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Myung H, Joung YS. Contribution of Particulates to Airborne Disease Transmission and Severity: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6846-6867. [PMID: 38568611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has catalyzed great interest in the spread of airborne pathogens. Airborne infectious diseases are classified into viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Environmental factors can elevate their transmission and lethality. Air pollution has been reported as the leading environmental cause of disease and premature death worldwide. Notably, ambient particulates of various components and sizes are harmful pollutants. There are two prominent health effects of particles in the atmosphere: (1) particulate matter (PM) penetrates the respiratory tract and adversely affects health, such as heart and respiratory diseases; and (2) bioaerosols of particles act as a medium for the spread of pathogens in the air. Particulates contribute to the occurrence of infectious diseases by increasing vulnerability to infection through inhalation and spreading disease through interactions with airborne pathogens. Here, we focus on the synergistic effects of airborne particulates on infectious disease. We outline the concepts and characteristics of bioaerosols, from their generation to transformation and circulation on Earth. Considering that microorganisms coexist with other particulates as bioaerosols, we investigate studies examining respiratory infections associated with airborne PM. Furthermore, we discuss four factors (meteorological, biological, physical, and chemical) that may impact the influence of PM on the survival of contagious pathogens in the atmosphere. Our review highlights the significant role of particulates in supporting the transmission of infectious aerosols and emphasizes the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Myung
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Joung
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lyles BF, Sion BD, Page D, Crews JB, McDonald EV, Hausner MB. Closing the Water Balance with a Precision Small-Scale Field Lysimeter. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2039. [PMID: 38610251 PMCID: PMC11014045 DOI: 10.3390/s24072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We developed a set of two precision, small-scale, water balance lysimeters to provide accurate measurements of bare soil evaporation. Each lysimeter comprises a soil tank, a balance assembly with load cell, a wicking drainage system, and a stilling well to measure drained water. Fiberglass wicks installed at the bottom of the soil tanks provide -60 cm of tension to the base of the soil column, and soil water drainage is quantified to close the water balance within the lysimeter. The calibrated lysimeters return mass changes with uncertainties ranging from 3 to 8 g, corresponding to uncertainties of 0.02-0.05 mm of water. Installed at a semi-arid site in northern Nevada, the two lysimeters are filled with uniform construction sand and silt loam. Over a six-month pilot observation period, bare soil evaporation rates of 0.19 and 0.40 mm/day were measured for the construction sand and silt loam, respectively, which is consistent with meteorological data and models of potential evapotranspiration at the site. The design of the lysimeter can be adapted to specific research goals or site restrictions, and these instruments can contribute significantly to our ability to close the soil water balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad F. Lyles
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Brad D. Sion
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - David Page
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Jackson B. Crews
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Eric V. McDonald
- Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark B. Hausner
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
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3
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Chakraborty PP, Derby MM. Analysis of Drying Front Propagation and Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer During Evaporation From Additively Manufactured Porous Structures Under a Solar Flux. ASME JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 2024; 146:021602. [PMID: 38111632 PMCID: PMC10726472 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Drying front propagation and coupled heat and mass transfer analysis from porous media is critical for soil-water dynamics, electronics cooling, and evaporative drying. In this study, de-ionized water was evaporated from three 3D printed porous structures (with 0.41 mm, 0.41 mm, and 0.16 mm effective radii, respectively) created out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic using stereolithography technology. The structures were immersed in water until all the pores were invaded and then placed on the top of a sensitive scale to record evaporative mass loss. A 1000 W/m2 heat flux was applied with a solar simulator to the top of each structure to accelerate evaporation. The evaporative mass losses were recorded at 15 min time intervals and plotted against time to compare evaporation rates from the three structures. The evaporation phenomena were captured with a high-speed camera from the side of the structures to observe the drying front propagation during evaporation, and a high-resolution thermal camera was used to capture images to visualize the thermal gradients during evaporation. The 3D-structure with the smallest effective pore radius (i.e., 0.16 mm) experienced the sharpest decrease in the mass loss as the water evaporated from 0.8 g to 0.1 g within 180 min. The designed pore structures influenced hydraulic linkages, and therefore, evaporation processes. A coupled heat-and-mass-transfer model modeled constant rate evaporation, and the falling rate period was modeled through the normalized evaporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Chakraborty
- Alan Levin Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, 3002 Rathbone Hall, 1701B Platt Street, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Melanie M. Derby
- Alan Levin Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, 3002 Rathbone Hall, 1701B Platt Street, Manhattan, KS 66506
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4
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Zeng B, Kumar T, Wu H, Stark S, Hamza H, Zhao H, Xu H, Zhang X. Evolution of Morphology and Distribution of Salt Crystals on a Photothermal Layer during Solar Interfacial Evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14737-14747. [PMID: 37794656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Solar interfacial evaporation (SIE) by leveraging photothermal conversion could be a clean and sustainable solution to the scarcity of fresh water, decontamination of wastewater, and steam sterilization. However, the process of salt crystallization on photothermal materials used in SIE, especially from saltwater evaporation, has not been completely understood. We report the temporal and spatial evolution of salt crystals on the photothermal layer during SIE. By using a typical oil lamp evaporator, we found that salt crystallization always initiates from the edge of the evaporation surface of the photothermal layer due to the local fast flux of the vapor to the surroundings. Interestingly, the salt crystals exhibit either compact or loose morphology, depending on the location and evaporation duration. By employing a suite of complementary analytical techniques of Raman and infrared spectroscopy and temperature mapping, we followed the evolution and spatial distribution of salt crystals, interfacial water, and surface temperature during evaporation. Our results suggested that the compact crystal structure may emerge from the recrystallization of salt in an initially porous structure, driven by continuous water evaporation from the porous and loose crystals. The holistic view provided in this study may lay the foundation for effective strategies for mitigation of the negative impact of salt crystallization in solar evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Tanay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Shane Stark
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Canada
| | | | | | - Haolan Xu
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Canada
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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5
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Pingulkar H, Salmon JB. Confined directional drying of a colloidal dispersion: kinetic modeling. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2176-2185. [PMID: 36880450 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We derive a model to describe the dynamics of confined directional drying of a colloidal dispersion. In such experiments, a dispersion of rigid colloids is confined in a capillary tube or a Hele-Shaw cell. Solvent evaporation from the open end accumulates the particles at the tip up to the formation of a porous packing that invades the cell at a rate . Our model based on a classical description of fluid mechanics and capillary phenomena, predicts different regimes for the growth of the consolidated packing, l versus t. At early times, the evaporation rate is constant and the growth is linear, l ∝ t. At longer times, the evaporation rate decreases and the consolidated packing grows as . This slowdown is either related to the recession of the drying interface within the packing thus adding a resistance to evaporation (capillary-limited regime), or to the Kelvin effect which decreases the partial pressure of water at the drying interface (flow-limited regime). We illustrate these results with numerical relations describing hard spheres, showing that these regimes are a priori experimentally observable. Beyond this description of the confined directional drying of colloidal dispersions, our results also highlight the importance of relative humidity control in such experiments.
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Jannesarahmadi S, Aminzadeh M, Raga R, Shokri N. Effects of microplastics on evaporation dynamics in porous media. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137023. [PMID: 36330984 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution is an emerging threat to soil ecosystems. The present study aims to investigate the impacts of MPs on soil water evaporation dynamics and patterns. Two series of laboratory experiments were conducted using sand particles and clay mixed with different MPs to investigate how evaporation dynamics and patterns are influenced by the presence of MPs. Quartz sand including 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 4.5% of Polyethylene (PE) and Polyvinylchloride (PVC) were used to evaluate MPs effects on evaporation rates while bentonite mixed with sand and 0, 0.75, 1.5, 4.5, 6, 8, and 10% of PE and PVC were used to investigate evaporation-induced cracking patterns. The experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions in a climate chamber at constant ambient temperature. Our results suggest that the addition of MPs led to more water evaporation compared to the samples without MPs. Microscopic imaging and analysis enabled us to evaluate the possible MPs effects on the modification of soil characteristics and pore structure affecting the evaporation behavior. Moreover, although increasing MPs concentrations appeared to induce only minor effects on the crack morphology formed as a result of evaporation from the mixture of sand and bentonite, the type of MPs (PE vs PVC) had more notable effects on the drying-induced cracking patterns. The reported experimental data and analysis extend our physical understanding of the parameters influencing soil water evaporation in the presence of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Jannesarahmadi
- Institute of Geo-Hydroinformatics, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3 (E), 21073 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Milad Aminzadeh
- Institute of Geo-Hydroinformatics, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3 (E), 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Roberto Raga
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nima Shokri
- Institute of Geo-Hydroinformatics, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3 (E), 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Zheng W, Yang Z, Wang X, Wang H, Yu X, Wang LP, He B. Impacts of evaporation and inundation on near-surface salinity at a coastal wetland park. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114373. [PMID: 36427377 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is one of the main causes of conversion between different ecosystems and landuse functions in coastal wetlands. In this paper, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture and salinity in a reclaimed national wetland park in Guangdong Province, China. We found that diel evaporation affected soil water up to 40 cm deep. Extreme rainfall only increased topsoil moisture with limited leaching effects on soil salinity. Salt accumulation occurred between 40 and 70 cm depth in rainy season, lasting until the end of monitoring period. Whereas the topsoil was salinized between land-surface to 30 cm deep in dry season, which was recovered after rainfall. This result suggested that the force balance between capillarity and gravity created a relative stable saline layer which was not flushed out during inundation. Therefore, considering these site-specific features could lead to the improved understanding of the migration of salinity in the soil profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zheng
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenlei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Center for Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510250, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510250, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Center for Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510250, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Lian-Ping Wang
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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8
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Matsushita S, Suzuki R, Abe M, Kojima K, Tachibana M. Diffusion Coefficient of Intracrystalline Water in Intrinsic Hen Egg-White Lysozyme Crystals Determined by Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9000-9007. [PMID: 36318974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein crystals composed of protein molecules are expected as a novel porous material. They have high porosity, and the knowledge of the diffusion of intracrystalline water is important. In this study, the diffusion coefficient of intracrystalline water in intrinsic hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) crystals was determined by a method that combines confocal Raman spectroscopy and air convection with controlled relative humidity. Similar to common porous materials, the drying process of the protein crystals includes three periods: constant-rate drying, falling-rate drying, and equilibrium state. During the falling-rate drying period, the drying rate depends on the diffusion of intracrystalline water in the protein crystal. The gradient of the water content was measured using confocal Raman spectroscopy. The diffusion coefficient of the intrinsic HEWL crystals was determined as 3.1 × 10-7 cm2/s with a water content of 36.3 vol %. The estimated diffusion coefficients of the intrinsic HEWL crystals without cross-linking were in close agreement with those of the cross-linked protein crystals. This study is timely as the knowledge of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient is useful not only for understanding the mechanism of hydration of proteins but also in practical applications such as porous materials, drug binding, and cryoprotectant soaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsushita
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama236-0027, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama236-0027, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Marina Abe
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama236-0027, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama236-0027, Japan
| | - Masaru Tachibana
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama236-0027, Japan
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9
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Gutierrez MM, Cameron-Harp MV, Chakraborty PP, Stallbaumer-Cyr EM, Morrow JA, Hansen RR, Derby MM. Investigating a microbial approach to water conservation: Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Surfactin on evaporation dynamics in loam and sandy loam soils. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.959591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-arid regions faced with increasingly scarce freshwater resources must manage competing demands in the food-energy-water nexus. A possible solution modifies soil hydrologic properties using biosurfactants to reduce evaporation and improve water retention. In this study, two different soil textures representative of agricultural soils in Kansas were treated with a direct application of the biosurfactant, Surfactin, and an indirect application via inoculation of Bacillus subtilis. Evaporation rates of the wetted soils were measured when exposed to artificial sunlight (1000 W/m2) and compared to non-treated control soils. Experimental results indicate that both treatments alter soil moisture dynamics by increasing evaporation rates by when soil moisture is plentiful (i.e., constant rate period) and decreasing evaporation rates by when moisture is scarce (i.e., slower rate period). Furthermore, both treatments significantly reduced the soil moisture content at which the soil transitioned from constant rate to slower rate evaporation. Out of the two treatments, inoculation with B. subtilis generally produced greater changes in evaporation dynamics; for example, the treatment with B. subtilis in sandy loam soils increased constant rate periods of evaporation by 43% and decreased slower rate evaporation by 49%. In comparing the two soil textures, the sandy loam soil exhibited a larger treatment effect than the loam soil. To evaluate the potential significance of the treatment effects, a System Dynamics Model operationalized the evaporation rate results and simulated soil moisture dynamics under typical daily precipitation conditions. The results from this model indicate both treatment methods significantly altered soil moisture dynamics in the sandy loam soils and increased the probability of the soil exhibiting constant rate evaporation relative to the control soils. Overall, these findings suggest that the decrease in soil moisture threshold observed in the experimental setting could increase soil moisture availability by prolonging the constant rate stage of evaporation. As inoculation with B. subtilis in the sandy loam soil had the most pronounced effects in both the experimental and simulated contexts, future work should focus on testing this treatment in field trials with similar soil textures.
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10
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Self-potential time series reveal emergent behavior in soil organic matter dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13531. [PMID: 35941225 PMCID: PMC9360037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The active cycling of carbon between soil organic matter and the atmosphere is of critical importance to global climate change. An extensive body of research exists documenting the capricious nature of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, which is symptomatic of an intricate network of interactions between diverse groups of heterotrophic microorganisms, complex organic substrates, and highly variable local environmental conditions. These attributes are consistent with elements of complex system theory and the temporal evolution of otherwise unpredictable patterns of behavior that emerge from long range dependency on initial conditions. Here we show that vertical depth profile of self-potential (SP) time series measurements responds in a quantitative manner to variations in soil moisture, SOM concentrations, and relative rates of microbial activity. Application of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) of self potential time series data is shown additionally to reveal the presence of long-range dependence and emergence of anomalous electrochemical diffusion behavior, both of which diminish with depth as SOM specific energy densities decline.
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11
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Evaporative Drying from Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic Homogeneous Porous Columns: Consequences of Wettability, Porous Structure and Hydraulic Connectivity. Transp Porous Media 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-022-01775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Asanuma Y, Toyota K, Nishimura T, Lenggoro IW. Surface treatment of clayey soil particles for reducing water loss through evaporation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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Talbi M, Prat M. Coupling between internal and external mass transfer during stage-1 evaporation in capillary porous media: Interfacial resistance approach. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:055102. [PMID: 34942821 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.055102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The coupling boundary condition to be imposed at the evaporative surface of a porous medium is studied from pore network simulations considering the capillary regime. This paper highlights the formation of a thin edge effect region of smaller saturation along the evaporative surface. It is shown that this thin region forms in the breakthrough period at the very beginning of the drying process. The size of this region is studied and shown to be not network size dependent. This region is shown to be the locus of a nonlocal equilibrium effect. The features lead to the consideration of a coupling boundary condition involving an interfacial mass transfer resistance and an external mass transfer resistance. Contrary to previous considerations, it is shown that both resistances depend on the variation of the saturation, i.e., the fluid topology, and the size of the external mass transfer layer, i.e., the mass transfer rate. This is explained by the evolution of the vapor partial pressure distribution at the surface which becomes increasingly heterogeneous during evaporation and depends on both the evolving fluid distribution in the interfacial region and the mass transfer rate. However, the geometric effects due to the configuration of the fluids can be separated from rate effects that arise due to the nonequilibrium mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Talbi
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse,Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Prat
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse,Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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14
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Bacchin P, Leng J, Salmon JB. Microfluidic Evaporation, Pervaporation, and Osmosis: From Passive Pumping to Solute Concentration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:6938-6985. [PMID: 34882390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation, pervaporation, and forward osmosis are processes leading to a mass transfer of solvent across an interface: gas/liquid for evaporation and solid/liquid (membrane) for pervaporation and osmosis. This Review provides comprehensive insight into the use of these processes at the microfluidic scales for applications ranging from passive pumping to the screening of phase diagrams and micromaterials engineering. Indeed, for a fixed interface relative to the microfluidic chip, these processes passively induce flows driven only by gradients of chemical potential. As a consequence, these passive-transport phenomena lead to an accumulation of solutes that cannot cross the interface and thus concentrate solutions in the microfluidic chip up to high concentration regimes, possibly up to solidification. The purpose of this Review is to provide a unified description of these processes and associated microfluidic applications to highlight the differences and similarities between these three passive-transport phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bacchin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Leng
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
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15
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Impacts of an Internal Finer-Textured Layer on Soil Evaporation and Salt Distribution. Transp Porous Media 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-021-01706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Qin F, Zhao J, Kang Q, Derome D, Carmeliet J. Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Drying of Porous Media Considering Contact Angle Hysteresis. Transp Porous Media 2021; 140:395-420. [PMID: 34720284 PMCID: PMC8550062 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-021-01644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drying of porous media is governed by a combination of evaporation and movement of the liquid phase within the porous structure. Contact angle hysteresis induced by surface roughness is shown to influence multi-phase flows, such as contact line motion of droplet, phase distribution during drainage and coffee ring formed after droplet drying in constant contact radius mode. However, the influence of contact angle hysteresis on liquid drying in porous media is still an unanswered question. Lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) is an advanced numerical approach increasingly used to study phase change problems including drying. In this paper, based on a geometric formulation scheme to prescribe contact angle, we implement a contact angle hysteresis model within the framework of a two-phase pseudopotential LBM. The capability and accuracy of prescribing and automatically measuring contact angles over a large range are tested and validated by simulating droplets sitting on flat and curved surfaces. Afterward, the proposed contact angle hysteresis model is validated by modeling droplet drying on flat and curved surfaces. Then, drying of two connected capillary tubes is studied, considering the influence of different contact angle hysteresis ranges on drying dynamics. Finally, the model is applied to study drying of a dual-porosity porous medium, where phase distribution and drying rate are compared with and without contact angle hysteresis. The proposed model is shown to be capable of dealing with different contact angle hysteresis ranges accurately and of capturing the physical mechanisms during drying in different porous media including flat and curved geometries. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11242-021-01644-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qin
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qinjun Kang
- Earth and Environment Sciences Division (EES-16), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Dominique Derome
- Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Orevi T, Kashtan N. Life in a Droplet: Microbial Ecology in Microscopic Surface Wetness. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:655459. [PMID: 33927707 PMCID: PMC8076497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While many natural and artificial surfaces may appear dry, they are in fact covered by thin liquid films and microdroplets invisible to the naked eye known as microscopic surface wetness (MSW). Central to the formation and the retention of MSW are the deliquescent properties of hygroscopic salts that prevent complete drying of wet surfaces or that drive the absorption of water until dissolution when the relative humidity is above a salt-specific level. As salts are ubiquitous, MSW occurs in many microbial habitats, such as soil, rocks, plant leaf, and root surfaces, the built environment, and human and animal skin. While key properties of MSW, including very high salinity and segregation into droplets, greatly affect microbial life therein, it has been scarcely studied, and systematic studies are only in their beginnings. Based on recent findings, we propose that the harsh micro-environment that MSW imposes, which is very different from bulk liquid, affects key aspects of bacterial ecology including survival traits, antibiotic response, competition, motility, communication, and exchange of genetic material. Further research is required to uncover the fundamental principles that govern microbial life and ecology in MSW. Such research will require multidisciplinary science cutting across biology, physics, and chemistry, while incorporating approaches from microbiology, genomics, microscopy, and computational modeling. The results of such research will be critical to understand microbial ecology in vast terrestrial habitats, affecting global biogeochemical cycles, as well as plant, animal, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Orevi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nadav Kashtan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Mehdipour I, Falzone G, Prentice D, Neithalath N, Simonetti D, Sant G. The role of gas flow distributions on CO2 mineralization within monolithic cemented composites: coupled CFD-factorial design approach. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the spatial distribution of contacting gas and the gas processing conditions enhances CO2 mineralization reactions and material properties of carbonate-cementitious monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Mehdipour
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Gabriel Falzone
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Dale Prentice
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Narayanan Neithalath
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Dante Simonetti
- Institute for Carbon Management (ICM)
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Gaurav Sant
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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19
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Abstract
Soil salinization in irrigated croplands is a key factor in soil degradation and directly affects plant growth and soil hydrological processes such as evaporation and infiltration. In order to support the development of appropriate irrigation strategies, it is important to understand the impact of salt crusts that form during evaporation from saline soils on water flow. The determination of the effective hydraulic properties of salt crusts that control evaporation is still a challenge due to the lack of suitable measurement techniques. In this study, we propose an approach using gas flow to determine the permeability of salt crusts obtained from evaporation of unsaturated saline solutions of three different salt types and investigate the impact of the crust permeability on evaporation. For this, sand columns saturated with initial solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) at concentrations corresponding to 33% of the solubility limit were prepared and allowed to evaporate in order to induce crust formation. The results demonstrated that the intrinsic permeability of the dry salt crusts was similar for the different types of salts (≈4 × 10−12 m2), whereas the evaporation of the prepared columns differed significantly. We conclude that the intrinsic crust permeability only partly explains the impact of the crust on evaporation. Other effective crust properties such as porosity or unsaturated hydraulic properties may provide additional information on how evaporation is affected by salt crust formation.
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20
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Hasegawa K, Inasawa S. Evaporation kinetics of continuous water and dispersed oil droplets. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8692-8701. [PMID: 32996538 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drying of volatile oil droplets immersed in a continuous water phase was observed and analysed. Drying sample solutions were sandwiched between two glass plates and the water and oil phases were observed by confocal microscopy. In the initial stage of drying, evaporation of water was dominant and drying of the oil droplets was negligible. However, the rate of water evaporation decreased when the oil droplets were compressed. Comparison of experimental data with a diffusion model of water vapour showed that the decline in drying rates occurred earlier in the experiment than in the theoretical prediction. This implies that compression and narrowing of water paths caused the decline in the rate of water evaporation. After most water had evaporated, evaporation of the oil droplets occurred. The oil droplets did not shrink isotropically and the air-liquid interface invaded into the drying oil droplets. Cross-sectional observation by z-scanning revealed direct exposure of the oil droplets and they were pinned by the residual water phase. The water network between the oil droplets collapsed after the oil droplets had evaporated. The correlation between changes in structures and drying kinetics in both liquid phases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Hasegawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan and Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Susumu Inasawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan. and Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Obstacles, Interfacial Forms, and Turbulence: A Numerical Analysis of Soil–Water Evaporation Across Different Interfaces. Transp Porous Media 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-020-01445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExchange processes between a turbulent free flow and a porous media flow are sensitive to the flow dynamics in both flow regimes, as well as to the interface that separates them. Resolving these complex exchange processes across irregular interfaces is key in understanding many natural and engineered systems. With soil–water evaporation as the natural application of interest, the coupled behavior and exchange between flow regimes are investigated numerically, considering a turbulent free flow as well as interfacial forms and obstacles. Interfacial forms and obstacles will alter the flow conditions at the interface, creating flow structures that either enhance or reduce exchange rates based on their velocity conditions and their mixing with the main flow. To evaluate how these interfacial forms change the exchange rates, interfacial conditions are isolated and investigated numerically. First, different flow speeds are compared for a flat surface. Second, a porous obstacle of varied height is introduced at the interface, and the effects the flow structures that develop have on the interface are analyzed. The flow parameters of this obstacle are then varied and the interfacial exchange rates investigated. Next, to evaluate the interaction of flow structures between obstacles, a second obstacle is introduced, separated by a varied distance. Finally, the shape of these obstacles is modified to create different wave forms. Each of these interfacial forms and obstacles is shown to create different flow structures adjacent to the surface which alter the mass, momentum, and energy conditions at the interface. These changes will enhance the exchange rate in locations where higher velocity gradients and more mixing with the main flow develop, but will reduce the exchange rate in locations where low velocity gradients and limited mixing with the main flow occur.
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22
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A Comparison of Three Trapezoid Models Using Optical and Thermal Satellite Imagery for Water Table Depth Monitoring in Estonian Bogs. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the potential of optical and thermal satellite imagery to monitor temporal and spatial changes in the position of the water table depth (WTD) in the peat layer of northern bogs. We evaluated three different trapezoid models that are proposed in the literature for soil moisture monitoring in regions with mineral soils. Due to the tight capillary connection between water table and surface soil moisture, we hypothesized that the soil moisture indices retrieved from these models would be correlated with WTD measured in situ. Two trapezoid models were based on optical and thermal imagery, also known as Thermal-Optical TRApezoid Models (TOTRAM), and one was based on optical imagery alone, also known as the OPtical TRApezoid Model (OPTRAM). The models were applied to Landsat imagery from 2008 to 2019 and the derived soil moisture indices were compared with in-situ WTD from eight locations in two Estonian bogs. Our results show that only the OPTRAM index was significantly (p-value < 0.05) correlated in time with WTD (average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.41 and 0.37, for original and anomaly time series, respectively), while the two tested TOTRAM indices were not. The highest temporal correlation coefficients (up to 0.8) were observed for OPTRAM over treeless parts of the bogs. An assessment of the spatial correlation between soil moisture indices and WTD indicated that all three models did not capture the spatial variation in water table depth. Instead, the spatial patterns of the indices were primarily attributable to vegetation patterns.
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23
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Identifying the dominant mode of moisture transport during drying of unsaturated soils. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4322. [PMID: 32152371 PMCID: PMC7063045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion of capillary water and water vapor during moisture loss in an unsaturated soil is impeded by the chemical and geometrical interactions between water molecules/vapor and the soil structure. A reduction in moisture content contracts the diffuse and adsorbed water layers in the partly saturated soil and disturbs the connected capillary network for flow of liquid water. With further drying, the dry soil layer expands and moisture is predominantly lost as vapor through continuous air-flow channels. The water-filled capillary network and air-filled channels are moisture conduits during different stages of soil drying. It is important to identify zones of dominant moisture transport and to select appropriate tortuosity equations for correct prediction of moisture flux. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine moisture flux from compacted soil specimens at environmental relative humidity of 33, 76 and 97% respectively. Analysis of the resultant τ - θ (tortuosity - volumetric water content) relations, illustrated the existence of a critical water content (θcr), that delineates the dominant zones of capillary liquid flow and vapor diffusion. At critical water content, the pore-size occupied by the capillary water is governed by the generated soil suction. Generalized equations are proposed to predict tortuosity factor in zones of dominant capillary liquid flow and vapor transport over a wide range of relative humidity (33 to 97%).
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24
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Kumar N, Arakeri JH, Bobji MS. Formation of a hard surface layer during drying of a heated porous media. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229723. [PMID: 32106267 PMCID: PMC7046278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report surface hardening or crust formation, like caking, during evaporation when a porous medium was heated from above using IR radiation. These crusts had higher strength than their closest counterparts such as sandcastles and mud-peels which essentially are clusters of a partially wet porous medium. Observed higher strength of the crusts was mostly due to surface tension between the solid particles, which are connected by liquid bridges (connate water). Qualitative (FTIR) and quantitative (TGA) measurements confirmed the presence of trapped water within the crust. Based on the weight measurements, the amount of water trapped in the crusts was ~1.5%; trapped water was also seen as liquid bridges in the SEM images. Further, in the fixed particle sizes case, the crust thickness varied slightly (only 10–20 particle diameters for cases with external heating) while with the natural sand whole porous column was crusted; surprisingly, the crust was also found with the hydrophobic glass beads. Fluorescein dye visualization technique was used to determine the crust thickness. We give a power-law relation between the crust thickness and the incident heat flux for various particle sizes. The strength of the crust decreased drastically with increasing hydrophilic spheres diameter while it increased with higher surface temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jaywant H. Arakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Musuvathi S. Bobji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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25
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Cejas CM, Hough LA, Beaufret R, Castaing JC, Frétigny C, Dreyfus R. Preferential Root Tropisms in 2D Wet Granular Media with Structural Inhomogeneities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14195. [PMID: 31578384 PMCID: PMC6775086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate certain aspects of the physical mechanisms of root growth in a granular medium and how these roots adapt to changes in water distribution induced by the presence of structural inhomogeneities in the form of solid intrusions. Physical intrusions such as a square rod added into the 2D granular medium maintain robust capillary action, pumping water from the more saturated areas at the bottom of the cell towards the less saturated areas near the top of the cell while the rest of the medium is slowly devoid of water via evaporation. The intrusion induces "preferential tropism" of roots by first generating a humidity gradient that attracts the root to grow towards it. Then it guides the roots and permits them to grow deeper into more saturated regions in the soil. This further allows more efficient access to available water in the deeper sections of the medium thereby resulting to increased plant lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare M Cejas
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA.
- Microfluidics, MEMS, Nanostructures Laboratory, CNRS Chimie Biologie Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes (IPGG), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 6 rue Jean Calvin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Lawrence A Hough
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA
| | - Raphaël Beaufret
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA
| | | | - Christian Frétigny
- Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM) CNRS UMR 7615 ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Rémi Dreyfus
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA
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26
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The Influence of a Water Absorbing Geocomposite on Soil Water Retention and Soil Matric Potential. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11081731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change induces droughts that are becoming more intensive and more frequent than ever before. Most of the available forecast tools predict a further significant increase in the risk of drought, which indicates the need to prepare solutions to mitigate its effects. Growing water scarcity is now one of the world’s leading challenges. In agriculture and environmental engineering, in order to increase soil water retention, soil additives are used. In this study, the influence of a newly developed water absorbing geocomposite (WAG) on soil water retention and soil matric potential was analyzed. WAG is a special element made from geotextile which is wrapped around a synthetic skeleton with a superabsorbent polymer placed inside. To describe WAG’s influence on soil water retention and soil matric potential, coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils were used. WAG in the form of a mat was used in the study as a treatment. Three kinds of samples were prepared for every soil type. Control samples and samples with WAG treatment placed at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm were examined in a test container of 105 × 70 × 50 cm dimensions. The samples had been watered and drained, and afterwards, the soil surface was heated by lamps of 1100 W total power constantly for 72 h. Soil matric potential was measured by Irrometer field tensiometers at three depths. Soil moisture content was recorded at six depths: of 5, 9, 15, 19, 25, and 30 cm under the top of the soil surface with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement devices. The values of soil moisture content and soil matric potential were collected in one-minute steps, and analyzed in 24-h-long time steps: 24, 48, and 72 h. The samples with the WAG treatment lost more water than the control samples. Similarly, lower soil matric potential was noted in the samples with the WAG than in the control samples. However, after taking into account the water retained in the WAG, it appeared that the samples with the WAG had more water easily available for plants than the control samples. It was found that the mechanism of a capillary barrier affected higher water loss from soil layers above those where the WAG had been placed. The obtained results of water loss depend on the soil type used in the profile.
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27
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Li Z, Vanderborght J, Smits KM. Evaluation of Model Concepts to Describe Water Transport in Shallow Subsurface Soil and Across the Soil–Air Interface. Transp Porous Media 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-018-1144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ben Abdelouahab N, Gossard A, Rodts S, Coasne B, Coussot P. Convective drying of a porous medium with a paste cover. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:66. [PMID: 31123876 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The convective drying of a composite system made of a porous medium covered with a paste is a situation often encountered with soils, roads, building and cultural heritage materials. Here we discuss the basic mechanisms at work during the drying of a model composite system made of a homogeneous paste covering a simple granular packing. We start by reviewing the rather well-known case of the convective drying of a simple granular packing (i.e. without paste cover), which serves as a reference for physical interpretations. We show that a simple model assuming homogeneous desaturation followed by a progressive development of a dry front from the sample free surface is in agreement with observations of the internal liquid distribution variations in time. In particular, this model is able to reproduce the saturation vs. time curves of various simple granular systems, which supports our understanding of physical mechanisms at work. Then we show the detailed characteristics of drying of initially saturated model composite systems (with kaolin or cellulose paste) with the help of MRI measurements providing the liquid distribution in the sample at different times during the process up to the very last stages of drying. It appears that the granular medium is unaffected (i.e. remains saturated) during an initial period during which the paste shrinks and finally forms a sufficiently rigid porous structure which will not any more shrink later on. Then the drying process is governed by capillary effects down to very low saturation. Over a wide range of saturations both media desaturate homogeneously (within each medium) at different rates which depend on the specific porous structure of the media, so as to maintain capillary equilibrium throughout the sample. During these different stages the drying rate of the whole system remains constant. For sufficiently low saturation in the paste a dry front can develop, both in the paste and the porous medium below, and the drying rate now decreases. These results show that in a drying composite system liquid extraction can occur more or less simultaneously in the different parts of the material up to the very last stages of drying. The corresponding evolution of the distributions of liquid in the different parts of the sample also provides key information for the prediction of ion or particle transport and accumulation in the different parts of a composite system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ben Abdelouahab
- Univ. Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS), 77420, Champs sur Marne, France
- CEA, DEN, Univ Montpellier, DE2D, SEAD, Laboratoire des Procédés Supercritiques et de Décontamination, Marcoule, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - A Gossard
- CEA, DEN, Univ Montpellier, DE2D, SEAD, Laboratoire des Procédés Supercritiques et de Décontamination, Marcoule, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - S Rodts
- Univ. Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS), 77420, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - B Coasne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - P Coussot
- Univ. Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS), 77420, Champs sur Marne, France.
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29
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Kacimov AR, Obnosov YV, Or D. Evaporation-Induced Capillary Siphoning Through Hydraulically Connected Porous Domains: The Vedernikov–Bouwer Model Revisited. Transp Porous Media 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-019-01285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Jackson TR, Halford KJ, Gardner PM, Garcia A. Evaluating Micrometeorological Estimates of Groundwater Discharge from Great Basin Desert Playas. GROUND WATER 2018; 56:909-920. [PMID: 29508380 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater availability studies in the arid southwestern United States traditionally have assumed that groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (ETg ) from desert playas is a significant component of the groundwater budget. However, desert playa ETg rates are poorly constrained by Bowen ratio energy budget (BREB) and eddy-covariance (EC) micrometeorological measurement approaches. Best attempts by previous studies to constrain ETg from desert playas have resulted in ETg rates that are within the measurement error of micrometeorological approaches. This study uses numerical models to further constrain desert playa ETg rates that are within the measurement error of BREB and EC approaches, and to evaluate the effect of hydraulic properties and salinity-based groundwater density contrasts on desert playa ETg rates. Numerical models simulated ETg rates from desert playas in Death Valley, California and Dixie Valley, Nevada. Results indicate that actual ETg rates from desert playas are significantly below the uncertainty thresholds of BREB- and EC-based micrometeorological measurements. Discharge from desert playas likely contributes less than 2% of total groundwater discharge from Dixie and Death Valleys, which suggests discharge from desert playas also is negligible in other basins. Simulation results also show that ETg from desert playas primarily is limited by differences in hydraulic properties between alluvial fan and playa sediments and, to a lesser extent, by salinity-based groundwater density contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith J Halford
- U.S. Geological Survey, Nevada Water Science Center, 2730 North Deer Run Rd., Carson City, NV 89701
| | - Philip M Gardner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Nevada Water Science Center, 2730 North Deer Run Rd., Carson City, NV 89701
| | - Amanda Garcia
- US Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, 2130 SW 5th Ave., Portland, OR 97201
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31
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Goavec M, Rodts S, Gaudefroy V, Coquil M, Keita E, Goyon J, Chateau X, Coussot P. Strengthening and drying rate of a drying emulsion layer. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8612-8626. [PMID: 30324194 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
From direct observations and MRI measurements we demonstrate that during the drying of a direct (oil in water) emulsion the whole system essentially concentrates homogeneously, which leads to shrinkage, without air penetration. The structure and mechanical strength (i.e. the elastic modulus) of this concentrated bulk are not significantly different from those of an emulsion directly prepared at this higher concentration. Despite this phenomenon, the drying rate continuously and rapidly decreases as the water content decreases, in contrast with the drying of a simple granular packing. This results from a concentration gradient which develops towards the free surface of the sample where the oil droplets finally coalesce, ultimately forming an oil layer covering the sample through which the water molecules have to diffuse before evaporating. Moreover, as during the process, the liquid is transported towards the free surface where it evaporates, surfactants accumulate and tend to form a thin solid layer below the oil layer, which tends to further reduce the drying rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goavec
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS), 2 Allée Kepler, 77420 Champs sur Marne, France.
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32
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Cejas CM, Hough LA, Frétigny C, Dreyfus R. Effect of geometry on the dewetting of granular chains by evaporation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6994-7002. [PMID: 30095846 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding evaporation or drying in granular media still remains complex despite recent advancements. Evaporation depends on liquid transport across a connected film network from the bulk to the surface. In this study, we investigate the stability of film networks as a function of the geometry of granular chains of spherical grains. Using a controlled experimental approach, we vary the grain arrangement or packing and measure the height of the liquid film network during evaporation as packing shifts from loose-packed to close-packed arrangement. This height can be calculated from an equilibrium between hydrostatic pressure and the capillary pressure difference in the vertical film network. Following a simulation approach using Surface Evolver, we evaluate the pressure variation due to dewetting of the meniscus volume in the grains in both the percolating front and evaporating front within the two-phase zone of air/water mixture. Results show good agreement between model and experiment. We find that above a "critical" packing angle, the liquid continuity is broken and films connections fragment into separate, isolated capillary bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare M Cejas
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA 19007-3624, USA.
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Zürcher J, Burg BR, Del Carro L, Studart AR, Brunschwiler T. On the Evaporation of Colloidal Suspensions in Confined Pillar Arrays. Transp Porous Media 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-018-1112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Cejas CM, Castaing JC, Hough L, Frétigny C, Dreyfus R. Experimental investigation of water distribution in a two-phase zone during gravity-dominated evaporation. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:062908. [PMID: 29347312 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We characterize the water repartition within the partially saturated (two-phase) zone (PSZ) during evaporation from mixed wettable porous media by controlling the wettability of glass beads, their sizes, and as well the surrounding relative humidity. Here, capillary numbers are low and under these conditions, the percolating front is stabilized by gravity. Using experimental and numerical analyses, we find that the PSZ saturation decreases with the Bond number, where packing of smaller particles have higher saturation values than packing made of larger particles. Results also reveal that the extent (height) of the PSZ, as well as water saturation in the PSZ, both increase with wettability. We also numerically calculate the saturation exclusively contained in connected liquid films and results show that values are less than the expected PSZ saturation. These results strongly reflect that the two-phase zone is not solely made up of connected capillary networks but also made of disconnected water clusters or pockets. Moreover, we also find that global saturation (PSZ + full wet zone) decreases with wettability, confirming that greater quantity of water is lost via evaporation with increasing hydrophilicity. These results show that connected liquid films are favored in more-hydrophilic systems while disconnected water pockets are favored in less-hydrophilic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare M Cejas
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, Pennsylvania 19007-3624, USA
| | | | - Larry Hough
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, Pennsylvania 19007-3624, USA
| | - Christian Frétigny
- Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle CNRS SIMM UMR 7615 ESPCI, Paris, France 75005
| | - Rémi Dreyfus
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, Pennsylvania 19007-3624, USA
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36
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Fantinel P, Borgman O, Holtzman R, Goehring L. Drying in a microfluidic chip: experiments and simulations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15572. [PMID: 29138494 PMCID: PMC5686139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an experimental micro-model of drying porous media, based on microfluidic cells made of arrays of pillars on a regular grid, and complement these experiments with a matching two-dimensional pore-network model of drying. Disorder, or small-scale heterogeneity, was introduced into the cells by randomly varying the radii of the pillars. The microfluidic chips were filled with a volatile oil and then dried horizontally, such that gravitational effects were excluded. The experimental and simulated drying rates and patterns were then compared in detail, for various levels of disorder. The geometrical features were reproduced well, although the model under-predicted the formation of trapped clusters of drying fluid. Reproducing drying rates proved to be more challenging, but improved if the additional trapped clusters were added to the model. The methods reported can be adapted to a wide range of multi-phase flow problems, and allow for the rapid development of high-precision micro-models containing tens of thousands of individual elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fantinel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Oshri Borgman
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ran Holtzman
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucas Goehring
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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37
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Microindentation Hardness of Protein Crystals under Controlled Relative Humidity. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Attari Moghaddam A, Kharaghani A, Tsotsas E, Prat M. A pore network study of evaporation from the surface of a drying non-hygroscopic porous medium. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdolreza Kharaghani
- Thermal Process Engineering; Otto-von-Guericke University; P.O. 4120, 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Evangelos Tsotsas
- Thermal Process Engineering; Otto-von-Guericke University; P.O. 4120, 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Marc Prat
- INPT, UPS, IMFT (Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse); Université de Toulouse; Toulouse 31400 France
- CNRS, IMFT; Toulouse 31400 France
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39
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Calculation of Steady-State Evaporation for an Arbitrary Matric Potential at Bare Ground Surface. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaporation from soil columns in the presence of a water table is a long lasting subject that has received great attention for many decades. Available analytical studies on the subject often involve an assumption that the potential evaporation rate is much less than the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. In this study, we develop a new semi-analytical method to estimate the evaporation rate for an arbitrary matric potential head at bare soil surface without assuming that the potential evaporation rate is much less than the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The results show that the evaporation rates calculated by the new solutions fit well with the HYDRUS-1D simulation. The new solutions also can reproduce the results of potential evaporation rate calculated from previous equations under the special condition of an infinite matric potential head at bare soil surface. The developed new solutions expand our present knowledge of evaporation estimation at bare ground surface to more general field conditions.
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40
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Mejri E, Bouhlila R, Helmig R. Heterogeneity Effects on Evaporation-Induced Halite and Gypsum Co-precipitation in Porous Media. Transp Porous Media 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-017-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Thiery J, Keita E, Rodts S, Courtier Murias D, Kodger T, Pegoraro A, Coussot P. Drying kinetics of deformable and cracking nano-porous gels. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2016; 39:117. [PMID: 27921169 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2016-16117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The desiccation of porous materials encompasses a wide range of technological and industrial processes and is acutely sensitive to the hierarchical structure of the porous materials resulting in complex dynamics which are challenging to unravel. Macroscopic observations of the surface and geometry of model colloidal gels during desiccation under controlled air flow highlight the role of crack formation in drying. The density of cracks and their rate of appearance depend on the initial solid fraction of the gels and their adherence to the substrate. While under certain conditions cracking leads to an increase of the drying rate, in other cases cracking allows for its conservation over an extended period of the drying process. Nevertheless, as long as the sample is saturated with water, each piece within the sample shrinks isotropically as if it were an independent drying system. By simulating the airflow around the sample and inside the crack cavities, we show the existence of a perturbation in the air velocity in the vicinity of the crack cavity whose scale depends on the aspect ratio (depth/width) of the latter. On this basis, we propose a simple model which predicts the observed drying rate variations encountered while the sample cracks; and further enables to simulate the desiccation for a designated crack density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thiery
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENCP-CNRS-IFSTTAR, 77420, Champs sur Marne, France.
- Experimental Soft Matter Group, Harvard University, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - E Keita
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENCP-CNRS-IFSTTAR, 77420, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - S Rodts
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENCP-CNRS-IFSTTAR, 77420, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - D Courtier Murias
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENCP-CNRS-IFSTTAR, 77420, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - T Kodger
- Experimental Soft Matter Group, Harvard University, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Pegoraro
- Experimental Soft Matter Group, Harvard University, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Coussot
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (ENCP-CNRS-IFSTTAR, 77420, Champs sur Marne, France
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42
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Chung JY, Regev I, Mahadevan L. Spontaneous exfoliation of a drying gel. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:7855-7862. [PMID: 27714277 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wet starch cracks when it dries inhomogeneously, while hot glass cracks when it cools non-uniformly. In both cases, differential shrinkage induced by drying/cooling from the surface causes superficial cracks to grow perpendicular to the surface in different patterns. In contrast with these observations of bulk cracking in brittle materials, when a soft and homogeneously swollen polymer gel dries, differential strains lead to the peeling of a thin layer that spontaneously tears away from the bulk. Continued drying leads to the process repeating itself, forming a peeled-layered structure. The emergent thickness of the exfoliated layer is a function of both the geometry of the original gel and the physical parameters associated with the drying rate and external temperature. We characterize the experimental conditions under which layer peeling can arise, and use simulations to corroborate these observations. Finally, a minimal theory explains the scaling of the peel thickness, consistent with our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Chung
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ido Regev
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University, Sde Boker Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - L Mahadevan
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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McClure JE, Berrill MA, Gray WG, Miller CT. Influence of phase connectivity on the relationship among capillary pressure, fluid saturation, and interfacial area in two-fluid-phase porous medium systems. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:033102. [PMID: 27739835 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.033102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Multiphase flows in porous medium systems are typically modeled at the macroscale by applying the principles of continuum mechanics to develop models that describe the behavior of averaged quantities, such as fluid pressure and saturation. These models require closure relations to produce solvable forms. One of these required closure relations is an expression relating the capillary pressure to fluid saturation and, in some cases, other topological invariants such as interfacial area and the Euler characteristic (or average Gaussian curvature). The forms that are used in traditional models, which typically consider only the relationship between capillary pressure and saturation, are hysteretic. An unresolved question is whether the inclusion of additional morphological and topological measures can lead to a nonhysteretic closure relation. Relying on the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, we develop an approach to investigate equilibrium states for a two-fluid-phase porous medium system, which includes disconnected nonwetting phase features. A set of simulations are performed within a random close pack of 1964 spheres to produce a total of 42 908 distinct equilibrium configurations. This information is evaluated using generalized additive models to quantitatively assess the degree to which functional relationships can explain the behavior of the equilibrium data. The variance of various model estimates is computed, and we conclude that, except for the limiting behavior close to a single fluid regime, capillary pressure can be expressed as a deterministic and nonhysteretic function of fluid saturation, interfacial area between the fluid phases, and the Euler characteristic. To our knowledge, this work is unique in the methods employed, the size of the data set, the resolution in space and time, the true equilibrium nature of the data, the parametrizations investigated, and the broad set of functions examined. The conclusion of essentially nonhysteretic behavior provides support for an evolving class of two-fluid-phase flow in porous medium systems models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E McClure
- Advanced Research Computing, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0123, USA
| | | | - William G Gray
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Cass T Miller
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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44
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Keita E, Kodger TE, Faure P, Rodts S, Weitz DA, Coussot P. Water retention against drying with soft-particle suspensions in porous media. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:033104. [PMID: 27739845 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.033104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers suspended in granular packings have a significant impact on water retention, which is important for soil irrigation and the curing of building materials. Whereas the drying rate remains constant during a long period for pure water due to capillary flow providing liquid water to the evaporating surface, we show that it is not the case for a suspension made of soft polymeric particles called microgels: The drying rate decreases immediately and significantly. By measuring the spatial water saturation and concentration of suspended particles with magnetic resonance imaging, we can explain these original trends and model the process. In low-viscosity fluids, the accumulation of particles at the free surface induces a recession of the air-liquid interface. A simple model, assuming particle transport and accumulation below the sample free surface, is able to reproduce our observations without any fitting parameters. The high viscosity of the microgel suspension inhibits flow towards the free surface and a drying front appears. We show that water vapor diffusion over a defined and increasing length sets the drying rate. These results and model allow for better controlling the drying and water retention in granular porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Keita
- Experimental Soft Matter Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier, ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - T E Kodger
- Experimental Soft Matter Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P Faure
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier, ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - S Rodts
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier, ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - D A Weitz
- Experimental Soft Matter Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P Coussot
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier, ENPC-IFSTTAR-CNRS, Champs-sur-Marne, France
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45
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Vincent O, Szenicer A, Stroock AD. Capillarity-driven flows at the continuum limit. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6656-6661. [PMID: 27444407 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00733c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the dynamics of capillary-driven flows at the nanoscale, using an original platform that combines nanoscale pores (⋍3 nm in diameter) and microfluidic features. In particular, we show that drying involves a fine coupling between thermodynamics and fluid mechanics that can be used to generate precisely controlled nanoflows driven by extreme stresses - up to 100 MPa of tension. We exploit these tunable flows to provide quantitative tests of continuum theories (e.g. Kelvin-Laplace equation and Poiseuille flow) across an unprecedented range and we isolate the breakdown of continuum as a negative slip length of molecular dimension. Our results show a coherent picture across multiple experiments including drying-induced permeation flows, imbibition and poroelastic transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vincent
- Cornell University, Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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46
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Impact of Water Film Evaporation on Gas Transport Property in Fractured Wet Coal Seams. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Effect of Turbulence and Roughness on Coupled Porous-Medium/Free-Flow Exchange Processes. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Velasco MI, Silletta EV, Gomez CG, Strumia MC, Stapf S, Monti GA, Mattea C, Acosta RH. Spatially Resolved Monitoring of Drying of Hierarchical Porous Organic Networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2067-2074. [PMID: 26847003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation kinetics of water confined in hierarchal polymeric porous media is studied by low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Systems synthesized with various degrees of cross-linker density render networks with similar pore sizes but different response when soaked with water. Polymeric networks with low percentage of cross-linker can undergo swelling, which affects the porosity as well as the drying kinetics. The drying process is monitored macroscopically by single-sided NMR, with spatial resolution of 100 μm, while microscopic information is obtained by measurements of spin-spin relaxation times (T2). Transition from a funicular to a pendular regime, where hydraulic connectivity is lost and the capillary flow cannot compensate for the surface evaporation, can be observed from inspection of the water content in different sample layers. Relaxation measurements indicate that even when the larger pore structures are depleted of water, capillary flow occurs through smaller voids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia V Silletta
- FaMAF-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and IFEG-CONICET, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cesar G Gomez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Edificio de Ciencias II - Ciudad Universitaria , 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miriam C Strumia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Edificio de Ciencias II - Ciudad Universitaria , 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Siegfried Stapf
- Department of Technical Physics II/Polymer Physics, Ilmenau University of Technology , 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | | | - Carlos Mattea
- Department of Technical Physics II/Polymer Physics, Ilmenau University of Technology , 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- FaMAF-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and IFEG-CONICET, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Mohanty SK, Saiers JE, Ryan JN. Colloid Mobilization in a Fractured Soil: Effect of Pore-Water Exchange between Preferential Flow Paths and Soil Matrix. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2310-2317. [PMID: 26829659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exchange of water and solutes between contaminated soil matrix and bulk solution in preferential flow paths has been shown to contribute to the long-term release of dissolved contaminants in the subsurface, but whether and how this exchange can affect the release of colloids in a soil are unclear. To examine this, we applied rainfall solutions of different ionic strength on an intact soil core and compared the resulting changes in effluent colloid concentration through multiple sampling ports. The exchange of water between soil matrix and the preferential flow paths leading to each port was characterized on the basis of the bromide (conservative tracer) breakthrough time at the port. At individual ports, two rainfalls of a certain ionic strength mobilized different amounts of colloids when the soil was pre-exposed to a solution of lower or higher ionic strength. This result indicates that colloid mobilization depended on rainfall solution history, which is referred as colloid mobilization hysteresis. The extent of hysteresis was increased with increases in exchange of pore water and solutes between preferential flow paths and matrix. The results indicate that the soil matrix exchanged the old water from the previous infiltration with new infiltrating water during successive infiltration and changed the pore water chemistry in the preferential flow paths, which in turn affected the release of soil colloids. Therefore, rainfall solution history and soil heterogeneity must be considered to assess colloid mobilization in the subsurface. These findings have implications for the release of colloids, colloid-associated contaminants, and pathogens from soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Mohanty
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James E Saiers
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Joseph N Ryan
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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50
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Roels SM, El Chatib N, Nicolaides C, Zitha PLJ. Capillary-Driven Transport of Dissolved Salt to the Drying Zone During $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 Injection in Homogeneous and Layered Porous Media. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-015-0601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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