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Bou Akar R, Lama C, Aubin D, Maruotti J, Onteniente B, Esteves de Lima J, Relaix F. Generation of highly pure pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic progenitor cells and myotubes. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:84-99. [PMID: 38101399 PMCID: PMC10828960 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Driving efficient and pure skeletal muscle cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has been challenging. Here, we report an optimized protocol that generates skeletal muscle progenitor cells with high efficiency and purity in a short period of time. Human induced PSCs (hiPSCs) and murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were specified into the mesodermal myogenic fate using distinct and species-specific protocols. We used a specific maturation medium to promote the terminal differentiation of both human and mouse myoblast populations, and generated myotubes associated with a large pool of cell-cycle arrested PAX7+ cells. We also show that myotube maturation is modulated by dish-coating properties, cell density, and percentage of myogenic progenitor cells. Given the high efficiency in the generation of myogenic progenitors and differentiated myofibers, this protocol provides an attractive strategy for tissue engineering, modeling of muscle dystrophies, and evaluation of new therapeutic approaches in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Bou Akar
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Chéryane Lama
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, 94010 Creteil, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Relaix
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, 94010 Creteil, France.
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2
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Kim KH, Oprescu SN, Snyder MM, Kim A, Jia Z, Yue F, Kuang S. PRMT5 mediates FoxO1 methylation and subcellular localization to regulate lipophagy in myogenic progenitors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113329. [PMID: 37883229 PMCID: PMC10727913 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is regulated by various factors, including protein methylation status. While PRMT5 is well known for its roles in oncogenesis by mediating symmetric di-methylation of arginine, its role in normal development remains elusive. Using Myod1Cre to drive Prmt5 knockout in embryonic myoblasts (Prmt5MKO), we dissected the role of PRMT5 in myogenesis. The Prmt5MKO mice are born normally but exhibit progressive muscle atrophy and premature death. Prmt5MKO inhibits proliferation and promotes premature differentiation of embryonic myoblasts, reducing the number and regenerative function of satellite cells in postnatal mice. Mechanistically, PRMT5 methylates and destabilizes FoxO1. Prmt5MKO increases the total FoxO1 level and promotes its cytoplasmic accumulation, leading to activation of autophagy and depletion of lipid droplets (LDs). Systemic inhibition of autophagy in Prmt5MKO mice restores LDs in myoblasts and moderately improves muscle regeneration. Together, PRMT5 is essential for muscle development and regeneration at least partially through mediating FoxO1 methylation and LD turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Stephanie N Oprescu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Madigan M Snyder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Aran Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Rahman NIA, Lam CL, Sulaiman N, Abdullah NAH, Nordin F, Ariffin SHZ, Yazid MD. PAX7, a Key for Myogenesis Modulation in Muscular Dystrophies through Multiple Signaling Pathways: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13051. [PMID: 37685856 PMCID: PMC10487808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a heterogenous group of hereditary muscle disorders caused by mutations in the genes responsible for muscle development, and is generally defined by a disastrous progression of muscle wasting and massive loss in muscle regeneration. Pax7 is closely associated with myogenesis, which is governed by various signaling pathways throughout a lifetime and is frequently used as an indicator in muscle research. In this review, an extensive literature search adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed to identify research that examined signaling pathways in living models, while quantifying Pax7 expression in myogenesis. A total of 247 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS), PubMed and Scopus databases and were thoroughly examined and evaluated, resulting in 19 articles which met the inclusion criteria. Admittedly, we were only able to discuss the quantification of Pax7 carried out in research affecting various type of genes and signaling pathways, rather than the expression of Pax7 itself, due to the massive differences in approach, factor molecules and signaling pathways analyzed across the research. However, we highlighted the thorough evidence for the alteration of the muscle stem cell precursor Pax7 in multiple signaling pathways described in different living models, with an emphasis on the novel approach that could be taken in manipulating Pax7 expression itself in dystrophic muscle, towards the discovery of an effective treatment for muscular dystrophy. Therefore, we believe that this could be applied to the potential gap in muscle research that could be filled by tuning the well-established marker expression to improve dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Idayu A. Rahman
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Chung Liang Lam
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Nadiah Sulaiman
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
| | - Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin
- Centre of Biotechnology & Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.I.A.R.)
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Liu L, Yin L, Yuan Y, Tang Y, Lin Z, Liu Y, Yang J. Developmental Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle during the Embryonic Stage in Chinese Yellow Quail ( Coturnix japonica). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2317. [PMID: 37508093 PMCID: PMC10376076 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The quail is an important research model, and the demand for quail meat has been increasing in recent years; therefore, it is worthwhile investigating the development of embryonic skeletal muscle and the expression patterns of regulatory genes. In this study, the expression of MyoD and Pax7 in the breast muscle (m. pectoralis major) and leg muscle (m. biceps femoris) of quail embryos on days 10 through 17 were determined using qRT-PCR. Paraffin sections of embryonic muscle were analyzed to characterize changes over time. Results showed that MyoD and Pax7 were expressed in both breast and leg muscles and played a significant role in embryonic muscle development. Compared to breast muscle, leg muscle grew faster and had greater weight and myofiber size. The findings suggested that embryonic day 12 (E12) may be a key point for muscle development. Correlation analysis showed that MyoD expression was significantly negatively correlated with muscle and embryo weight, whereas Pax7 gene expression had no significant correlation with these characteristics. These fundamental results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the characteristics and transition points of skeletal muscle development in quail embryos and an important reference for farmers raising quail from eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lingqian Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaohan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongzhen Lin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Kawamoto S, Hani T, Fujita K, Taya Y, Sasaki Y, Kudo T, Sato K, Soeno Y. Nuclear factor 1 X-type-associated regulation of myogenesis in developing mouse tongue. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:88-96. [PMID: 36669698 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The tongue contains skeletal myofibers that differ from those in the trunk, limbs, and other orofacial muscles. However, the molecular basis of myogenic differentiation in the tongue muscles remains unclear. In this study, we conducted comprehensive gene expression profiling of the developing murine tongue. METHODS Tongue primordia were dissected from mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)10.5-E18.5, while myogenic markers were detected via microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition to common myogenic regulatory factors such as Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and Mrf4, we focused on Nfix, which acts as a unique molecular switch triggering the shift from embryonic to fetal myoblast lineage during limb myogenesis. Nfix inhibition was performed using a specific antisense oligonucleotide in the organ culture of tongue primordia. RESULTS Microarray and ingenuity pathway analyses confirmed the significant upregulation of myogenic signaling molecules, including Nfix, associated with the differentiation of myoblasts from myogenic progenitor cells during E10.5-E11.5. Quantitative PCR confirmed that Nfix expression started at E10.5 and peaked at E14.5. Fetal myoblast-specific genes, such as Mck and Myh8, were upregulated after E14.5, whereas embryonic myoblast-specific genes, such as Myh3 and Myh7, were downregulated. When Nfix was inhibited in the organ culture of tongue primordia, subtle morphological differences were noted in the tongue. Such an observation was only noted in the cultures of E10.5-derived tongue primordia. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal the contribution of Nfix to tongue myogenesis. Nfix expression during early tongue development may play a vital role in tongue muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kawamoto
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Hani
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Fujita
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Yuji Taya
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Sasaki
- Department of Dentistry, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, 2-138-4 Mutsukawa, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoo Kudo
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Kaori Sato
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Yuuichi Soeno
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
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Zhao L, Liu X, Gomez NA, Gao Y, Son JS, Chae SA, Zhu MJ, Du M. Stage-specific nutritional management and developmental programming to optimize meat production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36597116 PMCID: PMC9809060 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, genetic selection and refined nutritional management have extensively been used to increase the growth rate and lean meat production of livestock. However, the rapid growth rates of modern breeds are often accompanied by a reduction in intramuscular fat deposition and increased occurrences of muscle abnormalities, impairing meat quality and processing functionality. Early stages of animal development set the long-term growth trajectory of offspring. However, due to the seasonal reproductive cycles of ruminant livestock, gestational nutrient deficiencies caused by seasonal variations, frequent droughts, and unfavorable geological locations negatively affect fetal development and their subsequent production efficiency and meat quality. Therefore, enrolling livestock in nutritional intervention strategies during gestation is effective for improving the body composition and meat quality of the offspring at harvest. These crucial early developmental stages include embryonic, fetal, and postnatal stages, which have stage-specific effects on subsequent offspring development, body composition, and meat quality. This review summarizes contemporary research in the embryonic, fetal, and neonatal development, and the impacts of maternal nutrition on the early development and programming effects on the long-term growth performance of livestock. Understanding the developmental and metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle, adipose, and fibrotic tissues will facilitate the development of stage-specific nutritional management strategies to optimize production efficiency and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China ,grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Noe A Gomez
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Yao Gao
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Jun Seok Son
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201 Baltimore, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568School of Food Science, Washington State University, WA Pullman, USA
| | - Min Du
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
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7
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Ageing Skeletal Muscle: The Ubiquitous Muscle Stem Cell. Subcell Biochem 2023; 102:365-377. [PMID: 36600140 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21410-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1999, in a review by Beardsley, the potential of adult stem cells, in repair and regeneration was heralded (Beardsley Sci Am 281:30-31, 1999). Since then, the field of regenerative medicine has grown exponentially, with the capability of restoring or regenerating the function of damaged, diseased or aged human tissues being an underpinning motivation. If successful, stem cell therapies offer the potential to treat, for example degenerative diseases. In the subsequent 20 years, extensive progress has been made in the arena of adult stem cells (for a recent review see (Zakrzewski et al. Stem Cell Res Ther 10:68, 2019)). Prior to the growth of the adult stem cell research arena, much focus had been placed on the potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The first research revealing the potential of these cells was published in 1981, when scientists reported the ability of cultured stem cells from murine embryos, to not only self-renew, but to also become all cells of the three germ layers of the developing embryo (Evans and Kaufman Nature 292:154-156, 1981), (Martin Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:7634-7638, 1981). It took almost 20 years, following these discoveries, for this technology to translate to human ESCs, using donated human embryos. In 1998, Thomson et al. reported the creation of the first human embryonic cell line (Thomson et al. Science 282:1145-1147, 1998). However, research utilising human ESCs was hampered by ethical and religious constraints and indeed in 2001 George W. Bush restricted US research funding to human ESCs, which had already been banked. The contentious nature of this arena perhaps facilitated the use of and the research potential for adult stem cells. It is beyond the scope of this review to focus on ESCs, although their potential for enhancing our understanding of human development is huge (for a recent review see (Cyranoski Nature 555:428-430, 2018)). Rather, although ESCs and their epigenetic regulation will be introduced for background understanding, the focus will be on stem cells more generally, the role of epigenetics in stem cell fate, skeletal muscle, skeletal muscle stem cells, the impact of ageing on muscle wasting and the mechanisms underpinning loss, with a focus on epigenetic adaptation.
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Choi S, Ferrari G, Moyle LA, Mackinlay K, Naouar N, Jalal S, Benedetti S, Wells C, Muntoni F, Tedesco FS. Assessing and enhancing migration of human myogenic progenitors using directed iPS cell differentiation and advanced tissue modelling. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14526. [PMID: 36161772 PMCID: PMC9549733 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle satellite stem cells (MuSCs) are responsible for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Despite their differentiation potential, human MuSCs have limited in vitro expansion and in vivo migration capacity, limiting their use in cell therapies for diseases affecting multiple skeletal muscles. Several protocols have been developed to derive MuSC-like progenitors from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (hiPSCs) to establish a source of myogenic cells with controllable proliferation and differentiation. However, current hiPSC myogenic derivatives also suffer from limitations of cell migration, ultimately delaying their clinical translation. Here we use a multi-disciplinary approach including bioinformatics and tissue engineering to show that DLL4 and PDGF-BB improve migration of hiPSC-derived myogenic progenitors. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that this property is conserved across species and multiple hiPSC lines, consistent with results from single cell motility profiling. Treated cells showed enhanced trans-endothelial migration in transwell assays. Finally, increased motility was detected in a novel humanised assay to study cell migration using 3D artificial muscles, harnessing advanced tissue modelling to move hiPSCs closer to future muscle gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungWoo Choi
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK,Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Giulia Ferrari
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Louise A Moyle
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Present address:
Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Kirsty Mackinlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Present address:
Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Naira Naouar
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine FR3631, Plateforme de Bioinformatique ARTbioSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Salma Jalal
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK,Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sara Benedetti
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - Christine Wells
- Centre for Stem Cell SystemsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK,Dubowitz Neuromuscular CentreUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenLondonUK
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK,Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Dubowitz Neuromuscular CentreUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenLondonUK
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9
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Rodríguez-Fdez S, Bustelo XR. Rho GTPases in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112984. [PMID: 34831205 PMCID: PMC8616218 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are molecular switches that cycle between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and an active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state during signal transduction. As such, they regulate a wide range of both cellular and physiological processes. In this review, we will summarize recent work on the role of Rho GTPase-regulated pathways in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, tissue mass homeostatic balance, and metabolism. In addition, we will present current evidence that links the dysregulation of these GTPases with diseases caused by skeletal muscle dysfunction. Overall, this information underscores the critical role of a number of members of the Rho GTPase subfamily in muscle development and the overall metabolic balance of mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rodríguez-Fdez
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xosé R. Bustelo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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10
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Zhao L, Law NC, Gomez NA, Son J, Gao Y, Liu X, de Avila JM, Zhu M, Du M. Obesity Impairs Embryonic Myogenesis by Enhancing BMP Signaling within the Dermomyotome. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102157. [PMID: 34647690 PMCID: PMC8596142 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy leads to adverse health outcomes in offspring. However, the initial effects of maternal obesity (MO) on embryonic organogenesis have yet to be thoroughly examined. Using unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analyses (scRNA-seq), the effects of MO on the myogenic process is investigated in embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) mouse embryos. The results suggest that MO induces systematic hypoxia, which is correlated with enhanced BMP signaling and impairs skeletal muscle differentiation within the dermomyotome (DM). The Notch-signaling effectors, HES1 and HEY1, which also act down-stream of BMP signaling, suppress myogenic differentiation through transcriptionally repressing the important myogenic regulator MEF2C. Moreover, the major hypoxia effector, HIF1A, enhances expression of HES1 and HEY1 and blocks myogenic differentiation in vitro. In summary, this data demonstrate that MO induces hypoxia and impairs myogenic differentiation by up-regulating BMP signaling within the DM, which may account for the disruptions of skeletal muscle development and function in progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Nathan C. Law
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Center for Reproductive BiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Noe A. Gomez
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Junseok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Yao Gao
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Jeanene M. de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Mei‐Jun Zhu
- School of Food ScienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Animal Sciencesand School of Molecular BioscienceWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
- Department of Animal SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA99164USA
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11
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Rodriguez-Outeiriño L, Hernandez-Torres F, Ramírez-de Acuña F, Matías-Valiente L, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Franco D, Aranega AE. Muscle Satellite Cell Heterogeneity: Does Embryonic Origin Matter? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:750534. [PMID: 34722534 PMCID: PMC8554119 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.750534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is an important homeostatic process of adult skeletal muscle that recapitulates many aspects of embryonic myogenesis. Satellite cells (SCs) are the main muscle stem cells responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration. SCs reside between the myofiber basal lamina and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber in a quiescent state. However, in response to physiological stimuli or muscle trauma, activated SCs transiently re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate and subsequently exit the cell cycle to differentiate or self-renew. Recent evidence has stated that SCs display functional heterogeneity linked to regenerative capability with an undifferentiated subgroup that is more prone to self-renewal, as well as committed progenitor cells ready for myogenic differentiation. Several lineage tracing studies suggest that such SC heterogeneity could be associated with different embryonic origins. Although it has been established that SCs are derived from the central dermomyotome, how a small subpopulation of the SCs progeny maintain their stem cell identity while most progress through the myogenic program to construct myofibers is not well understood. In this review, we synthesize the works supporting the different developmental origins of SCs as the genesis of their functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodriguez-Outeiriño
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F. Ramírez-de Acuña
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Lidia Matías-Valiente
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia Eva Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Granada, Spain
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12
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Kim DH, Choi YM, Suh Y, Shin S, Lee J, Hwang S, Lee SS, Lee K. Research Note: Increased myostatin expression and decreased expression of myogenic regulatory factors in embryonic ages in a quail line with muscle hypoplasia. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100978. [PMID: 33588344 PMCID: PMC7896188 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection of quail for a low body weight for more than 80 generations established a low-weight (LW) Japanese quail line that has been previously characterized to have a muscle hypoplasia phenotype. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of temporal expression levels of myostatin (Mstn) and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) with hypoplastic muscle growth in the LW line. During embryonic day (E) 13 to 15, gain of embryo weight was 2-fold lower (P < 0.001) in the LW line than that in the random bred control (CON). Gains in body weight and pectoralis muscle weight from hatch to posthatch day (P) 28 were also significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the LW line but increased by 4-fold (P < 0.05) during P42 to P75. PCR analysis showed that expression levels of Mstn were greater in the LW at embryonic stage (E12 to E14, P < 0.05), but there was no difference after hatch. In addition, expression levels of Pax7 and myogenin (MyoG) at E12 were 23-fold (P < 0.05) and 3.4-fold (P < 0.05) lesser in the LW line, respectively. At E14, expression of Pax3, Pax7, and MyoG gene was 3.5-fold (P < 0.05), 6.5-fold (P = 0.065), and 4.4-fold (P < 0.01) less than that in the CON. Taken together, high expression levels of Mstn and low expression of MRFs during embryonic stages can be associated with development of muscle hypoplasia and delayed muscle growth in the LW quail line. These data provide evidence that genetic selection for a low body weight resulting in an avian model with muscle hypoplasia has altered the expression profiles of myogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Sangsu Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 57922, South Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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13
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Choudhari JK, Verma MK, Choubey J, Sahariah BP. Investigation of MicroRNA and transcription factor mediated regulatory network for silicosis using systems biology approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1265. [PMID: 33446673 PMCID: PMC7809153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a major health issue among workers exposed to crystalline silica. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in silicosis. The present research demonstrates key regulatory targets and propagated network of gene/miRNA/transcription factor (TF) with interactions responsible for silicosis by integrating publicly available microarray data using a systems biology approach. Array quality is assessed with the Quality Metrics package of Bioconductor, limma package, and the network is constructed using Cytoscape. We observed and enlist 235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) having up-regulation expression (85 nos) and down-regulation expression (150 nos.) in silicosis; and 24 TFs for the regulation of these DEGs entangled with thousands of miRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs enlighten that, the maximum number of DEGs are responsible for biological process viz, Rab proteins signal transduction (11 nos.) and Cellular Senescence (20 nos.), whereas IL-17 signaling pathway (16 nos.) and Signalling by Nuclear Receptors (14 nos.) etc. are Biological Pathway involving more DEGs. From the identified 1100 high target microRNA (miRNA)s involved in silicosis, 1055 miRNAs are found to relate with down-regulated genes and 847 miRNAs with up-regulated genes. The CDK19 gene (Up-regulated) is associated with 617 miRNAs whereas down-regulated gene ARID5B is regulated by as high as 747 high target miRNAs. In Prediction of Small-molecule signatures, maximum scoring small-molecule combinations for the DEGs have shown that CGP-60774 (with 20 combinations), alvocidib (with 15 combinations) and with AZD-7762 (24 combinations) with few other drugs having the high probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Choudhari
- Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, C.G, 491107, India
- Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur, C.G, 492001, India
| | - M K Verma
- Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, C.G, 491107, India
- National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, C.G, 491020, India
| | - J Choubey
- Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur, C.G, 492001, India
| | - B P Sahariah
- Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, C.G, 491107, India.
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14
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Regulation of the Mammalian SWI/SNF Family of Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes by Phosphorylation during Myogenesis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070152. [PMID: 32635263 PMCID: PMC7407365 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis is the biological process by which skeletal muscle tissue forms. Regulation of myogenesis involves a variety of conventional, epigenetic, and epigenomic mechanisms that control chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modification, and activation of transcription factors. Chromatin remodeling enzymes utilize ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosome structure and/or positioning. The mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (mSWI/SNF) family of chromatin remodeling enzymes is essential for myogenesis. Here we review diverse and novel mechanisms of regulation of mSWI/SNF enzymes by kinases and phosphatases. The integration of classic signaling pathways with chromatin remodeling enzyme function impacts myoblast viability and proliferation as well as differentiation. Regulated processes include the assembly of the mSWI/SNF enzyme complex, choice of subunits to be incorporated into the complex, and sub-nuclear localization of enzyme subunits. Together these processes influence the chromatin remodeling and gene expression events that control myoblast function and the induction of tissue-specific genes during differentiation.
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15
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Chang CN, Singh AJ, Gross MK, Kioussi C. Requirement of Pitx2 for skeletal muscle homeostasis. Dev Biol 2019; 445:90-102. [PMID: 30414844 PMCID: PMC6289786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is generated by the successive incorporation of primary (embryonic), secondary (fetal), and tertiary (adult) fibers into muscle. Conditional excision of Pitx2 function by an MCKCre driver resulted in animals with histological and ultrastructural defects in P30 muscles and fibers, respectively. Mutant muscle showed severe reduction in mitochondria and FoxO3-mediated mitophagy. Both oxidative and glycolytic energy metabolism were reduced. Conditional excision was limited to fetal muscle fibers after the G1-G0 transition and resulted in altered MHC, Rac1, MEF2a, and alpha-tubulin expression within these fibers. The onset of excision, monitored by a nuclear reporter gene, was observed as early as E16. Muscle at this stage was already severely malformed, but appeared to recover by P30 by the expansion of adjoining larger fibers. Our studies demonstrate that the homeodomain transcription factor Pitx2 has a postmitotic role in maintaining skeletal muscle integrity and energy homeostasis in fetal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ning Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Arun J Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Michael K Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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16
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Zecchini S, Giovarelli M, Perrotta C, Morisi F, Touvier T, Di Renzo I, Moscheni C, Bassi MT, Cervia D, Sandri M, Clementi E, De Palma C. Autophagy controls neonatal myogenesis by regulating the GH-IGF1 system through a NFE2L2- and DDIT3-mediated mechanism. Autophagy 2018; 15:58-77. [PMID: 30081710 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1507439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is emerging as an important process in adult muscle stem cells functions: it regulates metabolic reprogramming during activation from a quiescent state, maintains stemness and prevents senescence. We now show that autophagy is specifically required for neonatal myogenesis and muscle development. Specific deletion of Atg7 in PAX7+ (paired box 7) precursors led in mice to a dwarf phenotype, with an effect restricted to the neonatal phase of muscle development. Atg7 knockdown suppressed neonatal satellite cell (nSC) proliferation and differentiation, downregulating the GH-IGF1 functions. When we disrupted autophagy, NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) accumulated in muscle and nSCs and negatively modulated DDIT3/CHOP (DNA-damage inducible transcript 3) expression. Lower levels of DDIT3 were responsible for reduced GHR expression leading to impaired local production of IGF1. Our results conclusively identify a novel autophagy-dependent pathway that regulates nSC behavior and indicate that autophagy is required for skeletal muscle development in the neonatal phase. Abbreviations: AKT/protein kinase B: Thymoma viral proto-oncogene; ASCs: adult stem cells; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; CEBPB: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta; CSA: cross sectional area; CTNNB1: catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1; DDIT3: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; DM: differentiation medium; E: embryonic stage; EIF2AK3/PERK; EIF4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; GH: growth hormone; GHR: growth hormone receptor; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; ITGAM: integrin alpha M; KEAP1: kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; LY6A/Sca-1; MAP1LC3: lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A; microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; miRNAs: microRNAs; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtUPR: mitochondrial unfolded protein response; MYF5: myogenic factor 5; MYH: myosin, heavy polypeptide; MYOD1: myogenic differentiation 1; MYOG: myogenin; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; nSC: neonatal satellite cells; NSCs: neuronal stem cells; P: postnatal day; PAX7: paired box 7; PECAM1: platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PTPRC: protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; SCs: adult satellite cells; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT5: signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; TGFB1: transforming growth factor beta 1; WAT: white adipose tissue; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zecchini
- a Unit of Clinical Pharmacology , University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco , Milano , Italy
| | - Matteo Giovarelli
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Federica Morisi
- c Division of Genetics and Cell Biology , IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milano , Italy
| | - Thierry Touvier
- d Biology of Myelin Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology , IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milano , Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- e Laboratory of Molecular Biology , IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini , Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- f Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems , Università degli Studi della Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- g Department of Biomedical Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy.,h Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Padova , Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- e Laboratory of Molecular Biology , IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini , Italy.,i Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- a Unit of Clinical Pharmacology , University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco , Milano , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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17
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Yates DT, Petersen JL, Schmidt TB, Cadaret CN, Barnes TL, Posont RJ, Beede KA. ASAS-SSR Triennnial Reproduction Symposium: Looking Back and Moving Forward-How Reproductive Physiology has Evolved: Fetal origins of impaired muscle growth and metabolic dysfunction: Lessons from the heat-stressed pregnant ewe. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2987-3002. [PMID: 29701769 PMCID: PMC6095381 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality and predisposes offspring to metabolic disorders at all stages of life. Muscle-centric fetal adaptations reduce growth and yield metabolic parsimony, beneficial for IUGR fetal survival but detrimental to metabolic health after birth. Epidemiological studies have reported that IUGR-born children experience greater prevalence of insulin resistance and obesity, which progresses to diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders in adulthood that reduce quality of life. Similar adaptive programming in livestock results in decreased birth weights, reduced and inefficient growth, decreased carcass merit, and substantially greater mortality rates prior to maturation. High rates of glucose consumption and metabolic plasticity make skeletal muscle a primary target for nutrient-sparing adaptations in the IUGR fetus, but at the cost of its contribution to proper glucose homeostasis after birth. Identifying the mechanisms underlying IUGR pathophysiology is a fundamental step in developing treatments and interventions to improve outcomes in IUGR-born humans and livestock. In this review, we outline the current knowledge regarding the adaptive restriction of muscle growth and alteration of glucose metabolism that develops in response to progressively exacerbating intrauterine conditions. In addition, we discuss the evidence implicating developmental changes in β adrenergic and inflammatory systems as key mechanisms for dysregulation of these processes. Lastly, we highlight the utility and importance of sheep models in developing this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ty B Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Caitlin N Cadaret
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Taylor L Barnes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kristin A Beede
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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18
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Hatch K, Pabon A, DiMario JX. EMX2 activates slow myosin heavy chain 2 gene expression in embryonic muscle fibers. Mech Dev 2017; 147:8-16. [PMID: 28673691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian myogenesis is partly characterized by commitment of distinct myoblast cell lineages to the formation of specific muscle fiber types. Previous studies have identified the transcription factor EMX2 as a regulator of slow myosin heavy chain 2 (MyHC2) gene expression in fast/slow primary muscle fibers. We report here the interaction of EMX2 with the slow MyHC2 transcriptional regulatory region in fast/slow embryonic muscle fibers. Promoter activity and electromobility shift assays localized the site of interaction of EMX2 with the slow MyHC2 gene within a defined binding site located between 3336 and 3326bp from the 3' end of the cloned slow MyHC2 DNA containing the transcriptional regulatory region. Using clonally-derived myoblasts stably committed to the formation of fast/slow muscle fibers, we also report the effect of altered EMX2 gene expression on genome-wide gene expression within these myoblasts. Increased EMX2 gene expression in fast/slow myoblasts caused altered gene expression of 1185 genes, indicating that EMX2 plays a central role in the gene expression profile of embryonic myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hatch
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies and Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Pabon
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies and Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph X DiMario
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies and Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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19
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Wakao J, Kishida T, Fumino S, Kimura K, Yamamoto K, Kotani SI, Mizushima K, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T, Tajiri T, Mazda O. Efficient direct conversion of human fibroblasts into myogenic lineage induced by co-transduction with MYCL and MYOD1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:368-373. [PMID: 28501623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle consists of contractile myofibers and plays essential roles for maintenance of body posture, movement, and metabolic regulation. During the development and regeneration of the skeletal muscle tissue, the myoblasts fuse into multinucleated myotubes that subsequently form myofibers. Transplantation of myoblasts may make possible a novel regenerative therapy against defects or dysfunction of the skeletal muscle. It is reported that rodent fibroblasts are converted into myoblast-like cells and fuse to form syncytium after forced expression of exogenous myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) that is a key transcription factor for myoblast differentiation. But human fibroblasts are less efficiently converted into myoblasts and rarely fused by MYOD1 alone. Here we found that transduction of v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene lung carcinoma derived homolog (MYCL) gene in combination with MYOD1 gene induced myoblast-like phenotypes in human fibroblasts more strongly than MYOD1 gene alone. The rate of conversion was approximately 90%. The directly converted myoblasts (dMBs) underwent fusion in an ERK5 pathway-dependent manner. The dMBs also formed myofiber-like structure in vivo after an inoculation into mice at the subcutaneous tissue. The present results strongly suggest that the combination of MYCL plus MYOD1 may promote direct conversion of human fibroblasts into functional myoblasts that could potentially be used for regenerative therapy for muscle diseases and congenital muscle defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Wakao
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Fumino
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koseki Kimura
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kotani
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuro Tajiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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20
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Zhu XJ, Yuan X, Wang M, Fang Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yang X, Li Y, Li J, Li F, Dai ZM, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. A Wnt/Notch/Pax7 signaling network supports tissue integrity in tongue development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9409-9419. [PMID: 28438836 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.789438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tongue is one of the major structures involved in human food intake and speech. Tongue malformations such as aglossia, microglossia, and ankyloglossia are congenital birth defects, greatly affecting individuals' quality of life. However, the molecular basis of the tissue-tissue interactions that ensure tissue morphogenesis to form a functional tongue remains largely unknown. Here we show that ShhCre -mediated epithelial deletion of Wntless (Wls), the key regulator for intracellular Wnt trafficking, leads to lingual hypoplasia in mice. Disruption of epithelial Wnt production by Wls deletion in epithelial cells led to a failure in lingual epidermal stratification and loss of the lamina propria and the underlying superior longitudinal muscle in developing mouse tongues. These defective phenotypes resulted from a reduction in epithelial basal cells positive for the basal epidermal marker protein p63 and from impaired proliferation and differentiation in connective tissue and paired box 3 (Pax3)- and Pax7-positive muscle progenitor cells. We also found that epithelial Wnt production is required for activation of the Notch signaling pathway, which promotes proliferation of myogenic progenitor cells. Notch signaling in turn negatively regulated Wnt signaling during tongue morphogenesis. We further show that Pax7 is a direct Notch target gene in the embryonic tongue. In summary, our findings demonstrate a key role for the lingual epithelial signals in supporting the integrity of the lamina propria and muscular tissue during tongue development and that a Wnt/Notch/Pax7 genetic hierarchy is involved in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhu
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Xueyan Yuan
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Min Wang
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Yukun Fang
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Yudong Liu
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Xueqin Yang
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Yan Li
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Jianying Li
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Feixue Li
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Zhong-Min Dai
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
| | - Ze Zhang
- the Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane Medical Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70115
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China and
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21
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing Corrects Dystrophin Mutation in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of Muscle Dystrophy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624206 PMCID: PMC5363682 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) hold great therapeutic potential for muscle genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The CRISP/Cas9-based genome editing is a promising technology for correcting genetic alterations in mutant genes. In this study, we used fibrin-gel culture system to selectively expand MuSCs from crude skeletal muscle cells of mdx mice, a mouse model of DMD. By CRISP/Cas9-based genome editing, we corrected the dystrophin mutation in expanded MuSCs and restored the skeletal muscle dystrophin expression upon transplantation in mdx mice. Our studies established a reliable and feasible platform for gene correction in MuSCs by genome editing, thus greatly advancing tissue stem cell-based therapies for DMD and other muscle disorders.
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22
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Zhu P, Zhou Y, Wu F, Hong Y, Wang X, Shekhawat G, Mosenson J, Wu WS. Selective Expansion of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells from Bulk Muscle Cells in Soft Three-Dimensional Fibrin Gel. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1412-1423. [PMID: 28244269 PMCID: PMC5442710 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) exhibit robust myogenic potential in vivo, thus providing a promising curative treatment for muscle disorders. Ex vivo expansion of adult MuSCs is highly desired to achieve a therapeutic cell dose because of their scarcity in limited muscle biopsies. Sorting of pure MuSCs is generally required for all the current culture systems. Here we developed a soft three‐dimensional (3D) salmon fibrin gel culture system that can selectively expand mouse MuSCs from bulk skeletal muscle preparations without cell sorting and faithfully maintain their regenerative capacity in culture. Our study established a novel platform for convenient ex vivo expansion of MuSCs, thus greatly advancing stem cell‐based therapies for various muscle disorders. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1412–1423
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yalu Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Furen Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuanfan Hong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Gajendra Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mosenson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wen-Shu Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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23
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Delaney K, Kasprzycka P, Ciemerych MA, Zimowska M. The role of TGF-β1 during skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:706-715. [PMID: 28035727 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The injury of adult skeletal muscle initiates series of well-coordinated events that lead to the efficient repair of the damaged tissue. Any disturbances during muscle myolysis or reconstruction may result in the unsuccessful regeneration, characterised by strong inflammatory response and formation of connective tissue, that is, fibrosis. The switch between proper regeneration of skeletal muscle and development of fibrosis is controlled by various factors. Amongst them are those belonging to the transforming growth factor β family. One of the TGF-β family members is TGF-β1, a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of muscle repair via satellite cells activation, connective tissue formation, as well as regulation of the immune response intensity. Here, we present the role of TGF-β1 in myogenic differentiation and muscle repair. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes can contribute to the better understanding of skeletal muscle atrophy and diseases which consequence is fibrosis disrupting muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Delaney
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasprzycka
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zimowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Wang C, Wang M, Arrington J, Shan T, Yue F, Nie Y, Tao WA, Kuang S. Ascl2 inhibits myogenesis by antagonizing the transcriptional activity of myogenic regulatory factors. Development 2016; 144:235-247. [PMID: 27993983 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), including Myf5, MyoD (Myod1) and Myog, are muscle-specific transcription factors that orchestrate myogenesis. Although MRFs are essential for myogenic commitment and differentiation, timely repression of their activity is necessary for the self-renewal and maintenance of muscle stem cells (satellite cells). Here, we define Ascl2 as a novel inhibitor of MRFs. During mouse development, Ascl2 is transiently detected in a subpopulation of Pax7+ MyoD+ progenitors (myoblasts) that become Pax7+ MyoD- satellite cells prior to birth, but is not detectable in postnatal satellite cells. Ascl2 knockout in embryonic myoblasts decreases both the number of Pax7+ cells and the proportion of Pax7+ MyoD- cells. Conversely, overexpression of Ascl2 inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of cultured myoblasts and impairs the regeneration of injured muscles. Ascl2 competes with MRFs for binding to E-boxes in the promoters of muscle genes, without activating gene transcription. Ascl2 also forms heterodimers with classical E-proteins to sequester their transcriptional activity on MRF genes. Accordingly, MyoD or Myog expression rescues myogenic differentiation despite Ascl2 overexpression. Ascl2 expression is regulated by Notch signaling, a key governor of satellite cell self-renewal. These data demonstrate that Ascl2 inhibits myogenic differentiation by targeting MRFs and facilitates the generation of postnatal satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Justine Arrington
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tizhong Shan
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Yaohui Nie
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Weiguo Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA .,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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25
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Helinska A, Krupa M, Archacka K, Czerwinska AM, Streminska W, Janczyk-Ilach K, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. Myogenic potential of mouse embryonic stem cells lacking functional Pax7 tested in vitro by 5-azacitidine treatment and in vivo in regenerating skeletal muscle. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 96:47-60. [PMID: 28017376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle relies on the presence of satellite cells. Satellite cells deficiency accompanying some degenerative diseases is the reason for the search for the "replacement cells" that can be used in the muscle therapies. Due to their unique properties embryonic stem cells (ESCs), as well as myogenic cells derived from them, are considered as a promising source of therapeutic cells. Among the factors crucial for the specification of myogenic precursor cells is Pax7 that sustains proper function of satellite cells. In our previous studies we showed that ESCs lacking functional Pax7 are able to form myoblasts in vitro when differentiated within embryoid bodies and their outgrowths. In the current study we showed that ESCs lacking functional Pax7, cultured in vitro in monolayer in the medium supplemented with horse serum and 5azaC, expressed higher levels of factors associated with myogenesis, such as Pdgfra, Pax3, Myf5, and MyoD. Importantly, skeletal myosin immunolocalization confirmed that myogenic differentiation of ESCs was more effective in case of cells lacking Pax7. Our in vivo studies showed that ESCs transplanted into regenerating skeletal muscles were detectable at day 7 of regeneration and the number of Pax7-/- ESCs detected was significantly higher than of control cells. Our results support the concept that lack of functional Pax7 promotes proliferation of differentiating ESCs and for this reason more of them can turn into myogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Helinska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Krupa
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Areta M Czerwinska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janczyk-Ilach
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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26
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Alonso-Martin S, Rochat A, Mademtzoglou D, Morais J, de Reyniès A, Auradé F, Chang THT, Zammit PS, Relaix F. Gene Expression Profiling of Muscle Stem Cells Identifies Novel Regulators of Postnatal Myogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:58. [PMID: 27446912 PMCID: PMC4914952 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration require a population of muscle stem cells, the satellite cells, located in close contact to the myofiber. These cells are specified during fetal and early postnatal development in mice from a Pax3/7 population of embryonic progenitor cells. As little is known about the genetic control of their formation and maintenance, we performed a genome-wide chronological expression profile identifying the dynamic transcriptomic changes involved in establishment of muscle stem cells through life, and acquisition of muscle stem cell properties. We have identified multiple genes and pathways associated with satellite cell formation, including set of genes specifically induced (EphA1, EphA2, EfnA1, EphB1, Zbtb4, Zbtb20) or inhibited (EphA3, EphA4, EphA7, EfnA2, EfnA3, EfnA4, EfnA5, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EfnBs, Zfp354c, Zcchc5, Hmga2) in adult stem cells. Ephrin receptors and ephrins ligands have been implicated in cell migration and guidance in many tissues including skeletal muscle. Here we show that Ephrin receptors and ephrins ligands are also involved in regulating the adult myogenic program. Strikingly, impairment of EPHB1 function in satellite cells leads to increased differentiation at the expense of self-renewal in isolated myofiber cultures. In addition, we identified new transcription factors, including several zinc finger proteins. ZFP354C and ZCCHC5 decreased self-renewal capacity when overexpressed, whereas ZBTB4 increased it, and ZBTB20 induced myogenic progression. The architectural and transcriptional regulator HMGA2 was involved in satellite cell activation. Together, our study shows that transcriptome profiling coupled with myofiber culture analysis, provides an efficient system to identify and validate candidate genes implicated in establishment/maintenance of muscle stem cells. Furthermore, tour de force transcriptomic profiling provides a wealth of data to inform for future stem cell-based muscle therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Alonso-Martin
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955-E10Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de MedecineCréteil, France; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'AlfortMaison Alfort, France
| | - Anne Rochat
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955-E10 Créteil, France
| | - Despoina Mademtzoglou
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955-E10Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de MedecineCréteil, France; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'AlfortMaison Alfort, France
| | - Jessica Morais
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955-E10 Créteil, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Auradé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, Center for Research in Myology Paris, France
| | - Ted Hung-Tse Chang
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955-E10 Créteil, France
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London London, UK
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955-E10Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de MedecineCréteil, France; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'AlfortMaison Alfort, France; Etablissement Français du SangCréteil, France; APHP, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy and Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMHCréteil, France
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27
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Li Y, Wang Y, Willems E, Willemsen H, Franssens L, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Everaert N. In ovo L-arginine supplementation stimulates myoblast differentiation but negatively affects muscle development of broiler chicken after hatching. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:167-77. [PMID: 25846259 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that in ovo feeding (IOF) of L-arginine (L-Arg) enhances nitric oxide (NO) production, stimulates the process of myogenesis, and regulates post-hatching muscle growth. Different doses of L-Arg were injected into the amnion of chicken embryos at embryonic day (ED) 16. After hatching, the body weight of individual male chickens was recorded weekly for 3 weeks. During in vitro experiments, myoblasts of the pectoralis major (PM) were extracted at ED16 and were incubated in medium containing 0.01 mm L-Arg, 0.05 mm L-Arg, and (or) 0.05 mm L-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). When 25 mg/kg L-Arg/initial egg weight was injected, no difference was observed in body weight at hatch, but a significant decrease was found during the following 3 weeks compared to that of the non-injected and saline-injected control, and this also affected the growth of muscle mass. L-NAME inhibited gene expression of myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD), myogenin, NOS, and follistatin, decreased the cell viability, and increased myostatin (MSTN) gene expression. 0.05 mm L-Arg stimulated myogenin gene expression but also depressed muscle cell viability. L-NAME blocked the effect of 0.05 mm L-Arg on myogenin mRNA levels when co-incubated with 0.05 mm L-Arg. L-Arg treatments had no significant influence on NOS mRNA gene expression, but had inhibiting effect on follistatin gene expression, while L-NAME treatments had effects on both. These results suggested that L-Arg stimulated myoblast differentiation, but the limited number of myoblasts would form less myotubes and then less myofibers, while the latter limited the growth of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Willems
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Willemsen
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Franssens
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Buyse
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Decuypere
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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28
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Plasticity versus specificity in RTK signalling modalities for distinct biological outcomes in motor neurons. BMC Biol 2014; 12:56. [PMID: 25124859 PMCID: PMC4169644 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple growth factors are known to control several aspects of neuronal biology, consecutively acting as morphogens to diversify neuronal fates, as guidance cues for axonal growth, and as modulators of survival or death to regulate neuronal numbers. The multiplicity of neuronal types is permitted by the combinatorial usage of growth factor receptors, each of which is expressed in distinct and overlapping subsets of neurons, and by the multitasking role of growth factor receptors, which recruit multiple signalling cascades differentially required for distinct biological outcomes. We have explored signalling robustness in cells where a given receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) elicits qualitatively distinct outcomes. As the HGF/Met system regulates several biological responses in motor neurons (MN) during neuromuscular development, we have investigated the signalling modalities through which the HGF/Met system impacts on MN biology, and the degree of robustness of each of these functions, when challenged with substitutions of signalling pathways. RESULTS Using a set of mouse lines carrying signalling mutations that change the Met phosphotyrosine binding preferences, we have asked whether distinct functions of Met in several MN subtypes require specific signalling pathways, and to which extent signalling plasticity allows a pleiotropic system to exert distinct developmental outcomes. The differential ability of signalling mutants to promote muscle migration versus axonal growth allowed us to uncouple an indirect effect of HGF/Met signalling on nerve growth through the regulation of muscle size from a direct regulation of motor growth via the PI3 kinase (PI3K), but not Src kinase, pathway. Furthermore, we found that HGF/Met-triggered expansion of Pea3 expression domain in the spinal cord can be accomplished through several alternative signalling cascades, differentially sensitive to the Pea3 dosage. Finally, we show that the regulation of MN survival by HGF/Met can equally be achieved in vitro and in vivo by alternative signalling cascades involving either PI3K-Akt or Src and Mek pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings distinguish MN survival and fate specification, as RTK-triggered responses allowing substitutions of the downstream signalling routes, from nerve growth patterning, which depends on a selective, non-substitutable pathway.
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29
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Yates DT, Clarke DS, Macko AR, Anderson MJ, Shelton LA, Nearing M, Allen RE, Rhoads RP, Limesand SW. Myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit intrinsic deficiencies in proliferation that contribute to smaller semitendinosus myofibres. J Physiol 2014; 592:3113-25. [PMID: 24860171 PMCID: PMC4214663 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) reduces skeletal muscle mass in fetuses and offspring. Our objective was to determine whether myoblast dysfunction due to intrinsic cellular deficiencies or serum factors reduces myofibre hypertrophy in IUGR fetal sheep. At 134 days, IUGR fetuses weighed 67% less (P < 0.05) than controls and had smaller (P < 0.05) carcasses and semitendinosus myofibre areas. IUGR semitendinosus muscles had similar percentages of pax7-positive nuclei and pax7 mRNA but lower (P < 0.05) percentages of myogenin-positive nuclei (7 ± 2% and 13 ± 2%), less myoD and myogenin mRNA, and fewer (P < 0.05) proliferating myoblasts (PNCA-positive-pax7-positive) than controls (44 ± 2% vs. 52 ± 1%). Primary myoblasts were isolated from hindlimb muscles, and after 3 days in growth media (20% fetal bovine serum, FBS), myoblasts from IUGR fetuses had 34% fewer (P < 0.05) myoD-positive cells than controls and replicated 20% less (P < 0.05) during a 2 h BrdU pulse. IUGR myoblasts also replicated less (P < 0.05) than controls during a BrdU pulse after 3 days in media containing 10% control or IUGR fetal sheep serum (FSS). Both myoblast types replicated less (P < 0.05) with IUGR FSS-supplemented media compared to control FSS-supplemented media. In differentiation-promoting media (2% FBS), IUGR and control myoblasts had similar percentages of myogenin-positive nuclei after 5 days and formed similar-sized myotubes after 7 days. We conclude that intrinsic cellular deficiencies in IUGR myoblasts and factors in IUGR serum diminish myoblast proliferation and myofibre size in IUGR fetuses, but intrinsic myoblast deficiencies do not affect differentiation. Furthermore, the persistent reduction in IUGR myoblast replication shows adaptive deficiencies that explain poor muscle growth in IUGR newborn offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Derek S Clarke
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Antoni R Macko
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leslie A Shelton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marie Nearing
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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30
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Carbonetto P, Cheng R, Gyekis JP, Parker CC, Blizard DA, Palmer AA, Lionikas A. Discovery and refinement of muscle weight QTLs in B6 × D2 advanced intercross mice. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:571-82. [PMID: 24963006 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00055.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes underlying variation in skeletal muscle mass are poorly understood. Although many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been mapped in crosses of mouse strains, the limited resolution inherent in these conventional studies has made it difficult to reliably pinpoint the causal genetic variants. The accumulated recombination events in an advanced intercross line (AIL), in which mice from two inbred strains are mated at random for several generations, can improve mapping resolution. We demonstrate these advancements in mapping QTLs for hindlimb muscle weights in an AIL (n = 832) of the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains, generations F8-F13. We mapped muscle weight QTLs using the high-density MegaMUGA SNP panel. The QTLs highlight the shared genetic architecture of four hindlimb muscles and suggest that the genetic contributions to muscle variation are substantially different in males and females, at least in the B6D2 lineage. Out of the 15 muscle weight QTLs identified in the AIL, nine overlapped the genomic regions discovered in an earlier B6D2 F2 intercross. Mapping resolution, however, was substantially improved in our study to a median QTL interval of 12.5 Mb. Subsequent sequence analysis of the QTL regions revealed 20 genes with nonsense or potentially damaging missense mutations. Further refinement of the muscle weight QTLs using additional functional information, such as gene expression differences between alleles, will be important for discerning the causal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Cheng
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - J P Gyekis
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - D A Blizard
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania; and
| | - A A Palmer
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - A Lionikas
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom;
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31
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Guerrero L, Villar P, Martínez L, Badia-Careaga C, Arredondo JJ, Cervera M. In vivo cell tracking of mouse embryonic myoblasts and fast fibers during development. Genesis 2014; 52:793-808. [PMID: 24895317 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fast and slow TnI are co-expressed in E11.5 embryos, and fast TnI is present from the very beginning of myogenesis. A novel green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mouse lines (FastTnI/GFP lines) that carry the primary and secondary enhancer elements of the mouse fast troponin I (fast TnI), in which reporter expression correlates precisely with distribution of the endogenous fTnI protein was generated. Using the FastTnI/GFP mouse model, we characterized the early myogenic events in mice, analyzing the migration of GFP+ myoblasts, and the formation of primary and secondary myotubes in transgenic embryos. Interestingly, we found that the two contractile fast and slow isoforms of TnI are expressed during the migration of myoblasts from the somites to the limbs and body wall, suggesting that both participate in these events. Since no sarcomeres are present in myoblasts, we speculate that the function of fast TnI in early myogenesis is, like Myosin and Tropomyosin, to participate in cell movement during the initial myogenic stages. genesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Guerrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain
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Yang J. Enhanced skeletal muscle for effective glucose homeostasis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:133-63. [PMID: 24373237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the single largest organ in the body, the skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the postprandial state. Skeletal muscles provide the physiological foundation for physical activities and fitness. Reduced muscle mass and strength is commonly associated with many chronic diseases, including obesity and insulin resistance. The complications of diabetes on skeletal muscle mass and physiology, resulting from either insulin deprivation or insulin resistance, may not be life-threatening, but accelerate the lost physiological functions of glucose homeostasis. The formation of skeletal muscle commences in the embryonic developmental stages at the time of mesoderm generation, where somites are the developmental milestone in musculoskeletal formation. Dramatic skeletal muscle growth occurs during adolescence as a result of muscle fiber hypertrophy since muscle fiber formation is mostly completed before birth. The rate of growth rapidly decelerates in the late stages of adulthood as adipose tissue gradually accumulates more fat when energy intake exceeds expenditure. Physiologically, the key to effective glucose homeostasis is the hormone insulin and insulin sensitivity of target tissues. Enhanced skeletal muscle, by either intrinsic mechanism or physical activity, offers great advantages and benefits in facilitating glucose regulation. One key protein factor named myostatin is a dominant inhibitor of muscle mass. Depression of myostatin by its propeptide or mutated receptor enhances muscle mass effectively. The muscle tissue utilizes a large portion of metabolic energy for its growth and maintenance. We demonstrated that transgenic overexpression of myostatin propeptide in mice fed with a high-fat diet enhanced muscle mass and circulating adiponectin, while the wild-type mice developed obesity and insulin resistance. Enhanced muscle growth has positive effects on fat metabolism through increasing adiponectin expression and its regulations. Molecular studies of the exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle also provide insights on auxiliary substances that mimic the plastic adaptations of muscle to exercise so that the body may amplify the effects of exercise in contending physical activity limitations or inactivity. The recent results from the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α provide a promising therapeutic approach for future metabolic drug development. In summary, enhanced skeletal muscle and fundamental understanding of the biological process are critical for effective glucose homeostasis in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Sarcomas. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lu Y, Chen S, Yang N. Expression and methylation of FGF2, TGF-β and their downstream mediators during different developmental stages of leg muscles in chicken. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79495. [PMID: 24260234 PMCID: PMC3832633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of growth factors determine the proliferation of myoblasts and therefore the number of ultimate myofibers. The members of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family and the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) have profound effects on skeletal myoblasts proliferation in various animal systems. To investigate their involvement in different stages of avian skeletal muscle development in vivo, we detected the mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles of TGF-β2, TGF-β3, FGF2 and their downstream mediators in leg muscles at embryonic day 10, day of hatch and day 45 posthatch, using both Arbor Acres meat-type and White Leghorn egg-type chickens. By real-time PCR, we found that the expression levels of TGF-β2, TGF-β3, Smad3 and FGF2 were significantly (P≤0.01) higher at embryonic day 10, a developmental window of abundant fetal myoblasts expansion, by comparison to day of hatch and day 45 posthatch. The methylation status of the 5' end region of these four genes was examined subsequently. A section of a CpG island in the 5' end region of FGF2 was significantly hypomethylated (P≤0.01) at embryonic day 10, compared with neonatal and postnatal stages in both stocks. Our results suggested that TGF-β2, TGF-β3, Smad3 and FGF2 may play important roles in fetal myoblasts proliferation in chicken hindlimb, and the transcription of FGF2 in this wave of myogenesis could be affected by DNA methylation in 5' flanking region. These outcomes contribute to our knowledge of the growth factors in avian myogenesis. Further investigation is needed to confirm and fully understand their functions in fetal limb myogenesis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Gonzalez JM, Camacho LE, Ebarb SM, Swanson KC, Vonnahme KA, Stelzleni AM, Johnson SE. Realimentation of nutrient restricted pregnant beef cows supports compensatory fetal muscle growth1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4797-806. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Gonzalez
- Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L. E. Camacho
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - S. M. Ebarb
- Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Dept. of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - A. M. Stelzleni
- Dept. of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - S. E. Johnson
- Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Abstract
Increasing attention is currently devoted to the multiple roles that pericytes (also defined as mural, Rouget, or perivascular cells) may play during angiogenesis, vascular homeostasis, and pathology. Many recent excellent reviews thoroughly address these topics (see below); hence, we will not discuss them in detail here. However, not much is known about origin, heterogeneity, gene expression, and developmental potential of pericytes during fetal and postnatal development. This is likely because of the paucity of markers expressed by pericytes and the absence of truly unique ones. Thus, in vivo identification and ex perspective isolation are challenging and explain the relative little data available in comparison with neighbor but far more characterized cells such as the endothelium. Despite this preliminary knowledge, we will propose that contribution to growing mesoderm tissues may be an important role for pericytes. Thus, their ability to contribute to tissue regeneration may be a consequence of their role in tissue growth. However, in a severely damaged or diseased tissue, acute or chronic inflammation likely results in the production of signaling molecules that are different from those present in developing tissues, thus explaining why pericytes are easily diverted from a regenerative to a fibrotic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cappellari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Intrinsic epigenetic regulation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat in a transgenic mouse model for FSHD. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003415. [PMID: 23593020 PMCID: PMC3616921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a progressive muscular dystrophy caused by decreased epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats and ectopic expression of DUX4, a retrogene encoding a germline transcription factor encoded in each repeat. Unaffected individuals generally have more than 10 repeats arrayed in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4, whereas the most common form of FSHD (FSHD1) is caused by a contraction of the array to fewer than 10 repeats, associated with decreased epigenetic repression and variegated expression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. We have generated transgenic mice carrying D4Z4 arrays from an FSHD1 allele and from a control allele. These mice recapitulate important epigenetic and DUX4 expression attributes seen in patients and controls, respectively, including high DUX4 expression levels in the germline, (incomplete) epigenetic repression in somatic tissue, and FSHD–specific variegated DUX4 expression in sporadic muscle nuclei associated with D4Z4 chromatin relaxation. In addition we show that DUX4 is able to activate similar functional gene groups in mouse muscle cells as it does in human muscle cells. These transgenic mice therefore represent a valuable animal model for FSHD and will be a useful resource to study the molecular mechanisms underlying FSHD and to test new therapeutic intervention strategies. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a progressive muscle disorder that is associated with contraction and chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4q. Each unit of the repeat contains a copy of the primate-specific DUX4 retrogene, encoding a germline transcription factor that is repressed in somatic tissue. In FSHD, somatic repression of the DUX4 gene is compromised, leading to a variegated expression pattern of DUX4 in muscle cells. The complex (epi)genetic etiology of FSHD has long hampered the generation of a faithful animal model, and thus far the role of FSHD candidate genes has only been studied in model organisms by overexpression approaches. Here we present two transgenic mouse models containing either patient- or control-sized D4Z4 repeats. In our mice, the regulation of the FSHD locus is preserved in both lines, and only in the disease model somatic derepression and variegated expression of DUX4 is observed. These mice thus reflect many aspects of the complex regulation of DUX4 expression in humans. These models may therefore become valuable tools in understanding the in vivo regulation and function of DUX4, its role in FSHD, and the evaluation of therapeutic strategies.
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Gao F, Kishida T, Ejima A, Gojo S, Mazda O. Myostatin acts as an autocrine/paracrine negative regulator in myoblast differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:309-14. [PMID: 23291166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, also known as growth differentiation factor (GDF-8), regulates proliferation of muscle satellite cells, and suppresses differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes via down-regulation of key myogenic differentiation factors including MyoD. Recent advances in stem cell biology have enabled generation of myoblasts from pluripotent stem cells, but it remains to be clarified whether myostatin is also involved in regulation of artificial differentiation of myoblasts from pluripotent stem cells. Here we show that the human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cells that were induced to differentiate into myoblasts expressed myostatin and its receptor during the differentiation. An addition of recombinant human myostatin (rhMyostatin) suppressed induction of MyoD and Myo5a, resulting in significant suppression of myoblast differentiation. The rhMyostatin treatment also inhibited proliferation of the cells at a later phase of differentiation. RNAi-mediated silencing of myostatin promoted differentiation of human iPS-derived embryoid body (EB) cells into myoblasts. These results strongly suggest that myostatin plays an important role in regulation of myoblast differentiation from iPS cells of human origin. The present findings also have significant implications for potential regenerative medicine for muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Dubinska-Magiera M, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Rzepecki R. Muscle development, regeneration and laminopathies: how lamins or lamina-associated proteins can contribute to muscle development, regeneration and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2713-41. [PMID: 23138638 PMCID: PMC3708280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review article is to evaluate the current knowledge on associations between muscle formation and regeneration and components of the nuclear lamina. Lamins and their partners have become particularly intriguing objects of scientific interest since it has been observed that mutations in genes coding for these proteins lead to a wide range of diseases called laminopathies. For over the last 10 years, various laboratories worldwide have tried to explain the pathogenesis of these rare disorders. Analyses of the distinct aspects of laminopathies resulted in formulation of different hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of the development of these diseases. In the light of recent discoveries, A-type lamins—the main building blocks of the nuclear lamina—together with other key elements, such as emerin, LAP2α and nesprins, seem to be of great importance in the modulation of various signaling pathways responsible for cellular differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubinska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract
Satellite cells represent the primary population of stem cells resident in skeletal muscle. These adult muscle stem cells facilitate the postnatal growth, remodeling, and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Given the remarkable regenerative potential of satellite cells, there is great promise for treatment of muscle pathologies such as the muscular dystrophies with this cell population. Various protocols have been developed which allow for isolation, enrichment, and expansion of satellite cell derived muscle stem cells. However, isolated satellite cells have yet to translate into effective modalities for therapeutic intervention. Broadening our understanding of satellite cells and their niche requirements should improve our in vivo and ex vivo manipulation of these cells to expedite their use for regeneration of diseased muscle. This review explores the fates of satellite cells as determined by their molecular signatures, ontogeny, and niche dependent programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Aziz
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Mailbox 511, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
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Developmental programming in response to intrauterine growth restriction impairs myoblast function and skeletal muscle metabolism. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:631038. [PMID: 22900186 PMCID: PMC3415084 DOI: 10.1155/2012/631038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal adaptations to placental insufficiency alter postnatal metabolic homeostasis in skeletal muscle by reducing glucose oxidation rates, impairing insulin action, and lowering the proportion of oxidative fibers. In animal models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), skeletal muscle fibers have less myonuclei at birth. This means that myoblasts, the sole source for myonuclei accumulation in fibers, are compromised. Fetal hypoglycemia and hypoxemia are complications that result from placental insufficiency. Hypoxemia elevates circulating catecholamines, and chronic hypercatecholaminemia has been shown to reduce fetal muscle development and growth. We have found evidence for adaptations in adrenergic receptor expression profiles in myoblasts and skeletal muscle of IUGR sheep fetuses with placental insufficiency. The relationship of β-adrenergic receptors shifts in IUGR fetuses because Adrβ2 expression levels decline and Adrβ1 expression levels are unaffected in myofibers and increased in myoblasts. This adaptive response would suppress insulin signaling, myoblast incorporation, fiber hypertrophy, and glucose oxidation. Furthermore, this β-adrenergic receptor expression profile persists for at least the first month in IUGR lambs and lowers their fatty acid mobilization. Developmental programming of skeletal muscle adrenergic receptors partially explains metabolic and endocrine differences in IUGR offspring, and the impact on metabolism may result in differential nutrient utilization.
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Tumbar T. Ontogeny and Homeostasis of Adult Epithelial Skin Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:10.1007/s12015-012-9348-9. [PMID: 22290419 PMCID: PMC4103971 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse epithelial skin stem cells constitute an important model system for understanding the dynamics of stem cell emergence and behavior in an intact vertebrate tissue. Recent published work defined discrete populations of epithelial stem cells in the adult skin epithelium, which reside in the hair follicle bulge and germ, isthmus, sebaceous gland and inter-follicular epidermis. Adult epidermal and hair follicle stem cells seem to adopt mostly symmetric or unidirectional fate decisions of either one of two possible fates: (1) differentiate and be lost from the tissue or (2) expand symmetrically to self-renew. Asymmetric divisions appear to be mostly implicated in differentiation and stratification of the epidermis. While mechanisms of adult stem cell homeostasis begin to be unraveled, the embryonic origin of the adult epithelial skin stem cells is poorly understood. Recent studies reported Sox9, Lgr6, and Runx1 expression in subpopulations of cells in the embryonic hair placode. These subpopulations seem to act as precursors of different classes of adult epithelial stem cells. In particular, Runx1 regulates a Wnt-mediated cross-talk between the nascent adult-type hair follicle stem cells and their environment, which is essential for timely stem cell emergence, proper maturation, long-term differentiation potential, and maintenance. The new data begin to define the basic dynamics and regulatory pathways governing the ontogeny of adult epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudorita Tumbar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA,
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43
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Sheveleva ON, Payushina OV, Kozhevnikova MN, Butorina NN, Starostin VI. Spontaneous and induced myogenesis in cell cultures from rat fetal liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x11060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Osorio KM, Lilja KC, Tumbar T. Runx1 modulates adult hair follicle stem cell emergence and maintenance from distinct embryonic skin compartments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:235-50. [PMID: 21464233 PMCID: PMC3082184 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201006068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Runx1 controls timing of adult HSFC and short-term progenitor emergence in the embryonic epithelium and HFSC differentiation and long-term skin integrity in embryonic mesenchyme. Runx1 controls hematopoietic stem cell emergence and hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) activation and proliferation in adult skin. Here we use lineage tracing and mouse genetic manipulation to address the role of Runx1 in the embryonic development of HFSCs. We find Runx1 is expressed in distinct classes of embryonic skin precursors for short-term HF progenitors, adult HFSCs, and mesenchymal progenitors. Runx1 acts in the embryonic epithelium for timely emergence of adult HFSCs and short-term progenitors, but is dispensable for both of them. In contrast, Runx1 is strictly needed in the embryonic mesenchyme for proper adult HFSC differentiation and long-term skin integrity. Our data implicate Runx1 in epithelial cell adhesion and migration and in regulation of paracrine epithelial–mesenchymal cross talk. The latter involves Lef1 and Wnt signaling modulation in opposing directions from two distinct skin compartments. Thus, a master regulator of hematopoiesis also controls HFSC emergence and maintenance via modulation of bidirectional cross talking between nascent stem cells and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Osorio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Hara M, Yuasa S, Shimoji K, Onizuka T, Hayashiji N, Ohno Y, Arai T, Hattori F, Kaneda R, Kimura K, Makino S, Sano M, Fukuda K. G-CSF influences mouse skeletal muscle development and regeneration by stimulating myoblast proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:715-27. [PMID: 21422169 PMCID: PMC3135344 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor are needed for skeletal muscle development and injury-induced regeneration in mice. After skeletal muscle injury, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages infiltrate the damaged area; this is followed by rapid proliferation of myoblasts derived from muscle stem cells (also called satellite cells). Although it is known that inflammation triggers skeletal muscle regeneration, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we show that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor (G-CSFR) is expressed in developing somites. G-CSFR and G-CSF were expressed in myoblasts of mouse embryos during the midgestational stage but not in mature myocytes. Furthermore, G-CSFR was specifically but transiently expressed in regenerating myocytes present in injured adult mouse skeletal muscle. Neutralization of endogenous G-CSF with a blocking antibody impaired the regeneration process, whereas exogenous G-CSF supported muscle regeneration by promoting the proliferation of regenerating myoblasts. Furthermore, muscle regeneration was markedly impaired in G-CSFR–knockout mice. These findings indicate that G-CSF is crucial for skeletal myocyte development and regeneration and demonstrate the importance of inflammation-mediated induction of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Hara
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Jahan E, Matsumoto A, Udagawa J, Rafiq AM, Hashimoto R, Rahman OIF, Habib H, Sekine J, Otani H. Effects of restriction of fetal jaw movement on prenatal development of the temporalis muscle. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:919-27. [PMID: 20728868 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Jaw movement affects masticatory muscles during the postnatal period. Prenatal jaw movement has also been implicated in the development of the temporomandibular joint; however, its effect on prenatal development of the masticatory muscles has not been extensively analysed. In the present study, we examined the effects of the restriction of fetal jaw movement on the temporalis muscle, a major masticatory muscle, in mice by suturing the maxilla and mandible (sutured group) using an exo utero development system. We compared the morphology of the temporalis muscle between sutured, sham-operated and normal in utero groups. At embryonic day (E) 18.5, the volume of muscle fibres, but not that of connective tissue, in the temporalis muscle was decreased in the sutured group. The E18.5 temporalis muscle in the sutured group appeared morphologically similar to that of the E17.5 in utero group, except for frequent muscle fibre irregularities. By transmission electron microscopy, in the sutured group, the myofibrils were immature and scattered, the nuclei appeared comparatively immature, the mitochondria were expanded in volume with fewer cristae, and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were frequently observed. Expression of Myf-6, a late myogenic transcription factor, by real-time RT-PCR was not significantly different between the sutured and sham-operated groups. These findings demonstrated approximately 1-day delay in the morphological development of the temporalis muscle in the sutured group, and some abnormalities were observed, although Myf-6 level was not affected in the sutured group. The present study revealed that the prenatal jaw movement influences the development of the temporalis muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esrat Jahan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumoshi, Japan
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De Giovanni C, Landuzzi L, Nicoletti G, Lollini PL, Nanni P. Molecular and cellular biology of rhabdomyosarcoma. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1449-75. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a group of soft-tissue sarcomas that share features of skeletal myogenesis, but show extensive heterogeneity in histology, age and site of onset, and prognosis. This review matches recent molecular data with biological features of rhabdomyosarcoma. Alterations in molecular pathways, animal models, cell of origin and potential new therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla De Giovanni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Section, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giordano Nicoletti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Hematology and Oncological Sciences ‘L. e A. Seragnoli’, Viale Filopanti 22, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Section, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Tissue and organ regeneration proceed in a coordinated manner to restore proper function after trauma. Vertebrate skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate after repeated and complete destruction of the tissue, yet limited information is available on how muscle stem and progenitor cells, and other nonmuscle cells, reestablish homeostasis after the regenerative process. The genetic pathways that regulate the establishment of skeletal muscle in the embryo have been studied extensively, and many of the genes that govern muscle stem cell maintenance and commitment are redeployed during adult homeostasis and regeneration. Therefore, correlates can be made between embryonic muscle development and postnatal regeneration. However, there are some important distinctions between prenatal development and regeneration - in the context of the cells, niche, anatomy and the regulatory genes employed. The similarities and distinctions between these two scenarios are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental Biology, Pasteur Institute, CNRS URA, Paris, France.
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49
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Wang J, Conboy I. Embryonic vs. adult myogenesis: challenging the 'regeneration recapitulates development' paradigm. J Mol Cell Biol 2009; 2:1-4. [PMID: 19797316 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A popular theory in the stem cell field is that 'regeneration recapitulates development', or that adult stem cells function similarly to embryonic ones. In a recent Nature article, Lepper et al. questioned this approach, highlighting the differences in requirements for Pax7 during myogenesis for embryonic, juvenile and adult muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA
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