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Gros A, Furlan FM, Rouglan V, Favereaux A, Bontempi B, Morel JL. Physical exercise restores adult neurogenesis deficits induced by simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:69. [PMID: 38906877 PMCID: PMC11192769 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments have been reported in astronauts during spaceflights and documented in ground-based models of simulated microgravity (SMG) in animals. However, the neuronal causes of these behavioral effects remain largely unknown. We explored whether adult neurogenesis, known to be a crucial plasticity mechanism supporting memory processes, is altered by SMG. Adult male Long-Evans rats were submitted to the hindlimb unloading model of SMG. We studied the proliferation, survival and maturation of newborn cells in the following neurogenic niches: the subventricular zone (SVZ)/olfactory bulb (OB) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, at different delays following various periods of SMG. SMG exposure for 7 days, but not shorter periods of 6 or 24 h, resulted in a decrease of newborn cell proliferation restricted to the DG. SMG also induced a decrease in short-term (7 days), but not long-term (21 days), survival of newborn cells in the SVZ/OB and DG. Physical exercise, used as a countermeasure, was able to reverse the decrease in newborn cell survival observed in the SVZ and DG. In addition, depending on the duration of SMG periods, transcriptomic analysis revealed modifications in gene expression involved in neurogenesis. These findings highlight the sensitivity of adult neurogenesis to gravitational environmental factors during a transient period, suggesting that there is a period of adaptation of physiological systems to this new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gros
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, F-75001, Paris, France
| | - Fandilla Marie Furlan
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Rouglan
- CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Bruno Bontempi
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Morel
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Fernández-Pérez JJ, Serrano-Muñoz D, Beltran-Alacreu H, Avendaño-Coy J, Gómez-Soriano J. Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation in Neurological Disorders: A systematic review. J Neurol Phys Ther 2024; 48:66-74. [PMID: 38015051 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is a noninvasive stimulation technique that applies direct current stimulation over spinal levels. However, the effectiveness and feasibility of this stimulation are still unclear. This systematic review summarizes the effectiveness of tsDCS in clinical and neurophysiological outcomes in neurological patients, as well as its feasibility and safety. METHODS The search was conducted using the following databases: PEDro, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were: Participants : people with central nervous system diseases; Interventions : tsDCS alone or in combination with locomotion training; Comparators : sham tsDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation, or locomotion training; Outcomes : clinical and neurophysiological measures; and Studies : randomized clinical trials. RESULTS Eight studies with a total of 143 subjects were included. Anodal tsDCS led to a reduction in hypertonia, neuropathic pain intensity, and balance deficits in people with hereditary spastic paraplegia, multiple sclerosis, and primary orthostatic tremor, respectively. In contrast, cathodal tsDCS only had positive effects on balance and tremor in people with primary orthostatic tremor. No severe adverse effects were reported during and after anodal or cathodal tsDCS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although certain studies have found an effect of anodal tsDCS on specific clinical outcomes in people with central nervous system diseases, its effectiveness cannot be established since these findings have not been replicated and the results were heterogeneous. This stimulation was feasible and safe to apply. Further studies are needed to replicate the obtained results of tsDCS when applied in populations with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Fernández-Pérez
- Toledo Physiotherapy Research Group (GIFTO), Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing of Toledo, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Grigoryan GA. The systemic effects of the enriched environment on the conditioned fear reaction. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1227575. [PMID: 37674611 PMCID: PMC10477375 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1227575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the beneficial effect of an enriched environment (EE) on the conditioned fear reaction (CFR) from the perspective of a functional system of behavioral control. According to the hypothesis, the EE affects all behavioral act components, including the processing of sensory information, memory, motivational and reinforcing systems, and motor activities, which weakens the CFR. Animals raised in the EE have effects that are comparable to those of context (CTX) and CS pre-exposures at latent inhibition. An abundance of stimuli in the EE and constant contact with them provide the formation of CS-noUS and CTX-noUS connections that later, during CFR learning, slow down and diminish fear. The EE also contributes to faster processing of information and habituation to it. As a result, many stimuli in the context lose their significance, and subjects simply ignore them. And finally, the EE affects the motivational and reinforcing brain mechanisms, induces an impairment of search activity, and worsens memory consolidation, which leads to a reduction of CFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory A. Grigoryan
- The Laboratory of Conditioned Reflexes and Physiology of Emotions, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ahn J, Kim M. Effects of exercise therapy on global cognitive function and, depression in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 106:104855. [PMID: 36436448 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to identify the integrated effects of exercise therapy on global cognitive function and, depression in older adults with mild cognitive function (MCI) and to determine the optimal exercise methods. METHODS We searched international, and domestic databases from January 1, 2010, to May 31, 2022, and included 22 articles in the meta-analysis (global cognitive function 21 articles; depression 7articles). Meta-analysis of variance and meta-regression were performed with moderator analysis to explore the causes of heterogeneity RESULTS: The mean effects (standardized mean differences) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.91) for global cognitive function and -0.38 (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.12) for depression in older adults with MCI who received exercise therapy, and the effect was statistically significant. CONCLUSION Aerobic and resistance exercises were effective in improving global cognitive function, Whereas multicomponent and neuromotor exercises were not. Aerobic exercise was the most effective at improving cognitive function. Thus, exercise therapy is effective in reducing depression in older adults with MCI. The mean effect of global cognitive function increased with higher exercise frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Ahn
- College of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsuk Kim
- College of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Sun L, Liu T, Liu J, Gao C, Zhang X. Physical exercise and mitochondrial function: New therapeutic interventions for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:929781. [PMID: 36158946 PMCID: PMC9491238 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.929781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, including major depression disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, are a burden to society. Deficits of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) have been widely considered the main hallmark of psychiatric diseases as well as neurodegeneration. Herein, exploring applicable targets for improving hippocampal neural plasticity could provide a breakthrough for the development of new treatments. Emerging evidence indicates the broad functions of mitochondria in regulating cellular behaviors of neural stem cells, neural progenitors, and mature neurons in adulthood could offer multiple neural plasticities for behavioral modulation. Normalizing mitochondrial functions could be a new direction for neural plasticity enhancement. Exercise, a highly encouraged integrative method for preventing disease, has been indicated to be an effective pathway to improving both mitochondrial functions and AHN. Herein, the relative mechanisms of mitochondria in regulating neurogenesis and its effects in linking the effects of exercise to neurological diseases requires a systematic summary. In this review, we have assessed the relationship between mitochondrial functions and AHN to see whether mitochondria can be potential targets for treating neurological diseases. Moreover, as for one of well-established alternative therapeutic approaches, we summarized the evidence to show the underlying mechanisms of exercise to improve mitochondrial functions and AHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of P.E and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianbiao Liu
- College of P.E and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- College of P.E and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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de Siqueira Mendes FDCC, de Almeida MNF, Falsoni M, Andrade MLF, Felício APG, da Paixão LTVB, Júnior FLDA, Anthony DC, Brites D, Diniz CWP, Sosthenes MCK. The Sedentary Lifestyle and Masticatory Dysfunction: Time to Review the Contribution to Age-Associated Cognitive Decline and Astrocyte Morphotypes in the Dentate Gyrus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116342. [PMID: 35683023 PMCID: PMC9180988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As aging and cognitive decline progresses, the impact of a sedentary lifestyle on the appearance of environment-dependent cellular morphologies in the brain becomes more apparent. Sedentary living is also associated with poor oral health, which is known to correlate with the rate of cognitive decline. Here, we will review the evidence for the interplay between mastication and environmental enrichment and assess the impact of each on the structure of the brain. In previous studies, we explored the relationship between behavior and the morphological features of dentate gyrus glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes during aging in contrasting environments and in the context of induced masticatory dysfunction. Hierarchical cluster and discriminant analysis of GFAP-positive astrocytes from the dentate gyrus molecular layer revealed that the proportion of AST1 (astrocyte arbors with greater complexity phenotype) and AST2 (lower complexity) are differentially affected by environment, aging and masticatory dysfunction, but the relationship is not straightforward. Here we re-evaluated our previous reconstructions by comparing dorsal and ventral astrocyte morphologies in the dentate gyrus, and we found that morphological complexity was the variable that contributed most to cluster formation across the experimental groups. In general, reducing masticatory activity increases astrocyte morphological complexity, and the effect is most marked in the ventral dentate gyrus, whereas the effect of environment was more marked in the dorsal dentate gyrus. All morphotypes retained their basic structural organization in intact tissue, suggesting that they are subtypes with a non-proliferative astrocyte profile. In summary, the increased complexity of astrocytes in situations where neuronal loss and behavioral deficits are present is counterintuitive, but highlights the need to better understand the role of the astrocyte in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
- Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém 66613-903, PA, Brazil
| | - Marina Negrão Frota de Almeida
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - Manoela Falsoni
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - Marcia Lorena Ferreira Andrade
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - André Pinheiro Gurgel Felício
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - Luisa Taynah Vasconcelos Barbosa da Paixão
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - Fábio Leite do Amaral Júnior
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (F.d.C.C.d.S.M.); (M.N.F.d.A.); (M.F.); (M.L.F.A.); (A.P.G.F.); (L.T.V.B.d.P.); (F.L.d.A.J.); (C.W.P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Nweke M, Nombeko M, Govender N, Akinpelu AO, Ogunniyi A. Effects of aerobic exercise on quality of life of people with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder on antiretroviral therapy: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:419. [PMID: 35488222 PMCID: PMC9055763 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) negatively impacts quality of life (QoL) of people living with HIV who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Behavioural intervention adjunct to ART may improve QoL of people with HAND. We determine the effect of a 12-week aerobic exercise programme on QoL in people with HAND who were receiving ART. TRIAL DESIGN This was a parallel-group, randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation and intention-to-treat analysis. METHODS We identified 73 participants diagnosed with HAND. Participants were sampled from an earlier study that examined the prevalence of HAND according to the Frascati criteria. Participants were randomised and allocated to an intervention of 12-weeks of aerobic exercise, comprising three 20-60 min sessions per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise using a cycle ergometer. The primary outcome was QoL, which was evaluated using the World Health Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQoL)-BREF. RESULTS Participants in the exercise (n = 39) and control (n = 35) groups had similar sociodemographic characteristics (p > 0.05). Following the 12-week aerobic exercise programme, participants in the exercise group had improved physical (p < 0.001), psychological (p = 0.008) and environmental (p = 0.001) domains of the QoL (p = 0.001) and overall QoL (p = 0.001) relative to the control group. Similarly, participants in the exercise group had lower depression scores than participants in the control group. Depression scores in the exercise group were still lower 3 months post-intervention (p = 0.007). Only the improvements in physical (p = 0.02) and psychological (p = 0.007) domains of QoL were sustained at 3 months post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise improves the QoL of people with HAND. To ensure sustained benefits, people with HAND may need to engage in long-term physical exercise. Trial registration The trial is registered with the PAN African Trial Registry (PACTR). Date: 01/09/2020, ID: PACTR202009483415745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Nweke
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mshunqane Nombeko
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nalini Govender
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aderonke O. Akinpelu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Guan Y, Yan Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise and Healthspan. Cells 2022; 11:872. [PMID: 35269492 PMCID: PMC8909156 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthspan is the period of our life without major debilitating diseases. In the modern world where unhealthy lifestyle choices and chronic diseases taper the healthspan, which lead to an enormous economic burden, finding ways to promote healthspan becomes a pressing goal of the scientific community. Exercise, one of humanity's most ancient and effective lifestyle interventions, appears to be at the center of the solution since it can both treat and prevent the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Here, we will review the current evidence and opinions about regular exercise promoting healthspan through enhancing the functionality of our organ systems and preventing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Nweke M, Nombeko M, Govender N, Akinpelu A, Ogunniyi A. Aerobic Exercise in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e29230. [PMID: 35099405 PMCID: PMC8844984 DOI: 10.2196/29230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of HIV-associated dementia has drastically fallen. Despite using ART, people living with HIV continue to experience less severe but limiting forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). People living with HIV who are on ART and experiencing symptoms of HAND may benefit from aerobic exercise. Objective This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial designed to determine the effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise program on HAND in Southeastern Nigeria. Methods At least 68 patients diagnosed with HAND will be randomly placed into either an aerobic exercise group or control group. Patients in the aerobic exercise group will perform a moderate intensity workout on a stationary bicycle ergometer, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. We will measure the primary outcomes including neurocognitive performance, prevalence of HAND, viral load, and CD4 count. We will evaluate postexercise neurocognitive performance using reliable neuropsychological tests relevant to people living with HIV, in line with the Frascati criteria. We will assess secondary outcomes such as quality of life, activity limitation, and social participation using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-Brief, and the Oxford Participation and Activities questionnaire. We will use exploratory statistics to test the data for normality and homogeneity. We will analyze the effect of the exercise program on HAND using relative risk (RR) and absolute risk reduction (number needed to treat). Analysis of covariance will be run to estimate the effect of exercise on quality of life and activity and participation level. Results This funded trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board in May 2020. The protocol was approved on June 15, 2020. Enrollment commenced in January 2021 and was completed in May 2021. Over 60% of the participants were recruited at the time of first submission to JMIR Mental Health. Data curation is still ongoing; hence, data analysis is yet to be executed. Study outcomes are expected to be published in March 2022. Conclusions This is a protocol for a randomized controlled trial that aims to evaluate the effect of a 12-week aerobic exercise program on HAND in Southeastern Nigeria. Trial Registration Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR202009483415745; https://tinyurl.com/2p97zpu9 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/29230
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Nweke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Mshunqane Nombeko
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nalini Govender
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aderonke Akinpelu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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10
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Tang J, Liang X, Dou X, Qi Y, Yang C, Luo Y, Chao F, Zhang L, Xiao Q, Jiang L, Zhou C, Tang Y. Exercise rather than fluoxetine promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the hippocampus in a male mouse model of depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:622. [PMID: 34880203 PMCID: PMC8654899 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) systems have been meaningfully linked to the clinical phenomena of mood disorders, 15-35% of patients do not respond to multiple SSRI interventions or even experience an exacerbation of their condition. As we previously showed, both running exercise and fluoxetine reversed depression-like behavior. However, whether exercise reverses depression-like behavior more quickly than fluoxetine treatment and whether this rapid effect is achieved via the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and/or myelination in the hippocampus was previously unknown. Sixty male C57BL/6 J mice were used in the present study. We subjected mice with unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) to a 4-week running exercise trial (UCS + RN) or intraperitoneally injected them with fluoxetine (UCS + FLX) to address these uncertainties. At the behavioral level, mice in the UCS + RN group consumed significantly more sugar water in the sucrose preference test (SPT) at the end of the 7th week than those in the UCS group, while those in the UCS + FLX group consumed significantly more sugar water than mice in the UCS group at the end of the 8th week. The unbiased stereological results and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that running exercise, and not fluoxetine treatment, increased the numbers of CC1+ and CC1+/Olig2+/BrdU+ oligodendrocytes in the CA1 subfield in depressed mice exposed to UCS. Moreover, running exercise rather than fluoxetine increased the level of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the G-ratio of myelinated nerve fibers in the CA1 subfield in the UCS mouse model. Unlike fluoxetine, exercise promoted hippocampal myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation and thus has potential as a therapeutic strategy to reduce depression-like behaviors induced by UCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Xin Liang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Pathologic Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Dou
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Chunmao Yang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Fenglei Chao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Radioactive Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Lin Jiang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Chunni Zhou
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 P. R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China. .,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China.
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11
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Micheli L, Creanza TM, Ceccarelli M, D'Andrea G, Giacovazzo G, Ancona N, Coccurello R, Scardigli R, Tirone F. Transcriptome Analysis in a Mouse Model of Premature Aging of Dentate Gyrus: Rescue of Alpha-Synuclein Deficit by Virus-Driven Expression or by Running Restores the Defective Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696684. [PMID: 34485283 PMCID: PMC8415876 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone are neurogenic niches where neural stem and progenitor cells replicate throughout life to generate new neurons. The Btg1 gene maintains the stem cells of the neurogenic niches in quiescence. The deletion of Btg1 leads to an early transient increase of stem/progenitor cells division, followed, however, by a decrease during adulthood of their proliferative capability, accompanied by apoptosis. Since a physiological decrease of neurogenesis occurs during aging, the Btg1 knockout mouse may represent a model of neural aging. We have previously observed that the defective neurogenesis of the Btg1 knockout model is rescued by the powerful neurogenic stimulus of physical exercise (running). To identify genes responsible for stem and progenitor cells maintenance, we sought here to find genes underlying this premature neural aging, and whose deregulated expression could be rescued by running. Through RNA sequencing we analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of the dentate gyrus isolated from Btg1 wild-type or Btg1 knockout adult (2-month-old) mice submitted to physical exercise or sedentary. In Btg1 knockout mice, 545 genes were deregulated, relative to wild-type, while 2081 genes were deregulated by running. We identified 42 genes whose expression was not only down-regulated in the dentate gyrus of Btg1 knockout, but was also counter-regulated to control levels by running in Btg1 knockout mice, vs. sedentary. Among these 42 counter-regulated genes, alpha-synuclein (Snca), Fos, Arc and Npas4 showed significantly greater differential regulation. These genes control neural proliferation, apoptosis, plasticity and memory and are involved in aging. In particular, Snca expression decreases during aging. We tested, therefore, whether an Snca-expressing lentivirus, by rescuing the defective Snca levels in the dentate gyrus of Btg1 knockout mice, could also reverse the aging phenotype, in particular the defective neurogenesis. We found that the exogenous expression of Snca reversed the Btg1 knockout-dependent decrease of stem cell proliferation as well as the increase of progenitor cell apoptosis. This indicates that Snca has a functional role in the process of neural aging observed in this model, and also suggests that Snca acts as a positive regulator of stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Creanza
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Preclinical Neuroscience, European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Ancona
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Preclinical Neuroscience, European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scardigli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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12
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Won J, Callow DD, Pena GS, Jordan LS, Arnold-Nedimala NA, Nielson KA, Smith JC. Hippocampal Functional Connectivity and Memory Performance After Exercise Intervention in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1015-1031. [PMID: 34151792 PMCID: PMC8461699 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exercise training (ET) has neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus, a key brain region for memory that is vulnerable to age-related dysfunction. Objective: We investigated the effects of ET on functional connectivity (FC) of the hippocampus in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and a cognitively normal (CN) control group. We also assessed whether the ET-induced changes in hippocampal FC (Δhippocampal-FC) are associated with changes in memory task performance (Δmemory performance). Methods: 32 older adults (77.0±7.6 years; 16 MCI and 16 CN) participated in the present study. Cardiorespiratory fitness tests, memory tasks (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Logical Memory Test (LM)), and resting-state fMRI were administered before and after a 12-week walking ET intervention. We utilized a seed-based correlation analysis using the bilateral anterior and posterior hippocampi as priori seed regions of interest. The associations of residualized ET-induced Δhippocampal-FC and Δmemory performance were assessed using linear regression. Results: There were significant improvements in RAVLT Trial 1 and LM test performance after ET across participants. At baseline, MCI, compared to CN, demonstrated significantly lower posterior hippocampal FC. ET was associated with increased hippocampal FC across groups. Greater ET-related anterior and posterior hippocampal FC with right posterior cingulate were associated with improved LM recognition performance in MCI participants. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that hippocampal FC is significantly increased following 12-weeks of ET in older adults and, moreover, suggest that increased hippocampal FC may reflect neural network plasticity associated with ET-related improvements in memory performance in individuals diagnosed with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel D Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel S Pena
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Leslie S Jordan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Neuropsychology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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13
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A Runner's High for New Neurons? Potential Role for Endorphins in Exercise Effects on Adult Neurogenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081077. [PMID: 34439743 PMCID: PMC8392752 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has wide-ranging benefits to cognitive functioning and mental state, effects very closely resembling enhancements to hippocampal functioning. Hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in many of these mental benefits of exercise. However, precise mechanisms behind these effects are not well known. Released peripherally during exercise, beta-endorphins are an intriguing candidate for moderating increases in neurogenesis and the related behavioral benefits of exercise. Although historically ignored due to their peripheral release and status as a peptide hormone, this review highlights reasons for further exploring beta-endorphin as a key mediator of hippocampal neurogenesis. This includes possible routes for beta-endorphin signaling into the hippocampus during exercise, direct effects of beta-endorphin on cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and behavioral effects of manipulating endogenous opioid signaling. Together, beta-endorphin appears to be a promising mechanism for understanding the specific ways that exercise promotes adult neurogenesis specifically and brain health broadly.
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14
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Lee TH, Christie BR, Lin K, Siu PMF, Zhang L, Yuan TF, Komal P, Xu A, So KF, Yau SY. Chronic AdipoRon Treatment Mimics the Effects of Physical Exercise on Restoring Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in Diabetic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4666-4681. [PMID: 34164760 PMCID: PMC8487422 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Administration of exercise mimetic drugs could be a novel therapeutic approach to combat comorbid neurodegeneration and metabolic syndromes. Adiponectin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, adiponectin mediates the antidepressant effect of physical exercise associated with adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The antidiabetic effect of the adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon has been demonstrated, but its potential pro-cognitive and neurotrophic effects in the hippocampus under diabetic condition are still unclear. This study reported that chronic AdipoRon treatment for 2 weeks improved hippocampal-dependent spatial recognition memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Besides, AdipoRon treatment increased progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of diabetic mice. Furthermore, AdipoRon treatment significantly increased dendritic complexity, spine density, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate region, and increased BDNF levels in the DG of diabetic mice. AdipoRon treatment activated AMPK/PGC-1α signalling in the DG, whereas increases in cell proliferation and LTP were not observed when PGC-1α signalling was pharmacologically inhibited. In sum, chronic AdipoRon treatment partially mimics the benefits of physical exercise for learning and memory and hippocampal neuroplasticity in the diabetic brain. The results suggested that AdipoRon could be a potential physical exercise mimetic to improve hippocampal plasticity and hence rescue learning and memory impairment typically associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Parco Ming-Fai Siu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pragya Komal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad), Hyderabad, India
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR.
- University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR.
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15
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Ghalandari-Shamami M, Nourizade S, Barati M, Yousefi B, Pashayi M, Ali Vafaei A, Kokhaei P, Rashidy-Pour A. Exercise and crocin prevent adolescent-stress induced impairment of spatial navigation and dendritic retraction in the hippocampal CA3 area in adult male rats. Brain Res 2021; 1754:147274. [PMID: 33422526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent chronic stress has been shown to induce functional, biochemical and morphological modifications of the hippocampus, leading to stress-related disorders in adulthood. The present study investigated the effects of exercise, crocin and their combination on spatial learning and memory impairment and dendritic retraction of the CA3 pyramidal neurons induced by chronic adolescent stress in adult male rats. Rats were exposed to restraint stress 2 h/day for 10 days during postnatal days (PNDs) 30-40. Following this period, separate groups of animals were treated with crocin (25 and 50 mg/kg), exposed to running wheel, and or received the combined treatment during PNDs 41-55. Following the interventions, plasma levels of corticosterone, spatial learning and memory, apical dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal neurons and BDNF levels in the CA3 area were assessed. Findings showed that adolescent stress significantly increased corticosterone levels and caused a tendency to reduce CA3 BDNF levels. Adolescent stress also impaired spatial learning and memory, and retracted apical dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Crocin, voluntary exercise, and their combination recovered stress-induced spatial learning and impairment and CA3 pyramidal neurons dendritic length retraction. All treatments also reduced significantly corticosterone levels and enhanced CA3 BDNF levels in the stress groups. Finally, these treatments even increased apical dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the non-stress groups. These findings indicate that detrimental effects of adolescent stress on cognitive function and hippocampal morphology in adulthood could be restored by early interventions with physical activity and crocin treatment during adolescent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Ghalandari-Shamami
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shahla Nourizade
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehrnush Pashayi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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16
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A Unique Mouse Model of Early Life Exercise Enables Hippocampal Memory and Synaptic Plasticity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9174. [PMID: 32513972 PMCID: PMC7280304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a powerful modulator of learning and memory. Mechanisms underlying the cognitive benefits of exercise are well documented in adult rodents. Exercise studies targeting postnatal periods of hippocampal maturation (specifically targeting periods of synaptic reorganization and plasticity) are lacking. We characterize a model of early-life exercise (ELE) in male and female mice designed with the goal of identifying critical periods by which exercise may have a lasting impact on hippocampal memory and synaptic plasticity. Mice freely accessed a running wheel during three postnatal periods: the 4th postnatal week (juvenile ELE, P21–27), 6th postnatal week (adolescent ELE, P35–41), or 4th-6th postnatal weeks (juvenile-adolescent ELE, P21–41). All exercise groups increased their running distances during ELE. When exposed to a subthreshold learning stimulus, juv ELE and juv-adol ELE formed lasting long-term memory for an object location memory task, whereas sedentary and adol ELE mice did not. Electrophysiological experiments revealed enhanced long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 in the juvenile-adolescent ELE group. I/O curves were also significantly modulated in all mice that underwent ELE. Our results suggest that early-life exercise, specifically during the 4th postnatal week, can enable hippocampal memory, synaptic plasticity, and alter hippocampal excitability when occurring during postnatal periods of hippocampal maturation.
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17
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Loprinzi PD. Effects of Exercise on Long-Term Potentiation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:439-451. [PMID: 32342476 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, demonstrate evidence of impaired long-term potentiation, a cellular correlate of episodic memory function. This chapter discusses the mechanistic effects of these neuropsychiatric conditions on long-term potentiation and how exercise may help to attenuate these detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Exercise and Memory Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
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18
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Moradi-Kor N, Dadkhah M, Ghanbari A, Rashidipour H, Bandegi AR, Barati M, Kokhaei P, Rashidy-Pour A. Protective Effects of Spirulina platensis, Voluntary Exercise and Environmental Interventions Against Adolescent Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depressive-Like Symptoms, Oxidative Stress and Alterations of BDNF and 5HT-3 Receptors of the Prefrontal Cortex in Female Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1777-1794. [PMID: 32801713 PMCID: PMC7387863 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s247599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ample evidence indicates that chronic adolescence stress is associated with an increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. Given the importance of the effective therapeutic ways to overcome adolescent stress-related deficits, the present study investigated the effects of Spirulina platensis (SP), environmental enrichment (EE), and voluntary exercise (EX) and their combination on anxiety or depression-like behaviors, oxidative stress, and alterations of BDNF and 5HT-3 receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) induced by adolescent stress in adult female rats. METHODS During the adolescent period (PNDs30-40), rats were subjected to restraint stress. Then, the animals were subjected to SP treatment (200 mg/kg/day), EX, EE, and the combined treatments (SP+EX, and SP+EE) for 15 days between PNDs41-55. Subsequently, anxiety or depression-like behaviors, BDNF levels, oxidative stress markers and mRNA expression of BDNF and 5HT3 in the PFC were assessed. RESULTS Stressed rats demonstrated enhanced anxiety levels and depression-like behaviors in adulthood. Regarding the oxidative stress markers, stressed rats exhibited significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation product, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and significantly lower total antioxidant reactivity capacity in the PFC. Additionally, adolescent stress significantly increased 5HT3 receptor mRNA expression and decreased BDNF content and its mRNA expression in the PFC. Treatments with SP, EX, EE, and the combined interventions alleviated these deficits. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that appropriate interventions during the adolescent period can protect against adolescent stress-induced behavioral, and biochemical defects and oxidative stress damage in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasroallah Moradi-Kor
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rashidipour
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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19
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Rajizadeh MA, Esmaeilpour K, Haghparast E, Ebrahimi MN, Sheibani V. Voluntary exercise modulates learning & memory and synaptic plasticity impairments in sleep deprived female rats. Brain Res 2019; 1729:146598. [PMID: 31866363 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that forced exercise plays a preventive role in synaptic plasticity deficits in the hippocampus and behavioral impairments in sleep-deprived male and female rats. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of voluntary exercise on early long-term potentiation (E-LTP) at the Cornu Ammonis (CA1) area of the hippocampus and behavioral functions by barnes maze and novel location tests in sleep-deprived female rats. Intact female Wistar rats were used in the present study. The exercise protocol was four weeks wheel running and the multiple platform method was applied to induce 72 h Sleep deprivation (SD). We examine the effect of exercise and/or SD on synaptic plasticity using in vivo extracellular recording in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Spatial learning and memory examined by Barnes maze and recognition memory assessed by novel location test. Field potential recording indicated that the induction and maintenance phase of E-LTP impaired in the sleep deprived animals compared to the other groups. After 72 h SD, LTP impairments were reduced by 4 weeks of voluntary exercise but do not go back to control values. SD impairs learning and memory and exercise could improve these deficits. In conclusion, the synaptic plasticity deficit in sleep-deprived female rats was improved by voluntary exercise. Further studies are suggested to evaluate the possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Navid Ebrahimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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20
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Niu X, Zhao Y, Yang N, Zhao X, Zhang W, Bai X, Li A, Yang W, Lu L. Proteasome activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling promotes exercise-induced neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2019; 38:246-260. [PMID: 31648402 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory and alleviation of age-related cognitive decline in humans have been widely acknowledged. However, the mechanistic relationship between exercise and cognitive improvement remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that exercise-elicited cognitive benefits were accompanied by adaptive hippocampal proteasome activation. Voluntary wheel running increased hippocampal proteasome activity in adult and middle-aged mice, contributing to an acceleration of neurogenesis that could be reversed by intrahippocampal injection of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. We further found that increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in both serum and hippocampus may be essential for exercise-induced proteasome activation. Our in vitro study demonstrated that IGF-1 stimulated proteasome activity in cultured adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by promoting nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), followed by elevated expressions of proteasome subunits such as PSMB5. In contrast, pretreating adult mice with the selective IGF-1R inhibitor picropodophyllin diminished exercise-induced neurogenesis, concurrent with reduced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and proteasome activity. Likewise, lowering Nrf2 expression by RNA interference with bilateral intrahippocampal injections of recombinant adeno-associated viral particles significantly suppressed exercise-induced proteasome activation and attenuated cognitive function. Collectively, our work demonstrates that proteasome activation in hippocampus through IGF-1/Nrf2 signaling is a key adaptive mechanism underlying exercise-related neurogenesis, which may serve as a potential targetable pathway in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Niu
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wulin Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
There are vast literatures on the neural effects of alcohol and the neural effects of exercise. Simply put, exercise is associated with brain health, alcohol is not, and the mechanisms by which exercise benefits the brain directly counteract the mechanisms by which alcohol damages it. Although a degree of brain recovery naturally occurs upon cessation of alcohol consumption, effective treatments for alcohol-induced brain damage are badly needed, and exercise is an excellent candidate from a mechanistic standpoint. In this chapter, we cover the small but growing literature on the interactive neural effects of alcohol and exercise, and the capacity of exercise to repair alcohol-induced brain damage. Increasingly, exercise is being used as a component of treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD), not because it reverses alcohol-induced brain damage, but because it represents a rewarding, alcohol-free activity that could reduce alcohol cravings and improve comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression. It is important to bear in mind, however, that multiple studies attest to a counterintuitive positive relationship between alcohol intake and exercise. We therefore conclude with cautionary notes regarding the use of exercise to repair the brain after alcohol damage.
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22
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Mandolesi G, Bullitta S, Fresegna D, De Vito F, Rizzo FR, Musella A, Guadalupi L, Vanni V, Stampanoni Bassi M, Buttari F, Viscomi MT, Centonze D, Gentile A. Voluntary running wheel attenuates motor deterioration and brain damage in cuprizone-induced demyelination. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:102-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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23
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Leal-Galicia P, Romo-Parra H, Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Buenrostro-Jáuregui M. Regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis exerted by sexual, cognitive and physical activity: An update. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 101:101667. [PMID: 31421204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1962, Joseph Altman described that the brain generates neurons after the postnatal period, and this continues throughout your life (Altman, 1962). This was a breakthrough in the neuroscience field because before this the accepted paradigm was that the brain only generated neurons during the embryonal development. This discovery has been controversial ever since, especially since one of the areas of the brain with neurogenic properties is the hippocampus, which is the area involved in memory storage and neurodegenerative processes. The adult hippocampal neurogenesis modulates in response to different environmental factors. In this article, we review how exercise and cognitive and sexual activity can regulate the generation of new neurons in the hippocampal in an adult brain and the impact of these new neurons in the brain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leal-Galicia
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México.
| | - H Romo-Parra
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Anáhuac, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L M Rodríguez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Buenrostro-Jáuregui
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México.
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24
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Rogers J, Chen F, Stanic D, Farzana F, Li S, Zeleznikow-Johnston AM, Nithianantharajah J, Churilov L, Adlard PA, Lanfumey L, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Paradoxical effects of exercise on hippocampal plasticity and cognition in mice with a heterozygous null mutation in the serotonin transporter gene. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3279-3296. [PMID: 31167040 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exercise is known to improve cognitive function, but the exact synaptic and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the potential role of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) in mediating these effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and neurogenesis were measured in standard-housed and exercising (wheel running) wild-type (WT) and SERT heterozygous (HET) mice. We also assessed hippocampal-dependent cognition using the Morris water maze (MWM) and a spatial pattern separation touchscreen task. KEY RESULTS SERT HET mice had impaired hippocampal LTP regardless of the housing conditions. Exercise increased hippocampal neurogenesis in WT mice. However, this was not observed in SERT HET animals, even though both genotypes used the running wheels to a similar extent. We also found that standard-housed SERT HET mice displayed altered cognitive flexibility than WT littermate controls in the MWM reversal learning task. However, SERT HET mice no longer exhibited this phenotype after exercise. Cognitive changes, specific to SERT HET mice in the exercise condition, were also revealed on the touchscreen spatial pattern separation task, especially when the cognitive pattern separation load was at its highest. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study is the first evidence of reduced hippocampal LTP in SERT HET mice. We also show that functional SERT is required for exercise-induced increase in adult neurogenesis. Paradoxically, exercise had a negative impact on hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks, especially in SERT HET mice. Taken together, our results suggest unique complex interactions between exercise and altered 5-HT homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Rogers
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Feng Chen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Davor Stanic
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Farheen Farzana
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ariel M Zeleznikow-Johnston
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- UMR S894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Moradi-Kor N, Ghanbari A, Rashidipour H, Yousefi B, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Beneficial effects of Spirulina platensis, voluntary exercise and environmental enrichment against adolescent stress induced deficits in cognitive functions, hippocampal BDNF and morphological remolding in adult female rats. Horm Behav 2019; 112:20-31. [PMID: 30917909 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress during adolescent period has been demonstrated to impair cognitive functions and the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal CA3 area. The present study investigated the combined protective effects of Spirulina platensis (SP), a supplement made from blue-green algae with neuroprotective properties, voluntary exercise (EX) and environmental enrichment (EE) against cognitive deficits, alternations in hippocampal BDNF levels, and abnormal neuronal remodeling in adult female rats (PND 60) induced by exposure to chronic restraint stress during adolescent period (PND 30-40). Rats were exposed to restraint stress (2 h/day for 10 days, PND 30-40). Then, the animals were subjected to treatment with SP (200 mg/kg/day), EX, EE and the combined treatments (SP + EX, and SP + EE) between PND 41 and 55 of age. Following the interventions, spatial learning and memory, passive avoidance performance, hippocampal dendritic morphology and BDNF levels were assessed. Results showed that plasma corticosterone levels increased at PND 40 and remained elevated at PND 55 and 70 in the stressed rats. Stressed rats showed deficits in spatial learning and memory and passive avoidance performance, decreased BDNF levels in the hippocampus, and reduced apical dendritic length and branch points of the CA3 pyramidal neurons. These deficits were alleviated by the SP, EX and EE, and the combined treatments, which accompanied with a decline in serum corticosterone in stressed animals. Some treatments even enhanced cognitive functions, and BDNF levels and neuroanatomical remodeling in the hippocampus of non-stressed animals. Our findings provide important evidences that physical activity, exposure to EE, and the SP treatment during adolescent period can protect against adolescent stress induced behavioral, biochemical and neuroanatomical impairments in adulthood.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Avoidance Learning/physiology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Cell Extracts/pharmacology
- Cognition/drug effects
- Cognition/physiology
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Cognition Disorders/pathology
- Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/prevention & control
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Female
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory/physiology
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Restraint, Physical/physiology
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Sexual Maturation/drug effects
- Sexual Maturation/physiology
- Social Environment
- Spatial Learning/drug effects
- Spirulina/chemistry
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasroallah Moradi-Kor
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rashidipour
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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26
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Berrío Sánchez J, Cucarian Hurtado J, Barcos Nunes R, de Oliveira AA. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and aerobic exercise for Parkinson's disease: therapeutic assets beyond the motor domain. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:165-178. [PMID: 29959887 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very common neurodegenerative condition in which both motor and nonmotor deficits evolve throughout the course of the disease. Normally characterized as a movement disorder, PD has been broadly studied from a motor perspective. However, mild to moderate cognitive deficits began to appear in the early phases of the disease, even before motor disturbances actually manifest, and continue to progress relentlessly. These nonmotor manifestations are also a source of detriment to the patients' already strained functionality and quality of life, and pose a therapeutic challenge seeing that replacing therapies have had conflicting results. Considering that the currently approved therapies can hardly be considered curative, efforts to find therapeutic approaches with an actual disease-modifying quality and capable of addressing not only motor but also cognitive dysfunctions are clearly needed. Among possible alternatives with such attribute, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and exercise are worth highlighting given their common neuroprotective, neuroplastic, and immunomodulatory properties. In this paper, we will summarize the existent literature on the topic, focusing on the mechanisms of action through which these two approaches might beget therapeutic benefits for PD beyond the commonly assessed motor dysfunctions, alluding, at the same time, toward a potential synergic association of both therapies as an optimized approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Berrío Sánchez
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Jaison Cucarian Hurtado
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE, Rua Men de Sá, 800, Bom Sucesso, Gravataí, CEP 94.135-300, Brazil
| | - Alcyr Alves de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Psychology and Health, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
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Zapara TA, Romashchenko AV, Proskura AL, Ratushnyak AS. Effect of physical activity on structural asymmetry of mouse hippocampus. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of studies of adult neurogenesis is evident in connection with the potential use of these new neurons to replace neurons lost in the process of life. Despite considerable efforts, little is known about the fnal fate of these cells, the functional signifcance of their connections and the regulation of their development. It is known that physical activity signifcantly increases the number of fssile progenitors, the precursors of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The existing immunohistochemical methods for labeling new neurons do not allow tracing the temporal dynamics of changes in the volume of brain structures in the same animal, induced by external impacts, such as voluntary exercise. This makes it an urgent task to develop and improve methods for longterm control of changes that occur in the adult hippocampus due to the induction of neurogenesis. The main purpose of this work was to noninvasively track, by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the temporal dynamics of changes in the volume of the hippocampus in the same animals that had voluntary physical activity. It was found that voluntary exercise did not change the total volume of the mouse hippocampus. However, the difference in the volume ratio between the right and left parts of the hippocampus was signifcantly lower compared with the control group. The reconstruction and analysis of proteinprotein interactions that ensure the survival of a large number of new neurons and their integration into existing neural networks in the hippocampus have been carried out. The proposed approach allows the noninvasive registration of changes in the ratio of the volumes of these paired brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Zapara
- The Institute of Computational Technologies, SB RAS
| | - A. V. Romashchenko
- The Institute of Computational Technologies, SB RAS; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS
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28
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FANG GUOLIANG, ZHANG DACHUAN, ZHANG LI, ZHAO JIEXIU, LI LIANG, LI PENGFEI. LONG-TERM AEROBIC EXERCISE REDUCES TAU PHOSPHORYLATION BY ACTIVATING THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF APP/PS1 MICE. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418400262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that regular physical activity can reduce the opportunity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and slow its onset and progression. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. Clinically, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the two characterizations of AD, which are associated with amyloid-[Formula: see text] and tau hyperphosphorylation, respectively. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates tau phosphorylation and has a pivotal role in the development of pathology in AD. Therefore, we try to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on tau phosphorylation and examine whether these effects were mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and C57BL/6J mice. 40 male APP/PS1 mice and 40 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups respectively: sedentary group, exercise group, sedentary with GNE-317 treatment group and exercise with GNE-317 treatment group. The mice in the exercise group and exercise with GNE-317 treatment group were given exercise training on a treadmill for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of treadmill exercise, the morris water maze, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed. We found out that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise enhanced PI3K expression and increased p-Akt[Formula: see text], p-Akt[Formula: see text] and p-GSK3[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise reduced tau phosphorylation at multiple sites including Ser202, Thr231 and Ser396. In the morris water maze, the exercise group showed a reduced escape time and distance compared with those of the sedentary group, suggesting that aerobic exercise improved the cognitive ability in mouse. While the above-mentioned results were attenuated in the PI3K/Akt inhibitor GNE-317 treatment groups. Our study demonstrated that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise could reduce tau phosphorylation and improve cognitive functions by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUOLIANG FANG
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | | | - LI ZHANG
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - JIEXIU ZHAO
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - LIANG LI
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - PENGFEI LI
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
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29
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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30
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Hippocampal distribution of parvalbumin neurons in female and male rats submitted to the same volume and intensity of aerobic exercise. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:162-166. [PMID: 30336195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several studies report the influence of gender on physical exercise-induced brain plasticity, including neurotrophic factor levels, neurogenesis, and navigation strategies in spatial memory task. However, it has been noted that females are physically more active than males in animal models of physical exercise. With this in mind, we conducted an experimental study to investigate the effect of sex on the brain of rats submitted to same volume and intensity of aerobic exercise. To do so, we used calcium-binding protein parvalbumin as neuroplastic marker to explore the hippocampal formation (a brain neurogenic/mnemonic region) of male and female rats submitted to 4 weeks of aerobic exercise on a treadmill at 12 m/min, 30 min per day. Our results show that, in both sexes, physical exercise increased hippocampal density of parvalbumin neurons in the cornus ammonis (CA1, CA2/3) and hilus subfields, but not in the dentate gyrus and subiculum. No difference in exercise-induced hipocampal parvalbumin density was found between male and female rats. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise promotes similar effects on hippocampal distribution of parvalbumin neurons of male and female rats, especially when they are submitted to the same volume and intensity of physical exercise.
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31
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Depression and adult neurogenesis: Positive effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and of physical exercise. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:181-193. [PMID: 30236533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Of wide interest for health is the relation existing between depression, a very common psychological illness, accompanied by anxiety and reduced ability to concentrate, and adult neurogenesis. We will focus on two neurogenic stimuli, fluoxetine and physical exercise, both endowed with the ability to activate adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, known to be required for learning and memory, and both able to counteract depression. Fluoxetine belongs to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which represent the most used pharmacological therapy; physical exercise has also been shown to effectively counteract depression symptoms in rodents as well as in humans. While there is evidence that the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine requires its pro-neurogenic action, exerted by promoting proliferation, differentiation and survival of progenitor cells of the hippocampus, on the other hand fluoxetine exerts also neurogenesis-independent antidepressant effects by influencing the plasticity of the new neurons generated. Similarly, the antidepressant action of running also correlates with an increase of hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity, although the gene pathways involved are only partially coincident with those of fluoxetine, such as those involved in serotonin metabolism and synapse formation. We further discuss how extra-neurogenic actions are also suggested by the fact that, unlike running, fluoxetine is unable to stimulate neurogenesis during aging, but still displays antidepressant effects. Moreover, in specific conditions, fluoxetine or running activate not only progenitor but also stem cells, which normally are not stimulated; this fact reveals how stem cells have a long-term, hidden ability to self-renew and, more generally, that neurogenesis is subject to complex controls that may play a role in depression, such as the type of neurogenic stimulus or the state of the local niche. Finally, we discuss how fluoxetine or running are effective in counteracting depression originated from stress or neurodegenerative diseases.
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32
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Impact of 1-day and 4-day MWM training techniques on oxidative and neurochemical profile in rat brain: A comparative study on learning and memory functions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:390-402. [PMID: 30195048 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among multiple behavioral tasks used to assess memory performance, Morris water maze (MWM) is a well-known and reliable conventional behavioral task to monitor spatial memory performance in rodents. Although multiple procedures are employed by researchers for spatial learning training in MWM, but less is known about impact of these training protocol variations on oxidative and neurochemical systems. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether variations in training protocol will influence spatial memory performance and induce changes in oxidative status and cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmission in rat brain. For this, rats were assigned to four groups; control (unexposed), 1-trial (exposed to single training trial), 1-day (exposed to four training trials for a single day) and 4-day (exposed to four training trials for four days). After conducting training, spatial reference memory performance was determined by performing retention and consolidation probe trials. Rats were then decapitated and their brain and plasma samples were collected for biochemical, oxidative and neurochemical analysis. It was found that spatial reference memory was improved following both 1-day and 4-day training protocols, however, corticosterone levels were raised extensively following 4-day training exposure compared to 1-day training protocol. Similarly, a significant improvement in redox profile and cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmitters was also observed following 1-day training procedure. Thus, 1-day training procedure can be suggested as a better procedure for assessing the spatial memory performance in rats as it has a profound impact on antioxidant status and cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmission in brain. Moreover, use of single-day training procedure can provide a rapid and effective tool for assessing spatial memory in rats compared to prolonged and complicated 4-day training protocol.
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33
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Cahill SP, Cole JD, Yu RQ, Clemans-Gibbon J, Snyder JS. Differential Effects of Extended Exercise and Memantine Treatment on Adult Neurogenesis in Male and Female Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 390:241-255. [PMID: 30176321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has potential to ameliorate a number of disorders that negatively impact the hippocampus, including age-related cognitive decline, depression, and schizophrenia. A number of treatments enhance adult neurogenesis including exercise, NMDA receptor antagonism, antidepressant drugs and environmental enrichment. Despite the chronic nature of many disorders, most animal studies have only examined the efficacy of neurogenic treatments over short timescales (≤1 month). Also, studies of neurogenesis typically include only 1 sex, even though many disorders differentially impact males and females. We tested whether two known neurogenic treatments, running and the NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, could cause sustained increases in neurogenesis in male and female rats. We found that continuous access to a running wheel (cRUN) initially increased neurogenesis, but effects were minimal after 1 month and completely absent after 5 months. Similarly, a single injection of memantine (sMEM) transiently increased neurogenesis before returning to baseline at 1 month. To determine whether neurogenesis could be increased over a 2-month timeframe, we next subjected rats to interval running (iRUN), multiple memantine injections (mMEM), or alternating blocks of iRUN and mMEM. Two months of iRUN increased DCX+ cells in females and iRUN followed by mMEM increased DCX+ cells in males, indicating that neurogenesis was increased in the later stages of the treatments. However, thymidine analogs revealed that neurogenesis was minimally increased during the initial stages of the treatments. These findings highlight temporal limitations and sex differences in the efficacy of neurogenic manipulations, which may be relevant for designing plasticity-promoting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina P Cahill
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Darby Cole
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ru Qi Yu
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jack Clemans-Gibbon
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Lutterschmidt DI, Lucas AR, Karam RA, Nguyen VT, Rasmussen MR. Sexually Dimorphic Patterns of Cell Proliferation in the Brain Are Linked to Seasonal Life-History Transitions in Red-Sided Garter Snakes. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:364. [PMID: 29910707 PMCID: PMC5992280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal rhythms in physiology and behavior are widespread across diverse taxonomic groups and may be mediated by seasonal changes in neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. We examined if cell proliferation in the brain is associated with the seasonal life-history transition from spring breeding to migration and summer foraging in a free-ranging population of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) in Manitoba, Canada. We used the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label newly proliferated cells within the brain of adult snakes collected from the den during the mating season or from a road located along their migratory route. To assess rates of cell migration, we further categorized BrdU-labeled cells according to their location within the ventricular zone or parenchymal region of the nucleus sphericus (homolog of the amygdala), preoptic area/hypothalamus, septal nucleus, and cortex (homolog of the hippocampus). We found that cell proliferation and cell migration varied significantly with sex, the migratory status of snakes, and reproductive behavior in males. In most regions of interest, patterns of cell proliferation were sexually dimorphic, with males having significantly more BrdU-labeled cells than females prior to migration. However, during the initial stages of migration, females exhibited a significant increase in cell proliferation within the nucleus sphericus, hypothalamus, and septal nucleus, but not in any subregion of the cortex. In contrast, migrating males exhibited a significant increase in cell proliferation within the medial cortex but no other brain region. Because it is unlikely that the medial cortex plays a sexually dimorphic role in spatial memory during spring migration, we speculate that cell proliferation within the male medial cortex is associated with regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Finally, the only brain region where cell migration into the parenchymal region varied significantly with sex or migratory status was the hypothalamus. These results suggest that the migration of newly proliferated cells and/or the continued division of undifferentiated cells are activated earlier or to a greater extent in the hypothalamus. Our data suggest that sexually dimorphic changes in cell proliferation and cell migration in the adult brain may mediate sex differences in the timing of seasonal life-history transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley R Lucas
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ritta A Karam
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Vicky T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Meghann R Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
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Fattoretti P, Malatesta M, Cisterna B, Milanese C, Zancanaro C. Modulatory Effect of Aerobic Physical Activity on Synaptic Ultrastructure in the Old Mouse Hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:141. [PMID: 29867450 PMCID: PMC5964889 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic physical exercise (APE) leads to improved brain functions. To better understand the beneficial effect of APE on the aging brain, a morphometric study was carried out of changes in hippocampal synapses of old (>27 months) Balb/c mice undergoing treadmill training (OTT) for 4 weeks in comparison with old sedentary (OS), middle-aged sedentary (MAS) and middle-aged treadmill training (MATT) mice. The inner molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (IMLDG) and the molecular stratum of Ammon’s horn1 neurons (SMCA1) were investigated. The number of synapses per cubic micron of tissue (numeric density, Nv), overall synaptic area per cubic micron of tissue (surface density, Sv), average area of synaptic contact zones (S), and frequency (%) of perforated synapses (PS) were measured in electron micrographs of ethanol-phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) stained tissue. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). In IMLDG, an effect of age was found for Nv and Sv, but not S and %PS. Similar results were found for exercise and the interaction of age and exercise. In post hoc analysis Nv was higher (60.6% to 75.1%; p < 0.001) in MATT vs. MAS, OS and OTT. Sv was higher (32.3% to 54.6%; p < 0.001) in MATT vs. MAS, OS and OTT. In SMCA1, age affected Nv, Sv and %PS, but not S. The effect of exercise was significant for Sv only. The interaction of age and exercise was significant for Nv, Sv and %PS. In post hoc analysis Nv was lower in OS vs. MAS, MATT and OTT (−26.1% to −32.1%; p < 0.038). MAS and OTT were similar. Sv was lower in OS vs. MAS, MATT and OTT (−23.4 to −30.3%, p < 0.004). MAS and OTT were similar. PS frequency was higher in OS vs. MAS, MATT and OTT (48.3% to +96.6%, p < 0.023). APE positively modulated synaptic structural dynamics in the aging hippocampus, possibly in a region-specific way. The APE-associated reduction in PS frequency in SMCA1 of old mice suggests that an increasing complement of PS is a compensatory phenomenon to maintain synaptic efficacy. In conclusion, the modulation of synaptic plasticity by APE gives quantitative support to the concept that APE protects from neurodegeneration and improves learning and memory in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Fattoretti
- Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cisterna
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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O'Leary JD, Hoban AE, Cryan JF, O'Leary OF, Nolan YM. Differential effects of adolescent and adult-initiated voluntary exercise on context and cued fear conditioning. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:49-58. [PMID: 29793890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for postnatal brain maturation and a time during which there is increased susceptibility to developing emotional and cognitive-related disorders. Exercise during adulthood has been shown to increase hippocampal plasticity and enhance cognition. However, the impact of exercise initiated in adolescence, on brain and behaviour in adulthood is not yet fully explored or understood. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of voluntary exercise that was initiated either during adolescence or early adulthood on cognitive performance in hippocampal and amygdala-dependent fear conditioning tasks in adulthood. Adult (eight weeks old) and adolescent (four weeks old) male Sprague Dawley rats had access to a running wheel (exercise) or were left undisturbed (sedentary control) for seven weeks. Adult-initiated exercise enhanced both contextual and cued fear conditioning, while conversely, exercise that began in adolescence did not affect performance in these tasks. These behaviours were accompanied by differential expression of plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus and amygdala in adulthood. Specifically, adolescent-initiated exercise increased the expression of an array of plasticity related genes in the hippocampus including BDNF, synaptophysin, Creb, PSD-95, Arc, TLX and DCX, while adult-initiated exercise did not affect hippocampal plasticity related genes. Together results show that exercise initiated during adolescence has a differential effect on hippocampal and amygdala-dependent behaviour and neuronal plasticity compared to when exercise was initiated in adulthood. These findings reinforce adolescence as a period during which environmental influences have a distinct impact on neuronal plasticity and cognition. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- James D O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Ohline SM, Abraham WC. Environmental enrichment effects on synaptic and cellular physiology of hippocampal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:3-12. [PMID: 29634984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of rodents to an enriched environment (EE) has been shown to reliably increase performance on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks, compared to conspecifics living in standard housing conditions. Here we review the EE-related functional changes in synaptic and cellular properties for neurons in the dentate gyrus and area CA1, as assessed through in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological approaches. There is a growing consensus of findings regarding the pattern of effects seen. Most prominently, there are changes in cellular excitability and synaptic plasticity in CA1, particularly with short-term and/or periodic exposure to EE. Such changes are much less evident after longer term continuous exposure to EE. In the dentate gyrus, increases in synaptic transmission as well as cell excitability become evident after short-term EE exposure, while the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate is remarkably insensitive, even though it is reliably enhanced by voluntary running. Recent evidence has added a new dimension to the understanding of EE effects on hippocampal electrophysiology by revealing an increased sparsity of place cell representations after long periods of EE treatment. It is possible that such connectivity change is one of the key factors contributing to the enhancement of hippocampus-dependent spatial learning over the long-term, even if there are no obvious changes in other markers such as LTP. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ohline
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - W C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Yuede CM, Timson BF, Hettinger JC, Yuede KM, Edwards HM, Lawson JE, Zimmerman SD, Cirrito JR. Interactions between stress and physical activity on Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:158-171. [PMID: 29888311 PMCID: PMC5991353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and stress are both environmental modifiers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Animal studies of physical activity in AD models have largely reported positive results, however benefits are not always observed in either cognitive or pathological outcomes and inconsistencies among findings remain. Studies using forced exercise may increase stress and mitigate some of the benefit of physical activity in AD models, while voluntary exercise regimens may not achieve optimal intensity to provide robust benefit. We evaluated the findings of studies of voluntary and forced exercise regimens in AD mouse models to determine the influence of stress, or the intensity of exercise needed to outweigh the negative effects of stress on AD measures. In addition, we show that chronic physical activity in a mouse model of AD can prevent the effects of acute restraint stress on Aβ levels in the hippocampus. Stress and physical activity have many overlapping and divergent effects on the body and some of the possible mechanisms through which physical activity may protect against stress-induced risk factors for AD are discussed. While the physiological effects of acute stress and acute exercise overlap, chronic effects of physical activity appear to directly oppose the effects of chronic stress on risk factors for AD. Further study is needed to identify optimal parameters for intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity to counterbalance effects of stress on the development and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin F Timson
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Jane C Hettinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah M Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin E Lawson
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zimmerman
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Takeuchi H, Kameda M, Yasuhara T, Sasaki T, Toyoshima A, Morimoto J, Kin K, Okazaki M, Umakoshi M, Kin I, Kuwahara K, Tomita Y, Date I. Long-Term Potentiation Enhances Neuronal Differentiation in the Chronic Hypoperfusion Model of Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29527162 PMCID: PMC5829584 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) per se effectively enhances neurogenesis in the hippocampus of intact animals. If LTP can enhance neurogenesis in chronic hypoperfusion, this approach could potentially become a new therapeutic strategy for the restoration of cognitive function and for prevention from deterioration of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Using an in vivo LTP model of rats, we examined whether LTP per se can enhance neurogenesis in hypoperfusion rats that underwent permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (permanent 2-vessel occlusion, P2VO). High frequency stimulation (HFS) in the subacute phase after P2VO enhanced hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis. However, most enhanced cell proliferation and neurogenesis was seen in the hypoperfusion rats that received HFS and for which LTP could finally be induced. In contrast, the same effect was not seen in the LTP induction in the chronic phase. The present findings, which reveal that most enhanced neurogenesis was seen in hypoperfusion rats for which LTP could be finally induced, could explain the ability of LTP-like activities such as learning paradigms and environmental stimuli to increase the rate of neurogenesis in the hippocampus even under hypoperfusion conditions. Moreover, the present findings, which reveal that LTP induction in the chronic phase after P2VO could not effectively enhance neurogenesis in the hypoperfusion rats, could indicate that patients with MCI and even middle-aged healthy control individuals should start LTP-like activities as early as possible and continue with these activities to prevent age-related deterioration of hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Toyoshima
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mihoko Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michiari Umakoshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ittetsu Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kuwahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Eller-Smith OC, Nicol AL, Christianson JA. Potential Mechanisms Underlying Centralized Pain and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29487504 PMCID: PMC5816755 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralized pain syndromes are associated with changes within the central nervous system that amplify peripheral input and/or generate the perception of pain in the absence of a noxious stimulus. Examples of idiopathic functional disorders that are often categorized as centralized pain syndromes include fibromyalgia, chronic pelvic pain syndromes, migraine, and temporomandibular disorder. Patients often suffer from widespread pain, associated with more than one specific syndrome, and report fatigue, mood and sleep disturbances, and poor quality of life. The high degree of symptom comorbidity and a lack of definitive underlying etiology make these syndromes notoriously difficult to treat. The main purpose of this review article is to discuss potential mechanisms of centrally-driven pain amplification and how they may contribute to increased comorbidity, poorer pain outcomes, and decreased quality of life in patients diagnosed with centralized pain syndromes, as well as discuss emerging non-pharmacological therapies that improve symptomology associated with these syndromes. Abnormal regulation and output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is commonly associated with centralized pain disorders. The HPA axis is the primary stress response system and its activation results in downstream production of cortisol and a dampening of the immune response. Patients with centralized pain syndromes often present with hyper- or hypocortisolism and evidence of altered downstream signaling from the HPA axis including increased Mast cell (MC) infiltration and activation, which can lead to sensitization of nearby nociceptive afferents. Increased peripheral input via nociceptor activation can lead to “hyperalgesic priming” and/or “wind-up” and eventually to central sensitization through long term potentiation in the central nervous system. Other evidence of central modifications has been observed through brain imaging studies of functional connectivity and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and are shown to contribute to the widespreadness of pain and poor mood in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic urological pain. Non-pharmacological therapeutics, including exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), have shown great promise in treating symptoms of centralized pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Eller-Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Andrea L Nicol
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Lima LV, DeSantana JM, Rasmussen LA, Sluka KA. Short-duration physical activity prevents the development of activity-induced hyperalgesia through opioid and serotoninergic mechanisms. Pain 2017; 158:1697-1710. [PMID: 28621702 PMCID: PMC5561491 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity prevents the development of chronic muscle pain through the modulation of central mechanisms that involve rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). We tested if pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of mu-opioid receptors in physically active mice modulates excitatory and inhibitory systems in the RVM in an activity-induced hyperalgesia model. We examined response frequency to mechanical stimulation of the paw, muscle withdrawal thresholds, and expression of phosphorylation of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (p-NR1) and serotonin transporter (SERT) in the RVM. Mice that had performed 5 days of voluntary wheel running prior to the induction of the model were compared with sedentary mice. Sedentary mice showed significant increases in mechanical paw withdrawal frequency and a reduction in muscle withdrawal threshold; wheel running prevented the increase in paw withdrawal frequency. Naloxone-treated and MOR mice had increases in withdrawal frequency that were significantly greater than that in physically active control mice and similar to sedentary mice. Immunohistochemistry in the RVM showed increases in p-NR1 and SERT expression in sedentary mice 24 hours after the induction of the model. Wheel running prevented the increase in SERT, but not p-NR1. Physically active, naloxone-treated, and MOR mice showed significant increases in SERT immunoreactivity when compared with wild-type physically active control mice. Blockade of SERT in the RVM in sedentary mice reversed the activity-induced hyperalgesia of the paw and muscle. These results suggest that analgesia induced by 5 days of wheel running is mediated by mu-opioid receptors through the modulation of SERT, but not p-NR1, in RVM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hyperalgesia/etiology
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Male
- Medulla Oblongata/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Pain Measurement
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods
- Physical Stimulation/adverse effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V Lima
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju/Se, Brazil
| | - Josimari M DeSantana
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju/Se, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju/Se, Brazil
| | - Lynn A Rasmussen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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42
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De Domenico E, D'Arcangelo G, Faraoni I, Palmieri M, Tancredi V, Graziani G, Grimaldi P, Tentori L. Modulation of GDF11 expression and synaptic plasticity by age and training. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57991-58002. [PMID: 28938532 PMCID: PMC5601628 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) has been controversially involved in the aging/rejuvenation process. To clarify whether GDF11 is differently expressed during aging, we have evaluated GDF11 levels in skeletal muscles and hippocampi of young and old mice, sedentary or subjected to a 12-weeks triweekly training protocol. The results of real-time PCR and Western blot analyses indicate that skeletal muscles of sedentary old mice express higher levels of GDF11 compared to young animals (p < 0.05). Conversely, in hippocampi no significant differences of GDF11 expression are detected. Analysis of long-term potentiation, a synaptic plasticity phenomenon, reveals that population spikes in response to a tetanic stimulus are significantly higher in sedentary young mice than in old animals (p < 0.01). Training induces a significant improvement of long-term potentiation in both young and old animals (p < 0.05), an increase (p < 0.05) of skeletal muscle GDF11 levels in young mice and a reduction of GDF11 expression in hippocampi of old mice (p < 0.05). Overall, data suggest that GDF11 can be considered an aging biomarker for skeletal muscles. Moreover, physical exercise has a positive impact on long-term potentiation in both young and old mice, while it has variable effects on GDF11 expression depending on age and on the tissue analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela De Domenico
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Faraoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Palmieri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grimaldi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Tentori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Gremmelspacher T, Gerlach J, Hubbe A, Haas CA, Häussler U. Neurogenic Processes Are Induced by Very Short Periods of Voluntary Wheel-Running in Male Mice. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:385. [PMID: 28751854 PMCID: PMC5508020 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Even in the adult mammalian brain progenitor cells proliferate and give rise to young neurons which integrate into the neuronal network. The dentate gyrus possesses such a neurogenic niche reactive to external stimuli like physical activity. In most studies mice or rats have been exposed to wheel running for periods of several weeks to activate neurogenesis while early neurogenic processes induced by very short running periods are less well understood. To address this issue, we allowed male C57Bl/6 mice free access to a running wheel for 2 or 7 days. We injected bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) before the last running night, respectively, and quantified cell proliferation with immunocytochemistry for BrdU and Ki-67. Furthermore, we performed immunocytochemistry for doublecortin (DCX) and real-time RT-qPCR for NeuroD1 to characterize and quantify changes in neurogenesis on the protein and mRNA level. Real-time RT-qPCR for neurogenic niche factors (BDNF, FGF-2, BMP4, Noggin) was used to detect changes in the molecular composition of the neurogenic niche. Interestingly, we observed that cell proliferation was already affected after 2 days of running showing a transient decrease, which was followed by a rebound with increased proliferation after 7 days. Neurogenesis was stimulated after 2 days of running, reflected by elevated NeuroD1 mRNA levels, and it was significantly increased after 7 days as indicated by DCX immunostaining. On the level of niche factors we observed changes in expression in favor of neuronal differentiation (increased BDNF mRNA expression) and proliferation (decreased BMP4 mRNA expression) already after 2 days, although increased proliferation is reflected on the cellular level only later. In summary, our data show that 2 days of running are sufficient to activate neurogenic processes and we hypothesize that a strong pressure toward differentiation privileges neurogenesis while proliferation lags behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gremmelspacher
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gerlach
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Alix Hubbe
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Häussler
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
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44
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Sex differences in aerobic exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in older rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:86-105. [PMID: 28614695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in humans indicates that women may show greater cognitive benefits from aerobic training (AT) than men. To determine whether this sex difference extends to rodents, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in healthy, older rodents. Results indicate that compared to controls, AT improved hippocampus-dependent and -independent learning and memory. A sex difference was found with males showing larger benefits from AT on conditioned-avoidance and non-spatial memory tasks. AT also increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to controls, with larger effects in females. As an exploratory analysis, sex differences in voluntary AT were examined separately from forced AT. Voluntary AT enhanced non-spatial memory to a greater extent in males. Forced AT enhanced hippocampus-dependent learning and memory more so in females. These findings suggest that sex is an important factor to consider, and studies directly assessing sex differences in the ability of exercise to improve brain function are needed.
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45
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Dremencov E, Csatlósová K, Ďurišová B, Moravčíková L, Lacinová Ľ, Ježová D. Effect of Physical Exercise and Acute Escitalopram on the Excitability of Brain Monoamine Neurons: In Vivo Electrophysiological Study in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:585-592. [PMID: 28430979 PMCID: PMC5492809 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antidepressant effect of physical exercise has been reported in several clinical and animal studies. Since serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine play a central role in depression, it is possible that the beneficial effects of physical exercise are mediated via monoamine pathways. This study investigates the effects of voluntary wheel running on the excitability of monoamine neurons. Materials and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) rats were housed in individual cages with free access to a running wheel, while control animals were housed in standard laboratory cages. After three weeks, the rats were anesthetized, and in vivo electrophysiological recordings were taken from dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons, locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons, and ventral tegmental dopamine neurons. Results VWR stimulated activity in serotonin, but not in norepinephrine or dopamine neurons. Subsequently, acute administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram in control rats led to complete suppression of serotonin neurons; this suppression was reversed by subsequent administration of selective antagonist of serotonin-1A receptors, WAY100135. Escitalopram induced only partial inhibition of serotonin neurons in the VWR rats while WAY100135 increased the firing activity of serotonin neurons above the baseline value. Conclusions The beneficial effect of physical exercise on mood is mediated, at least in part, via activation of serotonin neurons. Physical exercise can potentiate the response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by increasing the basal firing activity and diminishing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced inhibition of serotonin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliyahu Dremencov
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences (Dr Dremencov, Ms Csatlósová, Ms Ďurišová, Ms Moravčíková, and Dr Lacinová), and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center (Drs Dremencov and Ježová), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Csatlósová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences (Dr Dremencov, Ms Csatlósová, Ms Ďurišová, Ms Moravčíková, and Dr Lacinová), and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center (Drs Dremencov and Ježová), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Ďurišová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences (Dr Dremencov, Ms Csatlósová, Ms Ďurišová, Ms Moravčíková, and Dr Lacinová), and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center (Drs Dremencov and Ježová), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Moravčíková
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences (Dr Dremencov, Ms Csatlósová, Ms Ďurišová, Ms Moravčíková, and Dr Lacinová), and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center (Drs Dremencov and Ježová), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubica Lacinová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences (Dr Dremencov, Ms Csatlósová, Ms Ďurišová, Ms Moravčíková, and Dr Lacinová), and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center (Drs Dremencov and Ježová), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Ježová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences (Dr Dremencov, Ms Csatlósová, Ms Ďurišová, Ms Moravčíková, and Dr Lacinová), and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center (Drs Dremencov and Ježová), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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46
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Fang G, Zhao J, Li P, Li L, Yu T, Yang X, He Z, Tian Y. Long-term treadmill exercise inhibits neuronal cell apoptosis and reduces tau phosphorylation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of aged rats. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:755-757. [PMID: 36659268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Fang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Liang Li
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Tao Yu
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Xingya Yang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Zihong He
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Ye Tian
- China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing 100029, China.
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47
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Miki Stein A, Munive V, Fernandez AM, Nuñez A, Torres Aleman I. Acute exercise does not modify brain activity and memory performance in APP/PS1 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178247. [PMID: 28542392 PMCID: PMC5440045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for Alzheimer´s disease (AD). With an increasingly aging population, development of affordable screening techniques to determine cognitive status will help identify population-at-risk for further follow-up. Because physical exercise is known to modulate cognitive performance, we used it as a functional test of cognitive health. Mice were submitted to treadmill running at moderate speed for 30 min, and their brain activity was monitored before and after exercise using electrocorticogram (ECG) recordings. After exercise, normal, but not APP/PS1 mice, a well established AD model, showed significantly increased ECG theta rhythm. At the same time normal, but not AD mice, showed significantly enhanced performance in a spatial memory test after exercise. Therefore, we postulate that a running bout coupled to pre- and post-exercise brain activity recordings will help identify individuals with cognitive alterations, by determining the presence or absence of exercise-specific changes in brain activity. Work in humans using a bout of moderate exercise plus electroencephalography, a clinically affordable procedure, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Miki Stein
- Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Madrid, Spain.,Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Munive
- Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angel Nuñez
- School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid. Madrid, Spain
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48
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Effects of moderate treadmill exercise and fluoxetine on behavioural and cognitive deficits, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and alternations in hippocampal BDNF and mRNA expression of apoptosis – related proteins in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 139:165-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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49
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Physical exercise rescues defective neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the adult subventricular zone of Btg1 knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2855-2876. [PMID: 28247022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ), where glia-like stem cells generate new neurons. Voluntary running is a powerful neurogenic stimulus triggering the proliferation of progenitor cells in the DG but, apparently, not in the SVZ. The antiproliferative gene Btg1 maintains the quiescence of DG and SVZ stem cells. Its ablation causes intense proliferation of DG and SVZ stem/progenitor cells in young mice, followed, during adulthood, by progressive decrease of the proliferative capacity. We have previously observed that running can rescue the deficit of DG Btg1-null neurogenesis. Here, we show that in adult Btg1-null SVZ stem and neuroblast cells, the reduction of proliferation is associated with a longer cell cycle and a more frequent entry into quiescence. Notably, running increases proliferation in Btg1-null SVZ stem cells highly above the levels of sedentary wild-type mice and restores normal values of cell cycle length and quiescence in stem and neuroblast cells, without affecting wild-type cells. Btg1-null SVZ neuroblasts show also increased migration throughout the rostral migratory stream and a deficiency of differentiated neurons in the olfactory bulb, possibly a consequence of premature exit from the cycle; running, however, normalizes migration and differentiation, increasing newborn neurons recruited to the olfactory circuitry. Furthermore, running increases the self-renewal of Btg1-null SVZ-derived neurospheres and, remarkably, in aged Btg1-null mice almost doubles the proliferating SVZ stem cells. Altogether, this reveals that SVZ stem cells are endowed with a hidden supply of self-renewal capacity, coupled to cell cycle acceleration and emerging after ablation of the quiescence-maintaining Btg1 gene and following exercise.
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50
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Gursky ZH, Klintsova AY. Wheel Running and Environmental Complexity as a Therapeutic Intervention in an Animal Model of FASD. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190057 DOI: 10.3791/54947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (e.g., wheel running (WR) extensively used in animal research) positively impacts many measures of neuroplastic potential in the brain, such as rates of adult neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and expression of neurotrophic factors in rodents. This intervention has also been shown to mitigate behavioral and neuroanatomical aspects of the negative impacts of teratogens (i.e., developmental exposure to alcohol) and age-related neurodegeneration in rodents. Environmental complexity (EC) has been shown to produce numerous neuroplastic benefits in cortical and subcortical structures and can be coupled with wheel running to increase the proliferation and survival of new cells in the adult hippocampus. The combination of these two interventions provides a robust "superintervention" (WR-EC) that can be implemented in a range of rodent models of neurological disorders. We will discuss the implementation of WR/EC and its constituent interventions for use as a more powerful therapeutic intervention in rats using the animal model of prenatal exposure to alcohol in humans. We will also discuss which elements of the procedures are absolutely necessary for the interventions and which ones may be altered depending on the experimenter's question or facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Gursky
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware
| | - Anna Y Klintsova
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware;
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