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Morris IM, Klink K, Singh JT, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Nicley SS, Becker JN. Rare isotope-containing diamond colour centres for fundamental symmetry tests. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230169. [PMID: 38043574 PMCID: PMC10693981 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting a non-zero electric dipole moment in a particle would unambiguously signify physics beyond the Standard Model. A potential pathway towards this is the detection of a nuclear Schiff moment, the magnitude of which is enhanced by the presence of nuclear octupole deformation. However, due to the low production rate of isotopes featuring such 'pear-shaped' nuclei, capturing, detecting and manipulating them efficiently is a crucial prerequisite. Incorporating them into synthetic diamond optical crystals can produce defects with defined, molecule-like structures and isolated electronic states within the diamond band gap, increasing capture efficiency, enabling repeated probing of even a single atom and producing narrow optical linewidths. In this study, we used density functional theory to investigate the formation, structure and electronic properties of crystal defects in diamond containing [Formula: see text], a rare isotope that is predicted to have an exceptionally strong nuclear octupole deformation. In addition, we identified and studied stable lanthanide-containing defects with similar electronic structures as non-radioactive proxies to aid in experimental methods. Our findings hold promise for the existence of such defects and can contribute to the development of a quantum information processing-inspired toolbox of techniques for studying rare isotopes. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Diamond for quantum applications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Morris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kai Klink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jaideep T. Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shannon S. Nicley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, Center Midwest (CMW), Fraunhofer USA Inc., 1449 Engineering Research Court,East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jonas N. Becker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, Center Midwest (CMW), Fraunhofer USA Inc., 1449 Engineering Research Court,East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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Coulomb-driven single defect engineering for scalable qubits and spin sensors in diamond. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4956. [PMID: 31672966 PMCID: PMC6823384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Qubits based on colour centres in diamond became a prominent system for solid-state quantum information processing and sensing. But the deterministic creation of qubits and the control of their environment are still critical issues, preventing the development of a room-temperature quantum computer. We report on the high creation yield of NV centres of 75% (a tenfold enhancement) by charge-assisted defect engineering, together with an improvement of their spin coherence. The method strongly favours the formation and negative charge state of the NV centres with respect to intrinsic diamond, while it hinders the formation of competing and perturbing defects such as di-vacancies or NVH complexes. We evidence spectrally the charge state tuning of the implantation-induced vacancies from V0 to V−, key element of this Coulomb-driven engineering. The generality of the method is demonstrated using several donors (phosphorous, oxygen and sulphur) and applying it to other centres (SnV and MgV) in diamond. Nitrogen vacancy centres occur naturally in diamond and have potential uses in quantum computing but many applications require scalable, accurate fabrication methods. Here the authors demonstrate that tuning the doping modifies the dynamics of centre formation, increasing yields and coherence times.
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5
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Morales-Zavala F, Casanova-Morales N, Gonzalez RB, Chandía-Cristi A, Estrada LD, Alvizú I, Waselowski V, Guzman F, Guerrero S, Oyarzún-Olave M, Rebolledo C, Rodriguez E, Armijo J, Bhuyan H, Favre M, Alvarez AR, Kogan MJ, Maze JR. Functionalization of stable fluorescent nanodiamonds towards reliable detection of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:60. [PMID: 30097010 PMCID: PMC6085760 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stable and non-toxic fluorescent markers are gaining attention in molecular diagnostics as powerful tools for enabling long and reliable biological studies. Such markers should not only have a long half-life under several assay conditions showing no photo bleaching or blinking but also, they must allow for their conjugation or functionalization as a crucial step for numerous applications such as cellular tracking, biomarker detection and drug delivery. Results We report the functionalization of stable fluorescent markers based on nanodiamonds (NDs) with a bifunctional peptide. This peptide is made of a cell penetrating peptide and a six amino acids long β-sheet breaker peptide that is able to recognize amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates, a biomarker for the Alzheimer disease. Our results indicate that functionalized NDs (fNDs) are not cytotoxic and can be internalized by the cells. The fNDs allow ultrasensitive detection (at picomolar concentrations of NDs) of in vitro amyloid fibrils and amyloid aggregates in AD mice brains. Conclusions The fluorescence of functionalized NDs is more stable than that of fluorescent markers commonly used to
stain Aβ aggregates such as Thioflavin T. These results pave the way for performing ultrasensitive and reliable detection of Aβ aggregates involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0385-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morales-Zavala
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Raúl B Gonzalez
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - América Chandía-Cristi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ignacio Alvizú
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Victor Waselowski
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzman
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Simón Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisol Oyarzún-Olave
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Rebolledo
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Enrique Rodriguez
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Julien Armijo
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Heman Bhuyan
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Mario Favre
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Alejandra R Alvarez
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Nanoscale Technology and Advanced Materials, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,CARE-Chile-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jerónimo R Maze
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile. .,Center for Nanoscale Technology and Advanced Materials, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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An Overview on the Formation and Processing of Nitrogen-Vacancy Photonic Centers in Diamond by Ion Implantation. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Incorporation of Large Impurity Atoms into the Diamond Crystal Lattice: EPR of Split-Vacancy Defects in Diamond. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Green BL, Breeze BG, Newton ME. Electron paramagnetic resonance and photochromism of N 3V 0 in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:225701. [PMID: 28398217 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6c89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The defect in diamond formed by a vacancy surrounded by three nearest-neighbor nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom, [Formula: see text], is found in the vast majority of natural diamonds. Despite [Formula: see text] being the earliest electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum observed in diamond, to date no satisfactory simulation of the spectrum for an arbitrary magnetic field direction has been produced due to its complexity. In this work, [Formula: see text] is identified in [Formula: see text]-doped synthetic diamond following irradiation and annealing. The [Formula: see text] spin Hamiltonian parameters are directly determined and used to refine the parameters for [Formula: see text], enabling the latter to be accurately simulated and fitted for an arbitrary magnetic field direction. Study of [Formula: see text] under excitation with green light indicates charge transfer between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. It is argued that this charge transfer is facilitated by direct ionization of [Formula: see text], an as-yet unobserved charge state of [Formula: see text].
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9
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Scarabelli D, Trusheim M, Gaathon O, Englund D, Wind SJ. Nanoscale Engineering of Closely-Spaced Electronic Spins in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4982-90. [PMID: 27428077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Numerous theoretical protocols have been developed for quantum information processing with dipole-coupled solid-state spins. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have many of the desired properties, but a central challenge has been the positioning of NV centers at the nanometer scale that would allow for efficient and consistent dipolar couplings. Here we demonstrate a method for chip-scale fabrication of arrays of single NV centers with record spatial localization of about 10 nm in all three dimensions and controllable inter-NV spacing as small as 40 nm, which approaches the length scale of strong dipolar coupling. Our approach uses masked implantation of nitrogen through nanoapertures in a thin gold film, patterned via electron-beam lithography and dry etching. We verified the position and spin properties of the resulting NVs through wide-field super-resolution optically detected magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Scarabelli
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matt Trusheim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ophir Gaathon
- Diamond Nanotechnologies, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02134, Unites States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shalom J Wind
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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10
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Chang SLY, Barnard AS, Dwyer C, Boothroyd CB, Hocking RK, Ōsawa E, Nicholls RJ. Counting vacancies and nitrogen-vacancy centers in detonation nanodiamond. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10548-52. [PMID: 27147128 PMCID: PMC5048336 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamond particles (DND) contain highly-stable nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers, making it important for quantum-optical and biotechnology applications. However, due to the small particle size, the N-V concentrations are believed to be intrinsically very low, spawning efforts to understand the formation of N-V centers and vacancies, and increase their concentration. Here we show that vacancies in DND can be detected and quantified using simulation-aided electron energy loss spectroscopy. Despite the small particle size, we find that vacancies exist at concentrations of about 1 at%. Based on this experimental finding, we use ab initio calculations to predict that about one fifth of vacancies in DND form N-V centers. The ability to directly detect and quantify vacancies in DND, and predict the corresponding N-V formation probability, has a significant impact to those emerging technologies where higher concentrations and better dispersion of N-V centres are critically required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery L Y Chang
- Leroy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
| | | | | | - Chris B Boothroyd
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rosalie K Hocking
- College of Science Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Eiji Ōsawa
- NanoCarbon Research Institute, Ueda, Japan
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11
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Bayn I, Chen EH, Trusheim ME, Li L, Schröder T, Gaathon O, Lu M, Stein A, Liu M, Kisslinger K, Clevenson H, Englund D. Generation of ensembles of individually resolvable nitrogen vacancies using nanometer-scale apertures in ultrahigh-aspect ratio planar implantation masks. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1751-1758. [PMID: 25621759 DOI: 10.1021/nl504441m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A central challenge in developing magnetically coupled quantum registers in diamond is the fabrication of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers with localization below ∼20 nm to enable fast dipolar interaction compared to the NV decoherence rate. Here, we demonstrate the targeted, high throughput formation of NV centers using masks with a thickness of 270 nm and feature sizes down to ∼1 nm. Super-resolution imaging resolves NVs with a full-width maximum distribution of 26 ± 7 nm and a distribution of NV-NV separations of 16 ± 5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Bayn
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 36-575, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Thermal conductance of metal-diamond interfaces at high pressure. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6578. [PMID: 25744853 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal conductance of interfaces between metals and diamond, which has a comparatively high Debye temperature, is often greater than can be accounted for by two-phonon processes. The high pressures achievable in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) can significantly extend the metal phonon density of states to higher frequencies, and can also suppress extrinsic effects by greatly stiffening interface bonding. Here we report time-domain thermoreflectance measurements of metal-diamond interface thermal conductance up to 50 GPa in the DAC for Pb, Au0.95Pd0.05, Pt and Al films deposited on type 1A natural [100] and type 2A synthetic [110] diamond anvils. In all cases, the thermal conductances increase weakly or saturate to similar values at high pressure. Our results suggest that anharmonic conductance at metal-diamond interfaces is controlled by partial transmission processes, where a diamond phonon that inelastically scatters at the interface absorbs or emits a metal phonon.
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Montalti M, Cantelli A, Battistelli G. Nanodiamonds and silicon quantum dots: ultrastable and biocompatible luminescent nanoprobes for long-term bioimaging. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4853-921. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-stability and low-toxicity of silicon quantum dots and fluorescent nanodiamonds for long-termin vitroandin vivobioimaging are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Cantelli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - G. Battistelli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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14
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Goss JP, Briddon PR, Hill V, Jones R, Rayson MJ. Identification of the structure of the 3107 cm(-1) H-related defect in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:145801. [PMID: 24651671 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/14/145801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A prominent hydrogen-related infrared absorption peak seen in many types of diamonds at 3107 cm(-1) has been the subject of investigation for many years. It is present in natural type-Ia material and can be introduced by heat-treating synthetic or CVD diamond. Based upon the most recent experimental data, it is thought that the defect giving rise to this vibrational mode is vacancy-related and is likely to contain nitrogen. Using first-principles simulations we present a VN3H model for the originating centre that simultaneously satisfies the different experimental observations including the strain response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Goss
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, NE1 7RU, UK
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15
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Kaur R, Badea I. Nanodiamonds as novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications: drug delivery and imaging systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:203-20. [PMID: 23326195 PMCID: PMC3544342 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging as delivery vehicles for small chemical drugs and macromolecular biotechnology products due to their primary particle size of 4 to 5 nm, stable inert core, reactive surface, and ability to form hydrogels. Nanoprobe technology capitalizes on the intrinsic fluorescence, high refractive index, and unique Raman signal of the NDs, rendering them attractive for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications. This review provides a brief introduction of the various types of NDs and describes the development of procedures that have led to stable single-digit-sized ND dispersions, a crucial feature for drug delivery systems and nanoprobes. Various approaches used for functionalizing the surface of NDs are highlighted, along with a discussion of their biocompatibility status. The utilization of NDs to provide sustained release and improve the dispersion of hydrophobic molecules, of which chemotherapeutic drugs are the most investigated, is described. The prospects of improving the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids by using NDs as a platform are exemplified. The photoluminescent and optical scattering properties of NDs, together with their applications in cellular labeling, are also reviewed. Considering the progress that has been made in understanding the properties of NDs, they can be envisioned as highly efficient drug delivery and imaging biomaterials for use in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep Kaur
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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Bradac C, Gaebel T, Naidoo N, Rabeau JR, Barnard AS. Prediction and measurement of the size-dependent stability of fluorescence in diamond over the entire nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:3555-64. [PMID: 19705805 DOI: 10.1021/nl9017379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent defects in noncytotoxic diamond nanoparticles are candidates for qubits in quantum computing, optical labels in biomedical imaging, and sensors in magnetometry. For each application these defects need to be optically and thermodynamically stable and included in individual particles at suitable concentrations (singly or in large numbers). In this Letter, we combine simulations, theory, and experiment to provide the first comprehensive and generic prediction of the size, temperature, and nitrogen-concentration-dependent stability of optically active N-V defects in nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bradac
- Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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17
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Collins AT, Kiflawi I. The annealing of radiation damage in type Ia diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364209. [PMID: 21832315 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the recovery of radiation damage in type Ia diamond has been investigated using isothermal annealing at 600 °C. In diamonds having a reasonably homogeneous distribution of nitrogen the decay of the vacancy concentration with time can be approximately described by a single exponential. Previous investigations have identified 'fast' and 'slow' components in the annealing, and we show that the existence of more than one time constant is associated with inhomogeneous nitrogen concentrations. The measurements show further that, in order to obtain the oscillator strengths of nitrogen-vacancy centres, studies must be restricted to diamonds with moderately high nitrogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Collins
- Physics Department, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Kiflawi I, Bruley J, Luyten W, Van Tendeloo G. ‘Natural’ and ‘man-made’ platelets in type-Ia diamonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819808205733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Kiflawi
- a J.J. Thomson Physical Laboratory , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6, AF , England
| | - J. Bruley
- b Department of Material Science and Engineering , Lehigh University , 5 East Packer Avenue, 18015-3195, Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , USA
- d IBM Hudson Valley Research Park , 1580 Route 52, Honeywell Junction , NY , 12533-6531 , USA
| | - W. Luyten
- c EMAT , Rijksaniversitair Centrum Antwerpen , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 , Antwerp , Belgium
- e Shell Research SA , Avenue Jean Monnet 1, B-1348, Louvain La Neuve , Belgium
| | - G. Van Tendeloo
- a J.J. Thomson Physical Laboratory , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6, AF , England
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Lin CK, Chang HC, Hayashi M, Lin S. Excitation properties of the H3 defect center in diamond: A theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dannefaer S. Lattice relaxation at V(-), NV(-), and NVN(-) defects in diamond investigated by positron annihilation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:175412. [PMID: 21825427 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/17/175412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Experimental positron lifetime data for three vacancy-related defects in synthetic type Ib diamonds with well known structures are uniquely suitable for comparison with theoretical investigations of lattice relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dannefaer
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
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21
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Barnard AS, Vlasov II, Ralchenko VG. Predicting the distribution and stability of photoactive defect centers in nanodiamond biomarkers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b813515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Boyd SR, Kiflawi I, Woods GS. Infrared absorption by the B nitrogen aggregate in diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819508239089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Boyd
- a Laboratoire de Géochimie des Isotopes Stables , Université de Paris VII , 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 , Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - I. Kiflawi
- b J. J. Thomson Physical Laboratory , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading , RG6 2AF , England
| | - G. S. Woods
- c CSO Valuations AG , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N 6RA , England
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Brydson, Brown, Bruley. Characterizing the local nitrogen environment at platelets in type IaA/B diamond. J Microsc 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1998.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brydson
- School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorks. LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | - Brown
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,
| | - Bruley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, U.S.A
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25
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Davies G, Campbell B, Mainwood A, Newton M, Watkins M, Kanda H, Anthony T. Interstitials, Vacancies and Impurities in Diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-396x(200108)186:2<187::aid-pssa187>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zak JK, Butler JE, Swain GM. Diamond optically transparent electrodes: demonstration of concept with ferri/ferrocyanide and methyl viologen. Anal Chem 2001; 73:908-14. [PMID: 11289435 DOI: 10.1021/ac001257i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new type of optically transparent electrode is reported on--an electrically conductive diamond thin film. The electrode was free-standing (0.38 mm thick and 8 mm in diameter), mechanically polished to a 7-nm rms roughness over a 10-microm linear distance, boron-doped (0.05% B/C in the reactant gas mixture), and mounted in a thinlayer transmission cell. The electrode has a short-wavelength cutoff of approximately 225 nm, which is the indirect band gap of the material, and transmits light out to at least 1,000 nm. In theory, the electrode has an optical window from 225 nm well out into the far-infrared, except for the boron acceptor band and the intrinsic multiphonon absorptions. The electrode was used to electrooxidize ferrocyanide to ferricyanide, and the absorbance change associated with the formation of the oxidized product (lambdamax = 420 nm) was spectroscopically monitored. The electrode was also used to electroreduce methyl viologen (MV2+) to the cation radical (MV+*) and the neutral (MV0). The depletion of MV2+ (lambdamax = 257 nm) and formation of MV+* (lambdama = 398 and 605 nm) were spectroscopically monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Zak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian Technical University, Gliwice, Poland
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27
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Kiflawi I, Mainwood A, Kanda H, Fisher D. Nitrogen interstitials in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:16719-16726. [PMID: 9985801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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28
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Goss JP, Jones R, Breuer SJ, Briddon PR, Öberg S. The Twelve-Line 1.682 eV Luminescence Center in Diamond and the Vacancy-Silicon Complex. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:3041-3044. [PMID: 10062116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Nesládek M, Meykens K, Stals LM, Vanecek M, Rosa J. Origin of characteristic subgap optical absorption in CVD diamond films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:5552-5561. [PMID: 9986517 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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30
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Neslädek M, van ěček M, Stals LM. Defect-Induced Optical Absorption in CVD Diamond Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211540121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Breuer SJ, Briddon PR. Energy barrier to reorientation of the substitutional nitrogen in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:7819-7822. [PMID: 9982230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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