1
|
Alam MS, Chowdhury MA, Khandaker T, Hossain MS, Islam MS, Islam MM, Hasan MK. Advancements in MAX phase materials: structure, properties, and novel applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26995-27041. [PMID: 39193282 PMCID: PMC11348849 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03714f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The MAX phase represents a diverse class of nanolaminate materials with intriguing properties that have received incredible global research attention because they bridge the divide separating metals and ceramics. Despite the numerous potential applications of MAX phases, their complex structure leads to a scarcity of readily accessible pure MAX phases. As a result, in-depth research on synthesis methods, characteristics, and structure is frequently needed for appropriate application. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the recent advancements and growth in MAX phases, focusing on their complex crystal structures, unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, crack healing, corrosion-resistant properties, as well as their synthesis methods and applications. The structure of MAX phases including single metal MAX, i-MAX and o-MAX was discussed. Moreover, recent advancements in understanding MAX phase behaviour under extreme conditions and their potential novel applications across various fields, including high-temperature coatings, energy storage, and electrical and thermal conductors, biomedical, nanocomposites, etc. were discussed. Moreover, the synthesis techniques, ranging from bottom-up to top-down methods are scrutinized for their efficacy in tailoring MAX phase properties. Furthermore, the review explores the challenges and opportunities associated with optimizing MAX phase materials for specific applications, such as enhancing their oxidation resistance, tuning their mechanical properties, and exploring their functionality in emerging technologies. Overall, this review aims to provide researchers and engineers with a comprehensive understanding of MAX phase materials and inspire further exploration into their versatile applications in materials science and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahinoor Alam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology Gazipur-1707 Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Tasmina Khandaker
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering and Technology Qadirabad Cantonment Natore-6431 Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering and Technology Qadirabad Cantonment Natore-6431 Bangladesh
| | - Md Moynul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering and Technology Qadirabad Cantonment Natore-6431 Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University Khulna-9208 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou J, Dahlqvist M, Björk J, Rosen J. Atomic Scale Design of MXenes and Their Parent Materials─From Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13291-13322. [PMID: 37976459 PMCID: PMC10722466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
More than a decade after the discovery of MXene, there has been a remarkable increase in research on synthesis, characterization, and applications of this growing family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides. Today, these materials include one, two, or more transition metals arranged in chemically ordered or disordered structures of three, five, seven, or nine atomic layers, with a surface chemistry characterized by surface terminations. By combining M, X, and various surface terminations, it appears that a virtually endless number of MXenes is possible. However, for the design and discovery of structures and compositions beyond current MXenes, one needs suitable (stable) precursors, an assessment of viable pathways for 3D to 2D conversion, and utilization or development of corresponding synthesis techniques. Here, we present a critical and forward-looking review of the field of atomic scale design and synthesis of MXenes and their parent materials. We discuss theoretical methods for predicting MXene precursors and for assessing whether they are chemically exfoliable. We also summarize current experimental methods for realizing the predicted materials, listing all verified MXenes to date, and outline research directions that will improve the fundamental understanding of MXene processing, enabling atomic scale design of future 2D materials, for emerging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Dahlqvist
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kubitza N, Büchner C, Sinclair J, Snyder RM, Birkel CS. Extending the Chemistry of Layered Solids and Nanosheets: Chemistry and Structure of MAX Phases, MAB Phases and MXenes. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300214. [PMID: 37500596 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
MAX phases are layered solids with unique properties combining characteristics of ceramics and metals. MXenes are their two-dimensional siblings that can be synthesized as van der Waals-stacked and multi-/single-layer nanosheets, which possess chemical and physical properties that make them interesting for a plethora of applications. Both families of materials are highly versatile in terms of their chemical composition and theoretical studies suggest that many more members are stable and can be synthesized. This is very intriguing because new combinations of elements, and potentially new structures, can lead to further (tunable) properties. In this review, we focus on the synthesis science (including non-conventional approaches) and structure of members less investigated, namely compounds with more exotic M-, A-, and X-elements, for example nitrides and (carbo)nitrides, and the related family of MAB phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Kubitza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carina Büchner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jordan Sinclair
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Rose M Snyder
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Christina S Birkel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mokkath JH. Optical properties of in-plane chemically ordered i-MAX structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13665-13672. [PMID: 37157854 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of novel materials with intriguing features increases with greater chemical diversity and structural complexity. In this work, we have investigated the electronic and optical characteristics of the atomically laminated i-MAX structures [(Mo2/3Sc1/3)2 AC with A = Al, Ga, In, Sn] using first-principles density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate how the electronic states at the Fermi level are affected by changes in the A element, and how this has a significant impact on the electronic and optical characteristics of the i-MAX structures. Additionally, the investigated systems exhibit optical reflectivity of more than 80% in the low energy region of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them suitable for coatings that lower solar heating. The results of this theoretical investigation help us to better comprehend the i-MAX's optical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junais Habeeb Mokkath
- Quantum Nanophotonics Simulations Lab, Department of Physics, Kuwait College of Science And Technology, Doha Area, 7th Ring Road, P.O. Box 27235, Kuwait.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Li Y, Zhao B, Liu S, Zhang H, Chen K, Li M, Du S, Xiu F, Che R, Chai Z, Huang Q. Multiprincipal Element M 2 FeC (M = Ti,V,Nb,Ta,Zr) MAX Phases with Synergistic Effect of Dielectric and Magnetic Loss. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206877. [PMID: 36727817 PMCID: PMC10074122 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) wave pollution is harmful to human health and environment, thus it is absolutely important to develop new electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. MAX phases have been attracted more attention as a potential candidate for electromagnetic wave absorbing materials due to their high conductivity and nanolaminated structure. Herein, two new magnetic MAX phases with multiprincipal elements ((Ti1/3 Nb1/3 Ta1/3 )2 FeC and (Ti0.2 V0.2 Nb0.2 Ta0.2 Zr0.2 )2 FeC) in which Fe atoms replace Al atoms in the A sites are successfully synthesized by an isomorphous replacement reaction of multiprincipal (Ti1/3 Nb1/3 Ta1/3 )2 AlC and (Ti0.2 V0.2 Nb0.2 Ta0.2 Zr0.2 )2 AlC MAX phases with Lewis acid salt (FeCl2 ). (Ti1/3 Nb1/3 Ta1/3 )2 FeC and (Ti0.2 V0.2 Nb0.2 Ta0.2 Zr0.2 )2 FeC exhibit ferromagnetic behavior, and the Curie temperature (Tc ) are 302 and 235 K, respectively. The dual electromagnetic absorption mechanisms that include dielectric and magnetic loss, which is realized in these multiprincipal MAX phases. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of (Ti1/3 Nb1/3 Ta1/3 )2 FeC is -44.4 dB at 6.56 GHz with 3 mm thickness, and the effective bandwidth is 2.48 GHz. Additionally, the electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the magnetic MAX phases indicate that magnetic loss also plays an important role besides dielectric loss. This work shows a promising composition-design strategy to develop MAX phases with good EM wave absorption performance via simultaneously regulating dielectric and magnetic loss together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- College of Materials Science and Opto‐electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan DistrictBeijing100049China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| | - Youbing Li
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| | - Biao Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsShanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of PhysicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsShanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Ke Chen
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| | - Mian Li
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| | - Faxian Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of PhysicsFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsShanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsSchool of MicroelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECHNingbo315336China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. The rise of MAX phase alloys - large-scale theoretical screening for the prediction of chemical order and disorder. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10958-10971. [PMID: 35860995 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MAX phases (M = metal, A = A-group element, X = C and/or N) are layered materials, combining metallic and ceramic attributes. They are also parent materials for the two-dimensional (2D) derivative, MXene, realized from selective etching of the A-element. In this work, we present a historical survey of MAX phase alloying to date along with an extensive theoretical investigation of MAX phase alloys (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, A = Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au, and X = C). We assess both in-plane chemical ordering (in the so-called i-MAX phases) and solid solution. Out of the 2702 compositions, 92 i-MAX and 291 solid solution MAX phases are predicted to be thermodynamically stable. A majority of these have not yet been experimentally reported. In general, i-MAX is favored for a smaller size of A and a large difference in metal size, while solid solution is favored for a larger size of A and with comparable size of the metals. The results thus demonstrate avenues for a prospective and substantial expansion of the MAX phase and MXene chemistries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kubitza N, Reitz A, Zieschang AM, Pazniak H, Albert B, Kalha C, Schlueter C, Regoutz A, Wiedwald U, Birkel CS. From MAX Phase Carbides to Nitrides: Synthesis of V 2GaC, V 2GaN, and the Carbonitride V 2GaC 1-xN x. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10634-10641. [PMID: 35775787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The research in MAX phases is mainly concentrated on the investigation of carbides rather than nitrides (currently >150 carbides and only <15 nitrides) that are predominantly synthesized by conventional solid-state techniques. This is not surprising since the preparation of nitrides and carbonitrides is more demanding due to the high stability and low diffusion rate of nitrogen-containing compounds. This leads to several drawbacks concerning potential variations in the chemical composition of the MAX phases as well as control of morphology, the two aspects that directly affect the resulting materials properties. Here, we report how alternative solid-state hybrid techniques solve these limitations by combining conventional techniques with nonconventional precursor synthesis methods, such as the "urea-glass" sol-gel or liquid ammonia method. We demonstrate the synthesis and morphology control within the V-Ga-C-N system by preparing the MAX phase carbide and nitride─the latter in the form of bulkier and more defined smaller particle structures─as well as a hitherto unknown carbonitride V2GaC1-xNx MAX phase. This shows the versatility of hybrid methods starting, for example, from wet chemically obtained precursors that already contain all of the ingredients needed for carbonitride formation. All products are characterized in detail by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy, and electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies to confirm their structure and morphology and to detect subtle differences between the different chemical compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Kubitza
- Eduard Zintl Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reitz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85282, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Zieschang
- Eduard Zintl Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hanna Pazniak
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Albert
- Eduard Zintl Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Curran Kalha
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Christoph Schlueter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christina S Birkel
- Eduard Zintl Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85282, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhong L, Wu C, Yu Z, Zhang F, Li Z, Zhao W, Jiang X, Li L, Lan Z, Sun K. Enhanced magnetic properties of strontium ferrites through constructing magnetoelastic stress. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Alkhedher M, Majid A, Bulut N, Elkhatib SE. Ab Initio Study on Dopant Relaxation Mechanism in Ti and Ce Cationically Substituted in Wurtzite Gallium Nitride. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103599. [PMID: 35629626 PMCID: PMC9146178 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The changes in properties of materials upon introduction of impurities is well documented but less is known about the location of foreign atoms in different hosts. This study is carried out with the motivation to explore dopant location in hexagonal GaN using density functional theory based calculations. The dopant site location of the individual dopants Ti, Ce, and Ti-Ce codoped wurtzite GaN was investigated by placing the dopants at cationic lattice sites as well as off-cationic sites along the c-axis. The geometry optimization relaxed individual dopants on cationic Ga sites but in the case of codoping Ce settled at site 7.8% away along [0001 ¯] and Ti adjusted itself at site 14% away along [0001] from regular cationic sites. The analysis of the results indicates that optimized geometry is sensitive to the starting position of the dopants. The magnetic exchange interactions between Ti and Ce ions are responsible for their structural relaxation in the matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alkhedher
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 111188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Physics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Niyazi Bulut
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elaziğ 23119, Turkey;
| | - Samah Elsayed Elkhatib
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tao Q, Barbier M, Mockute A, Ritter C, Salikhov R, Wiedwald U, Calder S, Opagiste C, Galera RM, Farle M, Ouisse T, Rosen J. Magnetic phase diagram of (Mo 2/3RE 1/3) 2AlC, RE =Tb and Dy, studied by magnetization, specific heat, and neutron diffraction analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:215801. [PMID: 35259732 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5bcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of magnetization, heat capacity, and neutron diffraction measurements on (Mo2/3RE1/3)2AlC with RE = Dy and Tb. Temperature and field-dependent magnetization as well as heat capacity were measured on a powder sample and on a single crystal allowing the construction of the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram. To study the magnetic structure of each magnetic phase, we applied neutron diffraction in a magnetic field up to 6 T. For (Mo2/3Dy1/3)2AlC in zero field, a spin density wave is stabilized at 16 K, with antiferromagnetic ordering at 13 K. Furthermore, we identify the coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases induced by magnetic fields for both RE = Tb and Dy. The origin of the field induced phases is resulting from the competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanzheng Tao
- Materials Design Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maxime Barbier
- Uni. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurelija Mockute
- Materials Design Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Clemens Ritter
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ruslan Salikhov
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Stuart Calder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Christine Opagiste
- Institut Neel, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, FR-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rose-Marie Galera
- Institut Neel, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, FR-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Farle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thierry Ouisse
- Uni. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Materials Design Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhandun VS, Zamkova NG, Draganyuk ON, Shinkorenko AS, Wiedwald U, Ovchinnikov SG, Farle M. The effect of the composition and pressure on the phase stability and electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties of M 2AX (M = Mn, Fe; A = Al, Ga, Si, Ge; X = C, N) phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26376-26384. [PMID: 34792064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic properties of M2AX (M = Mn, Fe; A = Al, Ga, Si, Ge; X = C, N) phases were studied within DFT-GGA. The magnetic electronic ground state is determined. The investigation of the phase stability of M2AX phases is performed by comparing the total energy of MAX phases to that of the set of competitive phases for calculation of the phase formation enthalpy. As the result of such an approach, we have found one stable compound (Mn2GaC), and seven metastable ones. It is shown that several metastable MAX phases (Mn2AlC, Fe2GaC, Mn2GeC, and Mn2GeN) become stable at a small applied pressure (1.5-7 GPa). The mechanical, electronic and elastic properties of metastable MAX phases are studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav S Zhandun
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Natalia G Zamkova
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Oksana N Draganyuk
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Aleksey S Shinkorenko
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sergey G Ovchinnikov
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Michael Farle
- Kirensky Institute of Physics, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. Predictions of attainable compositions of layered quaternary i-MAB phases and solid solution MAB phases. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18311-18321. [PMID: 34724527 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02552j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAB phases are layered materials combining metallic and ceramic attributes. Their ternary compositions, however, have been limited to a few elemental combinations which makes controlled and tailored properties challenging. Inspired by the recent discovery of Mo4/3Y2/3AlB2 and Mo4/3Sc2/3AlB2i-MAB phases, i.e., quaternary layered MAB phases with in-plane chemical order, we perform an extensive first-principles study to explore formation of chemical order and solid-solutions upon metal alloying of M2AB2 phases of 1092 compositions (M from group 3 to 9 and A = Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn). This large dataset provides 39 chemically ordered (i-MAB) and 52 solid solution (MAB) phases that are predicted to be thermodynamically stable at typical synthesis temperatures, of which a majority have not yet been experimentally reported. The possibility for realizing both i-MAB and solid solution MAB phases, combined with the multiple elemental combinations previously not observed in these boride-based materials, allows for an increased potential for property tuning and potential chemical exfoliation into 2D derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dahlqvist M, Zhou J, Persson I, Ahmed B, Lu J, Halim J, Tao Q, Palisaitis J, Thörnberg J, Helmer P, Hultman L, Persson POÅ, Rosen J. Out-Of-Plane Ordered Laminate Borides and Their 2D Ti-Based Derivative from Chemical Exfoliation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008361. [PMID: 34350624 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploratory theoretical predictions in uncharted structural and compositional space are integral to materials discoveries. Inspired by M5 SiB2 (T2) phases, the finding of a family of laminated quaternary metal borides, M'4 M″SiB2 , with out-of-plane chemical order is reported here. 11 chemically ordered phases as well as 40 solid solutions, introducing four elements previously not observed in these borides are predicted. The predictions are experimentally verified for Ti4 MoSiB2 , establishing Ti as part of the T2 boride compositional space. Chemical exfoliation of Ti4 MoSiB2 and select removal of Si and MoB2 sub-layers is validated by derivation of a 2D material, TiOx Cly , of high yield and in the form of delaminated sheets. These sheets have an experimentally determined direct band gap of ≈4.1 eV, and display characteristics suitable for supercapacitor applications. The results take the concept of chemical exfoliation beyond currently available 2D materials, and expands the envelope of 3D and 2D candidates, and their applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhou
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Persson
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Joseph Halim
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Quanzheng Tao
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Justinas Palisaitis
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Thörnberg
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Helmer
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Lars Hultman
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Per O Å Persson
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
- Materials Design, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Z, Duan X, Jia D, Zhou Y, van der Zwaag S. On the formation mechanisms and properties of MAX phases: A review. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Maniv A, Reyes AP, Ramakrishna SK, Graf D, Huq A, Potashnikov D, Rivin O, Pesach A, Tao Q, Rosen J, Felner I, Caspi EN. Microscopic evidence for Mn-induced long range magnetic ordering in MAX phase compounds. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:025803. [PMID: 32942268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abb998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zero and low field nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been performed on MAX phase samples (Cr1-x Mn x )2AC with A = Ge and Ga in order to obtain local microscopic information on the nature of magnetism in this system. Our results unambiguously provide evidence for the existence of long-range magnetic order in (Cr0.96Mn0.04)2GeC and for (Cr0.93Mn0.07)2GaC, but not for (Cr0.97Mn0.03)2GaC. We point to a possible dependence of long range magnetic order in these MAX phase compounds on the A atom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maniv
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva 84190, Israel
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - A P Reyes
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - S K Ramakrishna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - D Graf
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - A Huq
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - D Potashnikov
- Faculty of Physics, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Israel Atomic Energy Commission, PO Box 7061, Tel-Aviv 61070, Israel
| | - O Rivin
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - A Pesach
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Q Tao
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - J Rosen
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - I Felner
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - E N Caspi
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva 84190, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dahlqvist M, Tao Q, Zhou J, Palisaitis J, Persson POÅ, Rosen J. Theoretical Prediction and Synthesis of a Family of Atomic Laminate Metal Borides with In-Plane Chemical Ordering. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18583-18591. [PMID: 33048529 PMCID: PMC7596753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
All atomically laminated MAB phases
(M = transition metal, A =
A-group element, and B = boron) exhibit orthorhombic or tetragonal
symmetry, with the only exception being hexagonal Ti2InB2. Inspired by the recent discovery of chemically ordered hexagonal
carbides, i-MAX phases, we perform an extensive first-principles study
to explore chemical ordering upon metal alloying of M2AlB2 (M from groups 3 to 9) in orthorhombic and hexagonal symmetry.
Fifteen stable novel phases with in-plane chemical ordering are identified,
coined i-MAB, along with 16 disordered stable alloys. The predictions
are verified through the powder synthesis of Mo4/3Y2/3AlB2 and Mo4/3Sc2/3AlB2 of space group R3̅m (no. 166), displaying the characteristic in-plane chemical order
of Mo and Y/Sc and Kagomé ordering of the Al atoms, as evident
from X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The discovery of i-MAB
phases expands the elemental space of these borides with M = Sc, Y,
Zr, Hf, and Nb, realizing an increased property tuning potential of
these phases as well as their suggested potential two-dimensional
derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Quanzheng Tao
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhou
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Justinas Palisaitis
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per O Å Persson
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. Impact of strain, pressure, and electron correlation on magnetism and crystal structure of Mn 2GaC from first-principles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11384. [PMID: 32647126 PMCID: PMC7347948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The atomically laminated Mn2GaC has previously been synthesized as a heteroepitaxial thin film and found to be magnetic with structural changes linked to the magnetic anisotropy. Related theoretical studies only considered bulk conditions and thus neglected the influence from possible strain linked to the choice of substrate. Here we employ first principles calculations considering different exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PW91, PBEsol, AM05, LDA) and effect from use of + U methods (or not) combined with a magnetic ground-state search using Heisenberg Monte Carlo simulations, to study influence from biaxial in-plane strain and external pressure on the magnetic and crystal structure of Mn2GaC. We find that PBE and PBE + U, with Ueff ≤ 0.25 eV, gives both structural and magnetic properties in quantitative agreement with available experimental data. Our results also indicate that strain related to choice of substrate or applied pressure is a route for accessing different spin configurations, including a ferromagnetic state. Moreover, the easy axis is parallel to the atomic planes and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy can be increased through strain engineering by expanding the in-plane lattice parameter a. Altogether, we show that a quantitative description of the structural and magnetic properties of Mn2GaC is possible using PBE, which opens the way for further computational studies of these and related materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Griseri M, Tunca B, Huang S, Dahlqvist M, Rosén J, Lu J, Persson PO, Popescu L, Vleugels J, Lambrinou K. Ta-based 413 and 211 MAX phase solid solutions with Hf and Nb. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. Predictive theoretical screening of phase stability for chemical order and disorder in quaternary 312 and 413 MAX phases. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:785-794. [PMID: 31830199 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08675g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work we systematically explore a class of atomically laminated materials, Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases upon alloying between two transition metals, M' and M'', from groups III to VI (Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W). The materials investigated focus on so called o-MAX phases with out-of-plane chemical ordering of M' and M'', and their disordered counterparts, for A = Al and X = C. Through use of predictive phase stability calculations, we confirm all experimentally known phases to date, and also suggest a range of stable ordered and disordered hypothetical elemental combinations. Ordered o-MAX is favoured when (i) M' next to the Al-layer does not form a corresponding binary rock-salt MC structure, (ii) the size difference between M' and M'' is small, and (iii) the difference in electronegativity between M' and Al is large. Preference for chemical disorder is favoured when the size and electronegativity of M' and M'' is similar, in combination with a minor difference in electronegativity of M' and Al. We also propose guidelines to use in the search for novel o-MAX; to combine M' from group 6 (Cr, Mo, W) with M'' from groups 3 to 5 (Sc only for 312, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta). Correspondingly, we suggest formation of disordered MAX phases by combing M' and M'' within groups 3 to 5 (Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta). The addition of novel elemental combinations in MAX phases, and in turn in their potential two-dimensional MXene derivatives, allow for property tuning of functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Multielemental single-atom-thick A layers in nanolaminated V 2(Sn, A) C ( A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) for tailoring magnetic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:820-825. [PMID: 31879341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916256117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring of individual single-atom-thick layers in nanolaminated materials offers atomic-level control over material properties. Nonetheless, multielement alloying in individual atomic layers in nanolaminates is largely unexplored. Here, we report 15 inherently nanolaminated V2(A xSn1-x)C (A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and combinations thereof, with x ∼ 1/3) MAX phases synthesized by an alloy-guided reaction. The simultaneous occupancy of the 4 magnetic elements and Sn in the individual single-atom-thick A layers constitutes high-entropy MAX phase in which multielemental alloying exclusively occurs in the 2-dimensional (2D) A layers. V2(A xSn1-x)C exhibit distinct ferromagnetic behavior that can be compositionally tailored from the multielement A-layer alloying. Density functional theory and phase diagram calculations are performed to understand the structure stability of these MAX phases. This 2D multielemental alloying approach provides a structural design route to discover nanolaminated materials and expand their chemical and physical properties. In fact, the magnetic behavior of these multielemental MAX phases shows strong dependency on the combination of various elements.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ohmer D, Opahle I, Singh HK, Zhang H. Stability predictions of magnetic M 2AX compounds. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:405902. [PMID: 31226705 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab2bd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on high throughput density functional theory calculations, we evaluated systematically the stability of 580 M2AX compounds. The thermodynamic, mechanical, and dynamical stability and the magnetic structure are calculated. We found 20 compounds fulfilling all three stability criteria, confirming Cr2AlC, Cr2GeC, Cr2GaC, Cr2GaN, and Mn2 GaC, which have been synthesized. The stability trends with respect to the M- and A-elements are discussed by analyzing the formation energies, indicating that Cr and Mn containing M2AX compounds are more stable than Fe, Co, or Ni containing compounds. Further insights on the stability are obtained by detailed analysis of the crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Ohmer
- Department of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Verger L, Natu V, Carey M, Barsoum MW. MXenes: An Introduction of Their Synthesis, Select Properties, and Applications. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Thörnberg J, Halim J, Lu J, Meshkian R, Palisaitis J, Hultman L, Persson POÅ, Rosen J. Synthesis of (V 2/3Sc 1/3) 2AlC i-MAX phase and V 2-xC MXene scrolls. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14720-14726. [PMID: 31347630 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a new laminated i-MAX phase, (V2/3Sc1/3)2AlC, with in-plane chemical ordering between the M-elements. We also present evidence for the solid solution (V2-xScx)2AlC, where x ≤ 0.05. Chemical etching of the Al and Sc results in a two-dimensional (2D) MXene counterpart: V2-xC from the latter phase. Furthermore, etching with HF yields single-sheet MXene of flat morphology, while LiF + HCl gives MXene scrolls. We also show a 4× reduction in etching time for (V2-xScx)2AlC compared to V2AlC, suggesting that traces of Sc changes the phase stability, and make the material more susceptible to etching. The results show a path for improved control of MXene synthesis and morphology, which may be applicable also for other MAX/MXene systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Thörnberg
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Wong ZM, Tan TL, Yang SW, Xu GQ. Optimizing special quasirandom structure (SQS) models for accurate functional property prediction in disordered 2D alloys. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:485402. [PMID: 30406769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2D materials such as MXenes have garnered attention in a wide field of applications ranging from energy to environment to medical. Properties of 2D materials can be tailored via alloying and in some cases, solid-solutions (disordered alloys) are formed. To predict the disordered alloy properties via first-principles, the model structure needs to imitate the random arrangements of alloyants and yet remains computationally tractable. Using density functional theory and the cluster expansion method, we investigate the accuracy of using of special quasirandom structures (SQSs) for predicting disordered 2D alloy properties, evaluating the effect of SQS supercell size on the prediction quality of formation energies, elastic properties, and structural parameters. We illustrate the findings with 5 different disordered binary [Formula: see text] MXene alloy systems (where M = Ti and M' = Zr, Hf, V, Nb, or Ta), demonstrating that SQSs around 6-8 times the primitive cell (N = 6-8) are sufficient to attain convergence in the property predictions versus supercell size. For formation energies, SQSs with N > 4 are found to reproduce the formation energies of the fully disordered phase within ~2.5 meV. For the simulation of the experimentally-synthesized TiNbCO2, we find convergence in structural parameters and elastic tensors at N ~ 6. We traced the convergence of the predictions to the convergence in the band structure-related properties via analysis of the electronic densities-of-states and the projected crystal overlap Hamilton population. Our findings suggest that modest sized SQSs would reproduce the properties of disordered MXene alloys. The results should help guide the investigations of structure-property relationships in other disordered 2D materials as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Marvin Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dahlqvist M, Petruhins A, Lu J, Hultman L, Rosen J. Origin of Chemically Ordered Atomic Laminates ( i-MAX): Expanding the Elemental Space by a Theoretical/Experimental Approach. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7761-7770. [PMID: 30016074 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With increased chemical diversity and structural complexity comes the opportunities for innovative materials possessing advantageous properties. Herein, we combine predictive first-principles calculations with experimental synthesis, to explore the origin of formation of the atomically laminated i-MAX phases. By probing (Mo2/3 M1/32)2 AC (where M2 = Sc, Y and A = Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, In), we predict seven stable i-MAX phases, five of which should have a retained stability at high temperatures. (Mo2/3Sc1/3)2GaC and (Mo2/3Y1/3)2GaC were experimentally verified, displaying the characteristic in-plane chemical order of Mo and Sc/Y and Kagomé-like ordering of the A-element. We suggest that the formation of i-MAX phases requires a significantly different size of the two metals, and a preferable smaller size of the A-element. Furthermore, the population of antibonding orbitals should be minimized, which for the metals herein (Mo and Sc/Y) means that A-elements from Group 13 (Al, Ga, In) are favored over Group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn). Using these guidelines, we foresee a widening of elemental space for the family of i-MAX phases and expect more phases to be synthesized, which will realize useful properties. Furthermore, based on i-MAX phases as parent materials for 2D MXenes, we also expect that the range of MXene compositions will be expanded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Andrejs Petruhins
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Lars Hultman
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dahlqvist M, Thore A, Rosen J. Electronic structure, bonding characteristics, and mechanical properties in (W 2/3Sc 1/3) 2AlC and (W 2/3Y 1/3) 2AlC i-MAX phases from first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:305502. [PMID: 29893717 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aacc19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the recent discovery of in-plane chemically ordered MAX phases (i-MAX) of the general formula ([Formula: see text])2 AC comes addition of non-traditional MAX phase elements. In the present study, we use density functional theory calculations to investigate the electronic structure, bonding nature, and mechanical properties of the novel (W2/3Sc1/3)2AlC and (W2/3Y1/3)2AlC i-MAX phases. From analysis of the electronic structure and projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations, we show that the metallic i-MAX phases have significant hybridization between W and C, as well as Sc(Y) and C states, indicative of strong covalent bonding. Substitution of Sc for Y (M 2) leads to reduced bonding strength for W-C and Al-Al interactions while M 2-C and M 2-Al interactions are strengthened. We also compare the Voigt-Reuss-Hill bulk, shear, and Young's moduli along the series of M 1 = Cr, Mo, and W, and relate these trends to the bonding interactions. Furthermore, we find overall larger moduli for Sc-based i-MAX phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nechiche M, Cabioc’h T, Caspi EN, Rivin O, Hoser A, Gauthier-Brunet V, Chartier P, Dubois S. Evidence for Symmetry Reduction in Ti3(Al1−δCuδ)C2 MAX Phase Solid Solutions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14388-14395. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Nechiche
- Institut PPRIME,
Département de Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346 SP2MI, Téléport 2, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, BP 30179, 86962 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Elaboration,
Caractérisation des Matériaux et Modélisation, Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou, BP 17, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Thierry Cabioc’h
- Institut PPRIME,
Département de Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346 SP2MI, Téléport 2, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, BP 30179, 86962 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
Cedex, France
| | - Elad N. Caspi
- Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Negev, P.O. Box 9001, 84190 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oleg Rivin
- Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Negev, P.O. Box 9001, 84190 Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Glienicker Strasse 100, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Glienicker Strasse 100, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Gauthier-Brunet
- Institut PPRIME,
Département de Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346 SP2MI, Téléport 2, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, BP 30179, 86962 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Chartier
- Institut PPRIME,
Département de Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346 SP2MI, Téléport 2, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, BP 30179, 86962 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Dubois
- Institut PPRIME,
Département de Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346 SP2MI, Téléport 2, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, BP 30179, 86962 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou
Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dahlqvist M, Lu J, Meshkian R, Tao Q, Hultman L, Rosen J. Prediction and synthesis of a family of atomic laminate phases with Kagomé-like and in-plane chemical ordering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700642. [PMID: 28776034 PMCID: PMC5517111 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The enigma of MAX phases and their hybrids prevails. We probe transition metal (M) alloying in MAX phases for metal size, electronegativity, and electron configuration, and discover ordering in these MAX hybrids, namely, (V2/3Zr1/3)2AlC and (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlC. Predictive theory and verifying materials synthesis, including a judicious choice of alloying M from groups III to VI and periods 4 and 5, indicate a potentially large family of thermodynamically stable phases, with Kagomé-like and in-plane chemical ordering, and with incorporation of elements previously not known for MAX phases, including the common Y. We propose the structure to be monoclinic C2/c. As an extension of the work, we suggest a matching set of novel MXenes, from selective etching of the A-element. The demonstrated structural design on simultaneous two-dimensional (2D) and 3D atomic levels expands the property tuning potential of functional materials.
Collapse
|
30
|
Dataset on the structure and thermodynamic and dynamic stability of Mo 2ScAlC 2 from experiments and first-principles calculations. Data Brief 2017; 10:576-582. [PMID: 28070549 PMCID: PMC5219593 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this paper are related to the research article entitled “Theoretical stability and materials synthesis of a chemically ordered MAX phase, Mo2ScAlC2, and its two-dimensional derivate Mo2ScC” (Meshkian et al. 2017) [1]. This paper describes theoretical phase stability calculations of the MAX phase alloy MoxSc3-xAlC2 (x=0, 1, 2, 3), including chemical disorder and out-of-plane order of Mo and Sc along with related phonon dispersion and Bader charges, and Rietveld refinement of Mo2ScAlC2. The data is made publicly available to enable critical or extended analyzes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ingason AS, Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. Magnetic MAX phases from theory and experiments; a review. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:433003. [PMID: 27602484 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/43/433003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review presents MAX phases (M is a transition metal, A an A-group element, X is C or N), known for their unique combination of ceramic/metallic properties, as a recently uncovered family of novel magnetic nanolaminates. The first created magnetic MAX phases were predicted through evaluation of phase stability using density functional theory, and subsequently synthesized as heteroepitaxial thin films. All magnetic MAX phases reported to date, in bulk or thin film form, are based on Cr and/or Mn, and they include (Cr,Mn)2AlC, (Cr,Mn)2GeC, (Cr,Mn)2GaC, (Mo,Mn)2GaC, (V,Mn)3GaC2, Cr2AlC, Cr2GeC and Mn2GaC. A variety of magnetic properties have been found, such as ferromagnetic response well above room temperature and structural changes linked to magnetic anisotropy. In this paper, theoretical as well as experimental work performed on these materials to date is critically reviewed, in terms of methods used, results acquired, and conclusions drawn. Open questions concerning magnetic characteristics are discussed, and an outlook focused on new materials, superstructures, property tailoring and further synthesis and characterization is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Ingason
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Thore A, Dahlqvist M, Alling B, Rosen J. Phase stability of the nanolaminates V2Ga2C and (Mo1-xVx)2Ga2C from first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12682-8. [PMID: 27094754 PMCID: PMC5066482 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00802j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We here use first-principles calculations to investigate the phase stability of the hypothetical laminated material V2Ga2C and the related alloy (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C, the latter for a potential parent material for synthesis of (Mo1–xVx)2C, a new two-dimensional material in the family of so called MXenes.
We here use first-principles calculations to investigate the phase stability of the hypothetical laminated material V2Ga2C and the related alloy (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C, the latter for a potential parent material for synthesis of (Mo1–xVx)2C, a new two-dimensional material in the family of so called MXenes. We predict that V2Ga2C is thermodynamically stable with respect to all identified competing phases in the ternary V–Ga–C phase diagram. We further calculate the stability of ordered and disordered configurations of Mo and V in (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C and predict that ordered (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C for x ≤ 0.25 is stable, with an order–disorder transition temperature of ∼1000 K. Furthermore, (Mo1–xVx)2Ga2C for x = 0.5 and x ≥ 0.75 is suggested to be stable, but only for disordered Mo–V configurations, and only at elevated temperatures. We have also investigated the electronic and elastic properties of V2Ga2C; the calculated bulk, shear, and Young's modulus are 141, 94, and 230 GPa, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Thore
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Thin Film Physics Division, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dahlqvist M, Rosen J. Order and disorder in quaternary atomic laminates from first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:31810-21. [PMID: 26565395 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the phase stability of chemically ordered and disordered quaternary MAX phases - TiMAlC, TiM2AlC2, MTi2AlC2, and Ti2M2AlC3 where M = Zr, Hf (group IV), M = V, Nb, Ta (group V), and M = Cr, Mo, W (group VI). At 0 K, layered chemically ordered structures are predicted to be stable for M from groups V and VI. By taking into account the configurational entropy, an order-disorder temperature Tdisorder can be estimated. TiM2AlC2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) and Ti2M2AlC3 (M = Mo, W) are found with Tdisorder > 1773 K and are hence predicted to be ordered at the typical bulk synthesis temperature of 1773 K. Other ordered phases, even though metastable at elevated temperatures, may be synthesized by non-equilibrium methods such as thin film growth. Furthermore, phases predicted not to be stable in any form at 0 K can be stabilized at higher temperatures in a disordered form, being the case for group IV, for MTi2AlC2 (M = V, Cr, Mo), and for Ti2M2AlC3 (M = V, Ta). The stability of the layered ordered structures with M from group VI can primarily be explained by Ti breaking the energetically unfavorable stacking of M and C where M is surrounded by C in a face-centered cubic configuration, and by M having a larger electronegativity than Al resulting in a fewer electrons available for populating antibonding Al-Al orbitals. The results show that these chemically ordered quaternary MAX phases allow for new elemental combinations in MAX phases, which can be used to add new properties to this family of atomic laminates and in turn prospects for tuning these properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dahlqvist M. Benefits of oxygen incorporation in atomic laminates. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:135501. [PMID: 26941112 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/13/135501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic laminates such as MAX phases benefit from the addition of oxygen in many ways, from the formation of a protective oxide surface layer with self-healing capabilities when cracks form to the tuning of anisotropic conductivity. In this paper oxygen incorporation and vacancy formation in M 2AlC (M = Ti, V, Cr) MAX phases have been studied using first-principles calculations where the focus is on phase stability and electronic structure for different oxygen and/or vacancy configurations. Oxygen prefers different lattice sites depending on M-element and this can be correlated to the number of available non-bonding M d-electrons. In Ti2AlC, oxygen substitutes carbon while in Cr2AlC it is located interstitially within the Al-layer. I predict that oxygen incorporation in Ti2AlC stabilizes the material, which explains the experimentally observed 12.5 at% oxygen (x = 0.5) in Ti2Al(C(1-x)O(x)). In addition, it is also possible to use oxygen to stabilize the hypothetical Zr2AlC and Hf2AlC. Hence, oxygen incorporation may be beneficial in many ways. Not only can it make a material more stable, but it also can act as a reservoir for internal self-healing with shorter diffusion paths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology 'MISIS', 119049 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang J, Luo X, Zhang S, Chen L. Investigation of magnetic and electronic properties of transition metal doped Sc2CT2(T = O, OH or F) using a first principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12914-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00138f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cr- and Mn-doped Sc2CT2(T = OH, O, or F) systems are magnetic, which are promising two-dimensional materials in spin electronics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Yang
- College of Teacher Education
- Quzhou University
- Quzhou 324000
- P. R. China
| | - Xuepiao Luo
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Quzhou University
- Quzhou 324000
- P. R. China
| | - Shaozheng Zhang
- College of Teacher Education
- Quzhou University
- Quzhou 324000
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dahlqvist M, Jansson U, Rosen J. Influence of boron vacancies on phase stability, bonding and structure of MB₂ (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W) with AlB₂ type structure. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:435702. [PMID: 26445165 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/43/435702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal diborides in hexagonal AlB2 type structure typically form stable MB2 phases for group IV elements (M = Ti, Zr, Hf). For group V (M = V, Nb, Ta) and group VI (M = Cr, Mo, W) the stability is reduced and an alternative hexagonal rhombohedral MB2 structure becomes more stable. In this work we investigate the effect of vacancies on the B-site in hexagonal MB2 and its influence on the phase stability and the structure for TiB2, ZrB2, HfB2, VB2, NbB2, TaB2, CrB2, MoB2, and WB2 using first-principles calculations. Selected phases are also analyzed with respect to electronic and bonding properties. We identify trends showing that MB2 with M from group V and IV are stabilized when introducing B-vacancies, consistent with a decrease in the number of states at the Fermi level and by strengthening of the B-M interaction. The stabilization upon vacancy formation also increases when going from M in period 4 to period 6. For TiB2, ZrB2, and HfB2, introduction of B-vacancies have a destabilizing effect due to occupation of B-B antibonding orbitals close to the Fermi level and an increase in states at the Fermi level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dahlqvist
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dahlqvist M, Alling B, Rosen J. A critical evaluation of GGA + U modeling for atomic, electronic and magnetic structure of Cr2AlC, Cr2GaC and Cr2GeC. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:095601. [PMID: 25671459 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/9/095601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we critically evaluate methods for treating electron correlation effects in multicomponent carbides using a GGA + U framework, addressing doubts from previous works on the usability of density functional theory in the design of magnetic MAX phases. We have studied the influence of the Hubbard U-parameter, applied to Cr 3d orbitals, on the calculated lattice parameters, magnetic moments, magnetic order, bulk modulus and electronic density of states of Cr2AlC, Cr2GaC and Cr2GeC. By considering non-, ferro-, and five different antiferromagnetic spin configurations, we show the importance of including a broad range of magnetic orders in the search for MAX phases with finite magnetic moments in the ground state. We show that when electron correlation is treated on the level of the generalized gradient approximation (U = 0 eV), the magnetic ground state of Cr2AC (A = Al, Ga, Ge) is in-plane antiferromagnetic with finite Cr local moments, and calculated lattice parameters and bulk modulus close to experimentally reported values. By comparing GGA and GGA + U results with experimental data we find that using a U-value larger than 1 eV results in structural parameters deviating strongly from experimentally observed values. Comparisons are also done with hybrid functional calculations (HSE06) resulting in an exchange splitting larger than what is obtained for a U-value of 2 eV. Our results suggest caution and that investigations need to involve several different magnetic orders before lack of magnetism in calculations are blamed on the exchange-correlation approximations in this class of magnetic MAX phases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Jaouen M, Bugnet M, Jaouen N, Ohresser P, Mauchamp V, Cabioc'h T, Rogalev A. Experimental evidence of Cr magnetic moments at low temperature in Cr2A(A=Al, Ge)C. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:176002. [PMID: 24721758 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/17/176002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
From x-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments performed at low temperature on Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC thin films, it is evidenced that Cr atoms carry a net magnetic moment in these ternary phases. It is shown that the Cr magnetization of the Al-based compound nearly vanished at 100 K in agreement with what has been recently observed on bulk. X-ray linear dichroism measurements performed at various angles of incidence and temperatures clearly demonstrate the existence of a charge ordering along the c axis of the structure of Cr2AlC. All these experimental observations support, in part, theoretical calculations claiming that Cr dd correlations have to be considered to correctly describe the structure and properties of these Cr-based ternary phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jaouen
- Département de Physique et Mécanique des Matériaux, Institut P' UPR 3346 CNRS - Université de Poitiers - ENSMA, SP2MI, Téléport 2, BP 30179, 86962 Futuroscope, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|