1
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Pareek G, Kundu M. Physiological functions of ULK1/2. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168472. [PMID: 38311233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinases 1 and 2 (ULK1/2) are serine/threonine kinases that are best known for their evolutionarily conserved role in the autophagy pathway. Upon sensing the nutrient status of a cell, ULK1/2 integrate signals from upstream cellular energy sensors such as mTOR and AMPK and relay them to the downstream components of the autophagy machinery. ULK1/2 also play indispensable roles in the selective autophagy pathway, removing damaged mitochondria, invading pathogens, and toxic protein aggregates. Additional functions of ULK1/2 have emerged beyond autophagy, including roles in protein trafficking, RNP granule dynamics, and signaling events impacting innate immunity, axon guidance, cellular homeostasis, and cell fate. Therefore, it is no surprise that alterations in ULK1/2 expression and activity have been linked with pathophysiological processes, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that ULK1/2 function as biological rheostats, tuning cellular functions to intra and extra-cellular cues. Given their broad physiological relevance, ULK1/2 are candidate targets for small molecule activators or inhibitors that may pave the way for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Pareek
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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2
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Xiong GJ, Sheng ZH. Presynaptic perspective: Axonal transport defects in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401145. [PMID: 38568173 PMCID: PMC10988239 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of synapse assembly and maturation leads to a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Presynaptic proteins are largely synthesized in the soma, where they are packaged into precursor vesicles and transported into distal axons to ensure precise assembly and maintenance of presynapses. Due to their morphological features, neurons face challenges in the delivery of presynaptic cargos to nascent boutons. Thus, targeted axonal transport is vital to build functional synapses. A growing number of mutations in genes encoding the transport machinery have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging lines of evidence have started to uncover presynaptic mechanisms underlying axonal transport defects, thus broadening the view of neurodevelopmental disorders beyond postsynaptic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss presynaptic perspectives of neurodevelopmental disorders by focusing on impaired axonal transport and disturbed assembly and maintenance of presynapses. We also discuss potential strategies for restoring axonal transport as an early therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jing Xiong
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Shang JN, Yu CG, Li R, Xi Y, Jian YJ, Xu N, Chen S. The nonautophagic functions of autophagy-related proteins. Autophagy 2024; 20:720-734. [PMID: 37682088 PMCID: PMC11062363 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; dsDNA: double-stranded DNA; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; IFN: interferon; ISCs: intestinal stem cells; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ni Shang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Chen-Ge Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Yan Xi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Yue Jenny Jian
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Nan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Su Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
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4
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Qu Y, Lim JJY, An O, Yang H, Toh YC, Chua JJE. FEZ1 participates in human embryonic brain development by modulating neuronal progenitor subpopulation specification and migrations. iScience 2023; 26:108497. [PMID: 38213789 PMCID: PMC10783620 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1) gene are found in schizophrenia and Jacobsen syndrome patients. Here, using human cerebral organoids (hCOs), we show that FEZ1 expression is turned on early during brain development and is detectable in both neuroprogenitor subtypes and immature neurons. FEZ1 deletion disrupts expression of neuronal and synaptic development genes. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we detected abnormal expansion of homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX)- outer radial glia (oRG), concurrent with a reduction of HOPX+ oRG, in FEZ1-null hCOs. HOPX- oRGs show higher cell mobility as compared to HOPX+ oRGs. Ectopic localization of neuroprogenitors to the outer layer is seen in FEZ1-null hCOs. Anomalous encroachment of TBR2+ intermediate progenitors into CTIP2+ deep layer neurons further indicated abnormalities in cortical layer formation these hCOs. Collectively, our findings highlight the involvement of FEZ1 in early cortical brain development and how it contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Jun-Yong Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Omer An
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore 138473, Singapore
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Yang Y, Yuan R, Lu Y, Zhu C, Zhang C, Lue H, Zhang X. The engagement of autophagy in maniac disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3684-3692. [PMID: 37438945 PMCID: PMC10651947 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mania is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with undefined pathological mechanism. Here, we reviewed current knowledge indicating the potential involvement of autophagy dysregulation in mania and further discussed whether targeting autophagy could be a promising strategy for mania therapy. DISCUSSIONS Accumulating evidence indicated the involvement of autophagy in the pathology of mania. One of the most well-accepted mechanisms underlying mania, circadian dysregulation, showed mutual interaction with autophagy dysfunction. In addition, several first-line drugs for mania therapy were found to regulate neuronal autophagy. Besides, deficiencies in mitochondrial quality control, neurotransmission, and ion channel, which showed causal links to mania, were intimately associated with autophagy dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Although more efforts should be made to either identify the key pathology of mania, the current evidence supported that autophagy dysregulation may act as a possible mechanism involved in the onset of mania-like symptoms. It is therefore a potential strategy to treat manic disorder by correting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Renxiang Yuan
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chenze Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Haifeng Lue
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityJinhuaChina
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6
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Petzoldt AG. Presynaptic Precursor Vesicles-Cargo, Biogenesis, and Kinesin-Based Transport across Species. Cells 2023; 12:2248. [PMID: 37759474 PMCID: PMC10527734 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The faithful formation and, consequently, function of a synapse requires continuous and tightly controlled delivery of synaptic material. At the presynapse, a variety of proteins with unequal molecular properties are indispensable to compose and control the molecular machinery concerting neurotransmitter release through synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane. As presynaptic proteins are produced mainly in the neuronal soma, they are obliged to traffic along microtubules through the axon to reach the consuming presynapse. This anterograde transport is performed by highly specialised and diverse presynaptic precursor vesicles, membranous organelles able to transport as different proteins such as synaptic vesicle membrane and membrane-associated proteins, cytosolic active zone proteins, ion-channels, and presynaptic membrane proteins, coordinating synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. This review aims to summarise and categorise the diverse and numerous findings describing presynaptic precursor cargo, mode of trafficking, kinesin-based axonal transport and the molecular mechanisms of presynaptic precursor vesicles biogenesis in both vertebrate and invertebrate model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid G Petzoldt
- Institute for Biology and Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Alhesain M, Ronan H, LeBeau FEN, Clowry GJ. Expression of the schizophrenia associated gene FEZ1 in the early developing fetal human forebrain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1249973. [PMID: 37746155 PMCID: PMC10514365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1249973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The protein fasciculation and elongation zeta-1 (FEZ1) is involved in axon outgrowth but potentially interacts with various proteins with roles ranging from intracellular transport to transcription regulation. Gene association and other studies have identified FEZ1 as being directly, or indirectly, implicated in schizophrenia susceptibility. To explore potential roles in normal early human forebrain neurodevelopment, we mapped FEZ1 expression by region and cell type. Methods All tissues were provided with maternal consent and ethical approval by the Human Developmental Biology Resource. RNAseq data were obtained from previously published sources. Thin paraffin sections from 8 to 21 post-conceptional weeks (PCW) samples were used for RNAScope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry against FEZ1 mRNA and protein, and other marker proteins. Results Tissue RNAseq revealed that FEZ1 is highly expressed in the human cerebral cortex between 7.5-17 PCW and single cell RNAseq at 17-18 PCW confirmed its expression in all neuroectoderm derived cells. The highest levels were found in more mature glutamatergic neurons, the lowest in GABAergic neurons and dividing progenitors. In the thalamus, single cell RNAseq similarly confirmed expression in multiple cell types. In cerebral cortex sections at 8-10 PCW, strong expression of mRNA and protein appeared confined to post-mitotic neurons, with low expression seen in progenitor zones. Protein expression was observed in some axon tracts by 16-19 PCW. However, in sub-cortical regions, FEZ1 was highly expressed in progenitor zones at early developmental stages, showing lower expression in post-mitotic cells. Discussion FEZ1 has different expression patterns and potentially diverse functions in discrete forebrain regions during prenatal human development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. Clowry
- Centre for Transformative Research in Neuroscience, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Berth SH, Rich DJ, Lloyd TE. The role of autophagic kinases in regulation of axonal function. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:996593. [PMID: 36226074 PMCID: PMC9548526 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.996593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Highlighting the importance of proper functioning of autophagy in neurons, disruption of autophagy is a common finding in neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, evidence has emerged for the role of autophagy in regulating critical axonal functions. In this review, we discuss kinase regulation of autophagy in neurons, and provide an overview of how autophagic kinases regulate axonal processes, including axonal transport and axonal degeneration and regeneration. We also examine mechanisms for disruption of this process leading to neurodegeneration, focusing on the role of TBK1 in pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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9
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Kumari D, Ray K. Phosphoregulation of Kinesins Involved in Long-Range Intracellular Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873164. [PMID: 35721476 PMCID: PMC9203973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins, the microtubule-dependent mechanochemical enzymes, power a variety of intracellular movements. Regulation of Kinesin activity and Kinesin-Cargo interactions determine the direction, timing and flux of various intracellular transports. This review examines how phosphorylation of Kinesin subunits and adaptors influence the traffic driven by Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 family motors. Each family of Kinesins are phosphorylated by a partially overlapping set of serine/threonine kinases, and each event produces a unique outcome. For example, phosphorylation of the motor domain inhibits motility, and that of the stalk and tail domains induces cargo loading and unloading effects according to the residue and context. Also, the association of accessory subunits with cargo and adaptor proteins with the motor, respectively, is disrupted by phosphorylation. In some instances, phosphorylation by the same kinase on different Kinesins elicited opposite outcomes. We discuss how this diverse range of effects could manage the logistics of Kinesin-dependent, long-range intracellular transport.
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10
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Razar RBBA, Qu Y, Gunaseelan S, Chua JJE. The importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in neural circuit establishment and neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1165-1171. [PMID: 34782550 PMCID: PMC8643053 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain contains an estimated 100 billion neurons that must be systematically organized into functional neural circuits for it to function properly. These circuits range from short-range local signaling networks between neighboring neurons to long-range networks formed between various brain regions. Compelling converging evidence indicates that alterations in neural circuits arising from abnormalities during early neuronal development or neurodegeneration contribute significantly to the etiology of neurological disorders. Supporting this notion, efforts to identify genetic causes of these disorders have uncovered an over-representation of genes encoding proteins involved in the processes of neuronal differentiation, maturation, synaptogenesis and synaptic function. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1, a Kinesin-1 adapter, has emerged as a key central player involved in many of these processes. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1-dependent transport of synaptic cargoes and mitochondria is essential for neuronal development and synapse establishment. Furthermore, it acts downstream of guidance cue pathways to regulate axo-dendritic development. Significantly, perturbing its function causes abnormalities in neuronal development and synapse formation both in the brain as well as the peripheral nervous system. Mutations and deletions of the fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 gene are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, altered phosphorylation of the protein contributes to neurodegenerative disorders. Together, these findings strongly implicate the importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in the establishment of neuronal circuits and its maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafhanah Banu Bte Abdul Razar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Zou L, Liao M, Zhen Y, Zhu S, Chen X, Zhang J, Hao Y, Liu B. Autophagy and beyond: Unraveling the complexity of UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) from biological functions to therapeutic implications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3743-3782. [PMID: 36213540 PMCID: PMC9532564 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), as a serine/threonine kinase, is an autophagic initiator in mammals and a homologous protein of autophagy related protein (Atg) 1 in yeast and of UNC-51 in Caenorhabditis elegans. ULK1 is well-known for autophagy activation, which is evolutionarily conserved in protein transport and indispensable to maintain cell homeostasis. As the direct target of energy and nutrition-sensing kinase, ULK1 may contribute to the distribution and utilization of cellular resources in response to metabolism and is closely associated with multiple pathophysiological processes. Moreover, ULK1 has been widely reported to play a crucial role in human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and infections, and subsequently targeted small-molecule inhibitors or activators are also demonstrated. Interestingly, the non-autophagy function of ULK1 has been emerging, indicating that non-autophagy-relevant ULK1 signaling network is also linked with diseases under some specific contexts. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the structure and functions of ULK1 as an autophagic initiator, with a focus on some new approaches, and further elucidated the key roles of ULK1 in autophagy and non-autophagy. Additionally, we also discussed the relationships between ULK1 and human diseases, as well as illustrated a rapid progress for better understanding of the discovery of more candidate small-molecule drugs targeting ULK1, which will provide a clue on novel ULK1-targeted therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiya Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85503817.
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Shah SH, Schiapparelli LM, Ma Y, Yokota S, Atkins M, Xia X, Cameron EG, Huang T, Saturday S, Sun CB, Knasel C, Blackshaw S, Yates Iii JR, Cline HT, Goldberg JL. Quantitative transportomics identifies Kif5a as a major regulator of neurodegeneration. eLife 2022; 11:68148. [PMID: 35259089 PMCID: PMC8947766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurons in the adult central nervous system, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), degenerate and die after injury. Early axon protein and organelle trafficking failure is a key component in many neurodegenerative disorders yet changes to axoplasmic transport in disease models have not been quantified. We analyzed early changes in the protein ‘transportome’ from RGC somas to their axons after optic nerve injury and identified transport failure of an anterograde motor protein Kif5a early in RGC degeneration. We demonstrated that manipulating Kif5a expression affects anterograde mitochondrial trafficking in RGCs and characterized axon transport in Kif5a knockout mice to identify proteins whose axon localization was Kif5a-dependent. Finally, we found that knockout of Kif5a in RGCs resulted in progressive RGC degeneration in the absence of injury. Together with expression data localizing Kif5a to human RGCs, these data identify Kif5a transport failure as a cause of RGC neurodegeneration and point to a mechanism for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil H Shah
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | | | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Satoshi Yokota
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Melissa Atkins
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Xin Xia
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Evan G Cameron
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Thanh Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Sarah Saturday
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Catalin B Sun
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Cara Knasel
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - John R Yates Iii
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
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13
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Sumitomo A, Tomoda T. Autophagy in neuronal physiology and disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:133-140. [PMID: 34416525 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit functions critically depend on homeostatic regulation and quality control of neuronal proteins and organelles. Emerging evidence shows that autophagy, cellular clearance machinery, selectively degrades or controls homeostasis of both pre- and post-synaptic components (e.g. synaptic proteins, organelles, neurotransmitters, and their receptors), thereby regulating synaptic remodeling, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity. Along with its well-known role in supporting neuronal cell viability and neurodevelopment, autophagy is now implicated in a wide range of neuronal physiology throughout neuronal lifetime, including higher-order brain functions such as information processing, memory encoding, or cognitive functions. Here, we review recent literature on the roles of neuronal autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of synaptic functions and discuss how disruptions in these processes may contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sumitomo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Tomoda
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
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14
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Wirth M, Mouilleron S, Zhang W, Sjøttem E, Princely Abudu Y, Jain A, Lauritz Olsvik H, Bruun JA, Razi M, Jefferies HB, Lee R, Joshi D, O'Reilly N, Johansen T, Tooze SA. Phosphorylation of the LIR Domain of SCOC Modulates ATG8 Binding Affinity and Specificity. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166987. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
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15
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Phosphorylation of the LIR Domain of SCOC Modulates ATG8 Binding Affinity and Specificity. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166987. [PMID: 33845085 PMCID: PMC8202330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative pathway, essential for cellular homeostasis and implicated in diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. Autophagy-related 8 (ATG8) proteins play a central role in autophagosome formation and selective delivery of cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes by recruiting autophagy adaptors and receptors. The LC3-interacting region (LIR) docking site (LDS) of ATG8 proteins binds to LIR motifs present in autophagy adaptors and receptors. LIR-ATG8 interactions can be highly selective for specific mammalian ATG8 family members (LC3A-C, GABARAP, and GABARAPL1-2) and how this specificity is generated and regulated is incompletely understood. We have identified a LIR motif in the Golgi protein SCOC (short coiled-coil protein) exhibiting strong binding to GABARAP, GABARAPL1, LC3A and LC3C. The residues within and surrounding the core LIR motif of the SCOC LIR domain were phosphorylated by autophagy-related kinases (ULK1-3, TBK1) increasing specifically LC3 family binding. More distant flanking residues also contributed to ATG8 binding. Loss of these residues was compensated by phosphorylation of serine residues immediately adjacent to the core LIR motif, indicating that the interactions of the flanking LIR regions with the LDS are important and highly dynamic. Our comprehensive structural, biophysical and biochemical analyses support and provide novel mechanistic insights into how phosphorylation of LIR domain residues regulates the affinity and binding specificity of ATG8 proteins towards autophagy adaptors and receptors.
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16
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FEZ1 Forms Complexes with CRMP1 and DCC to Regulate Axon and Dendrite Development. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0193-20.2021. [PMID: 33771901 PMCID: PMC8174033 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0193-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaboration of neuronal processes is an early step in neuronal development. Guidance cues must work closely with intracellular trafficking pathways to direct expanding axons and dendrites to their target neurons during the formation of neuronal networks. However, how such coordination is achieved remains incompletely understood. Here, we characterize an interaction between fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1), an adapter involved in synaptic protein transport, and collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)1, a protein that functions in growth cone guidance, at neuronal growth cones. We show that similar to CRMP1 loss-of-function mutants, FEZ1 deficiency in rat hippocampal neurons causes growth cone collapse and impairs axonal development. Strikingly, FEZ1-deficient neurons also exhibited a reduction in dendritic complexity stronger than that observed in CRMP1-deficient neurons, suggesting that the former could partake in additional developmental signaling pathways. Supporting this, FEZ1 colocalizes with VAMP2 in developing hippocampal neurons and forms a separate complex with deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and Syntaxin-1 (Stx1), components of the Netrin-1 signaling pathway that are also involved in regulating axon and dendrite development. Significantly, developing axons and dendrites of FEZ1-deficient neurons fail to respond to Netrin-1 or Netrin-1 and Sema3A treatment, respectively. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of FEZ1 as a common effector to integrate guidance signaling pathways with intracellular trafficking to mediate axo-dendrite development during neuronal network formation.
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17
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Gunaseelan S, Wang Z, Tong VKJ, Ming SWS, Razar RBBA, Srimasorn S, Ong WY, Lim KL, Chua JJE. Loss of FEZ1, a gene deleted in Jacobsen syndrome, causes locomotion defects and early mortality by impairing motor neuron development. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:5-20. [PMID: 33395696 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FEZ1-mediated axonal transport plays important roles in central nervous system development but its involvement in the peripheral nervous system is not well-characterized. FEZ1 is deleted in Jacobsen syndrome (JS), an 11q terminal deletion developmental disorder. JS patients display impaired psychomotor skills, including gross and fine motor delay, suggesting that FEZ1 deletion may be responsible for these phenotypes, given its association with the development of motor-related circuits. Supporting this hypothesis, our data show that FEZ1 is selectively expressed in the rat brain and spinal cord. Its levels progressively increase over the developmental course of human motor neurons (MN) derived from embryonic stem cells. Deletion of FEZ1 strongly impaired axon and dendrite development, and significantly delayed the transport of synaptic proteins into developing neurites. Concurring with these observations, Drosophila unc-76 mutants showed severe locomotion impairments, accompanied by a strong reduction of synaptic boutons at neuromuscular junctions. These abnormalities were ameliorated by pharmacological activation of UNC-51/ATG1, a FEZ1-activating kinase, with rapamycin and metformin. Collectively, the results highlight a role for FEZ1 in MN development and implicate its deletion as an underlying cause of motor impairments in JS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ziyin Wang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Venetia Kok Jing Tong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvester Wong Shu Ming
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sumitra Srimasorn
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Vahsen BF, Lingor P. ULK1 as a novel therapeutic target in neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1212-1213. [PMID: 33269781 PMCID: PMC8224110 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Friedhelm Vahsen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; Department of Neurology, Rechts der Isar Hospital of the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Li S, Xu J, Xu X, Ma W, Tian L, Li K. Functional identification of Bombyx mori Atg13 in autophagy. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21718. [PMID: 32515853 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The autophagy process involves a series of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins, which are conserved in eukaryotes. ULK1/Atg1-ATG13/Atg13 is the core protein complex for autophagy initiation in response to nutrient and hormone signaling. However, how Atg13 is regulated to participate in autophagy is unclear in insects. Here in Bombyx mori, the variation of BmAtg13 was correlated with autophagy induced by steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) or starvation. Developmental profiles from feeding to prepupal stage revealed that there were two bands of BmAtg13 protein detected by western blot analysis, therein the upper band was intensively decreased, while the lower band was significantly increased which was in accordance with its mRNA variation; and immunofluorescent staining indicated that BmAtg13 was nucleocytoplasmic translocated during larval-pupal metamorphosis when autophagy was dramatically induced. BmAtg13 knockdown and overexpression both inhibits autophagy. Besides, 20E treatment-induced BmAtg13 gene expression, while blocking 20E signaling transduction by knockdown of BmUsp reduced both gene expression and protein level of BmAtg13. These results reveal that BmAtg13 is required for 20E- and starvation-induced autophagy in B. mori, which provides the foundation for further related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Tomoda T, Yang K, Sawa A. Neuronal Autophagy in Synaptic Functions and Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:787-796. [PMID: 31542152 PMCID: PMC6986983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance of physiological functions is fundamental to organismal well-being. Disruption or imbalance in homeostasis results in functional disturbances at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, leading to manifestation as physical and mental illnesses. Homeostatic imbalance is caused by a range of pathophysiological mechanisms, including disrupted reduction-oxidation reactions, inflammatory responses, metabolic disturbances, or failure in quality control of cellular proteins and organelles. However, the roles for the protein/organelle quality control in the regulation of behaviors, in particular of cognitive processes, had not been well documented, until recent reports finally supported this concept. The frontline studies in neuroscience have revealed that synaptic components (e.g., synaptic proteins, organelles, neurotransmitters and their receptors) are selectively degraded by autophagy, a cellular recycling machinery implicated in surveillance and quality control of proteins and organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Apart from the canonical role of autophagy in supporting cell viability, synaptic autophagy appears to regulate synapse remodeling and plasticity. Consistently, emerging evidence suggests novel roles of autophagy in memory encoding, information processing, or cognitive functions. In this review, we overview recent progress in understanding the roles of neuronal autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of synaptic functions, with particular focus on how disruptions in these processes may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Tomoda
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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21
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Vahsen BF, Ribas VT, Sundermeyer J, Boecker A, Dambeck V, Lenz C, Shomroni O, Caldi Gomes L, Tatenhorst L, Barski E, Roser AE, Michel U, Urlaub H, Salinas G, Bähr M, Koch JC, Lingor P. Inhibition of the autophagic protein ULK1 attenuates axonal degeneration in vitro and in vivo, enhances translation, and modulates splicing. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2810-2827. [PMID: 32341448 PMCID: PMC7493890 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a key and early pathological feature in traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS. Following a focal lesion to axons, extended axonal disintegration by acute axonal degeneration (AAD) occurs within several hours. During AAD, the accumulation of autophagic proteins including Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) has been demonstrated, but its role is incompletely understood. Here, we study the effect of ULK1 inhibition in different models of lesion-induced axonal degeneration in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of a dominant negative of ULK1 (ULK1.DN) in primary rat cortical neurons attenuates axotomy-induced AAD in vitro. Both ULK1.DN and the ULK1 inhibitor SBI-0206965 protect against AAD after rat optic nerve crush in vivo. ULK1.DN additionally attenuates long-term axonal degeneration after rat spinal cord injury in vivo. Mechanistically, ULK1.DN decreases autophagy and leads to an mTOR-mediated increase in translational proteins. Consistently, treatment with SBI-0206965 results in enhanced mTOR activation. ULK1.DN additionally modulates the differential splicing of the degeneration-associated genes Kif1b and Ddit3. These findings uncover ULK1 as an important mediator of axonal degeneration in vitro and in vivo, and elucidate its function in splicing, defining it as a putative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Friedhelm Vahsen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jonas Sundermeyer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Boecker
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 630 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Caldi Gomes
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Barski
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Tyra LK, Nandi N, Tracy C, Krämer H. Yorkie Growth-Promoting Activity Is Limited by Atg1-Mediated Phosphorylation. Dev Cell 2020; 52:605-616.e7. [PMID: 32032548 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The expression of multiple growth-promoting genes is coordinated by the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie with its major regulatory input provided by the Hippo-Warts kinase cascade. Here, we identify Atg1/ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of Yorkie as an additional inhibitory input independent of the Hippo-Warts pathway. Two serine residues in Yorkie, S74 and S97, are Atg1/ULK1 consensus target sites and are phosphorylated by ULK1 in vitro, thereby preventing its binding to Scalloped. In vivo, gain of function of Atg1, or its activator Acinus, caused elevated Yorkie phosphorylation and inhibited Yorkie's growth-promoting activity. Loss of function of Atg1 or Acinus raised expression of Yorkie target genes and increased tissue size. Unlike Atg1's role in autophagy, Atg1-mediated phosphorylation of Yorkie does not require Atg13. Atg1 is activated by starvation and other cellular stressors and therefore can impose temporary stress-induced constraints on the growth-promoting gene networks under the control of Hippo-Yorkie signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Tyra
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Nilay Nandi
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Charles Tracy
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
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23
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Zhao J, Fok AHK, Fan R, Kwan PY, Chan HL, Lo LHY, Chan YS, Yung WH, Huang J, Lai CSW, Lai KO. Specific depletion of the motor protein KIF5B leads to deficits in dendritic transport, synaptic plasticity and memory. eLife 2020; 9:53456. [PMID: 31961321 PMCID: PMC7028368 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin I family of motor proteins are crucial for axonal transport, but their roles in dendritic transport and postsynaptic function are not well-defined. Gene duplication and subsequent diversification give rise to three homologous kinesin I proteins (KIF5A, KIF5B and KIF5C) in vertebrates, but it is not clear whether and how they exhibit functional specificity. Here we show that knockdown of KIF5A or KIF5B differentially affects excitatory synapses and dendritic transport in hippocampal neurons. The functional specificities of the two kinesins are determined by their diverse carboxyl-termini, where arginine methylation occurs in KIF5B and regulates its function. KIF5B conditional knockout mice exhibit deficits in dendritic spine morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Our findings provide insights into how expansion of the kinesin I family during evolution leads to diversification and specialization of motor proteins in regulating postsynaptic function. Transporting molecules within a cell becomes a daunting task when the cell is a neuron, with fibers called axons and dendrites that can stretch as long as a meter. Neurons use many different molecules to send messages across the body and store memories in the brain. If the right molecules cannot be delivered along the length of nerve cells, connections to neighboring neurons may decay, which may impair learning and memory. Motor proteins are responsible for transporting molecules within cells. Kinesins are a type of motor protein that typically transports materials from the body of a neuron to the cell’s periphery, including the dendrites, which is where a neuron receives messages from other nerve cells. Each cell has up to 45 different kinesin motors, but it is not known whether each one performs a distinct task or if they have overlapping roles. Now, Zhao, Fok et al. have studied two similar kinesins, called KIF5A and KIF5B, in rodent neurons to determine their roles. First, it was shown that both proteins were found at dendritic spines, which are small outgrowths on dendrites where contact with other cells occurs. Next, KIF5A and KIF5B were depleted, one at a time, from neurons extracted from a brain region called the hippocampus. Removing KIF5B interfered with the formation of dendritic spines, but removing KIF5A did not have an effect. Dendritic spines are essential for learning and memory, so several behavioral tests were conducted on mice that had been genetically modified to express less KIF5B in the forebrain. These tests revealed that the mice performed poorly in tasks that tested their memory recall. This work opens a new area of research studying the specific roles of different kinesin motor proteins in nerve cells. This could have important implications because certain kinesin motor proteins such as KIF5A are known to be defective in some inherited neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Albert Hiu Ka Fok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruolin Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Yi Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei-Lok Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Louisa Hoi-Ying Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiandong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cora Sau Wan Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Huang PT, Summers BJ, Xu C, Perilla JR, Malikov V, Naghavi MH, Xiong Y. FEZ1 Is Recruited to a Conserved Cofactor Site on Capsid to Promote HIV-1 Trafficking. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2373-2385.e7. [PMID: 31422020 PMCID: PMC6736649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 uses the microtubule network to traffic the viral capsid core toward the nucleus. Viral nuclear trafficking and infectivity require the kinesin-1 adaptor protein FEZ1. Here, we demonstrate that FEZ1 directly interacts with the HIV-1 capsid and specifically binds capsid protein (CA) hexamers. FEZ1 contains multiple acidic, poly-glutamate stretches that interact with the positively charged central pore of CA hexamers. The FEZ1-capsid interaction directly competes with nucleotides and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) that bind at the same location. In addition, all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations establish the molecular details of FEZ1-capsid interactions. Functionally, mutation of the FEZ1 capsid-interacting residues significantly reduces trafficking of HIV-1 particles toward the nucleus and early infection. These findings support a model in which the central capsid hexamer pore is a general HIV-1 cofactor-binding hub and FEZ1 serves as a unique CA hexamer pattern sensor to recognize this site and promote capsid trafficking in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Huang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Brady James Summers
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chaoyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Viacheslav Malikov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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25
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Balke D, Tatenhorst L, Dambeck V, Ribas VT, Vahsen BF, Michel U, Bähr M, Lingor P. AAV-Mediated Expression of Dominant-Negative ULK1 Increases Neuronal Survival and Enhances Motor Performance in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:685-697. [PMID: 31446549 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Loss of nigrostriatal projections by axonal degeneration is a key early event in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, being accountable for the lack of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system and resulting in motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Since autophagy is an important mechanism contributing to axonal degeneration, we aimed to evaluate the effects of competitive autophagy inhibition in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD in vivo. Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative form of the unc-51 like autophagy-initiating kinase (ULK1.DN) in the substantia nigra was induced 3 weeks before MPTP treatment. Analysis of motor behavior demonstrated a significant improvement of ULK1.DN expressing mice after MPTP treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses of dopaminergic nigral neurons and nigrostriatal projections revealed a significant protection from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity after ULK1.DN expression. Western blot analysis linked these findings to an activation of mTOR signaling. Taken together, our results indicate that expression of ULK1.DN can attenuate MPTP-induced axonal neurodegeneration, suggesting that ULK1 could be a promising novel target in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Balke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Björn F Vahsen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81679, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Ho WY, Tai YK, Chang JC, Liang J, Tyan SH, Chen S, Guan JL, Zhou H, Shen HM, Koo E, Ling SC. The ALS-FTD-linked gene product, C9orf72, regulates neuronal morphogenesis via autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:827-842. [PMID: 30669939 PMCID: PMC6526867 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in C9orf72 leading to hexanucleotide expansions are the most common genetic causes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). A phenotype resembling ALS and FTD is seen in transgenic mice overexpressing the hexanucleotide expansions, but is absent in C9orf72-deficient mice. Thus, the exact function of C9orf72 in neurons and how loss of C9orf72 may contribute to neuronal dysfunction remains to be clearly defined. Here, we showed that primary hippocampal neurons cultured from c9orf72 knockout mice have reduced dendritic arborization and spine density. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified C9orf72 as a component of the macroautophagy/autophagy initiation complex composed of ULK1-RB1CC1-ATG13-ATG101. The association was mediated through the direct interaction with ATG13 via the isoform-specific carboxyl-terminal DENN and dDENN domain of C9orf72. Furthermore, c9orf72 knockout neurons showed reduced LC3-II puncta accompanied by reduced ULK1 levels, suggesting that loss of C9orf72 impairs basal autophagy. Conversely, wild-type neurons treated with a ULK1 kinase inhibitor showed a dose-dependent reduction of dendritic arborization and spine density. Furthermore, expression of the long isoform of human C9orf72 that interacts with the ULK1 complex, but not the short isoform, rescues autophagy and the dendritic arborization phenotypes of c9orf72 knockout neurons. Taken together, our data suggests that C9orf72 has a cell-autonomous role in neuronal and dendritic morphogenesis through promotion of ULK1-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Kit Tai
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Liang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheue-Houy Tyan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward Koo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Sumitomo A, Yukitake H, Hirai K, Horike K, Ueta K, Chung Y, Warabi E, Yanagawa T, Kitaoka S, Furuyashiki T, Narumiya S, Hirano T, Niwa M, Sibille E, Hikida T, Sakurai T, Ishizuka K, Sawa A, Tomoda T. Ulk2 controls cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance via autophagic regulation of p62 and GABAA receptor trafficking in pyramidal neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3165-3176. [PMID: 29893844 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in intracellular degradation and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in all cells, including neurons. Although a recent study reported a copy number variation of Ulk2, a gene essential for initiating autophagy, associated with a case of schizophrenia (SZ), it remains to be studied whether Ulk2 dysfunction could underlie the pathophysiology of the disease. Here we show that Ulk2 heterozygous (Ulk2+/-) mice have upregulated expression of sequestosome-1/p62, an autophagy-associated stress response protein, predominantly in pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and exhibit behavioral deficits associated with the PFC functions, including attenuated sensorimotor gating and impaired cognition. Ulk2+/- neurons showed imbalanced excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission, due in part to selective down-modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor surface expression in pyramidal neurons. Genetically reducing p62 gene dosage or suppressing p62 protein levels with an autophagy-inducing agent restored the GABAA receptor surface expression and rescued the behavioral deficits in Ulk2+/- mice. Moreover, expressing a short peptide that specifically interferes with the interaction of p62 and GABAA receptor-associated protein, a protein that regulates endocytic trafficking of GABAA receptors, also restored the GABAA receptor surface expression and rescued the behavioral deficits in Ulk2+/- mice. Thus, the current study reveals a novel mechanism linking deregulated autophagy to functional disturbances of the nervous system relevant to SZ, through regulation of GABAA receptor surface presentation in pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sumitomo
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukitake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuko Hirai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouta Horike
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisho Ueta
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youjin Chung
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shiho Kitaoka
- CREST Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- CREST Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- CREST Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hirano
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toshifumi Tomoda
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Rodriguez-Fernandez IA, Qi Y, Jasper H. Loss of a proteostatic checkpoint in intestinal stem cells contributes to age-related epithelial dysfunction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1050. [PMID: 30837466 PMCID: PMC6401111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) has been proposed as a hallmark of aging. Somatic stem cells (SCs) uniquely maintain their proteostatic capacity through mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. Here, we describe and characterize a ‘proteostatic checkpoint’ in Drosophila intestinal SCs (ISCs). Following a breakdown of proteostasis, ISCs coordinate cell cycle arrest with protein aggregate clearance by Atg8-mediated activation of the Nrf2-like transcription factor cap-n-collar C (CncC). CncC induces the cell cycle inhibitor Dacapo and proteolytic genes. The capacity to engage this checkpoint is lost in ISCs from aging flies, and we show that it can be restored by treating flies with an Nrf2 activator, or by over-expression of CncC or Atg8a. This limits age-related intestinal barrier dysfunction and can result in lifespan extension. Our findings identify a new mechanism by which somatic SCs preserve proteostasis, and highlight potential intervention strategies to maintain regenerative homeostasis. Protein homeostasis maintenance (proteostasis) is critical for cell function, but declines during aging. Here the authors detail a proteostatic checkpoint in Drosophila intestinal stem cells coordinating cell cycle arrest with protein aggregate clearance, along with its role in aging related intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imilce A Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945-1400, USA.,Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945-1400, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945-1400, USA. .,Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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29
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Teixeira MB, Alborghetti MR, Kobarg J. Fasciculation and elongation zeta proteins 1 and 2: From structural flexibility to functional diversity. World J Biol Chem 2019; 10:28-43. [PMID: 30815230 PMCID: PMC6388297 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v10.i2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciculation and elongation zeta/zygin (FEZ) proteins are a family of hub proteins and share many characteristics like high connectivity in interaction networks, they are involved in several cellular processes, evolve slowly and in general have intrinsically disordered regions. In 1985, unc-76 gene was firstly described and involved in axonal growth in C. elegans, and in 1997 Bloom and Horvitz enrolled also the human homologues genes, FEZ1 and FEZ2, in this process. While nematodes possess one gene (unc-76), mammalians have one more copy (FEZ1 and FEZ2). Several animal models have been used to study FEZ family functions like: C. elegans, D. melanogaster, R. novergicus and human cells. Complementation assays were performed and demonstrated the function conservation between paralogues. Human FEZ1 protein is more studied followed by UNC-76 and FEZ2 proteins, respectively. While FEZ1 and UNC-76 shared interaction partners, FEZ2 evolved and increased the number of protein-protein interactions (PPI) with cytoplasmatic partners. FEZ proteins are implicated in intracellular transport, acting as bivalent cargo transport adaptors in kinesin-mediated movement. Especially in light of this cellular function, this family of proteins has been involved in several processes like neuronal development, neurological disorders, viral infection and autophagy. However, nuclear functions of FEZ proteins have been explored as well, due to high content of PPI with nuclear proteins, correlating FEZ1 expression to Sox2 and Hoxb4 gene regulation and retinoic acid signaling. These recent findings open new avenue to study FEZ proteins functions and its involvement in already described processes. This review intends to reunite aspects of evolution, structure, interaction partners and function of FEZ proteins and correlate them to physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bertini Teixeira
- Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Jörg Kobarg
- Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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30
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Singh T, Lee EH, Hartman TR, Ruiz-Whalen DM, O'Reilly AM. Opposing Action of Hedgehog and Insulin Signaling Balances Proliferation and Autophagy to Determine Follicle Stem Cell Lifespan. Dev Cell 2018; 46:720-734.e6. [PMID: 30197240 PMCID: PMC6159899 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Egg production declines with age in many species, a process linked with stem cell loss. Diet-dependent signaling has emerged as critical for stem cell maintenance during aging. Follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary are exquisitely responsive to diet-induced signals including Hedgehog (Hh) and insulin-IGF signaling (IIS), entering quiescence in the absence of nutrients and initiating proliferation rapidly upon feeding. Although highly proliferative FSCs generally exhibit an extended lifespan, we find that constitutive Hh signaling drives FSC loss and premature sterility despite high proliferative rates. This occurs due to Hh-mediated induction of autophagy in FSCs via a Ptc-dependent, Smo-independent mechanism. Hh-dependent autophagy increases during aging, triggering FSC loss and consequent reproductive arrest. IIS is necessary and sufficient to suppress Hh-induced autophagy, promoting a stable proliferative state. These results suggest that opposing action of diet-responsive IIS and Hh signals determine reproductive lifespan by modulating the proliferation-autophagy balance in FSCs during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Singh
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Eric H Lee
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Tiffiney R Hartman
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Dara M Ruiz-Whalen
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Alana M O'Reilly
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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31
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Shah SH, Goldberg JL. The Role of Axon Transport in Neuroprotection and Regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:998-1010. [PMID: 30027690 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells and other central nervous system neurons fail to regenerate after injury. Understanding the obstacles to survival and regeneration, and overcoming them, is key to preserving and restoring function. While comparisons in the cellular changes seen in these non-regenerative cells with those that do have intrinsic regenerative ability has yielded many candidate genes for regenerative therapies, complete visual recovery has not yet been achieved. Insights gained from neurodegenerative diseases, like glaucoma, underscore the importance of axonal transport of organelles, mRNA, and effector proteins in injury and disease. Targeting molecular motor networks, and their cargoes, may be necessary for realizing complete axonal regeneration and vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil H Shah
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, California.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, California
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32
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Limanaqi F, Biagioni F, Gambardella S, Ryskalin L, Fornai F. Interdependency Between Autophagy and Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking: Implications for Dopamine Release. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:299. [PMID: 30186112 PMCID: PMC6110820 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (ATG) and the Ubiquitin Proteasome (UP) are the main clearing systems of eukaryotic cells, in that being ultimately involved in degrading damaged and potentially harmful cytoplasmic substrates. Emerging evidence implicates that, in addition to their classic catalytic function in the cytosol, autophagy and the proteasome act as modulators of neurotransmission, inasmuch as they orchestrate degradation and turnover of synaptic vesicles (SVs) and related proteins. These findings are now defining a novel synaptic scenario, where clearing systems and secretory pathways may be considered as a single system, which senses alterations in quality and distribution (in time, amount and place) of both synaptic proteins and neurotransmitters. In line with this, in the present manuscript we focus on evidence showing that, a dysregulation of secretory and trafficking pathways is quite constant in the presence of an impairment of autophagy-lysosomal machinery, which eventually precipitates synaptic dysfunction. Such a dual effect appears not to be just incidental but it rather represents the natural evolution of archaic cell compartments. While discussing these issues, we pose a special emphasis on the role of autophagy upon dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, which is early affected in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. In detail, we discuss how autophagy is engaged not only in removing potentially dangerous proteins, which can interfere with the mechanisms of DA release, but also the fate of synaptic DA vesicles thus surveilling DA neurotransmission. These concepts contribute to shed light on early mechanisms underlying intersection of autophagy with DA-related synaptic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Larisa Ryskalin
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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33
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Billes V, Kovács T, Manzéger A, Lőrincz P, Szincsák S, Regős Á, Kulcsár PI, Korcsmáros T, Lukácsovich T, Hoffmann G, Erdélyi M, Mihály J, Takács-Vellai K, Sass M, Vellai T. Developmentally regulated autophagy is required for eye formation in Drosophila. Autophagy 2018; 14:1499-1519. [PMID: 29940806 PMCID: PMC6135572 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1454569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound eye of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied and best understood model organs in the field of developmental genetics. Herein we demonstrate that autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved selfdegradation process of eukaryotic cells, is essential for eye development in this organism. Autophagic structures accumulate in a specific pattern in the developing eye disc, predominantly in the morphogenetic furrow (MF) and differentiation zone. Silencing of several autophagy genes (Atg) in the eye primordium severely affects the morphology of the adult eye through triggering ectopic cell death. In Atg mutant genetic backgrounds however genetic compensatory mechanisms largely rescue autophagic activity in, and thereby normal morphogenesis of, this organ. We also show that in the eye disc the expression of a key autophagy gene, Atg8a, is controlled in a complex manner by the anterior Hox paralog Lab (Labial), a master regulator of early development. Atg8a transcription is repressed in front of, while activated along, the MF by Lab. The amount of autophagic structures then remains elevated behind the moving MF. These results indicate that eye development in Drosophila depends on the cell death-suppressing and differentiating effects of the autophagic process. This novel, developmentally regulated function of autophagy in the morphogenesis of the compound eye may shed light on a more fundamental role for cellular self-digestion in differentiation and organ formation than previously thought. ABBREVIATIONS αTub84B, α-Tubulin at 84B; Act5C, Actin5C; AO, acridine orange; Atg, autophagy-related; Ato, Atonal; CASP3, caspase 3; Dcr-2; Dicer-2; Dfd, Deformed; DZ, differentiation zone; eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; EM, electron microscopy; exd, extradenticle; ey, eyeless; FLP, flippase recombinase; FRT, FLP recognition target; Gal4, gene encoding the yeast transcription activator protein GAL4; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GMR, Glass multimer reporter; Hox, homeobox; hth, homothorax; lab, labial; L3F, L3 feeding larval stage; L3W, L3 wandering larval stage; lf, loss-of-function; MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MF, morphogenetic furrow; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PI3K/PtdIns3K, class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PZ, proliferation zone; Ref(2)P, refractory to sigma P, RFP, red fluorescent protein; RNAi, RNA interference; RpL32, Ribosomal protein L32; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction; S.D., standard deviation; SQSTM1, Sequestosome-1, Tor, Target of rapamycin; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay; UAS, upstream activation sequence; qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; w, white.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Billes
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Manzéger
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Szincsák
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Regős
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter István Kulcsár
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tamás Lukácsovich
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gyula Hoffmann
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Mihály
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Miklós Sass
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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34
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Bejarano E, Murray JW, Wang X, Pampliega O, Yin D, Patel B, Yuste A, Wolkoff AW, Cuervo AM. Defective recruitment of motor proteins to autophagic compartments contributes to autophagic failure in aging. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12777. [PMID: 29845728 PMCID: PMC6052466 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inability to preserve proteostasis with age contributes to the gradual loss of function that characterizes old organisms. Defective autophagy, a component of the proteostasis network for delivery and degradation of intracellular materials in lysosomes, has been described in multiple old organisms, while a robust autophagy response has been linked to longevity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for defective autophagic function with age remain, for the most part, poorly characterized. In this work, we have identified differences between young and old cells in the intracellular trafficking of the vesicular compartments that participate in autophagy. Failure to reposition autophagosomes and lysosomes toward the perinuclear region with age reduces the efficiency of their fusion and the subsequent degradation of the sequestered cargo. Hepatocytes from old mice display lower association of two microtubule-based minus-end-directed motor proteins, the well-characterized dynein, and the less-studied KIFC3, with autophagosomes and lysosomes, respectively. Using genetic approaches to mimic the lower levels of KIFC3 observed in old cells, we confirmed that reduced content of this motor protein in fibroblasts leads to failed lysosomal repositioning and diminished autophagic flux. Our study connects defects in intracellular trafficking with insufficient autophagy in old organisms and identifies motor proteins as a novel target for future interventions aiming at correcting autophagic activity with anti-aging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Institute for Aging Studies; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - John W. Murray
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Xintao Wang
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Olatz Pampliega
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR5293; Universite de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- CNRS; Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 C Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - David Yin
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Bindi Patel
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Institute for Aging Studies; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Andrea Yuste
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Institute for Aging Studies; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | - Allan W. Wolkoff
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Division of Hepatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and; Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Institute for Aging Studies; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
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35
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Ulk1 Governs Nerve Growth Factor/TrkA Signaling by Mediating Rab5 GTPase Activation in Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00325-18. [PMID: 29875237 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00325-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurovirulent coronavirus and causes neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), but the neuropathological mechanism of PHEV remains poorly understood. We report that Unc51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1/Unc51.1) is a pivotal regulator of PHEV-induced neurological disorders and functions to selectively control the initiation of nerve growth factor (NGF)/TrkA endosome trafficking. We first identified the function of Ulk1 by histopathologic evaluation in a PHEV-infected mouse model in which neuronal loss was accompanied by the suppression of Ulk1 expression. Morphogenesis assessments in the primary cortical neurons revealed that overexpression or mutations of Ulk1 modulated neurite outgrowth, collateral sprouting, and endosomal transport. Likewise, Ulk1 expression was decreased following PHEV infection, suggesting that there was a correlation between the neurodegeneration and functional Ulk1 deficiency. We then showed that Ulk1 forms a multiprotein complex with TrkA and the early endosome marker Rab5 and that Ulk1 defects lead to either blocking of NGF/TrkA endocytosis or premature degradation of pTrkA via constitutive activation of the Rab5 GTPase. Further investigation determined that the ectopic expression of Rab5 mutants induces aberrant endosomal accumulation of activated pTrkA, proving that targeting of Ulk1-TrkA-NGF signaling to the retrograde transport route in the neurodegenerative process that underlies PHEV infection is dependent on Rab5 GTPase activity. Therefore, we described a long-distance signaling mechanism of PHEV-driven deficits in neurons and suggested that such Ulk1 repression may result in limited NGF/TrkA retrograde signaling within activated Rab5 endosomes, explaining the progressive failure of neurite outgrowth and survival.IMPORTANCE Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a neurotropic coronavirus and targets neurons in the nervous system for proliferation, frequently leaving behind grievous neurodegeneration. Structural plasticity disorders occur in the axons, dendrites, and dendritic spines of PHEV-infected neurons, and dysfunction of this neural process may contribute to neurologic pathologies, but the mechanisms remain undetermined. Further understanding of the neurological manifestations underlying PHEV infection in the CNS may provide insights into both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases that may be conducive to targeted approaches for treatment. The significance of our research is in identifying an Ulk1-related neurodegenerative mechanism, focusing on the regulatory functions of Ulk1 in the transport of long-distance trophic signaling endosomes, thereby explaining the progressive failure of neurite outgrowth and survival associated with PHEV aggression. This is the first report to define a mechanistic link between alterations in signaling from endocytic pathways and the neuropathogenesis of PHEV-induced CNS disease.
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Tropea D, Hardingham N, Millar K, Fox K. Mechanisms underlying the role of DISC1 in synaptic plasticity. J Physiol 2018; 596:2747-2771. [PMID: 30008190 PMCID: PMC6046077 DOI: 10.1113/jp274330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is an important hub protein, forming multimeric complexes by self-association and interacting with a large number of synaptic and cytoskeletal molecules. The synaptic location of DISC1 in the adult brain suggests a role in synaptic plasticity, and indeed, a number of studies have discovered synaptic plasticity impairments in a variety of different DISC1 mutants. This review explores the possibility that DISC1 is an important molecule for organizing proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and examines why mutations in DISC1 impair plasticity. It concentrates on DISC1's role in interacting with synaptic proteins, controlling dendritic structure and cellular trafficking of mRNA, synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. N-terminal directed mutations appear to impair synaptic plasticity through interactions with phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) and hence protein kinase A (PKA)/GluA1 and PKA/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signalling pathways, and affect spine structure through interactions with kalirin 7 (Kal-7) and Rac1. C-terminal directed mutations also impair plasticity possibly through altered interactions with lissencephaly protein 1 (LIS1) and nuclear distribution protein nudE-like 1 (NDEL1), thereby affecting developmental processes such as dendritic structure and spine maturation. Many of the same molecules involved in DISC1's cytoskeletal interactions are also involved in intracellular trafficking, raising the possibility that impairments in intracellular trafficking affect cytoskeletal development and vice versa. While the multiplicity of DISC1 protein interactions makes it difficult to pinpoint a single causal signalling pathway, we suggest that the immediate-term effects of N-terminal influences on GluA1, Rac1 and CREB, coupled with the developmental effects of C-terminal influences on trafficking and the cytoskeleton make up the two main branches of DISC1's effect on synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tropea
- Neurospychiatric GeneticsTrinity Center for Health Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN)Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Neil Hardingham
- School of BiosciencesMuseum AvenueCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kirsty Millar
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental MedicineMRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular MedicineWestern General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghCrewe RoadEdinburghUK
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of BiosciencesMuseum AvenueCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Cornelissen T, Vilain S, Vints K, Gounko N, Verstreken P, Vandenberghe W. Deficiency of parkin and PINK1 impairs age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:35878. [PMID: 29809156 PMCID: PMC6008047 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes for PINK1 and parkin cause Parkinson's disease. PINK1 and parkin cooperate in the selective autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) in cultured cells. However, evidence for their role in mitophagy in vivo is still scarce. Here, we generated a Drosophila model expressing the mitophagy probe mt-Keima. Using live mt-Keima imaging and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we show that mitophagy occurs in muscle cells and dopaminergic neurons in vivo, even in the absence of exogenous mitochondrial toxins. Mitophagy increases with aging, and this age-dependent rise is abrogated by PINK1 or parkin deficiency. Knockdown of the Drosophila homologues of the deubiquitinases USP15 and, to a lesser extent, USP30, rescues mitophagy in the parkin-deficient flies. These data demonstrate a crucial role for parkin and PINK1 in age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Vilain
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- VIB Electron Microscopy Platform and BioImaging Core, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia Gounko
- VIB Electron Microscopy Platform and BioImaging Core, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Sumitomo A, Saka A, Ueta K, Horike K, Hirai K, Gamo NJ, Hikida T, Nakayama KI, Sawa A, Sakurai T, Tomoda T. Methylphenidate and Guanfacine Ameliorate ADHD-Like Phenotypes in Fez1-Deficient Mice. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 3:223-233. [PMID: 29888233 DOI: 10.1159/000488081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that, while prevalent, has a stagnant track record for advances in treatment. The limited availability of animal models with appropriate face and predictive validities has hampered progress in developing novel neurobiological hypotheses and testing new therapeutic options for this condition. Here, we report that mice deficient in Fez1, a gene specifically expressed in the nervous system with documented functions in neurodevelopment, show hyperactivity and impulsivity phenotypes, which are ameliorated by administering methylphenidate (MPH) or guanfacine (GFC), two pharmacological agents used for ADHD treatment. Fez1-knockout (KO) mice show reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain and the brain stem and have reduced levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, or their metabolites in both the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. These neurochemical changes in Fez1-KO mice were normalized by MPH or GFC. We propose that Fez1-KO mice can be used as a model to evaluate the role of altered neurodevelopment in the manifestation of ADHD-like behavioral phenotypes, as well as to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of existing and new pharmacotherapeutic agents for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sumitomo
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Saka
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisho Ueta
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouta Horike
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hirai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao J Gamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tomoda
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Wang B, Iyengar R, Li-Harms X, Joo JH, Wright C, Lavado A, Horner L, Yang M, Guan JL, Frase S, Green DR, Cao X, Kundu M. The autophagy-inducing kinases, ULK1 and ULK2, regulate axon guidance in the developing mouse forebrain via a noncanonical pathway. Autophagy 2017; 14:796-811. [PMID: 29099309 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1386820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian ULK1 (unc-51 like kinase 1) and ULK2, Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-51, and Drosophila melanogaster Atg1 are serine/threonine kinases that regulate flux through the autophagy pathway in response to various types of cellular stress. C. elegans UNC-51 and D. melanogaster Atg1 also promote axonal growth and defasciculation; disruption of these genes results in defective axon guidance in invertebrates. Although disrupting ULK1/2 function impairs normal neurite outgrowth in vitro, the role of ULK1 and ULK2 in the developing brain remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that ULK1 and ULK2 are required for proper projection of axons in the forebrain. Mice lacking Ulk1 and Ulk2 in their central nervous systems showed defects in axonal pathfinding and defasciculation affecting the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, corticothalamic axons and thalamocortical axons. These defects impaired the midline crossing of callosal axons and caused hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and disorganization of the somatosensory cortex. The axon guidance defects observed in ulk1/2 double-knockout mice and central nervous system-specific (Nes-Cre) Ulk1/2-conditional double-knockout mice were not recapitulated in mice lacking other autophagy genes (i.e., Atg7 or Rb1cc1 [RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1]). The brains of Ulk1/2-deficient mice did not show stem cell defects previously attributed to defective autophagy in ambra1 (autophagy/Beclin 1 regulator 1)- and Rb1cc1-deficient mice or accumulation of SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1)+ or ubiquitin+ deposits. Together, these data demonstrate that ULK1 and ULK2 regulate axon guidance during mammalian brain development via a noncanonical (i.e., autophagy-independent) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- a Department of Pathology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,f Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program , the University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Rekha Iyengar
- a Department of Pathology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Xiujie Li-Harms
- a Department of Pathology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Joung Hyuck Joo
- a Department of Pathology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Christopher Wright
- a Department of Pathology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Alfonso Lavado
- b Department of Developmental Neurobiology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Linda Horner
- d Cell and Tissue Imaging Center , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Mao Yang
- c Department of Immunology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- e Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Sharon Frase
- d Cell and Tissue Imaging Center , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- c Department of Immunology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Xinwei Cao
- b Department of Developmental Neurobiology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- a Department of Pathology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
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40
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Abstract
Discovery of yeast autophagy-related (ATG) genes and subsequent identification of their homologs in other organisms have enabled researchers to investigate physiological functions of macroautophagy/autophagy using genetic techniques. Specific identification of autophagy-related structures is important to evaluate autophagic activity, and specific ablation of autophagy-related genes is a critical means to determine the requirements of autophagy. Here, we review currently available mouse models, particularly focusing on autophagy (and mitophagy) indicator models and systemic autophagy-related gene-knockout mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kuma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- CONTACT Akiko Kuma Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Li Z, Lan Y, Zhao K, Lv X, Ding N, Lu H, Zhang J, Yue H, Shi J, Song D, Gao F, He W. miR-142-5p Disrupts Neuronal Morphogenesis Underlying Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection by Targeting Ulk1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:155. [PMID: 28516065 PMCID: PMC5413507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) invades the central nervous system (CNS) and causes neurodegenerative disease in suckling piglets, but the understanding of its neuropathogenicity for neurological dysfunction remains limited. Here, we report that miR-142-5p is localized to neurons and negatively regulates neuronal morphogenesis in porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (PHE). This phenotype was mediated by miR-142-5p inhibition of an mRNA encoding unc-51-like-kinase1 (Ulk1), which controls axon outgrowth and dendrite formation. Modulating miR-142-5p activity by microRNA mimics or inhibitors induced neurodegeneration, including stunted axon elongation, unstable dendritic spine formation, and irregular swelling and disconnection in neurites. Relieving Ulk1 mRNA repression in primary cortical neurons by miR-142-5p antagomirs or replication-deficient adenoviruses encoding Ulk1 (Ad5-Ulk1), which improved rescue of nerve injury, restricted viral replication, and increased survival rate in mice underlying PHEV infection. In contrast, disrupting Ulk1 in RNAi-expressing neurons mostly led to significantly shortened axon elongation and/or an abnormally large number of branched dendrites. Taken together, we demonstrated that the abnormal neuronal morphogenesis underlying PHEV infection was mainly caused by functional mRNA repression of the miR-142-5p target Ulk1. Our data revealed that PHEV adapted to use spatiotemporal control of host microRNAs to invade CNS, and provided new insights into the virus-associated neurological dysfunction microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Huiqing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Junchao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
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42
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Sumitomo A, Ueta K, Mauchi S, Hirai K, Horike K, Hikida T, Sakurai T, Sawa A, Tomoda T. Ulk1 protects against ethanol-induced neuronal stress and cognition-related behavioral deficits. Neurosci Res 2017; 117:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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43
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Zhang N, Yang Y, Lu H, Xiang Y, Huang X, Hu R, Chen Z, Yuan W, Peng R, Peng J, Ai H, Liu K. Spodoptera litura autophagy-related protein 1 interacts with autophagy-related protein 5 and enhances its degradation. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:190-203. [PMID: 27902874 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the autophagy-related protein 1 (ATG1) plays critical roles in the regulation of autophagy in mammals and yeast, whereas the function of ATG1 in lepidopteran insects is not well elucidated. Here Spodoptera litura ATG1 (SlATG1) and its interactions with other ATG proteins were characterized. Alternative splicing of SlAtg1 produced at least four transcript variants. Over-expression and RNA interference knockdown of SlAtg1 demonstrated that SlATG1 enhanced autophagy. SlATG1A-Green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged localized in the cytoplasm and formed some punctuate dots, which were colocalized with red fluorescent protein mCherry tagged Spodoptera exigua ATG5 (SeATG5). SlATG1A-GFP over-expression reduced the nuclear abundance of mCherry-SeATG5 but increased its cytoplasmic abundance. Pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SlATG1A bound to SeATG5 through the N-terminus of SlATG1A. The over-expression of FLAG epitope tagged SlATG1A significantly increased the accumulation of the cleaved GFP from GFP-SeATG5, suggesting the enhanced degradation of GFP-SeATG5. In addition, we confirmed that the interactions of SlATG1 with other autophagy-related proteins were conserved. These results provide the first evidence that ATG1 interacts with ATG5 and enhances its degradation in lepidopteran insect cells, which may have important physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - W Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Ai
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - K Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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44
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Wang B, Kundu M. Canonical and noncanonical functions of ULK/Atg1. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:47-54. [PMID: 28292700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian Unc-51-like kinases 1 and 2 (ULK1 and ULK2) belong to the ULK/Atg1 family of serine/threonine kinases, which are conserved from yeast to mammals. Although ULK/Atg1 is best known for regulating flux through the autophagy pathway, it has evolutionarily conserved noncanonical functions in protein trafficking that are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. As a direct target of energy- and nutrient-sensing kinases, ULK/Atg1 is positioned to regulate the distribution and use of cellular resources in response to metabolic cues. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms through which ULK/Atg1 carries out its canonical and noncanonical functions and the signaling pathways that link its function to metabolism. We also highlight potential contributions of ULK/Atg1 in human diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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45
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Li M, Lindblad JL, Perez E, Bergmann A, Fan Y. Autophagy-independent function of Atg1 for apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation. BMC Biol 2016; 14:70. [PMID: 27542914 PMCID: PMC4992243 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATG1 belongs to the Uncoordinated-51-like kinase protein family. Members of this family are best characterized for roles in macroautophagy and neuronal development. Apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP) is a caspase-directed and JNK-dependent process which is involved in tissue repair and regeneration after massive stress-induced apoptotic cell loss. Under certain conditions, AiP can cause tissue overgrowth with implications for cancer. RESULTS Here, we show that Atg1 in Drosophila (dAtg1) has a previously unrecognized function for both regenerative and overgrowth-promoting AiP in eye and wing imaginal discs. dAtg1 acts genetically downstream of and is transcriptionally induced by JNK activity, and it is required for JNK-dependent production of mitogens such as Wingless for AiP. Interestingly, this function of dAtg1 in AiP is independent of its roles in autophagy and in neuronal development. CONCLUSION In addition to a role of dAtg1 in autophagy and neuronal development, we report a third function of dAtg1 for AiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Li
- University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ernesto Perez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Yun Fan
- University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Kim M, Semple I, Kim B, Kiers A, Nam S, Park HW, Park H, Ro SH, Kim JS, Juhász G, Lee JH. Drosophila Gyf/GRB10 interacting GYF protein is an autophagy regulator that controls neuron and muscle homeostasis. Autophagy 2016; 11:1358-72. [PMID: 26086452 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1063766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process for eliminating ubiquitinated protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles. Defective autophagy is associated with various degenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease. Through a genetic screening in Drosophila, we identified CG11148, whose product is orthologous to GIGYF1 (GRB10-interacting GYF protein 1) and GIGYF2 in mammals, as a new autophagy regulator; we hereafter refer to this gene as Gyf. Silencing of Gyf completely suppressed the effect of Atg1-Atg13 activation in stimulating autophagic flux and inducing autophagic eye degeneration. Although Gyf silencing did not affect Atg1-induced Atg13 phosphorylation or Atg6-Pi3K59F (class III PtdIns3K)-dependent Fyve puncta formation, it inhibited formation of Atg13 puncta, suggesting that Gyf controls autophagy through regulating subcellular localization of the Atg1-Atg13 complex. Gyf silencing also inhibited Atg1-Atg13-induced formation of Atg9 puncta, which is accumulated upon active membrane trafficking into autophagosomes. Gyf-null mutants also exhibited substantial defects in developmental or starvation-induced accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the larval fat body. Furthermore, heads and thoraxes from Gyf-null adults exhibited strongly reduced expression of autophagosome-associated Atg8a-II compared to wild-type (WT) tissues. The decrease in Atg8a-II was directly correlated with an increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and dysfunctional mitochondria in neuron and muscle, which together led to severe locomotor defects and early mortality. These results suggest that Gyf-mediated autophagy regulation is important for maintaining neuromuscular homeostasis and preventing degenerative pathologies of the tissues. Since human mutations in the GIGYF2 locus were reported to be associated with a type of familial Parkinson disease, the homeostatic role of Gyf-family proteins is likely to be evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Kim
- a Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology ; University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
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Phosphorylation of FEZ1 by Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinases regulates its function in presynaptic protein trafficking. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26965. [PMID: 27247180 PMCID: PMC4887895 DOI: 10.1038/srep26965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapters bind motor proteins to cargoes and therefore play essential roles in Kinesin-1 mediated intracellular transport. The regulatory mechanisms governing adapter functions and the spectrum of cargoes recognized by individual adapters remain poorly defined. Here, we show that cargoes transported by the Kinesin-1 adapter FEZ1 are enriched for presynaptic components and identify that specific phosphorylation of FEZ1 at its serine 58 regulatory site is mediated by microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARK/PAR-1). Loss of MARK/PAR-1 impairs axonal transport, with adapter and cargo abnormally co-aggregating in neuronal cell bodies and axons. Presynaptic specializations are markedly reduced and distorted in FEZ1 and MARK/PAR-1 mutants. Strikingly, abnormal co-aggregates of unphosphorylated FEZ1, Kinesin-1 and its putative cargoes are present in brains of transgenic mice modelling aspects of Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder exhibiting impaired axonal transport and altered MARK activity. Our findings suggest that perturbed FEZ1-mediated synaptic delivery of proteins arising from abnormal signalling potentially contributes to the process of neurodegeneration.
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48
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Advances in Autophagy Regulatory Mechanisms. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020024. [PMID: 27187479 PMCID: PMC4931673 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in cell metabolism by degrading and recycling internal components when challenged with limited nutrients. This fundamental and conserved mechanism is based on a membrane trafficking pathway in which nascent autophagosomes engulf cytoplasmic cargo to form vesicles that transport their content to the lysosome for degradation. Based on this simple scheme, autophagy modulates cellular metabolism and cytoplasmic quality control to influence an unexpectedly wide range of normal mammalian physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we summarise recent advancements in three broad areas of autophagy regulation. We discuss current models on how autophagosomes are initiated from endogenous membranes. We detail how the uncoordinated 51-like kinase (ULK) complex becomes activated downstream of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1). Finally, we summarise the upstream signalling mechanisms that can sense amino acid availability leading to activation of MTORC1.
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Atg13 Is Essential for Autophagy and Cardiac Development in Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:585-95. [PMID: 26644405 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01005-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system by which cytoplasmic components are enclosed by autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes. Formation of the autophagosome requires a set of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins. Among these proteins, the ULK1 complex, which is composed of ULK1 (or ULK2), FIP200, Atg13, and Atg101, acts at an initial step. Previous studies showed that ULK1 and FIP200 also function in pathways other than autophagy. However, whether Atg13 and Atg101 act similarly to ULK1 and FIP200 remains unknown. In the present study, we generated Atg13 knockout mice. Like FIP200-deficient mice, Atg13-deficient mice die in utero, which is distinct from most other types of Atg-deficient mice. Atg13-deficient embryos show growth retardation and myocardial growth defects. In cultured fibroblasts, Atg13 deficiency blocks autophagosome formation at an upstream step. In addition, sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis is enhanced by deletion of Atg13 or FIP200, but not by other Atg proteins, as well as by simultaneous deletion of ULK1 and ULK2. These results suggest that Atg13 has both autophagic and nonautophagic functions and that the latter are essential for cardiac development and likely shared with FIP200 but not with ULK1/2.
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Beck K, Ehmann N, Andlauer TFM, Ljaschenko D, Strecker K, Fischer M, Kittel RJ, Raabe T. Loss of the Coffin-Lowry syndrome-associated gene RSK2 alters ERK activity, synaptic function and axonal transport in Drosophila motoneurons. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1389-400. [PMID: 26398944 PMCID: PMC4631788 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic changes in synaptic properties are considered as fundamental for adaptive behaviors. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated signaling has been implicated in regulation of synaptic plasticity. Ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) acts as a regulator and downstream effector of ERK. In the brain, RSK2 is predominantly expressed in regions required for learning and memory. Loss-of-function mutations in human RSK2 cause Coffin-Lowry syndrome, which is characterized by severe mental retardation and low IQ scores in affected males. Knockout of RSK2 in mice or the RSK ortholog in Drosophila results in a variety of learning and memory defects. However, overall brain structure in these animals is not affected, leaving open the question of the pathophysiological consequences. Using the fly neuromuscular system as a model for excitatory glutamatergic synapses, we show that removal of RSK function causes distinct defects in motoneurons and at the neuromuscular junction. Based on histochemical and electrophysiological analyses, we conclude that RSK is required for normal synaptic morphology and function. Furthermore, loss of RSK function interferes with ERK signaling at different levels. Elevated ERK activity was evident in the somata of motoneurons, whereas decreased ERK activity was observed in axons and the presynapse. In addition, we uncovered a novel function of RSK in anterograde axonal transport. Our results emphasize the importance of fine-tuning ERK activity in neuronal processes underlying higher brain functions. In this context, RSK acts as a modulator of ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Beck
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Versbacherstraße 5, Würzburg D-97078, Germany
| | - Nadine Ehmann
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg D-97070, Germany
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- University of Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Würzburg D-97080, Germany Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Takusstraße 6, Berlin D-14195, Germany Max Planck Institute of Colloidals and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Ljaschenko
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg D-97070, Germany
| | - Katrin Strecker
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Versbacherstraße 5, Würzburg D-97078, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Füchsleinstraße 15, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Robert J Kittel
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg D-97070, Germany
| | - Thomas Raabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Versbacherstraße 5, Würzburg D-97078, Germany
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