by the migration and subsequent midline convergence of two bilateral heart fields. In Drosophila the heart fields are organized into two rows of cardioblasts (CBs). While morphogenesis of the dorsal ectoderm, which lies directly above the Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV), has been extensively characterized, the migration and concomitant fundamental factors facilitating DV formation remain poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that DV closure occurs at multiple independent points along the A-P axis of the embryo in a "buttoning" pattern, divergent from the zippering mechanism observed in the overlying epidermis during dorsal closure. Moreover, we demonstrate that a genetically distinct subset of CBs is programmed to make initial contact with the opposing row. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying this process, we examined the role of Rho GTPases during cardiac migration using inhibitory and overexpression approaches. We found that Cdc42 shows striking cell-type specificity during DV formation. Disruption of Cdc42 function specifically prevents CBs that express the homeobox gene tinman from completing their dorsal migration, resulting in a failure to make connections with their partnering CBs. Conversely, neighboring CBs that express the orphan nuclear receptor, seven-up, are not sensitive to Cdc42 inhibition. Furthermore, this phenotype was specific to Cdc42 and was not observed upon perturbation of Rac or Rho function. Together with the observation that DV closure occurs through the initial contralateral pairing of tinman-expressing CBs, our studies suggest that the distinct buttoning mechanism we propose for DV closure is elaborated through signaling pathways regulating Cdc42 activity in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Swope
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tiffany R King
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yi-Shan Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sunita G Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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20
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Thauerer B, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Protein Kinase C-Related Kinase (PKN/PRK). Potential Key-Role for PKN1 in Protection of Hypoxic Neurons. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:213-8. [PMID: 24851086 PMCID: PMC4023452 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131225000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine protein kinase C-related kinase (PKN/PRK) is a family of three isoenzymes (PKN1, PKN2,
PKN3), which are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and share the same overall domain structure. The Nterminal
region encompasses a conserved repeated domain, termed HR1a-c as well as a HR2/C2 domain. The
serine/threonine kinase domain is found in the C-terminal region of the protein and shows high sequence homology to
other members of the PKC superfamily.
In neurons, PKN1 is the most abundant isoform and has been implicated in a variety of functions including cytoskeletal
organization and neuronal differentiation and its deregulation may contribute to neuropathological processes such as
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. We have recently identified a candidate role of PKN1 in the
regulation of neuroprotective processes during hypoxic stress. Our key findings were that: 1) the activity of PKN1 was
significantly increased by hypoxia (1% O2) and neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and purine nucleosides); 2) Neuronal
cells, deficient of PKN1 showed a decrease of cell viability and neurite formation along with a disturbance of the F-actinassociated
cytoskeleton; 3) Purine nucleoside-mediated neuroprotection during hypoxia was severely hampered in PKN1
deficient neuronal cells, altogether suggesting a potentially critical role of PKN1 in neuroprotective processes.
This review gives an up-to-date overview of the PKN family with a special focus on the neuroprotective role of PKN1 in
hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie Zur Nedden
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Baier-Bitterlich
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Sass GL, Ostrow BD. Disruption of the protein kinase N gene of drosophila melanogaster results in the recessive delorean allele (pkndln) with a negative impact on wing morphogenesis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2014; 4:643-56. [PMID: 24531729 PMCID: PMC4059237 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe the delorean mutation of the Drosophila melanogaster protein kinase N gene (pkn(dln)) with defects in wing morphology. Flies homozygous for the recessive pkn(dln) allele have a composite wing phenotype that exhibits changes in relative position and shape of the wing blade as well as loss of specific vein and bristle structures. The pkn(dln) allele is the result of a P-element insertion in the first intron of the pkn locus, and the delorean wing phenotype is contingent upon the interaction of insertion-bearing alleles in trans. The presence of the insertion results in production of a novel transcript that initiates from within the 3' end of the P-element. The delorean-specific transcript is predicted to produce a wild-type PKN protein. The delorean phenotype is not the result of a reduction in pkn expression, as it could not be recreated using a variety of wing-specific drivers of pkn-RNAi expression. Rather, it is the presence of the delorean-specific transcript that correlates with the mutant phenotype. We consider the delorean wing phenotype to be due to a pairing-dependent, recessive mutation that behaves as a dosage-sensitive, gain of function. Our analysis of genetic interactions with basket and nemo reflects an involvement of pkn and Jun-terminal kinase signaling in common processes during wing differentiation and places PKN as a potential effector of Rho1's involvement in the Jun-terminal kinase pathway. The delorean phenotype, with its associated defects in wing morphology, provides evidence of a role for PKN in adult morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette L. Sass
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401
| | - Bruce D. Ostrow
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401
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22
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Abreu-Blanco MT, Verboon JM, Parkhurst SM. Coordination of Rho family GTPase activities to orchestrate cytoskeleton responses during cell wound repair. Curr Biol 2014; 24:144-155. [PMID: 24388847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells heal disruptions in their plasma membrane using a sophisticated, efficient, and conserved response involving the formation of a membrane plug and assembly of an actomyosin ring. Here we describe how Rho family GTPases modulate the cytoskeleton machinery during single cell wound repair in the genetically amenable Drosophila embryo model. RESULTS We find that Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 rapidly accumulate around the wound and segregate into dynamic, partially overlapping zones. Genetic and pharmacological assays show that each GTPase makes specific contributions to the repair process. Rho1 is necessary for myosin II activation, leading to its association with actin. Rho1, along with Cdc42, is necessary for actin filament formation and subsequent actomyosin ring stabilization. Rac is necessary for actin mobilization toward the wound. These GTPase contributions are subject to crosstalk among the GTPases themselves and with the cytoskeleton. We find Rho1 GTPase uses several downstream effectors, including Diaphanous, Rok, and Pkn, simultaneously to mediate its functions. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that the three Rho GTPases are necessary to control and coordinate actin and myosin dynamics during single-cell wound repair in the Drosophila embryo. Wounding triggers the formation of arrays of Rho GTPases that act as signaling centers that modulate the cytoskeleton. In turn, coordinated crosstalk among the Rho GTPases themselves, as well as with the cytoskeleton, is required for assembly/disassembly and translocation of the actomyosin ring. The cell wound repair response is an example of how specific pathways can be activated locally in response to the cell's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey M Verboon
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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23
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Hutchinson CL, Lowe PN, McLaughlin SH, Mott HR, Owen D. Differential binding of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC to protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) isoforms PRK1, PRK2, and PRK3: PRKs have the highest affinity for RhoB. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7999-8011. [PMID: 24128008 DOI: 10.1021/bi401216w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs) are members of the protein kinase C superfamily of serine-threonine kinases and can be activated by binding to members of the Rho family of GTPases via a Rho-binding motif known as an HR1 domain. Three tandem HR1 domains reside at the N-terminus of the PRKs. We have assessed the ability of the HR1a and HR1b domains from the three PRK isoforms (PRK1, PRK2, and PRK3) to interact with the three Rho isoforms (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC). The affinities of RhoA and RhoC for a construct encompassing both PRK1 HR1 domains were similar to those for the HR1a domain alone, suggesting that these interactions are mediated solely by the HR1a domain. The affinities of RhoB for both the PRK1 HR1a domain and the HR1ab didomain were higher than those of RhoA or RhoC. RhoB also bound more tightly to the didomain than to the HR1a domain alone, implicating the HR1b domain in the interaction. As compared with PRK1 HR1 domains, PRK2 and PRK3 domains bind less well to all Rho isoforms. Uniquely, however, the PRK3 domains display a specificity for RhoB that requires both the C-terminus of RhoB and the PRK3 HR1b domain. The thermal stability of the HR1a and HR1b domains was also investigated. The PRK2 HR1a domain was found to be the most thermally stable, while PRK2 HR1b, PRK3 HR1a, and PRK3 HR1b domains all exhibited lower melting temperatures, similar to that of the PRK1 HR1a domain. The lower thermal stability of the PRK2 and PRK3 HR1b domains may impart greater flexibility, driving their ability to interact with Rho isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Hutchinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
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Bausek N, Zeidler MP. Gα73B is a downstream effector of JAK/STAT signalling and a regulator of Rho1 in Drosophila haematopoiesis. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:101-10. [PMID: 24163435 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK/STAT signalling regulates many essential developmental processes including cell proliferation and haematopoiesis, whereas its inappropriate activation is associated with the majority of myeloproliferative neoplasias and numerous cancers. Furthermore, high levels of JAK/STAT pathway signalling have also been associated with enhanced metastatic invasion by cancerous cells. Strikingly, gain-of-function mutations in the single Drosophila JAK homologue, Hopscotch, result in haemocyte neoplasia, inappropriate differentiation and the formation of melanised haemocyte-derived 'tumour' masses; phenotypes that are partly orthologous to human gain-of-function JAK2-associated pathologies. Here we show that Gα73B, a novel JAK/STAT pathway target gene, is necessary for JAK/STAT-mediated tumour formation in flies. In addition, although Gα73B does not affect haemocyte differentiation, it does regulate haemocyte morphology and motility under non-pathological conditions. We show that Gα73B is required for constitutive, but not injury-induced, activation of Rho1 and for the localisation of Rho1 into filopodia upon haemocyte activation. Consistent with these results, we also show that Rho1 interacts genetically with JAK/STAT signalling, and that wild-type levels of Rho1 are necessary for tumour formation. Our findings link JAK/STAT transcriptional outputs, Gα73B activity and Rho1-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell motility, therefore connecting a pathway associated with cancer with a marker indicative of invasiveness. As such, we suggest a mechanism by which JAK/STAT pathway signalling may promote metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bausek
- MRC Centre for Development and Biomedical Genetics, and The Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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25
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James RG, Bosch KA, Kulikauskas RM, Yang PT, Robin NC, Toroni RA, Biechele TL, Berndt JD, von Haller PD, Eng JK, Wolf-Yadlin A, Chien AJ, Moon RT. Protein kinase PKN1 represses Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34658-70. [PMID: 24114839 PMCID: PMC3843078 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in phosphoproteomics have made it possible to monitor changes in protein phosphorylation that occur at different steps in signal transduction and have aided the identification of new pathway components. In the present study, we applied this technology to advance our understanding of the responses of melanoma cells to signaling initiated by the secreted ligand WNT3A. We started by comparing the phosphopeptide patterns of cells treated with WNT3A for different periods of time. Next, we integrated these data sets with the results from a siRNA screen that targeted protein kinases. This integration of siRNA screening and proteomics enabled us to identify four kinases that exhibit altered phosphorylation in response to WNT3A and that regulate a luciferase reporter of β-catenin-responsive transcription (β-catenin-activated reporter). We focused on one of these kinases, an atypical PKC kinase, protein kinase N1 (PKN1). Reducing the levels of PKN1 with siRNAs significantly enhances activation of β-catenin-activated reporter and increases apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. Using affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry, we then found that PKN1 is present in a protein complex with a WNT3A receptor, Frizzled 7, as well as with proteins that co-purify with Frizzled 7. These data establish that the protein kinase PKN1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling and sensitizes melanoma cells to cell death stimulated by WNT3A.
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26
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Khoo P, Allan K, Willoughby L, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. In Drosophila, RhoGEF2 cooperates with activated Ras in tumorigenesis through a pathway involving Rho1-Rok-Myosin-II and JNK signalling. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:661-78. [PMID: 23324326 PMCID: PMC3634650 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras oncogene contributes to ≈ 30% of human cancers, but alone is not sufficient for tumorigenesis. In a Drosophila screen for oncogenes that cooperate with an activated allele of Ras (Ras(ACT)) to promote tissue overgrowth and invasion, we identified the GTP exchange factor RhoGEF2, an activator of Rho-family signalling. Here, we show that RhoGEF2 also cooperates with an activated allele of a downstream effector of Ras, Raf (Raf(GOF)). We dissect the downstream pathways through which RhoGEF2 cooperates with Ras(ACT) (and Raf(GOF)), and show that RhoGEF2 requires Rho1, but not Rac, for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, of the Rho1 effectors, we show that RhoGEF2 + Ras (Raf)-mediated tumorigenesis requires the Rho kinase (Rok)-Myosin-II pathway, but not Diaphanous, Lim kinase or protein kinase N. The Rho1-Rok-Myosin-II pathway leads to the activation of Jun kinase (JNK), in cooperation with Ras(ACT). Moreover, we show that activation of Rok or Myosin II, using constitutively active transgenes, is sufficient for cooperative tumorigenesis with Ras(ACT), and together with Ras(ACT) leads to strong activation of JNK. Our results show that Rok-Myosin-II activity is necessary and sufficient for Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. Our observation that activation of Myosin II, which regulates Filamentous actin (F-actin) contractility without affecting F-actin levels, cooperates with Ras(ACT) to promote JNK activation and tumorigenesis, suggests that increased cell contractility is a key factor in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we show that signalling via the Tumour necrosis factor (TNF; also known as Egr)-ligand-JNK pathway is most likely the predominant pathway that activates JNK upon Rok activation. Overall, our analysis highlights the need for further analysis of the Rok-Myosin-II pathway in cooperation with Ras in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peytee Khoo
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Arsic N, Bendris N, Peter M, Begon-Pescia C, Rebouissou C, Gadéa G, Bouquier N, Bibeau F, Lemmers B, Blanchard JM. A novel function for Cyclin A2: control of cell invasion via RhoA signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:147-62. [PMID: 22232705 PMCID: PMC3255987 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin A2 plays a key role in cell cycle regulation. It is essential in embryonic cells and in the hematopoietic lineage yet dispensable in fibroblasts. In this paper, we demonstrate that Cyclin A2-depleted cells display a cortical distribution of actin filaments and increased migration. These defects are rescued by restoration of wild-type Cyclin A2, which directly interacts with RhoA, or by a Cyclin A2 mutant unable to associate with Cdk. In vitro, Cyclin A2 potentiates the exchange activity of a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Consistent with this, Cyclin A2 depletion enhances migration of fibroblasts and invasiveness of transformed cells via down-regulation of RhoA activity. Moreover, Cyclin A2 expression is lower in metastases relative to primary colon adenocarcinoma in matched human tumors. All together, these data show that Cyclin A2 negatively controls cell motility by promoting RhoA activation, thus demonstrating a novel Cyclin A2 function in cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Arsic
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier, France
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28
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Thauerer B, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Purine nucleosides: endogenous neuroprotectants in hypoxic brain. J Neurochem 2012; 121:329-42. [PMID: 22335456 PMCID: PMC3499684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Even a short blockade of oxygen flow in brain may lead to the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and depletion of cellular ATP, which results in profound deficiencies in cellular function. Following ischemia, dying, injured, and hypoxic cells release soluble purine-nucleotide and -nucleoside pools. Growing evidence suggests that purine nucleosides might act as trophic factors in the CNS and PNS. In addition to equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) regulating purine nucleoside concentrations intra- and extracellularly, specific extracellular receptor subtypes for these compounds are expressed on neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, mediating stunningly diverse effects. Such effects range from induction of cell differentiation, apoptosis, mitogenesis, and morphogenetic changes, to stimulation of synthesis and/or release of cytokines and neurotrophic factors under both physiological and pathological conditions. Multiple signaling pathways regulate the critical balance between cell death and survival in hypoxia-ischemia. A convergent pathway for the regulation of multiple modalities involved in O₂ sensing is the mitogen activated protein kinase (p42/44 MAPK) or (ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinases) pathway terminating in a variety of transcription factors, for example, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. In this review, the coherence of purine nucleoside-related pathways and MAPK activation in the endogenous neuroprotective regulation of the nervous system's development and neuroplasticity under hypoxic stress will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Division of Neurobiochemistry, Biocenter Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Unsal-Kacmaz K, Ragunathan S, Rosfjord E, Dann S, Upeslacis E, Grillo M, Hernandez R, Mack F, Klippel A. The interaction of PKN3 with RhoC promotes malignant growth. Mol Oncol 2011; 6:284-98. [PMID: 22217540 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PKN3 is an AGC-family protein kinase implicated in growth of metastatic prostate cancer cells with phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway deregulation. The molecular mechanism, however, by which PKN3 contributes to malignant growth and tumorigenesis is not well understood. Using orthotopic mouse tumor models, we now show that inducible knockdown of PKN3 protein not only blocks metastasis, but also impairs primary prostate and breast tumor growth. Correspondingly, overexpression of exogenous PKN3 in breast cancer cells further increases their malignant behavior and invasiveness in-vitro. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PKN3 physically interacts with Rho-family GTPases, and preferentially with RhoC, a known mediator of tumor invasion and metastasis in epithelial cancers. Likewise, RhoC predominantly associates with PKN3 compared to its closely related PKN family members. Unlike the majority of Rho GTPases and PKN molecules, which are ubiquitously expressed, both PKN3 and RhoC show limited expression in normal tissues and become upregulated in late-stage malignancies. Since PKN3 catalytic activity is increased in the presence of Rho GTPases, the co-expression and preferential interaction of PKN3 and RhoC in tumor cells are functionally relevant. Our findings provide novel insight into the regulation and function of PKN3 and suggest that the PKN3-RhoC complex represents an attractive therapeutic target in late-stage malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziban Unsal-Kacmaz
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Oncology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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30
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Weng CJ, Chen MJ, Yeh CT, Yen GC. Hepatoprotection of quercetin against oxidative stress by induction of metallothionein expression through activating MAPK and PI3K pathways and enhancing Nrf2 DNA-binding activity. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:767-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Lachmann S, Jevons A, De Rycker M, Casamassima A, Radtke S, Collazos A, Parker PJ. Regulatory domain selectivity in the cell-type specific PKN-dependence of cell migration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21732. [PMID: 21754995 PMCID: PMC3130767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian protein kinase N (PKN) family of Serine/Threonine kinases comprises three isoforms, which are targets for Rho family GTPases. Small GTPases are major regulators of the cellular cytoskeleton, generating interest in the role(s) of specific PKN isoforms in processes such as cell migration and invasion. It has been reported that PKN3 is required for prostate tumour cell invasion but not PKN1 or 2. Here we employ a cell model, the 5637 bladder tumour cell line where PKN2 is relatively highly expressed, to assess the potential redundancy of these isoforms in migratory responses. It is established that PKN2 has a critical role in the migration and invasion of these cells. Furthermore, using a PKN wild-type and chimera rescue strategy, it is shown that PKN isoforms are not simply redundant in supporting migration, but appear to be linked through isoform specific regulatory domain properties to selective upstream signals. It is concluded that intervention in PKNs may need to be directed at multiple isoforms to be effective in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lachmann
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Qadota H, Miyauchi T, Nahabedian JF, Stirman JN, Lu H, Amano M, Benian GM, Kaibuchi K. PKN-1, a homologue of mammalian PKN, is involved in the regulation of muscle contraction and force transmission in C. elegans. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:222-31. [PMID: 21277858 PMCID: PMC3086710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine the in vivo functions of protein kinase N (PKN), one of the effectors of Rho small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a genetic model system. We identified a C. elegans homologue (pkn-1) of mammalian PKN and confirmed direct binding to C. elegans Rho small GTPases. Using a green fluorescent protein reporter, we showed that pkn-1 is mainly expressed in various muscles and is localized at dense bodies and M lines. Overexpression of the PKN-1 kinase domain and loss-of-function mutations by genomic deletion of pkn-1 resulted in a loopy Unc phenotype, which has been reported in many mutants of neuronal genes. The results of mosaic analysis and body wall muscle-specific expression of the PKN-1 kinase domain suggests that this loopy phenotype is due to the expression of PKN-1 in body wall muscle. The genomic deletion of pkn-1 also showed a defect in force transmission. These results suggest that PKN-1 functions as a regulator of muscle contraction-relaxation and as a component of the force transmission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Qadota
- Division of Signal Transduction, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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Hutchinson CL, Lowe PN, McLaughlin SH, Mott HR, Owen D. Mutational analysis reveals a single binding interface between RhoA and its effector, PRK1. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2860-9. [PMID: 21351730 DOI: 10.1021/bi200039u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs) are serine/threonine kinases that are members of the protein kinase C superfamily and can be activated by binding to members of the Rho family of small G proteins via a Rho binding motif known as an HR1 domain. The PRKs contain three tandem HR1 domains at their N-termini. The structure of the HR1a domain from PRK1 in complex with RhoA [Maesaki, R., et al. (1999) Mol. Cell 4, 793-803] identified two potential contact interfaces between the G protein and the HR1a domain. In this work, we have used an alanine scanning mutagenesis approach to identify whether both contact sites are used when the two proteins interact in solution and also whether HR1b, the second HR1 domain from PRK1, plays a role in binding to RhoA. The mutagenesis identified just one contact site as being relevant for binding of RhoA and HR1a in solution, and the HR1b domain was found not to contribute to RhoA binding. The folded state and thermal stability of the HR1a and HR1b domains were also investigated. HR1b was found to be more thermally stable than HR1a, and it is hypothesized that the differences in the biophysical properties of these two domains govern their interaction with small G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Hutchinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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34
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The Rho target PRK2 regulates apical junction formation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:81-91. [PMID: 20974804 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate multiple signaling pathways to control a number of cellular processes during epithelial morphogenesis. To investigate the downstream pathways through which Rho regulates epithelial apical junction formation, we screened a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting 28 known Rho target proteins in 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells. This led to the identification of the serine-threonine kinase PRK2 (protein kinase C-related kinase 2, also called PKN2). Depletion of PRK2 does not block the initial formation of primordial junctions at nascent cell-cell contacts but does prevent their maturation into apical junctions. PRK2 is recruited to primordial junctions, and this localization depends on its C2-like domain. Rho binding is essential for PRK2 function and also facilitates PRK2 recruitment to junctions. Kinase-dead PRK2 acts as a dominant-negative mutant and prevents apical junction formation. We conclude that PRK2 is recruited to nascent cell-cell contacts through its C2-like and Rho-binding domains and promotes junctional maturation through a kinase-dependent pathway.
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Garlena RA, Gonda RL, Green AB, Pileggi RM, Stronach B. Regulation of mixed-lineage kinase activation in JNK-dependent morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3177-88. [PMID: 20736302 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.063313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal cells respond appropriately to various signals, while sustaining proper developmental programs and tissue homeostasis. Inappropriate signal reception, response or attenuation, can upset the normal balance of signaling within cells, leading to dysfunction or tissue malformation. To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate protein-kinase-based signaling in the context of tissue morphogenesis, we analyzed the domain requirements of Drosophila Slpr, a mixed-lineage kinase (MLK), for Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. The N-terminal half of Slpr is involved in regulated signaling whereas the C-terminal half promotes cortical protein localization. The SH3 domain negatively regulates Slpr activity consistent with autoinhibition via a conserved proline motif. Also, like many kinases, conserved residues in the activation segment of the catalytic domain regulate Slpr. Threonine 295, in particular, is essential for function. Slpr activation requires dual input from the MAP4K Misshapen (Msn), through its C-terminal regulatory domain, and the GTPase Rac, which both bind to the LZ-CRIB region of Slpr in vitro. Although Rac is sufficient to activate JNK signaling, our results indicate that there are Slpr-independent functions for Rac in dorsal closure. Finally, expression of various Slpr constructs alone or with upstream activators reveals a wide-ranging response at the cell and tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Garlena
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Bahri S, Wang S, Conder R, Choy J, Vlachos S, Dong K, Merino C, Sigrist S, Molnar C, Yang X, Manser E, Harden N. The leading edge during dorsal closure as a model for epithelial plasticity: Pak is required for recruitment of the Scribble complex and septate junction formation. Development 2010; 137:2023-32. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.045088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal closure (DC) of the Drosophila embryo is a model for the study of wound healing and developmental epithelial fusions, and involves the sealing of a hole in the epidermis through the migration of the epidermal flanks over the tissue occupying the hole, the amnioserosa. During DC, the cells at the edge of the migrating epidermis extend Rac- and Cdc42-dependent actin-based lamellipodia and filopodia from their leading edge (LE), which exhibits a breakdown in apicobasal polarity as adhesions are severed with the neighbouring amnioserosa cells. Studies using mammalian cells have demonstrated that Scribble (Scrib), an important determinant of apicobasal polarity that functions in a protein complex, controls polarized cell migration through recruitment of Rac, Cdc42 and the serine/threonine kinase Pak, an effector for Rac and Cdc42, to the LE. We have used DC and the follicular epithelium to study the relationship between Pak and the Scrib complex at epithelial membranes undergoing changes in apicobasal polarity and adhesion during development. We propose that, during DC, the LE membrane undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition to initiate epithelial sheet migration, followed by a mesenchymal-to-epithelial-like transition as the epithelial sheets meet up and restore cell-cell adhesion. This latter event requires integrin-localized Pak, which recruits the Scrib complex in septate junction formation. We conclude that there are bidirectional interactions between Pak and the Scrib complex modulating epithelial plasticity. Scrib can recruit Pak to the LE for polarized cell migration but, as migratory cells meet up, Pak can recruit the Scrib complex to restore apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Bahri
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Simon Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ryan Conder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Juliana Choy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin Dong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Carlos Merino
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Molnar
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Edward Manser
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Harden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Neisch AL, Speck O, Stronach B, Fehon RG. Rho1 regulates apoptosis via activation of the JNK signaling pathway at the plasma membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:311-23. [PMID: 20404112 PMCID: PMC2856900 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200912010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of moesin, RhoA slips out of its normal role as a GTPase to activate the JNK MAPK pathway and spur apoptosis. Precisely controlled growth and morphogenesis of developing epithelial tissues require coordination of multiple factors, including proliferation, adhesion, cell shape, and apoptosis. RhoA, a small GTPase, is known to control epithelial morphogenesis and integrity through its ability to regulate the cytoskeleton. In this study, we examine a less well-characterized RhoA function in cell survival. We demonstrate that the Drosophila melanogaster RhoA, Rho1, promotes apoptosis independently of Rho kinase through its effects on c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. In addition, Rho1 forms a complex with Slipper (Slpr), an upstream activator of the JNK pathway. Loss of Moesin (Moe), an upstream regulator of Rho1 activity, results in increased levels of Rho1 at the plasma membrane and cortical accumulation of Slpr. Together, these results suggest that Rho1 functions at the cell cortex to regulate JNK activity and implicate Rho1 and Moe in epithelial cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Neisch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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38
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Thauerer B, zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Vital role of protein kinase C-related kinase in the formation and stability of neurites during hypoxia. J Neurochem 2010; 113:432-46. [PMID: 20132472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of pheochromocytoma cells to hypoxia (1% O(2)) favors differentiation at the expense of cell viability. Additional incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF) and guanosine, a purine nucleoside with neurotrophin characteristics, rescued cell viability and further enhanced the extension of neurites. In parallel, an increase in the activity of protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK1), which is known to be involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, was observed in hypoxic cells. NGF and guanosine further enhanced PRK1 in normoxic and hypoxic cells. To study the role of PRK1 during cellular stress response and neurotrophin-mediated signaling, pheochromocytoma cells were transfected with small interfering RNA directed against PRK1. Loss of functional PRK1 initiated a significant loss of viability and inhibited neurite formation. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of PRK1 also completely stalled guanosine-mediated neuroprotective effects. Additionally, the F-actin-associated cytoskeleton and the expression of the plasticity protein growth associated protein-43 were disturbed upon PRK1 knockdown. A comparable dependency of neurite formation and growth associated protein-43 immunoreactivity on functional PRK1 expression was observed in cerebellar granule neurons. Based on these data, a putative role of PRK1 as a key-signaling element for the successive NGF- and purine nucleoside-mediated protection of hypoxic neuronal cells is hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Med. University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Division of Neurobiochemistry, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
PKNs form a subfamily of the AGC serine/threonine protein kinases, and have a catalytic domain homologous with that of PKC (protein kinase C) in the C-terminal region and three characteristic ACC (antiparallel coiled-coil) domain repeats in the N-terminal region. The preferred peptide phosphorylation motif for PKNs determined by a combinatorial peptide library method was highly similar to that of PKCs within a 10-amino-acid stretch. Previously reported PKN inhibitory compounds also inhibit PKCs to a similar extent, and no PKN selective inhibitors have been commercially available. We have identified a 15-amino-acid peptide inhibitor of PKNs based on amino acids 485-499 of the C-terminal region of the C2-like domain of PKN1. This peptide, designated as PRL, selectively inhibits the kinase activity of all isoforms of PKN (Ki=0.7 muM) towards a peptide substrate, as well as autophosphorylation activity of PKN in vitro, in contrast with PKC. Reversible conjugation by a disulfide bond of a carrier peptide bearing a penetration accelerating sequence to PRL, facilitated the cellular uptake of this peptide and significantly inhibited phosphorylation of tau by PKN1 at the PKN1-specific phosphorylation site in vivo. This peptide may serve as a valuable tool for investigating PKN activation and PKN-mediated responses.
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40
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Li Y, Kaur H, Oakley MG. Probing the Recognition Properties of the Antiparallel Coiled Coil Motif from PKN by Protein Grafting. Biochemistry 2008; 47:13564-72. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8017448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Martha G. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
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41
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Morrison HA, Dionne H, Rusten TE, Brech A, Fisher WW, Pfeiffer BD, Celniker SE, Stenmark H, Bilder D. Regulation of early endosomal entry by the Drosophila tumor suppressors Rabenosyn and Vps45. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4167-76. [PMID: 18685079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab5 has emerged as an important regulator of animal development, and it is essential for endocytic trafficking. However, the mechanisms that link Rab5 activation to cargo entry into early endosomes remain unclear. We show here that Drosophila Rabenosyn (Rbsn) is a Rab5 effector that bridges an interaction between Rab5 and the Sec1/Munc18-family protein Vps45, and we further identify the syntaxin Avalanche (Avl) as a target for Vps45 activity. Rbsn and Vps45, like Avl and Rab5, are specifically localized to early endosomes and are required for endocytosis. Ultrastructural analysis of rbsn, Vps45, avl, and Rab5 null mutant cells, which show identical defects, demonstrates that all four proteins are required for vesicle fusion to form early endosomes. These defects lead to loss of epithelial polarity in mutant tissues, which overproliferate to form neoplastic tumors. This work represents the first characterization of a Rab5 effector as a tumor suppressor, and it provides in vivo evidence for a Rbsn-Vps45 complex on early endosomes that links Rab5 to the SNARE fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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42
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Abstract
High baselines of transcription factor activities represent fundamental obstacles to regulated signaling. Here we show that in Drosophila, quenching of basal activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity serves as a prerequisite to its tight spatial and temporal control by the JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling cascade. Our studies indicate that the novel raw gene product is required to limit AP-1 activity to leading edge epidermal cells during embryonic dorsal closure. In addition, we provide the first evidence that the epidermis has a Basket JNK-independent capacity to activate AP-1 targets and that raw function is required broadly throughout the epidermis to antagonize this activity. Finally, our mechanistic studies of the three dorsal-open group genes [raw, ribbon (rib), and puckered (puc)] indicate that these gene products provide at least two tiers of JNK/AP-1 regulation. In addition to Puckered phosphatase function in leading edge epidermal cells as a negative-feedback regulator of JNK signaling, the three dorsal-open group gene products (Raw, Ribbon, and Puckered) are required more broadly in the dorsolateral epidermis to quench a basal, signaling-independent activity of the AP-1 transcription factor.
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43
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Huang J, Wang MM, Jiang Y, Bao YM, Huang X, Sun H, Xu DQ, Lan HX, Zhang HS. Expression analysis of rice A20/AN1-type zinc finger genes and characterization of ZFP177 that contributes to temperature stress tolerance. Gene 2008; 420:135-44. [PMID: 18588956 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The A20/AN1-type zinc finger protein family is conserved in animals and plants. Using human AWP1 protein as a query, we identified twelve A20/AN1-type zinc finger proteins in japonica rice. Most of these genes were constitutively expressed in leaves, roots, culms and spikes. Through microarray analysis, it was found that four genes (ZFP177, ZFP181, ZFP176, ZFP173), two genes (ZFP181 and ZFP176) and one gene (ZFP157) were significantly induced by cold, drought and H(2)O(2) treatments, respectively. Further expression analysis showed that ZFP177 was responsive to both cold and heat stresses, but down-regulated by salt. The subcellular localization assay indicated that ZFP177 was localized in cytoplasm in tobacco leaf and root cells. Yeast-one hybrid assay showed that ZFP177 lacked trans-activation potential in yeast cells. Overexpression of ZFP177 in tobacco conferred tolerance of transgenic plants to both low and high temperature stresses, but increased sensitivity to salt and drought stresses. Further we found expression levels of some stress-related genes were inhibited in ZFP177 transgenic plants. These results suggested that ZFP177 might play crucial but differential roles in plant responses to various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Huang
- State key laboratory of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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44
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Modha R, Campbell LJ, Nietlispach D, Buhecha HR, Owen D, Mott HR. The Rac1 polybasic region is required for interaction with its effector PRK1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1492-1500. [PMID: 18006505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706760200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related kinase 1 (PRK1 or PKN) is involved in regulation of the intermediate filaments of the actin cytoskeleton, as well as having effects on processes as diverse as mitotic timing and apoptosis. It is activated by interacting with the Rho family small G proteins and arachidonic acid or by caspase cleavage. We have previously shown that the HR1b of PRK1 binds exclusively to Rac1, whereas the HR1a domain binds to both Rac1 and RhoA. Here, we have determined the solution structure of the HR1b-Rac complex. We show that HR1b binds to the C-terminal end of the effector loop and switch 2 of Rac1. Comparison with the HR1a-RhoA structure shows that this part of the Rac1-HR1b interaction is homologous to one of the contact sites that HR1a makes with RhoA. The Rac1 used in this study included the C-terminal polybasic region, which is frequently omitted from structural studies, as well as the core G domain. The Rac1 C-terminal region reverses in direction to interact with residues in switch 2, and the polybasic region itself interacts with residues in HR1b. The interactions with HR1b do not prevent the polybasic region being available to contact the negatively charged membrane phospholipids, which is considered to be its primary role. This is the first structural demonstration that the C terminus of a G protein forms a novel recognition element for effector binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Modha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Louise J Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Heeran R Buhecha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
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Fernández BG, Arias AM, Jacinto A. Dpp signalling orchestrates dorsal closure by regulating cell shape changes both in the amnioserosa and in the epidermis. Mech Dev 2007; 124:884-97. [PMID: 17950580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During the final stages of embryogenesis, the Drosophila embryo exhibits a dorsal hole covered by a simple epithelium of large cells termed the amnioserosa (AS). Dorsal closure is the process whereby this hole is closed through the coordination of cellular activities within both the AS and the epidermis. Genetic analysis has shown that signalling through Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a Drosophila member of the BMP/TGF-beta family of secreted factors, controls these activities. JNK activates the expression of dpp in the dorsal-most epidermal cells, and subsequently Dpp acts as a secreted signal to control the elongation of lateral epidermis. Our analysis shows that Dpp function not only affects the epidermal cells, but also the AS. Embryos defective in Dpp signalling display defects in AS cell shape changes, specifically in the reduction of their apical surface areas, leading to defective AS contraction. Our data also demonstrate that Dpp regulates adhesion between epidermis and AS, and mediates expression of the transcription factor U-shaped in a gradient across both the AS and the epidermis. In summary, we show that Dpp plays a crucial role in coordinating the activity of the AS and its interactions with the LE cells during dorsal closure.
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46
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Betson M, Settleman J. A rho-binding protein kinase C-like activity is required for the function of protein kinase N in Drosophila development. Genetics 2007; 176:2201-12. [PMID: 17507675 PMCID: PMC1950625 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.072967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPases interact with multiple downstream effectors to exert their biological functions, which include important roles in tissue morphogenesis during the development of multicellular organisms. Among the Rho effectors are the protein kinase N (PKN) proteins, which are protein kinase C (PKC)-like kinases that bind activated Rho GTPases. The PKN proteins are well conserved evolutionarily, but their biological role in any organism is poorly understood. We previously determined that the single Drosophila ortholog of mammalian PKN proteins, Pkn, is a Rho/Rac-binding kinase essential for Drosophila development. By performing "rescue" studies with various Pkn mutant constructs, we have defined the domains of Pkn required for its role during Drosophila development. These studies suggested that Rho, but not Rac binding is important for Pkn function in development. In addition, we determined that the kinase domain of PKC53E, a PKC family kinase, can functionally substitute for the kinase domain of Pkn during development, thereby exemplifying the evolutionary strategy of "combining" functional domains to produce proteins with distinct biological activities. Interestingly, we also identified a requirement for Pkn in wing morphogenesis, thereby revealing the first postembryonic function for Pkn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Betson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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47
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VanHook A, Letsou A. Head involution inDrosophila: Genetic and morphogenetic connections to dorsal closure. Dev Dyn 2007; 237:28-38. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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48
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Simões S, Denholm B, Azevedo D, Sotillos S, Martin P, Skaer H, Hombría JCG, Jacinto A. Compartmentalisation of Rho regulators directs cell invagination during tissue morphogenesis. Development 2006; 133:4257-67. [PMID: 17021037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During development, small RhoGTPases control the precise cell shape changes and movements that underlie morphogenesis. Their activity must be tightly regulated in time and space, but little is known about how Rho regulators(RhoGEFs and RhoGAPs) perform this function in the embryo. Taking advantage of a new probe that allows the visualisation of small RhoGTPase activity in Drosophila, we present evidence that Rho1 is apically activated and essential for epithelial cell invagination, a common morphogenetic movement during embryogenesis. In the posterior spiracles of the fly embryo, this asymmetric activation is achieved by at least two mechanisms: the apical enrichment of Rho1; and the opposing distribution of Rho activators and inhibitors to distinct compartments of the cell membrane. At least two Rho1 activators, RhoGEF2 and RhoGEF64C are localised apically, whereas the Rho inhibitor RhoGAP Cv-c localises at the basolateral membrane. Furthermore, the mRNA of RhoGEF64C is also apically enriched, depending on signals present within its open reading frame, suggesting that apical transport of RhoGEF mRNA followed by local translation is a mechanism to spatially restrict Rho1 activity during epithelial cell invagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Simões
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
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49
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Polaski S, Whitney L, Barker BW, Stronach B. Genetic analysis of slipper/mixed lineage kinase reveals requirements in multiple Jun-N-terminal kinase-dependent morphogenetic events during Drosophila development. Genetics 2006; 174:719-33. [PMID: 16888342 PMCID: PMC1602089 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.056564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) function as Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) kinase kinases to transduce extracellular signals during development and homeostasis in adults. slipper (slpr), which encodes the Drosophila homolog of mammalian MLKs, has previously been implicated in activation of the JNK pathway during embryonic dorsal epidermal closure. To further define the specific functions of SLPR, we analyzed the phenotypic consequences of slpr loss and gain of function throughout development, using a semiviable maternal-effect allele and wild-type or dominant-negative transgenes. From these analyses we confirm that failure of dorsal closure is the null phenotype in slpr germline clones. In addition, there is a functional maternal contribution, which can suffice for embryogenesis in the zygotic null mutant, but rarely suffices for pupal metamorphosis, revealing later functions for slpr as the maternal contribution is depleted. Zygotic null mutants that eclose as adults display an array of morphological defects, many of which are shared by hep mutant animals, deficient in the JNK kinase (JNKK/MKK7) substrate for SLPR, suggesting that the defects observed in slpr mutants primarily reflect loss of hep-dependent JNK activation. Consistent with this, the maternal slpr contribution is sensitive to the dosage of positive and negative JNK pathway regulators, which attenuate or potentiate SLPR-dependent signaling in development. Although SLPR and TAK1, another JNKKK family member, are differentially used in dorsal closure and TNF/Eiger-stimulated apoptosis, respectively, a Tak1 mutant shows dominant genetic interactions with slpr, suggesting potential redundant or combinatorial functions. Finally, we demonstrate that SLPR overexpression can induce ectopic JNK signaling and that the SLPR protein is enriched at the epithelial cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Polaski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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50
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Wu RF, Xu YC, Ma Z, Nwariaku FE, Sarosi GA, Terada LS. Subcellular targeting of oxidants during endothelial cell migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 171:893-904. [PMID: 16330715 PMCID: PMC2171295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200507004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous oxidants participate in endothelial cell migration, suggesting that the enzymatic source of oxidants, like other proteins controlling cell migration, requires precise subcellular localization for spatial confinement of signaling effects. We found that the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH) oxidase adaptor p47phox and its binding partner TRAF4 were sequestered within nascent, focal complexlike structures in the lamellae of motile endothelial cells. TRAF4 directly associated with the focal contact scaffold Hic-5, and the knockdown of either protein, disruption of the complex, or oxidant scavenging blocked cell migration. An active mutant of TRAF4 activated the NADPH oxidase downstream of the Rho GTPases and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and oxidatively modified the focal contact phosphatase PTP-PEST. The oxidase also functioned upstream of Rac1 activation, suggesting its participation in a positive feedback loop. Active TRAF4 initiated robust membrane ruffling through Rac1, PAK1, and the oxidase, whereas the knockdown of PTP-PEST increased ruffling independent of oxidase activation. Our data suggest that TRAF4 specifies a molecular address within focal complexes that is targeted for oxidative modification during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Feng Wu
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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