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Zhang X, Cheng X, Chen J, Sun J, Yang X, Li W, Chen L, Mao Y, Liu Y, Zeng X, Ye B, Yang C, Li X, Cao L. Distinct global brain connectivity alterations in depressed adolescents with subthreshold mania and the relationship with processing speed: Evidence from sBEAD Cohort. J Affect Disord 2024; 357:97-106. [PMID: 38657768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a progressive condition. Investigating the neuroimaging mechanisms in depressed adolescents with subthreshold mania (SubMD) facilitates the early identification of BD. However, the global brain connectivity (GBC) patterns in SubMD patients, as well as the relationship with processing speed before the onset of full-blown BD, remain unclear. METHODS The study involved 72 SubMD, 77 depressed adolescents without subthreshold mania (nSubMD), and 69 gender- and age-matched healthy adolescents (HCs). All patients underwent a clinical follow-up ranging from six to twelve months. We calculated the voxel-based graph theory analysis of the GBC map and conducted the TMT-A test to measure the processing speed. RESULTS Compared to HCs and nSubMD, SubMD patients displayed distinctive GBC index patterns: GBC index decreased in the right Medial Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFGmed.R)/Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFG) while increased in the right Precuneus and left Postcentral Gyrus. Both patient groups showed increased GBC index in the right Inferior Temporal Gyrus. An increased GBC value in the right Supplementary Motor Area was exclusively observed in the nSubMD-group. There were opposite changes in the GBC index in SFGmed.R/SFG between two patient groups, with an AUC of 0.727. Additionally, GBC values in SFGmed.R/SFG exhibited a positive correlation with TMT-A scores in SubMD-group. LIMITATIONS Relatively shorter follow-up duration, medications confounding, and modest sample size. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that adolescents with subthreshold BD have specific impairments patterns at the whole brain connectivity level associated with processing speed impairments, providing insights into early identification and intervention strategies for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510000, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Jianshan Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Yimiao Mao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Xuanlin Zeng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Biyu Ye
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Chanjuan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China.
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China.
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Schröder E, Ingels A, Dumitrescu A, Kornreich C, Campanella S. Proactive and Reactive Inhibitory Control Strategies: Exploring the Impact of Interindividual Variables on an ERP Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:317-328. [PMID: 36562088 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221145905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
According to the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework, cognitive control can be divided into two strategies: proactive cognitive control, which relies mainly on the active maintenance of contextual information relevant to the ongoing task; and reactive cognitive control, which is a form of transient control triggered by an external cue. Although cognitive control has been studied extensively, little is known about the specificities of inhibition within the framework of the DMC model and the influence of interindividual variables on inhibitory control.Thanks to an inhibitory version of the continuous performance task (CPT), we studied behavioral performances and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) related to proactive and reactive inhibition, and their links to psychological profile and cognitive performances. One hundred and five young adults underwent the task, along with a short clinical and cognitive evaluation.We were able to observe ERPs related to proactive (cue-N1, cue-N2, cue-P3, and the contingent negative variation) and reactive inhibitory control (target-N2 and target-P3). Our results showed that proactive strategies appeared to be linked with impulsivity, working memory abilities, dominant response inhibition, gender, and the consumption pattern of nicotine. Reactive strategies appeared to be linked with attentional and working memories abilities.Overall, the inhibitory AX-CPT allowed a specific investigation of cognitive control within the framework of the DMC based on behavioral and ERP variables. This provided us an opportunity to investigate the principal ERP components related to proactive and reactive inhibitory control strategies as well as to link them with specific clinical and cognitive variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Schröder
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anais Ingels
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandru Dumitrescu
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, Hôpital Erasme, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Giossi C, Rubin JE, Gittis A, Verstynen T, Vich C. Rethinking the external globus pallidus and information flow in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38659055 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
For decades, the external globus pallidus (GPe) has been viewed as a passive way-station in the indirect pathway of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit, sandwiched between striatal inputs and basal ganglia outputs. According to this model, one-way descending striatal signals in the indirect pathway amplify the suppression of downstream thalamic nuclei by inhibiting GPe activity. Here, we revisit this assumption, in light of new and emerging work on the cellular complexity, connectivity and functional role of the GPe in behaviour. We show how, according to this new circuit-level logic, the GPe is ideally positioned for relaying ascending and descending control signals within the basal ganglia. Focusing on the problem of inhibitory control, we illustrate how this bidirectional flow of information allows for the integration of reactive and proactive control mechanisms during action selection. Taken together, this new evidence points to the GPe as being a central hub in the CBGT circuit, participating in bidirectional information flow and linking multifaceted control signals to regulate behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giossi
- Departament de Ciències Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aryn Gittis
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catalina Vich
- Departament de Ciències Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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4
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Gupta RS, Simmons AN, Dugas NN, Stout DM, Harlé KM. Motivational context and neurocomputation of stop expectation moderate early attention responses supporting proactive inhibitory control. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1357868. [PMID: 38628969 PMCID: PMC11019005 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1357868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in attention to cues signaling the need for inhibitory control play a significant role in a wide range of psychopathology. However, the degree to which motivational and attentional factors shape the neurocomputations of proactive inhibitory control remains poorly understood. The present study investigated how variation in monetary incentive valence and stake modulate the neurocomputational signatures of proactive inhibitory control. Adults (N = 46) completed a Stop-Signal Task (SST) with concurrent EEG recording under four conditions associated with stop performance feedback: low and high punishment (following unsuccessful stops) and low and high reward (following successful stops). A Bayesian learning model was used to infer individual's probabilistic expectations of the need to stop on each trial: P(stop). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine whether interactions between motivational valence, stake, and P(stop) parameters predicted P1 and N1 attention-related event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to the go-onset stimulus. We found that P1 amplitudes increased at higher levels of P(stop) in punished but not rewarded conditions, although P1 amplitude differences between punished and rewarded blocks were maximal on trials when the need to inhibit was least expected. N1 amplitudes were positively related to P(stop) in the high punishment condition (low N1 amplitude), but negatively related to P(stop) in the high reward condition (high N1 amplitude). Critically, high P(stop)-related N1 amplitude to the go-stimulus predicted behavioral stop success during the high reward block, providing evidence for the role of motivationally relevant context and inhibitory control expectations in modulating the proactive allocation of attentional resources that affect inhibitory control. These findings provide novel insights into the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying proactive inhibitory control under valence-dependent motivational contexts, setting the stage for developing motivation-based interventions that boost inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resh S. Gupta
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alan N. Simmons
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nathalie N. Dugas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniel M. Stout
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Katia M. Harlé
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Polyakova Z, Hatanaka N, Chiken S, Nambu A. Subthalamic Activity for Motor Execution and Cancelation in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1911222024. [PMID: 38290848 PMCID: PMC10957207 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1911-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives cortical inputs via the hyperdirect and indirect pathways, projects to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, and plays a critical role in the control of voluntary movements and movement disorders. STN neurons change their activity during execution of movements, while recent studies emphasize STN activity specific to cancelation of movements. To address the relationship between execution and cancelation functions, we examined STN activity in two Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata, both sexes) who performed a goal-directed reaching task with a delay that included Go, Cancel, and NoGo trials. We first examined responses to the stimulation of the forelimb regions in the primary motor cortex and/or supplementary motor area. STN neurons with motor cortical inputs were found in the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN. All these STN neurons showed activity changes in Go trials, suggesting their involvement in execution of movements. Part of them exhibited activity changes in Cancel trials and sustained activity during delay periods, suggesting their involvement in cancelation of planed movements and preparation of movements, respectively. The STN neurons rarely showed activity changes in NoGo trials. Go- and Cancel-related activity was selective to the direction of movements, and the selectivity was higher in Cancel trials than in Go trials. Changes in Go- and Cancel-related activity occurred early enough to initiate and cancel movements, respectively. These results suggest that the dorsal somatomotor region of the STN, which receives motor cortical inputs, is involved in preparation and execution of movements and cancelation of planned movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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6
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Yordanova J, Falkenstein M, Kolev V. Motor oscillations reveal new correlates of error processing in the human brain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5624. [PMID: 38454108 PMCID: PMC10920772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that during motor responses, the activation of the motor cortical regions emerges in close association with the activation of the medial frontal cortex implicated with performance monitoring and cognitive control. The present study explored the oscillatory neurodynamics of response-related potentials during correct and error responses to test the hypothesis that such continuous communication would modify the characteristics of motor potentials during performance errors. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at 64 electrodes in a four-choice reaction task and response-related potentials (RRPs) of correct and error responses were analysed. Oscillatory RRP components at extended motor areas were analysed in the theta (3.5-7 Hz) and delta (1-3 Hz) frequency bands with respect to power, temporal synchronization (phase-locking factor, PLF), and spatial synchronization (phase-locking value, PLV). Major results demonstrated that motor oscillations differed between correct and error responses. Error-related changes (1) were frequency-specific, engaging delta and theta frequency bands, (2) emerged already before response production, and (3) had specific regional topographies at posterior sensorimotor and anterior (premotor and medial frontal) areas. Specifically, the connectedness of motor and sensorimotor areas contra-lateral to the response supported by delta networks was substantially reduced during errors. Also, there was an error-related suppression of the phase stability of delta and theta oscillations at these areas. This synchronization reduction was accompanied by increased temporal synchronization of motor theta oscillations at bi-lateral premotor regions and by two distinctive error-related effects at medial frontal regions: (1) a focused fronto-central enhancement of theta power and (2) a separable enhancement of the temporal synchronization of delta oscillations with a localized medial frontal focus. Together, these observations indicate that the electrophysiological signatures of performance errors are not limited to the medial frontal signals, but they also involve the dynamics of oscillatory motor networks at extended cortical regions generating the movement. Also, they provide a more detailed picture of the medial frontal processes activated in relation to error processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Yordanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Vasil Kolev
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
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7
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Wang Z, Liu X, Li X. Unravelling the dynamics of response force: Investigating motor restraint and motor cancellation through go/no-go and stop-signal tasks. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218231219867. [PMID: 38044387 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231219867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has found that the go/no-go (GNG) task primarily reflects participants' motor-restraint process, while the stop-signal task (SST) primarily represents participants' motor-cancellation process. However, traditional binary keyboards used in these experiments are unable to capture the subtleties of sub-threshold response-force dynamics. This has led to the neglect of potential sub-threshold motor-inhibition processes. In two experiments, we explored sub-threshold inhibition by using a custom force-sensitive keyboard to record response force in both GNG and SST. In experiment 1, participants displayed increased response force when correctly rejecting no-go targets in the GNG task compared to the baseline. In addition, they exhibited higher response force in hit trials than in false alarms, revealing engagement of both motor-restraint and motor-cancellation processes in GNG. Initially, participants utilised motor restraint, but if it failed to prevent inappropriate responses, they employed motor cancellation to stop responses before reaching the keypress threshold. In experiment 2, we used participants' average response-force amplitude and response-force latency in SST stop trials to characterise the motor-cancellation process. Average amplitude significantly predicted false-alarm rates in the GNG task, but the relationship between response latency and false-alarm rates was insignificant. We hypothesised that response latency reflects reactive inhibition control in motor cancellation, whereas average amplitude indicates proactive inhibition control. Our findings underscore the complexity of motor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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8
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Giossi C, Rubin JE, Gittis A, Verstynen T, Vich C. Rethinking the external globus pallidus and information flow in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2312.14267v2. [PMID: 38196745 PMCID: PMC10775352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
For decades the external globus pallidus (GPe) has been viewed as a passive way-station in the indirect pathway of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit, sandwiched between striatal inputs and basal ganglia outputs. According to this model, one-way descending striatal signals in the indirect pathway amplify the suppression of downstream thalamic nuclei by inhibiting GPe activity. Here we revisit this assumption, in light of new and emerging work on the cellular complexity, connectivity, and functional role of the GPe in behavior. We show how, according to this new circuit-level logic, the GPe is ideally positioned for relaying ascending and descending control signals within the basal ganglia. Focusing on the problem of inhibitory control, we illustrate how this bidirectional flow of information allows for the integration of reactive and proactive control mechanisms during action selection. Taken together, this new evidence points to the GPe as being a central hub in the CBGT circuit, participating in bidirectional information flow and linking multifaceted control signals to regulate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giossi
- Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code, Palma, Spain
| | - Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aryn Gittis
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catalina Vich
- Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
- Institute of Applied Computing and Community Code, Palma, Spain
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9
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Huang Q, Jiang R, Mao X, Shi J, Li A. Does response inhibition occur unconsciously? A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Conscious Cogn 2023; 115:103570. [PMID: 37689042 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Consciousness is traditionally considered necessary for response inhibition. Recently, researchers have attempted to explore unconscious response inhibition using the masked go/no-go task. However, their findings were controversial and might have been confounded by the methodology employed. Therefore, we used a three-level Bayesian meta-analysis to provide the first systematic overview of the field of unconscious response inhibition. Finally, 34 studies in 16 articles with a total sample size of 521 were included. In summary, we found only inconclusive evidence of a reaction time slowing effect after excluding studies with conscious no-go experience (mean difference = 8.47 ms, BF10 = 2.71). In addition, the overall effect size of the difference in sensitivity to masked stimuli between the masked go/no-go task and the objective awareness task was small and uncertain (mean difference = 0.09, BF10 = 2.39). Taken together, these findings indicate a lack of solid evidence for the occurrence of unconscious response inhibition. Our findings do not oppose the possibility of unconscious response inhibition, but rather emphasize the need for more rigorous research methodologies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruichen Jiang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; School of Teacher Education, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Xuechen Mao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilong Shi
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Anmin Li
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Gavazzi G, Noferini C, Benedetti V, Cotugno M, Giovannelli F, Caldara R, Mascalchi M, Viggiano MP. Cultural Differences in Inhibitory Control: An ALE Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:907. [PMID: 37371385 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture greatly influences our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, affecting how we communicate and make decisions. There is an ongoing debate regarding the belief that people from Eastern cultures possess greater self-control abilities when compared to people from Western cultures. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis using the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) algorithm to compare 30 studies (719 subjects, 373 foci) that used fMRI to investigate the performance in Go-Nogo and Stop Signal Tasks of participants from Western and/or Eastern countries. Our meta-analysis found differences between the networks activated in Eastern and Western culture participants. The right prefrontal cortex showed distinct patterns, with the Inferior Frontal gyrus more active in the Eastern group and the middle and superior frontal gyri more active in the Western group. Our findings suggest that Eastern culture subjects have a higher tendency to activate brain regions involved in proactive inhibitory control, while Western culture subjects rely more on reactive inhibitory brain regions during cognitive control tasks. This implies that proactive inhibition may play a crucial role in promoting the collective and interdependent behavior typical of Eastern cultures, while reactive inhibition may be more important for efficient cognitive control in subjects of Western cultures that prioritize individualism and independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Noferini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Viola Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Cotugno
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- "Mario Serio" Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
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11
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Fleischman DA, Arfanakis K, Leurgans SE, Zhang S, Lamar M, Han SD, Poole VN, Kim N, Bennett DA, Barnes LL. Late-life depressive symptoms and white matter structural integrity within older Black adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1138568. [PMID: 37205056 PMCID: PMC10186351 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1138568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Older Black adults experience a high burden of depressive symptoms and cerebrovascular disease but the specific neurobiological substrates underlying the association between late-life depressive symptoms and brain integrity are understudied, particularly in within-group designs. Methods Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and diffusion-tensor imaging, within-Black variation in the association between late-life depressive symptoms and white matter structural integrity was examined in 297 older Black participants without dementia that were enrolled across three epidemiological studies of aging and dementia. Linear regression models were used to test associations with DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, trace of the diffusion tensor) as the outcomes and depressive symptoms as the predictor, while adjusting for age, sex, education, scanner, serotonin-reuptake inhibitor use, total volume of white-matter hyperintensities normalized by intracranial volume, and presence of white-matter hyperintensities at the voxel level. Results Higher level of self-reported late-life depressive symptoms was associated with greater diffusion-tensor trace (reduced white matter integrity) in connections between commissural pathways and contralateral prefrontal regions (superior and middle frontal/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), association pathways connecting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with insular, striatal and thalamic regions, and association pathways connecting the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and the thalamus. Discussion This study demonstrated a discernable pattern of compromised white matter structural integrity underlying late-life depressive symptoms within older Black adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A. Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sue E. Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, United States
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S. Duke Han
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Victoria N. Poole
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Namhee Kim
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Mirajkar S, Waring JD. Aging and task design shape the relationship between response time variability and emotional response inhibition. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:777-794. [PMID: 37165853 PMCID: PMC10330716 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2208860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Intra-individual variability (IIV) refers to within-person variability in behavioural task responses. Several factors can influence IIV, including aging and cognitive demands. The present study investigated effects of aging on IIV of response times during executive functioning tasks. Known age-related differences in cognitive control and emotion processing motivated evaluating how varying the design of emotional response inhibition tasks would influence IIV in older and younger adults. We also tested whether IIV predicted inhibitory control across task designs and age groups. Older and younger adults (N = 237) completed one of three versions of a stop-signal task, which all displayed happy, fearful, or neutral faces in Stop trials. An independent group of older and younger adults (N = 80) completed a go/no-go task also employing happy, fearful and neutral faces. Results showed older adults had more consistent responses (lower IIV) than younger adults in the stop-signal task, but not the go/no-go task. Lower IIV predicted more efficient emotional response inhibition for fear faces in the stop-signal task, but only when attention to emotion was task-relevant. Collectively, this study clarifies effects of aging and task design on IIV and illustrates how task design impacts the relationship between IIV and emotional response inhibition in younger and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill D. Waring
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Fusi G, Crepaldi M, Palena N, Segatta C, Bariselli M, Cerrano C, Rusconi ML, Vascello MGF. Decision-making abilities under risk and ambiguity in adults with traumatic brain injury: what do we know so far? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:389-410. [PMID: 37585702 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2245107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socio-economic problem since it is one of the major sources of death and disability worldwide. TBI patients usually show high heterogeneity in their clinical features, including both cognitive and emotional/behavioral alterations. As it specifically concerns cognitive functioning, these patients usually show decision-making (DM) deficits. DM is commonly considered a complex and multistep process that is strictly linked to both hot and cold executive functioning and is pivotal for daily life functioning and patients' autonomy. However, the results are not always in agreement, with some studies that report huge alterations in the DM processes, while others do not. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to integrate past literature on this topic, providing a clear and handy picture both for researchers and clinicians. Thirteen studies addressing domain-general DM abilities were included from an initial N = 968 (from three databases). Results showed low heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 7.90, Q (12) = 13.03, p = .37) supporting the fact that, overall, TBI patients showed lower performance in DM tasks as compared to healthy controls (k = 899, g = .48, 95% CI [0.33; 0.62]) both in tasks under ambiguity and under risk. The evidence that emerged from this meta-analysis denotes a clear deficit of DM abilities in TBI patients. However, DM tasks seemed to have good sensitivity but low specificity. A detailed description of patients' performances and the role of both bottom-up, hot executive functions and top-down control functions have been further discussed. Finally, future directions and practical implications for both researchers and clinicians have been put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fusi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maura Crepaldi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nicola Palena
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cecilia Segatta
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Martina Bariselli
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Costanza Cerrano
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Rusconi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
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14
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Fraser KM, Janak PH. Basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, but not dorsal hippocampus, are necessary for the control of reward-seeking by occasion setters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:623-635. [PMID: 36056949 PMCID: PMC9931670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Reward-seeking in the world is driven by cues that can have ambiguous predictive and motivational value. To produce adaptive, flexible reward-seeking, it is necessary to exploit occasion setters, other distinct features in the environment, to resolve the ambiguity of Pavlovian reward-paired cues. Despite this, very little research has investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of occasion setting, and as a result little is known about which brain regions are critical for occasion setting. To address this, we exploited a recently developed task that was amenable to neurobiological inquiry where a conditioned stimulus is only predictive of reward delivery if preceded in time by the non-overlapping presentation of a separate cue-an occasion setter. This task required male rats to maintain and link cue-triggered expectations across time to produce adaptive reward-seeking. We interrogated the contributions of the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to occasion setting as these regions are thought to be critical for the computation and exploitation of state value, respectively. Reversible inactivation of either structure prior to the occasion-setting task resulted in a profound inability of rats to use the occasion setter to guide reward-seeking. In contrast, inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus, a region fundamental for context-specific responding was without effect nor did inactivation of the basolateral amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex in a standard Pavlovian conditioning preparation affect conditioned responding. We conclude that neural activity within the orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala circuit is necessary to update and resolve ambiguity in the environment to promote cue-driven reward-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M Fraser
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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15
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Modeling brain dynamics and gaze behavior: Starting point bias and drift rate relate to frontal midline theta oscillations. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119871. [PMID: 36682508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal midline theta oscillatory dynamics have been implicated as an important neural signature of inhibitory control. However, most proactive cognitive control studies rely on behavioral tasks where individual differences are inferred through button presses. We applied computational modeling to further refine our understanding of theta dynamics in a cued anti-saccade task with gaze-contingent eye tracking. Using a drift diffusion model, increased frontal midline theta power during high-conflict, relative to low-conflict, trials predicted a more conservative style of responding through the starting point (bias). During both high- and low-conflict trials, increases in frontal midline theta also predicted improvements in response efficiency (drift rate). Regression analyses provided support for the importance of the starting point bias, which was associated with frontal midline theta over the course of the task above-and-beyond both drift rate and mean reaction time. Our findings provide a more thorough understanding of proactive gaze control by linking trial-by-trial increases of frontal midline theta to a shift in starting point bias facilitating a more neutral style of responding.
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16
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Neural substrates of continuous and discrete inhibitory control. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 36693831 PMCID: PMC9873791 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control dysfunctions play an important role in psychiatric disorders but the precise nature of these dysfunctions is still not well understood. Advances in computational modeling of real-time motor control using a proportion-integral-derivative (PID) control framework have parsed continuous motor inhibition into a preemptive drive component (signified by the Kp parameter) and a reactive damping component (signified by the Kd parameter). This investigation examined the relationship between inhibitory control processing during a stop signal task and continuous motor control during a simulated one-dimensional driving task in a transdiagnostic sample of participants. A transdiagnostic psychiatric sample of 492 individuals completed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging and a simple behavioral motor control task, which was modeled using the PID framework. We examined associations between the Kp and Kd parameters and behavioral indices as well as neural activation on the stop signal task. Individuals with higher damping, controlling for a drive, on the driving task exhibited relatively less strategic adjustment after a stop trial (indexed by the difference in go trial reaction time and by stop trial accuracy) on the stop signal task. Individuals with higher damping, controlling for a drive, additionally exhibited increased activity in the frontal and parietal regions as well as the insula and caudate during response inhibition on the stop signal task. The results suggest that computational indices of motor control performance may serve as behavioral markers of the functioning of neural systems involved in inhibitory control.
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17
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Grisetto F, Le Denmat P, Delevoye-Turrell YN, Vantrepotte Q, Davin T, Dinca A, Ghoulti IDE, Roger C. Imbalanced weighting of proactive and reactive control as a marker of risk-taking propensity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277246. [PMID: 36662753 PMCID: PMC9858370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the dual mechanisms of control (DMC), reactive and proactive control are involved in adjusting behaviors when maladapted to the environment. However, both contextual and inter-individual factors increase the weight of one control mechanism over the other, by influencing their cognitive costs. According to one of the DMC postulates, limited reactive control capacities should be counterbalanced by greater proactive control to ensure control efficiency. Moreover, as the flexible weighting between reactive and proactive control is key for adaptive behaviors, we expected that maladaptive behaviors, such as risk-taking, would be characterized by an absence of such counterbalance. However, to our knowledge, no studies have yet investigated this postulate. In the current study, we analyzed the performances of 176 participants on two reaction time tasks (Simon and Stop Signal tasks) and a risk-taking assessment (Balloon Analog Risk Taking, BART). The post-error slowing in the Simon task was used to reflect the spontaneous individuals' tendency to proactively adjust behaviors after an error. The Stop Signal Reaction Time was used to assess reactive inhibition capacities and the duration of the button press in the BART was used as an index of risk-taking propensity. Results showed that poorer reactive inhibition capacities predicted greater proactive adjustments after an error. Furthermore, the higher the risk-taking propensity, the less reactive inhibition capacities predicted proactive behavioral adjustments. The reported results suggest that higher risk-taking is associated with a smaller weighting of proactive control in response to limited reactive inhibition capacities. These findings highlight the importance of considering the imbalanced weighting of reactive and proactive control in the analysis of risk-taking, and in a broader sense, maladaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Grisetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Le Denmat
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | | | - Quentin Vantrepotte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | - Tanguy Davin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Clémence Roger
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Lille, France
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18
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Eggert E, Ghin F, Stock AK, Mückschel M, Beste C. The role of visual association cortices during response selection processes in interference-modulated response stopping. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgac050. [PMID: 36654911 PMCID: PMC9837466 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition and the ability to navigate distracting information are both integral parts of cognitive control and are imperative to adaptive behavior in everyday life. Thus far, research has only inconclusively been able to draw inferences regarding the association between response stopping and the effects of interfering information. Using a novel combination of the Simon task and a stop signal task, the current study set out to investigate the behavioral as well as the neurophysiological underpinnings of the relationship between response stopping and interference processing. We tested n = 27 healthy individuals and combined temporal EEG signal decomposition with source localization methods to delineate the precise neurophysiological dynamics and functional neuroanatomical structures associated with conflict effects on response stopping. The results showed that stopping performance was compromised by conflicts. Importantly, these behavioral effects were reflected by specific aspects of information coded in the neurophysiological signal, indicating that conflict effects during response stopping are not mediated via purely perceptual processes. Rather, it is the processing of specific, stop-relevant stimulus features in the sensory regions during response selection, which underlies the emergence of conflict effects in response stopping. The findings connect research regarding response stopping with overarching theoretical frameworks of perception-action integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Ghin
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, University Neuropsychology Center, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, University Neuropsychology Center, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Christian Beste
- Corresponding author: Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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19
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Bravi R, Gavazzi G, Benedetti V, Giovannelli F, Grasso S, Panconi G, Viggiano MP, Minciacchi D. Effect of different sport environments on proactive and reactive motor inhibition: A study on open- and closed-skilled athletes via mouse-tracking procedure. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1042705. [PMID: 36578693 PMCID: PMC9791124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1042705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of different sport environments (open-and closed-skill sports) on proactive and reactive inhibitory processes as two distinct components of motor inhibition. A mouse-tracking procedure was employed to compare behavioral performance among three groups of participants (tennis players, swimmers and non-athletes) in non-sport-specific cued Go/No-Go (GNG) and Stop Signal Task (SST), which mainly engage proactive and reactive inhibitory control, respectively. Reaction times (RTs), inhibitory failures, and Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRTs) were measured. To investigate dynamic aspects of inhibitory control, movement trajectories classified as one-shot (absence of trajectory alteration reflected in a steep slope) or non-one-shot (non-linear/multipeaked trajectory, with one or multiple corrections) were analyzed and compared among groups. Results showed no group differences in RTs in Go/No-Go and Stop conditions. SSRTs were significant shorter for the athletes than non-athletes in SST, but no differences emerged for inhibitory failures in cued GNG. During inhibitory failures athletes showed higher proportion of non-one-shot movements than non-athletes. Higher proportion of non-one-shot profiles was observed in cued GNG compared to SST. Finally, no differences between open-and closed-skilled athletes were found in both tasks. Our findings suggest that both proactive and reactive inhibitory controls do benefit from sport practice, but open-and closed-skill sports do not differ in influencing inhibitory processes. Movement profile analysis could be a promising, complementary behavioral analysis to integrate for more fine-grained evaluation and differentiation of inhibitory motor control in athletes, specifically when using GNG tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bravi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Viola Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Grasso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Panconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Diego Minciacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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20
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Leisman G. On the Application of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience in Educational Environments. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1501. [PMID: 36358427 PMCID: PMC9688360 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper overviews components of neurologic processing efficiencies to develop innovative methodologies and thinking to school-based applications and changes in educational leadership based on sound findings in the cognitive neurosciences applied to schools and learners. Systems science can allow us to better manage classroom-based learning and instruction on the basis of relatively easily evaluated efficiencies or inefficiencies and optimization instead of simply examining achievement. "Medicalizing" the learning process with concepts such as "learning disability" or employing grading methods such as pass-fail does little to aid in understanding the processes that learners employ to acquire, integrate, remember, and apply information learned. The paper endeavors to overview and provided reference to tools that can be employed that allow a better focus on nervous system-based strategic approaches to classroom learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; or
- Department of Neurology, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de la Habana, Havana 11300, Cuba
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21
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Spooner RK, Wilson TW. Cortical theta-gamma coupling governs the adaptive control of motor commands. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac249. [PMID: 36337344 PMCID: PMC9631971 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control requires the adaptive updating of internal models to successfully target desired outcomes. This adaptive control can be proactive, such that imminent actions and corresponding sensorimotor programmes are anticipated prior to movement, or reactive, such that online error correction is necessary to adjust to sudden changes. While substantial evidence implicates a distributed cortical network serving adaptive control when behavioural changes are required (e.g. response inhibition), the neural dynamics serving such control when the target motor commands are to remain intact are poorly understood. To address this, we developed a novel proactive-reactive cued finger tapping paradigm that was performed during magnetoencephalography by 25 healthy adults. Importantly, to ensure condition-wise differences in adaptive cueing were not attributable to changes in movement kinematics, motor selection and planning processes were held constant despite changes in task demands. All data were imaged in the time-frequency domain using a beamformer to evaluate the effect of proactive and reactive cues on movement-related oscillations and subsequent performance. Our results indicated spectrally specific increases in low (i.e. theta) and high (i.e. gamma) frequency oscillations during motor execution as a function of adaptive cueing. Additionally, we observed robust cross-frequency coupling of theta and gamma oscillatory power in the contralateral motor cortex and further, the strength of this theta-gamma coupling during motor execution was differentially predictive of behavioural improvements and decrements during reactive and proactive trials, respectively. These data indicate that functional oscillatory coupling may govern the adaptive control of movement in the healthy brain and importantly, may serve as effective proxies for characterizing declines in motor function in clinical populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Spooner
- Correspondence to: Rachel K. Spooner Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany E-mails: ;
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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22
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Linari I, Juantorena GE, Ibáñez A, Petroni A, Kamienkowski JE. Unveiling Trail Making Test: visual and manual trajectories indexing multiple executive processes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14265. [PMID: 35995786 PMCID: PMC9395513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests for executive functions (EFs) assessment. It presents several strengths: it is sensitive to executive dysfunction, it is easy to understand, and has a short administration. However, it has important limitations. First, the underlying EFs articulated during the task are not well discriminated, which makes it a test with low specificity. Second, the pen-and-paper version presents one trial per condition which introduces high variability. Third, only the total time is quantified, which does not allow for a detailed analysis. Fourth, it has a fixed spatial configuration per condition. We designed a computerised version of the TMT to overcome its main limitations and evaluated it in a group of neurotypical adults. Eye and hand positions are measured with high resolution over several trials, and spatial configuration is controlled. Our results showed a very similar performance profile compared to the traditional TMT. Moreover, it revealed differences in eye movements between parts A and B. Most importantly, based on hand and eye movements, we found an internal working memory measure that showed an association to a validated working memory task. Additionally, we proposed another internal measure as a potential marker of inhibitory control. Our results showed that EFs can be studied in more detail using traditional tests combined with powerful digital setups. The cTMT showed potential use in older adult populations and patients with EFs disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Linari
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E Juantorena
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.,Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland.,Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustín Petroni
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan E Kamienkowski
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Maestría de Explotación de Datos y Descubrimiento del Conocimiento, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, (1428) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Long J, Song X, Wang Y, Wang C, Huang R, Zhang R. Distinct neural activation patterns of age in subcomponents of inhibitory control: A fMRI meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:938789. [PMID: 35992590 PMCID: PMC9389163 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.938789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) is a fundamental cognitive function showing age-related change across the healthy lifespan. Since different cognitive resources are needed in the two subcomponents of IC (cognitive inhibition and response inhibition), regions of the brain are differentially activated. In this study, we aimed to determine whether there is a distinct age-related activation pattern in these two subcomponents. A total of 278 fMRI articles were included in the current analysis. Multilevel kernel density analysis was used to provide data on brain activation under each subcomponent of IC. Contrast analyses were conducted to capture the distinct activated brain regions for the two subcomponents, whereas meta-regression analyses were performed to identify brain regions with distinct age-related activation patterns in the two subcomponents of IC. The results showed that the right inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral insula were activated during the two IC subcomponents. Contrast analyses revealed stronger activation in the superior parietal lobule during cognitive inhibition, whereas stronger activation during response inhibition was observed primarily in the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula, and angular gyrus. Furthermore, regression analyses showed that activation of the left anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula, and left superior parietal lobule increased and decreased with age during cognitive inhibition and response inhibition, respectively. The results showed distinct activation patterns of aging for the two subcomponents of IC, which may be related to the differential cognitive resources recruited. These findings may help to enhance knowledge of age-related changes in the activation patterns of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Long
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Song
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Wang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive Control and Brain Healthy Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Zhou J, Hormigo S, Sajid MS, Castro-Alamancos MA. Caution Influences Avoidance and Approach Behaviors Differently. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5899-5915. [PMID: 35705490 PMCID: PMC9337599 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1892-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While conflict between incompatible goals has well-known effects on actions, in many situations the same action may produce harmful or beneficial consequences during different periods in a nonconflicting manner, e.g., crossing the street during a red or green light. To avoid harm, subjects must be cautious to inhibit the action specifically when it is punished, as in passive avoidance, but act when it is beneficial, as in active avoidance or active approach. In mice of both sexes performing a signaled action to avoid harm or obtain reward, we found that addition of a new rule that punishes the action when it occurs unsignaled delays the timing of the signaled action in an apparent sign of increased caution. Caution depended on task signaling, contingency, and reinforcement type. Interestingly, caution became persistent when the signaled action was avoidance motivated by danger but was only transient when it was approach motivated by reward. Although caution is represented by the activity of neurons in the midbrain, it developed independent of frontal cortex or basal ganglia output circuits. These results indicate that caution disrupts actions in different ways depending on the motivational state and may develop from unforeseen brain circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Actions, such as crossing the street at a light, can have benefits during one light signal (getting somewhere) but can be harmful during a different signal (being run over). Humans must be cautious to cross the street during the period marked by the appropriate signal. In mice performing a signaled action to avoid harm or obtain reward, we found that addition of a new rule that punishes the action when it occurs unsignaled, delays the timing of the signaled action in an apparent sign of increased caution. Caution became persistent when the signaled action was motivated by danger, but not when it was motivated by reward. Moreover, the development of caution did not depend on prototypical frontal cortex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06001
| | - Sebastian Hormigo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06001
| | - Muhammad S Sajid
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06001
| | - Manuel A Castro-Alamancos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06001
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25
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Adam EM, Johns T, Sur M. Dynamic control of visually guided locomotion through corticosubthalamic projections. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111139. [PMID: 35905719 PMCID: PMC9395210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed locomotion requires control signals that propagate from higher order areas to regulate spinal mechanisms. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway offers a short route for cortical information to reach locomotor centers in the brainstem. We developed a task in which head-fixed mice run to a visual landmark and then stop and wait to collect the reward and examined the role of secondary motor cortex (M2) projections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in controlling locomotion. Our behavioral modeling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics manipulation results suggest that the M2-STN pathway can be recruited during visually guided locomotion to rapidly and precisely control the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of the mesencephalic locomotor region through the basal ganglia. By capturing the physiological dynamics through a feedback control model and analyzing neuronal signals in M2, PPN, and STN, we find that the corticosubthalamic projections potentially control PPN activity by differentiating an M2 error signal to ensure fast input-output dynamics. Using a combination of optogenetics, 2-photon imaging, extracellular recordings, and control theoretic models in behaving mice, Adam et al. find that the M2-STN projection sends stop signals to halt visually guided locomotion and potentially controls the MLR/PPN through SNr by differentiating an M2 error signal for the rapid control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie M Adam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Taylor Johns
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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26
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Grant KA, Newman N, Lynn C, Davenport C, Gonzales S, Cuzon Carlson VC, Kroenke CD. Brain Functional Connectivity Mapping of Behavioral Flexibility in Rhesus Monkeys. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4867-4878. [PMID: 35552233 PMCID: PMC9188385 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0816-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The predisposition to engage in autonomous habitual behaviors has been associated with behavioral disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction. Attentional set-shifting tasks (ASSTs), which incorporate changes governing the association of discriminative stimuli with contingent reinforcement, are commonly used to measure underlying processes of cognitive/behavioral flexibility. The purpose of this study was to identify primate brain networks that mediate trait-like deficits in ASST performance using resting-state fMRI. A self-pacing ASST was administered to three cohorts of rhesus monkeys (total n = 35, 18 female). Increased performance over 30 consecutive sessions segregated the monkeys into two populations, termed High Performers (HP, n = 17) and Low Performers (LP, n = 17), with one anomaly. Compared with LPs, HPs had higher rates of improving performance over sessions and completed the 8 sets/sessions with fewer errors. LP monkeys, on the other hand, spent most of each session in the first set and often did not acquire the first reversal. A whole-brain independent components analysis of resting-state fMRI under isoflurane identified four strong networks. Of these, a dual regression analysis revealed that a designated "executive control network," differed between HPs and LPs. Specific areas of connectivity in the rhesus executive control network, including frontal cortices (ventrolateral, ventromedial, and orbital) and the dorsal striatum (caudate, putamen) correlated with perseverative errors and response latency. Overall, the results identify trait-like characteristics of behavioral flexibility that are associated with correlated brain activity involving specific nuclei of frontostriatal networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Resting state functional connectivity MRI in rhesus monkeys identified specific nuclei in frontostriatal circuitry that were associated with population differences in perseverative and impulsive aspects of cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Colton Lynn
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Conor Davenport
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Steven Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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27
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Fathi M, Mazhari S, Pourrahimi AM, Poormohammad A, Sardari S. Proactive and reactive inhibitory control are differently affected by video game addiction: An event-related potential study. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2584. [PMID: 35470576 PMCID: PMC9226792 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Video game addiction (VGA) is associated with physical and mental disorders, one of which is problem in executive function, particularly inhibitory control. The present study aimed to investigate reactive and proactive inhibitory controls by event-related potential (ERP). METHODS Thirty video game (action video games)-addicted subjects and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study, who were tested by the selective stop-signal task. RESULTS The main results revealed that the VGA group had significantly more problems in preparatory processes and proactive stop trials, showing that VGA has a negative effect on proactive inhibition. CONCLUSION Finding the problem in proactive inhibitory control might be helpful in developing new treatments and rehabilitation methods in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Fathi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Mazhari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourrahimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Poormohammad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Sardari
- Parsian Hearing and Balance Center, Shahin Shar, Isfahan, Iran
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28
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Differences in Emotional Conflict Processing between High and Low Mindfulness Adolescents: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052891. [PMID: 35270583 PMCID: PMC8910158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a state of concentration that allows individuals to focus on their feelings and thoughts without judgment. However, little is known regarding the underlying neural processes of mindfulness. This study used ERPs to investigate the differences between high and low trait mindfulness adolescents during emotional conflict processing. Nineteen low mindfulness adolescents (LMSs) and sixteen high mindfulness adolescent (HMSs) individuals were asked to complete a face Stroop task. The task superimposed emotional words on emotional faces to generate congruent (CC) and incongruent (IC) conditions. Continuous electroencephalogram data were recorded during the face Stroop task. Results revealed that for N450, the interaction of congruency and group was significant. The incongruent trials evoked a larger N450 than the congruent trials in the HMSs, whereas there were no significant differences between the two conditions in the LMSs. There were significant main effects of congruency for SP (slow potential). The incongruent trials evoked a larger SP than the congruent trials. The results suggest that mindfulness may only affect early conflict monitoring rather than later conflict resolution. The findings expand the neural basis of the effect of mindfulness on inhibitory control.
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29
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Li J, Liu Z, Du Z, Zhu N, Qiu X, Xu X. Cortical Activation During Finger Tapping Task Performance in Parkinson's Disease Is Influenced by Priming Conditions: An ALE Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:774656. [PMID: 34916919 PMCID: PMC8669914 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.774656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The finger tapping task (FTT) is commonly used in the evaluation of dyskinesia among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Past research has indicated that cortical activation during FTT is different between self-priming and cue-priming conditions. To evaluate how priming conditions affect the distribution of brain activation and the reorganization of brain function, and to investigate the differences in brain activation areas during FTT between PD patients and healthy control (HC) participants, we conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on the existing literature. Analyses were based on data from 15 independent samples that included 181 participants with PD and 164 HC participants. We found that there was significantly more activation in the middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, post-central gyrus, superior parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobule, cerebellum, and basal ganglia during FTT in PD patients than in HCs. In self-priming conditions, PD patients had less activation in the parietal lobe and insular cortex but more activation in the cerebellum than the HCs. In cue-priming conditions, the PD patients showed less activation in the cerebellum and frontal-parietal areas and more activation in the superior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus than the HCs. Our study illustrates that cue-priming manipulations affect the distribution of activity in brain regions involved in motor control and motor performance in PD patients. In cue-priming conditions, brain activity in regions associated with perceptual processing and inhibitory control was enhanced, while sensory motor areas associated with attention and motor control were impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Sydney School of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhongquan Du
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ningning Zhu
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Xu
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Golm D, Sarkar S, Mackes NK, Fairchild G, Mehta MA, Rutter M, Sonuga-Barke EJ. The impact of childhood deprivation on adult neuropsychological functioning is associated with ADHD symptom persistence. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2675-2684. [PMID: 32419675 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutional deprivation in early childhood is associated with neuropsychological deficits in adolescence. Using 20-year follow-up data from a unique natural experiment - the large-scale adoption of children exposed to extreme deprivation in Romanian institutions in the 1980s -we examined, for the first time, whether such deficits are still present in adulthood and whether they are associated with deprivation-related symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Adult neuropsychological functioning was assessed across five domains (inhibitory control, emotion recognition, decision-making, prospective memory and IQ) in 70 previously institutionalized adoptees (mean age = 25.3, 50% female) and 22 non-deprived UK adoptees (comparison group, mean age = 24.6, 41% female). ADHD and ASD symptoms were assessed using parent-completed questionnaires. RESULTS Early institutionalization was associated with impaired performance on all tasks in adulthood. Prospective memory deficits persisted after controlling for IQ. ADHD and ASD symptoms were positively correlated. After controlling for ASD symptoms, ADHD symptoms remained associated with deficits in IQ, prospective memory, proactive inhibition, decision-making quality and emotion recognition. ASD symptoms were not independently associated with neuropsychological deficits when accounting for their overlap with ADHD symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the link between childhood deprivation and adult ADHD symptoms was statistically explained by deprivation-related differences in adult IQ and prospective memory. CONCLUSIONS These results represent some of the most compelling evidence to date of the enduring power of early, time-limited childhood adversity to impair long-term neuropsychological functioning across the lifespan - effects that are linked specifically to deprivation-related adult ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Golm
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sagari Sarkar
- Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nuria K Mackes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mitul A Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Rutter
- MRC Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund J Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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31
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Yordanova J, Gajewski PD, Getzmann S, Kirov R, Falkenstein M, Kolev V. Neural Correlates of Aging-Related Differences in Pro-active Control in a Dual Task. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:682499. [PMID: 34658834 PMCID: PMC8516400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.682499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multi-tasking is usually impaired in older people. In multi-tasking, a fixed order of sub-tasks can improve performance by promoting a time-structured preparation of sub-tasks. How proactive control prioritizes the pre-activation or inhibition of complex tasks in older people has received no sufficient clarification so far. Objective: To explore the effects of aging on neural proactive control mechanisms in a dual task. Methodology: To address this question, the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm was used. Two 2-alternative-forced-choice reaction tasks with a predefined order (T1 and T2) signaled by a cue had to be executed simultaneously or consecutively by young (mean age 25.1 years, n = 36) and old subjects (mean age 70.4 years, n = 118). Performance indices of dual-task preparation were used to assess the focused preparation of T1 and T2. To compare preparatory mechanisms at the neurophysiologic level, multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded and negative slow cortical potentials (SCPs) were analyzed as objective markers of the amount and localization of cortical pre-activation before sub-task presentation. Results: Dual-task performance was significantly slower in old adults. T1 performance was facilitated in both age groups, but T2 processing in old adults was not optimized by the temporal structure as efficiently as in young adults. Also, only young adults manifested a stable pattern of focused of negative slow-wave activity increase at medial frontal and right-hemisphere posterior regions, which was associated with a coordinated preparatory T1 pre-activation and T2 deferment, while old adults manifested a broad topographic distribution of negative SCPs associated with a pre-activation of sensory and motor processes. Conclusions: These observations demonstrate that the proactive preparation for dual tasking is altered with aging. It is suggested that in young adults, attention-based pre-activation of working memory and inhibitory networks in the right hemisphere synchronizes the simultaneous preparation of the two sub-tasks, whereas in old adults, sensory and motor networks appear to be non-specifically pre-activated for subsequent deferred mode of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Yordanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Patrick D Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roumen Kirov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Vasil Kolev
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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32
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Contiguity of proactive and reactive inhibitory brain areas: a cognitive model based on ALE meta-analyses. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2199-2214. [PMID: 32748318 PMCID: PMC8413163 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is a critical feature in adapting our behavior to environmental and internal demands with two types of inhibition having been identified, namely the proactive and the reactive. Aiming to shed light on their respective neural correlates, we decided to focus on the cerebral activity before or after presentation of the target demanding a subject’s stop as a way to separate the proactive from the reactive components associated with the tasks. Accordingly, we performed three Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of fMRI studies exploring proactive and reactive inhibitory phases of cognitive control. For this purpose, we searched for fMRI studies investigating brain activity preceding or following target stimuli. Eight studies (291 subjects, 101 foci) were identified for the proactive analysis. Five of these studies and those previously analyzed by others (348 subjects, 199 foci) were meta-analyzed to explore the neural correlates of reactive inhibition. Overall, our results showed different networks for the two inhibitory components. Notably, we observed a contiguity between areas in the right inferior frontal gyrus pertaining to proactive inhibition and in the right middle frontal gyrus regarding reactive inhibition. These neural correlates allow proposal of a new comprehensive model of cognitive control.
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33
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Sperl L, Ambrus GG, Kaufmann JM, Schweinberger SR, Cañal-Bruland R. Electrophysiological correlates underlying interference control in motor tasks. Biol Psychol 2021; 163:108138. [PMID: 34171403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Changing pre-existing, automatized motor skills often requires interference control. Prepotent response inhibition - one subdimension of inhibition - has been theorized to be particularly associated with successful interference control in motor skills. Recent evidence suggests that different inhibition subdimensions elicit distinct ERP patterns (with larger P3 components for response inhibition). Therefore, we examined whether a similar ERP pattern would arise in a task demanding participants to overcome interference emerging from strong motor automatisms. This was realized within a typing paradigm involving a letter switch manipulation which is able to produce strong, immediate interference effects. Most importantly, stimulus-locked ERP analyses revealed an enhanced P3 component at frontal, central and most pronouncedly parietal sites for interference trials, in line with previous reported patterns for response inhibition. Together, different analyses provide first insights into the electrophysiological correlates of motor skill change, corroborating the pivotal role of response inhibition for successful interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sperl
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Institute of Sports Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
| | - G G Ambrus
- Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - J M Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - S R Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - R Cañal-Bruland
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Institute of Sports Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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34
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Task Monitoring and Working Memory as Executive Components Predictive of General and Specific Academic Achievements in 6-9-Year-Old Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136681. [PMID: 34206172 PMCID: PMC8295744 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Academic achievement has been linked to executive functions. However, it is necessary to clarify the different predictive role that executive functions have on general and specific academic achievement and to determine the most predictive executive factor of this academic achievement. The relationship and predictive role between executive functions and their components (initiative, working memory, task monitoring, organization of materials, flexibility, emotional control, inhibition, self-monitoring) with academic achievement are analyzed in this study, both globally and specifically in the areas of Language Arts and Mathematics, in 133 students from 6 to 9 years of age. The relationship obtained in Pearson’s correlation analysis does not differ substantially between overall achievement (r = 0.392) and specific achievement (r = 0.361, r = 0.361), but task monitoring (r = 0.531, r = 0.455, r = 0.446) and working memory (r = 0.512, r = 0.475, r = 0.505) had a greater relationship with general and specific achievement. Finally, regression analyses based on correlation results indicate that executive functions predict general academic performance (14.7%) and specific performance (12.3%, 12.2%) for Language Arts and Mathematics, respectively. Furthermore, working memory and task supervision represent 32.5% of general academic performance, 25.5% of performance in Language Arts, and 27.1% of performance in Mathematics. In conclusion, this study yielded exploratory data on the possible executive functions (task supervision and working memory) responsible for good general academic achievements and specific academic achievements in Mathematics and Language Arts.
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Riedel P, Wolff M, Spreer M, Petzold J, Plawecki MH, Goschke T, Zimmermann US, Smolka MN. Acute alcohol does not impair attentional inhibition as measured with Stroop interference scores but impairs Stroop performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1593-1607. [PMID: 33660080 PMCID: PMC8139883 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inhibition is a core executive function and refers to the ability to deliberately suppress attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions and instead act in a specific manner. While acute alcohol exposure has been shown to impair response inhibition in the stop-signal and Go/NoGo tasks, reported alcohol effects on attentional inhibition in the Stroop task are inconsistent. Notably, studies have operationalized attentional inhibition variably and there has been intra- and inter-individual variability in alcohol exposure. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the acute effects of alcohol on attentional inhibition, considering previous limitations. METHODS In a single-blind, cross-over design, 40 non-dependent participants with a medium-to-high risk drinking behavior performed a Counting Stroop task (CST) under a baseline and an arterial blood alcohol concentration (aBAC) clamp at 80 mg%. Attentional inhibition was assessed as the alteration of reaction times (RT), error rates (ER), and inverse efficiency scores (IES) between incongruent and congruent trials (interference score). Stroop performance was also assessed regardless of trial-type. RESULTS Compared to saline, acute alcohol exposure via an aBAC clamp did not affect CST interference scores but increased RTs and IES in both incongruent and congruent trials. CONCLUSIONS Attentional inhibition (Stroop interference score) was not impaired by clamped moderate alcohol exposure. Acute alcohol impaired Stroop performance evidenced by a general increase in response times. Our findings suggest that response and attentional inhibition do not share the same neurocognitive mechanisms and are affected differently by alcohol. Results could also be explained by automated behaviors known to be relatively unaffected by acute alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - M Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of General Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Spreer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - M H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - T Goschke
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Department of General Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - U S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine and Psychotherapy, kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost, Vockestraße 72, 85540, Haar, Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
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Hockey A, Cutmore T. Inhibitory control in prospective memory: An event related potential comparison of task-switch and dual task processing. Neuropsychologia 2021; 158:107906. [PMID: 34058173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study cross-validates reported changes in behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of prospective memory (PM) inhibitory control performance applying different PM response selection demands (Bisiacchi et al., 2009). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group condition with no PM requirement, or to either inhibit ongoing task processing to respond to PM task cues (task-switch; TS) or provide an ongoing task response prior to providing a PM button press (dual-task; DT). The behavioural data indicated that ongoing task reaction time (RT) performance was similar in the DT, TS, and control group conditions. PM cue detection mechanisms reflected by the N300 did not differ between PM tasks. However, early occurring (400-700 ms) PM late parietal complex (LPC) amplitudes recorded over anterior electrode sites were larger in the TS compared to the DT-PM condition, and this difference persisted during the 700-1000 ms epoch. Thus, ERP correlates of PM task-set remapping were significantly altered via the induction of different PM response production rules retrieved from retrospective memory (RM). The enhancement of anteriorly distributed TS LPC amplitudes between 400 and 700 ms led to the suggestion that increased inhibition in this group condition was accompanied by heightened frontally mediated neural activations that support prepotent ongoing task response inhibition processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hockey
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Building M24, 176 Messines Ridge Rd, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia.
| | - T Cutmore
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Building M24, 176 Messines Ridge Rd, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
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Ficarella SC, Desantis A, Zénon A, Burle B. Preparing to React: A Behavioral Study on the Interplay between Proactive and Reactive Action Inhibition. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060680. [PMID: 34067343 PMCID: PMC8224560 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor preparation, based on one's goals and expectations, allows for prompt reactions to stimulations from the environment. Proactive and reactive inhibitory mechanisms modulate this preparation and interact to allow a flexible control of responses. In this study, we investigate these two control mechanisms with an ad hoc cued Go/NoGo Simon paradigm in a within-subjects design, and by measuring subliminal motor activities through electromyographic recordings. Go cues instructed participants to prepare a response and wait for target onset to execute it (Go target) or inhibit it (NoGo target). Proactive inhibition keeps the prepared response in check, hence preventing false alarms. Preparing the cue-coherent effector in advance speeded up responses, even when it turned out to be the incorrect effector and reactive inhibition was needed to perform the action with the contralateral one. These results suggest that informative cues allow for the investigation of the interaction between proactive and reactive action inhibition. Partial errors' analysis suggests that their appearance in compatible conflict-free trials depends on cue type and prior preparatory motor activity. Motor preparation plays a key role in determining whether proactive inhibition is needed to flexibly control behavior, and it should be considered when investigating proactive/reactive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C. Ficarella
- CNRS—Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LNC, Aix Marseille University, F-13331 Marseille, France;
- The French Aerospace Lab ONERA, Département Traitement de l’Information et Systèmes, 13661 Salon-de-Provence, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-490170124
| | - Andrea Desantis
- The French Aerospace Lab ONERA, Département Traitement de l’Information et Systèmes, 13661 Salon-de-Provence, France;
- INCC—Integrative Neuroscience & Cognition Center UMR 8002, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Zénon
- Institut de Neuroscience Cognitive et Intégrative d’Aquitaine (UMR5287), CNRS and Université de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Boris Burle
- CNRS—Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LNC, Aix Marseille University, F-13331 Marseille, France;
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Alatorre-Cruz GC, Downs H, Hagood D, Sorensen ST, Williams DK, Larson-Prior L. Effect of obesity on inhibitory control in preadolescents during stop-signal task. An event-related potentials study. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 165:56-67. [PMID: 33872629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Preadolescence is a period in which structural and functional changes occur in brain network reorganization that relate to the development of executive control functions, particularly in the areas of attention and cognitive inhibition. Obesity has been associated with a deficit in executive functions and behavioral and electrophysiological differences using the go/no-go task (proactive inhibition), but no study has assessed brain-electrical activity using the stop-signal task (reactive inhibition) in this population. Therefore, we hypothesized that obese preadolescents would show less efficiency in reactive inhibition than their same-age non-obese peers. To test this hypothesis, event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected during a stop-signal task and compared between 27 obese preadolescents (mean BMI = 25.9; 9.65 years old) and 29 normal-weight preadolescents (mean BMI = 17.5; 9.60 years old). No significant differences between groups were observed in behavioral responses. As for ERPs, the obese group had an electrophysiological pattern associated with less efficient conflict monitoring during the "no-go" condition (i.e., less modulation of N200 latency based on the experimental condition), differences in attentional allocation in the "go" condition (less modulation of P300a latency based on experimental condition), and difficulties in rule retrieval from working memory associated with the trial-type in both experimental conditions (smaller P300b amplitude). We conclude that obese preadolescents displayed less ability to modulate conflict-monitoring in the "no-go" condition and attention allocation in the "go" condition, evidencing differences between groups in the development of attention and inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela C Alatorre-Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States of America.
| | - Heather Downs
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States of America.
| | - Darcy Hagood
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States of America.
| | - Seth T Sorensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States of America.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America.
| | - Linda Larson-Prior
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States of America; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, United States of America.
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Soh C, Hynd M, Rangel BO, Wessel JR. Adjustments to Proactive Motor Inhibition without Effector-Specific Foreknowledge Are Reflected in a Bilateral Upregulation of Sensorimotor β-Burst Rates. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:784-798. [PMID: 33544054 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Classic work using the stop-signal task has shown that humans can use inhibitory control to cancel already initiated movements. Subsequent work revealed that inhibitory control can be proactively recruited in anticipation of a potential stop-signal, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful movement cancellation. However, the exact neurophysiological effects of proactive inhibitory control on the motor system are still unclear. On the basis of classic views of sensorimotor β-band activity, as well as recent findings demonstrating the burst-like nature of this signal, we recently proposed that proactive inhibitory control is implemented by influencing the rate of sensorimotor β-bursts during movement initiation. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis using scalp EEG recordings of β-band activity in 41 healthy human adults during a bimanual RT task. By comparing motor responses made in two different contexts-during blocks with or without stop-signals-we found that premovement β-burst rates over both contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor areas were increased in stop-signal blocks compared to pure-go blocks. Moreover, the degree of this burst rate difference indexed the behavioral implementation of proactive inhibition (i.e., the degree of anticipatory response slowing in the stop-signal blocks). Finally, exploratory analyses showed that these condition differences were explained by a significant increase in β bursting that was already present during the premovement baseline period in stop blocks. Together, this suggests that the strategic deployment of proactive inhibitory motor control is implemented by upregulating the tonic inhibition of the motor system, signified by increased sensorimotor β-bursting both before and after signals to initiate a movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan R Wessel
- University of Iowa.,University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics
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Levin O, Netz Y, Ziv G. Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects of Inhibition-The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E282. [PMID: 33466667 PMCID: PMC7828827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of inhibitory control affected by a single bout of cardiovascular exercise. The review also examines the effect of a single bout of cardiovascular exercise on these processes in young adults with a focus on the functioning of prefrontal pathways (including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and elements of the prefrontal-basal ganglia pathways). Finally, the review offers an overview on the potential effects of cardiovascular exercise on GABA-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult brain and propose mechanisms or processes that may mediate these effects. The main findings show that a single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance inhibitory control. In addition, acute exercise appears to facilitate activation of prefrontal brain regions that regulate excitatory and inhibitory pathways (specifically but not exclusively the prefrontal-basal-ganglia pathways) which appear to be impaired in older age. Based on the reviewed studies, we suggest that future work examine the beneficial effects of exercise on the inhibitory networks in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Yael Netz
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel;
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel;
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Gordon A, Krug MK, Wulff R, Elliott MV, Hogeveen J, Lesh T, Carter C, Solomon M. Components of Executive Control in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examination of Dual-Mechanism Accounts. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:792-801. [PMID: 33558195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether executive control (EC) deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a failure in proactive EC (engaged and maintained before a cognitively demanding event) or in reactive EC (engaged transiently as the event occurs). We addressed this question by administering a paradigm investigating components of EC in a sample of individuals with ASD and typically developing individuals during functional magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 141 participants (64 ASD, 77 typically developing) completed a rapid preparing to overcome prepotency task that required participants to respond to an arrow probe based on the color of an initially presented cue. We examined functional recruitment and connectivity in the frontoparietal task control, cingulo-opercular task control, salience, and default mode networks during cue and probe phases of the task. RESULTS ASD participants showed evidence of behavioral EC impairment. Analyses of functional recruitment and connectivity revealed that ASD participants showed significantly greater activity during the cue in networks associated with proactive control processes, but on the less cognitively demanding trials. On the more cognitively demanding trials, cue activity was similar across groups. During the probe, connectivity between regions associated with reactive control processes was uniquely enhanced on more-demanding (relative to less-demanding) trials in individuals with ASD but not in typically developing individuals. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that rather than arising from a specific failure to engage proactive or reactive forms of EC, the deficits in EC commonly observed in ASD may be due to reduced proactive EC and a consequent overreliance on reactive EC on more cognitively demanding tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gordon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento.
| | - Marie K Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Rachel Wulff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Matthew V Elliott
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Tyler Lesh
- Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
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Gore-Langton JK, Werner DF, Spear LP. The effects of age, sex, and handling on behavioral parameters in the multivariate concentric square field™ test. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113243. [PMID: 33159929 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The multivariate concentric square field™ (MCSF) is a complex and ethologically relevant apparatus that is designed to measure several behavioral parameters within the same test session including risk-taking, risk-assessment, shelter-seeking (anxiety relieving), exploration, and general activity. While several studies have behaviorally and pharmacologically validated the use of the MCSF in adults, far fewer have used adolescents. Given the well-established link between adolescence and risk-taking, it is important to validate use of the MCSF in adolescence. The present study compared the effects of age, sex, and handling on behavioral categories in the MCSF. In addition, principal component analyses were used to compare the underlying behavioral components in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Results revealed that handling increased risk-taking and reduced shelter-seeking. Females were more exploratory than males, but no compelling age differences in risk-taking or risk-assessment were found. Principal component analyses revealed six major principal components for both adolescents and adults with the first and second components consisting mainly of center/center circle, risk-assessment, and shelter-seeking variables in adolescence, and general activity and center/center circle variables in adults. These results confirm age differences in the underlying behavioral components in the MCSF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda Patia Spear
- Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
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Distractor probabilities modulate flanker task performance. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:866-881. [PMID: 33135099 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Expectations about upcoming events help humans to effectively filter out potential distractors and respond more efficiently to task-relevant inputs. While previous work has emphasized the role of expectations about task-relevant inputs, less is known about the role that expectations play in suppressing specific distractors. To address this question, we manipulated the probabilities of different flanker configurations in the Eriksen flanker task. Across four studies, we found robust evidence for sensitivity to the probability of flankers, with an approximately logarithmic relationship between the likelihood of a particular flanker configuration and the accuracy of subjects' responses. Subjects were also sensitive to length of runs of repeated targets, but minimally sensitive to length of runs of repeated flankers. Two studies used chevron stimuli, and two used letters (confirming that results generalize with greater dissimilarity between stimuli). Expanding the set of stimuli (thus reducing the dominance of any one exemplar) eliminated the effect. Our findings suggest that expectations about distractors form in response to statistical regularities at multiple timescales, and that their effects are strongest when stimuli are geometrically similar and subjects are able to respond to trials quickly. Unexpected distractors could disrupt performance, most likely via a form of attentional capture. This work demonstrates how expectations can influence attention in complex cognitive settings, and illuminates the multiple, nested factors that contribute.
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Adelhöfer N, Beste C. Pre-trial theta band activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlates with inhibition-related theta band activity in the right inferior frontal cortex. Neuroimage 2020; 219:117052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Borgomaneri S, Serio G, Battaglia S. Please, don't do it! Fifteen years of progress of non-invasive brain stimulation in action inhibition. Cortex 2020; 132:404-422. [PMID: 33045520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit prepotent responses is critical for survival. Action inhibition can be investigated using a stop-signal task (SST), designed to provide a reliable measure of the time taken by the brain to suppress motor responses. Here we review the major research advances using the combination of this paradigm with the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in the last fifteen years. We highlight new methodological approaches to understanding and exploiting several processes underlying action control, which is critically impaired in several psychiatric disorders. In this review we present and discuss existing literature demonstrating i) the importance of the use of non-invasive brain stimulation in studying human action inhibition, unveiling the neural network involved ii) the critical role of prefrontal areas, including the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), in inhibitory control iii) the neural and behavioral evidence of proactive and reactive action inhibition. As the main result of this review, the specific literature demonstrated the crucial role of pre-SMA and IFG as evidenced from the field of noninvasive brain stimulation studies. Finally, we discuss the critical questions that remain unanswered about how such non-invasive brain stimulation protocols can be translated to therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Borgomaneri
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, Cesena, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Serio
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, Cesena, Italy
| | - Simone Battaglia
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, Cesena, Italy
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Benedetti V, Gavazzi G, Giovannelli F, Bravi R, Giganti F, Minciacchi D, Mascalchi M, Cincotta M, Viggiano MP. Mouse Tracking to Explore Motor Inhibition Processes in Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Tasks. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070464. [PMID: 32698348 PMCID: PMC7408439 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition relies on both proactive and reactive mechanisms that exert a synergic control on goal-directed actions. It is typically evaluated by the go/no-go (GNG) and the stop signal task (SST) with response recording based on the key-press method. However, the analysis of discrete variables (i.e., present or absent responses) registered by key-press could be insufficient to capture dynamic aspects of inhibitory control. Trying to overcome this limitation, in the present study we used a mouse tracking procedure to characterize movement profiles related to proactive and reactive inhibition. A total of fifty-three participants performed a cued GNG and an SST. The cued GNG mainly involves proactive control whereas the reactive component is mainly engaged in the SST. We evaluated the velocity profile from mouse trajectories both for responses obtained in the Go conditions and for inhibitory failures. Movements were classified as one-shot when no corrections were observed. Multi-peaked velocity profiles were classified as non-one-shot. A higher proportion of one-shot movements was found in the SST compared to the cued GNG when subjects failed to inhibit responses. This result suggests that proactive control may be responsible for unsmooth profiles in inhibition failures, supporting a differentiation between these tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Benedetti
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
| | | | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
| | - Riccardo Bravi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
| | - Diego Minciacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- Unit of Neurology of Florence, Central Tuscany Local Health Authority, 50143 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Maizey L, Evans CJ, Muhlert N, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD, Allen CPG. Cortical and subcortical functional specificity associated with response inhibition. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117110. [PMID: 32619711 PMCID: PMC7573537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Is motor response inhibition supported by a specialised neuronal inhibitory control mechanism, or by a more general system of action updating? This pre-registered study employed a context-cueing paradigm requiring both inhibitory and non-inhibitory action updating in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the specificity of responses under different updating conditions, including the cancellation of actions. Cortical regions of activity were found to be common to multiple forms of action updating. However, functional specificity during response inhibition was observed in the anterior right inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, fronto-subcortical activity was explored using a novel contrast method. These exploratory results indicate that the specificity for response inhibition observed in right prefrontal cortex continued downstream and was observed in right hemisphere subcortical activity, while left hemisphere activity was associated with right-hand response execution. Overall, our findings reveal both common and distinct correlates of response inhibition in prefrontal cortex, with exploratory analyses supporting putative models of subcortical pathways and extending them through the demonstration of lateralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Maizey
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher D Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P G Allen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
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Weerasekera A, Levin O, Clauwaert A, Heise KF, Hermans L, Peeters R, Mantini D, Cuypers K, Leunissen I, Himmelreich U, Swinnen SP. Neurometabolic Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Motor Inhibition in Young and Older Adults: Evidence from Multiple Regional 1H-MR Spectroscopy. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa028. [PMID: 34296102 PMCID: PMC8152832 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal inhibitory control is a major factor contributing to motor/cognitive deficits in older age and pathology. Here, we provide novel insights into the neurochemical biomarkers of inhibitory control in healthy young and older adults and highlight putative neurometabolic correlates of deficient inhibitory functions in normal aging. Age-related alterations in levels of glutamate–glutamine complex (Glx), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mIns) were assessed in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG), pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SM1), bilateral striatum (STR), and occipital cortex (OCC) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Data were collected from 30 young (age range 18–34 years) and 29 older (age range 60–74 years) adults. Associations between age-related changes in the levels of these metabolites and performance measures or reactive/proactive inhibition were examined for each age group. Glx levels in the right striatum and preSMA were associated with more efficient proactive inhibition in young adults but were not predictive for reactive inhibition performance. Higher NAA/mIns ratios in the preSMA and RIFG and lower mIns levels in the OCC were associated with better deployment of proactive and reactive inhibition in older adults. Overall, these findings suggest that altered regional concentrations of NAA and mIns constitute potential biomarkers of suboptimal inhibitory control in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Weerasekera
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Amanda Clauwaert
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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49
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Gu BM, Schmidt R, Berke JD. Globus pallidus dynamics reveal covert strategies for behavioral inhibition. eLife 2020; 9:57215. [PMID: 32519952 PMCID: PMC7314538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible behavior requires restraint of actions that are no longer appropriate. This behavioral inhibition critically relies on frontal cortex - basal ganglia circuits. Within the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) has been hypothesized to mediate selective proactive inhibition: being prepared to stop a specific action, if needed. Here we investigate population dynamics of rat GPe neurons during preparation-to-stop, stopping, and going. Rats selectively engaged proactive inhibition towards specific actions, as shown by slowed reaction times (RTs). Under proactive inhibition, GPe population activity occupied state-space locations farther from the trajectory followed during normal movement initiation. Furthermore, the state-space locations were predictive of distinct types of errors: failures-to-stop, failures-to-go, and incorrect choices. Slowed RTs on correct proactive trials reflected starting bias towards the alternative action, which was overcome before progressing towards action initiation. Our results demonstrate that rats can exert cognitive control via strategic adjustments to their GPe network state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Psychiatry; Neuroscience Graduate Program; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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50
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Cope LM, Hardee JE, Martz ME, Zucker RA, Nichols TE, Heitzeg MM. Developmental maturation of inhibitory control circuitry in a high-risk sample: A longitudinal fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 43:100781. [PMID: 32510344 PMCID: PMC7212183 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this work was to characterize the maturation of inhibitory control brain function from childhood to early adulthood using longitudinal data collected in two cohorts. Methods Functional MRI during a go/no-go task was conducted in 290 participants, with 88 % undergoing repeated scanning at 1- to 2-year intervals. One group entered the study at age 7–13 years (n = 117); the other entered at age 18–23 years (n = 173). 33.1 % of the sample had two parents with a substance use disorder (SUD), 43.8 % had one parent with an SUD, and 23.1 % had no parents with an SUD. 1162 scans were completed, covering ages 7–28, with longitudinal data from the cohorts overlapping across ages 16–21. A marginal model with sandwich estimator standard errors was used to characterize voxel-wise age-related changes in hemodynamic response associated with successful inhibitory control. Results There was significant positive linear activation associated with age in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. No clusters survived thresholding with negative linear, positive or negative quadratic, or positive or negative cubic contrasts. Conclusions These findings extend previous cross-sectional and small-scale longitudinal studies that have observed positive linear developmental trajectories of brain function during inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora M Cope
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Meghan E Martz
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Robert A Zucker
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- University of Oxford, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; University of Warwick, Department of Statistics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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