1
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Makhonin M, Delphan A, Song KW, Walker P, Isoniemi T, Claronino P, Orfanakis K, Rajendran SK, Ohadi H, Heckötter J, Assmann M, Bayer M, Tartakovskii A, Skolnick M, Kyriienko O, Krizhanovskii D. Nonlinear Rydberg exciton-polaritons in Cu 2O microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:47. [PMID: 38320987 PMCID: PMC10847413 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Rydberg excitons (analogues of Rydberg atoms in condensed matter systems) are highly excited bound electron-hole states with large Bohr radii. The interaction between them as well as exciton coupling to light may lead to strong optical nonlinearity, with applications in sensing and quantum information processing. Here, we achieve strong effective photon-photon interactions (Kerr-like optical nonlinearity) via the Rydberg blockade phenomenon and the hybridisation of excitons and photons forming polaritons in a Cu2O-filled microresonator. Under pulsed resonant excitation polariton resonance frequencies are renormalised due to the reduction of the photon-exciton coupling with increasing exciton density. Theoretical analysis shows that the Rydberg blockade plays a major role in the experimentally observed scaling of the polariton nonlinearity coefficient as ∝ n4.4±1.8 for principal quantum numbers up to n = 7. Such high principal quantum numbers studied in a polariton system for the first time are essential for realisation of high Rydberg optical nonlinearities, which paves the way towards quantum optical applications and fundamental studies of strongly correlated photonic (polaritonic) states in a solid state system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Makhonin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Anthonin Delphan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Kok Wee Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Tommi Isoniemi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Peter Claronino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Konstantinos Orfanakis
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Sai Kiran Rajendran
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Hamid Ohadi
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Julian Heckötter
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Straße 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Assmann
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Straße 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Manfred Bayer
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, August-Schmidt-Straße 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Maurice Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Oleksandr Kyriienko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Dmitry Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
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2
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Wang G, Hou K, Liu Y, Bi H, Li W, Xue Y. Controllable bistability and squeezing of confined polariton dark solitons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22722-22732. [PMID: 37475376 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The generation of squeezed light in semiconductor materials opens opportunities for building on-chip devices that are operated at the quantum level. Here we study theoretically a squeezed light source of polariton dark solitons confined in a geometric potential well of semiconductor microcavities in the strong coupling regime. We show that polariton dark solitons of odd and even parities can be created by tuning the potential depth. When driving the potential depth linearly, a bistability of solitons with the two different parities can be induced. Strong intensity squeezing is obtained near the turning point of the bistability due to the large nonlinear interaction, which can be controlled by the cavity detuning. The phase diagram of the bistability and squeezing of the dark solitons is obtained through large scale numerical calculations. Our study contributes to the current efforts in realizing topological excitations and squeezed light sources with solid-state devices.
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3
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Yulin AV, Zezyulin DA. Bright and dark solitons in the systems with strong light-matter coupling: Exact solutions and numerical simulations. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:044202. [PMID: 36397515 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.044202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study bright and dark solitons in an experimentally relevant hybrid system characterized by strong light-matter coupling. We find that the corresponding two-component model supports a variety of coexisting moving solitons including bright solitons on zero and nonzero background and dark-gray and gray-gray solitons. The solutions are found in the analytical form by reducing the two-component problem to a single stationary equation with cubic-quintic nonlinearity. All found solutions coexist under the same set of the model parameters, but, in a properly defined linear limit, approach different branches of the polariton dispersion relation for linear waves. Bright solitons with zero background feature an oscillatory-instability threshold which can be associated with a resonance between the edges of the continuous spectrum branches. "Half-topological" dark-gray and nontopological gray-gray solitons are stable in wide parametric ranges below the modulational instability threshold, while bright solitons on the constant-amplitude pedestal are unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Yulin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - D A Zezyulin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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4
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Polariton Bose-Einstein condensate from a bound state in the continuum. Nature 2022; 605:447-452. [PMID: 35585343 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BICs)1-3 are peculiar topological states that, when realized in a planar photonic crystal lattice, are symmetry-protected from radiating in the far field despite lying within the light cone4. These BICs possess an invariant topological charge given by the winding number of the polarization vectors5, similar to vortices in quantum fluids such as superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. In spite of several reports of optical BICs in patterned dielectric slabs with evidence of lasing, their potential as topologically protected states with theoretically infinite lifetime has not yet been fully exploited. Here we show non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation of polaritons-hybrid light-matter excitations-occurring in a BIC thanks to its peculiar non-radiative nature, which favours polariton accumulation. The combination of the ultralong BIC lifetime and the tight confinement of the waveguide geometry enables the achievement of an extremely low threshold density for condensation, which is reached not in the dispersion minimum but at a saddle point in reciprocal space. By bridging bosonic condensation and symmetry-protected radiation eigenmodes, we reveal ways of imparting topological properties onto macroscopic quantum states with unexplored dispersion features. Such an observation may open a route towards energy-efficient polariton condensation in cost-effective integrated devices, ultimately suited for the development of hybrid light-matter optical circuits.
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5
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Tian C, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Hu W, Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhang F, Zhang L, Dong H, Zhou W. Relaxation Oscillations of an Exciton-Polariton Condensate Driven by Parametric Scattering. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3026-3032. [PMID: 35343702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of coherent oscillations in the relaxation dynamics of an exciton-polariton condensate that were driven by parametric scattering processes. As a result of the interbranch scattering scheme and the nonlinear polariton-polariton interactions, such parametric scatterings exhibit a high scattering efficiency that leads to the fast depletion of the polariton condensate and the periodic shut-off of the bosonic stimulation processes, eventually causing relaxation oscillations. Employing polariton-reservoir interactions, the oscillation dynamics in the time domain can be projected onto the energy space. In theory, our simulations using the open-dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation are in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Surprisingly, the oscillation patterns, including many excitation pulses, are clearly visible in our time-integrated images, implying the high stability of the relaxation oscillations driven by polariton parametric scatterings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tian
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yichun Pan
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Fangxin Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Weihang Zhou
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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6
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Stepanov P, Vashisht A, Klaas M, Lundt N, Tongay S, Blei M, Höfling S, Volz T, Minguzzi A, Renard J, Schneider C, Richard M. Exciton-Exciton Interaction beyond the Hydrogenic Picture in a MoSe_{2} Monolayer in the Strong Light-Matter Coupling Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:167401. [PMID: 33961461 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.167401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In transition metal dichalcogenides' layers of atomic-scale thickness, the electron-hole Coulomb interaction potential is strongly influenced by the sharp discontinuity of the dielectric function across the layer plane. This feature results in peculiar nonhydrogenic excitonic states in which exciton-mediated optical nonlinearities are predicted to be enhanced compared to their hydrogenic counterparts. To demonstrate this enhancement, we perform optical transmission spectroscopy of a MoSe_{2} monolayer placed in the strong coupling regime with the mode of an optical microcavity and analyze the results quantitatively with a nonlinear input-output theory. We find an enhancement of both the exciton-exciton interaction and of the excitonic fermionic saturation with respect to realistic values expected in the hydrogenic picture. Such results demonstrate that unconventional excitons in MoSe_{2} are highly favorable for the implementation of large exciton-mediated optical nonlinearities, potentially working up to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stepanov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Amit Vashisht
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPMMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Klaas
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils Lundt
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Blei
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anna Minguzzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPMMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Maxime Richard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Suárez-Forero DG, Riminucci F, Ardizzone V, Karpowicz N, Maggiolini E, Macorini G, Lerario G, Todisco F, De Giorgi M, Dominici L, Ballarini D, Gigli G, Lanotte AS, West K, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer L, Sanvitto D. Enhancement of Parametric Effects in Polariton Waveguides Induced by Dipolar Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:137401. [PMID: 33861133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.137401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid light-matter excitations arising from the nonperturbative coupling of a photonic mode and an excitonic resonance. Behaving as interacting photons, they show optical third-order nonlinearities providing effects such as optical parametric oscillation or amplification. It has been suggested that polariton-polariton interactions can be greatly enhanced by inducing aligned electric dipoles in their excitonic part. However, direct evidence of a true particle-particle interaction, such as superfluidity or parametric scattering, is still missing. In this Letter, we demonstrate that dipolar interactions can be used to enhance parametric effects such as self-phase modulation in waveguide polaritons. By quantifying these optical nonlinearities, we provide a reliable experimental measurement of the direct dipolar enhancement of polariton-polariton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - F Riminucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - N Karpowicz
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E Maggiolini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Macorini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F Todisco
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - L Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A S Lanotte
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - K West
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - K Baldwin
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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8
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Emmanuele RPA, Sich M, Kyriienko O, Shahnazaryan V, Withers F, Catanzaro A, Walker PM, Benimetskiy FA, Skolnick MS, Tartakovskii AI, Shelykh IA, Krizhanovskii DN. Highly nonlinear trion-polaritons in a monolayer semiconductor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3589. [PMID: 32680995 PMCID: PMC7368028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly nonlinear optical materials with strong effective photon-photon interactions are required for ultrafast and quantum optical signal processing circuitry. Here we report strong Kerr-like nonlinearities by employing efficient optical transitions of charged excitons (trions) observed in semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). By hybridising trions in monolayer MoSe2 at low electron densities with a microcavity mode, we realise trion-polaritons exhibiting significant energy shifts at small photon fluxes due to phase space filling. We find the ratio of trion- to neutral exciton-polariton interaction strength is in the range from 10 to 100 in TMDC materials and that trion-polariton nonlinearity is comparable to that in other polariton systems. The results are in good agreement with a theory accounting for the composite nature of excitons and trions and deviation of their statistics from that of ideal bosons and fermions. Our findings open a way to scalable quantum optics applications with TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P A Emmanuele
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - M Sich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - O Kyriienko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
| | - V Shahnazaryan
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F Withers
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - A Catanzaro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - F A Benimetskiy
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - A I Tartakovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - I A Shelykh
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
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9
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Kravtsov V, Khestanova E, Benimetskiy FA, Ivanova T, Samusev AK, Sinev IS, Pidgayko D, Mozharov AM, Mukhin IS, Lozhkin MS, Kapitonov YV, Brichkin AS, Kulakovskii VD, Shelykh IA, Tartakovskii AI, Walker PM, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN, Iorsh IV. Nonlinear polaritons in a monolayer semiconductor coupled to optical bound states in the continuum. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:56. [PMID: 32284858 PMCID: PMC7145813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) provide a way to engineer very narrow resonances in photonic crystals. The extended interaction time in these systems is particularly promising for the enhancement of nonlinear optical processes and the development of the next generation of active optical devices. However, the achievable interaction strength is limited by the purely photonic character of optical BICs. Here, we mix the optical BIC in a photonic crystal slab with excitons in the atomically thin semiconductor MoSe2 to form nonlinear exciton-polaritons with a Rabi splitting of 27 meV, exhibiting large interaction-induced spectral blueshifts. The asymptotic BIC-like suppression of polariton radiation into the far field toward the BIC wavevector, in combination with effective reduction of the excitonic disorder through motional narrowing, results in small polariton linewidths below 3 meV. Together with a strongly wavevector-dependent Q-factor, this provides for the enhancement and control of polariton-polariton interactions and the resulting nonlinear optical effects, paving the way toward tuneable BIC-based polaritonic devices for sensing, lasing, and nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan S. Mukhin
- ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Saint Petersburg, 194021 Russia
| | - Maksim S. Lozhkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, ul. Ulyanovskaya 1, Saint Petersburg, 198504 Russia
| | - Yuri V. Kapitonov
- Saint Petersburg State University, ul. Ulyanovskaya 1, Saint Petersburg, 198504 Russia
| | | | | | - Ivan A. Shelykh
- ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Paul M. Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| | - Maurice S. Skolnick
- ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| | - Dmitry N. Krizhanovskii
- ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101 Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
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10
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Tian C, Zhou B, Xu C, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Dong H, Zhou W. Polariton-Polariton Interactions Revealed in a One-dimensional Whispering Gallery Microcavity. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1552-1560. [PMID: 32097561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coulomb interactions are essential to the dynamics and optical properties of exciton-polaritons. Here, we report an experimental observation of polariton-polariton interactions far beyond theory in a one-dimensional whispering gallery microcavity. Based on the unique half-light half-matter nature, we were able to clarify the effects of excitons, quantum confinement, and nonthermalized polariton distribution in the measurements of the polaritonic interactions. Spectacularly, our position-scan and power-scan investigations both revealed that the polariton-polariton interaction strength is up to 2 orders of magnitude larger than theoretical predictions. These results suggest that polaritonic interactions are far more complicated than the expectation and should be re-examined in polariton physics and devices involving polaritonic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tian
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Beier Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiamei Zheng
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1, Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Xihu District, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1, Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Xihu District, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihang Zhou
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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11
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Observation of quantum depletion in a non-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensate. Nat Commun 2020; 11:429. [PMID: 31969565 PMCID: PMC6976592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superfluidity, first discovered in liquid 4He, is closely related to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomenon. However, even at zero temperature, a fraction of the quantum liquid is excited out of the condensate into higher momentum states via interaction-induced fluctuations—the phenomenon of quantum depletion. Quantum depletion of atomic BECs in thermal equilibrium is well understood theoretically but is difficult to measure. This measurement is even more challenging in driven-dissipative exciton–polariton condensates, since their non-equilibrium nature is predicted to suppress quantum depletion. Here, we observe quantum depletion of a high-density exciton–polariton condensate by detecting the spectral branch of elementary excitations populated by this process. Analysis of this excitation branch shows that quantum depletion of exciton–polariton condensates can closely follow or strongly deviate from the equilibrium Bogoliubov theory, depending on the exciton fraction in an exciton polariton. Our results reveal beyond mean-field effects of exciton–polariton interactions and call for a deeper understanding of the relationship between equilibrium and non-equilibrium BECs. Many aspects of polariton condensate behaviour can be captured by mean-field theories but interactions introduce additional quantum effects. Here the authors observe quantum depletion in a driven-dissipative condensate and find that deviations from equilibrium predictions depend on the excitonic fraction.
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12
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Koniakhin SV, Bleu O, Stupin DD, Pigeon S, Maitre A, Claude F, Lerario G, Glorieux Q, Bramati A, Solnyshkov D, Malpuech G. Stationary Quantum Vortex Street in a Driven-Dissipative Quantum Fluid of Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:215301. [PMID: 31809176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.215301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the formation of a new class of density-phase defects in a resonantly driven 2D quantum fluid of light. The system bistability allows the formation of low-density regions containing density-phase singularities confined between high-density regions. We show that, in 1D channels, an odd (1 or 3) or even (2 or 4) number of dark solitons form parallel to the channel axis in order to accommodate the phase constraint induced by the pumps in the barriers. These soliton molecules are typically unstable and evolve toward stationary symmetric or antisymmetric arrays of vortex streets straightforwardly observable in cw experiments. The flexibility of this photonic platform allows implementing more complicated potentials such as mazelike channels, with the vortex streets connecting the entrances and thus solving the maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Koniakhin
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- St. Petersburg Academic University-Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Bleu
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D D Stupin
- St. Petersburg Academic University-Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Pigeon
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, College de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - A Maitre
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, College de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - F Claude
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, College de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - G Lerario
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, College de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Q Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, College de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - A Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, College de France, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - D Solnyshkov
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Malpuech
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Dispersion relation of the collective excitations in a resonantly driven polariton fluid. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3869. [PMID: 31455770 PMCID: PMC6712214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities constitute the archetypal realization of a quantum fluid of light. Under coherent optical drive, remarkable effects such as superfluidity, dark solitons or the nucleation of vortices have been observed, and can be all understood as specific manifestations of the condensate collective excitations. In this work, we perform a Brillouin scattering experiment to measure their dispersion relation \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega ({\bf{k}})$$\end{document}ω(k) directly. The results, such as a speed of sound which is apparently twice too low, cannot be explained upon considering the polariton condensate alone. In a combined theoretical and experimental analysis, we demonstrate that the presence of an excitonic reservoir alongside the polariton condensate has a dramatic influence on the characteristics of the quantum fluid, and explains our measurement quantitatively. This work clarifies the role of such a reservoir in polariton quantum hydrodynamics. It also provides an unambiguous tool to determine the condensate-to-reservoir fraction in the quantum fluid, and sets an accurate framework to approach ideas for polariton-based quantum-optical applications. Owing to its driven-dissipative nature, and its solid-state environment, a resonantly driven polariton condensate can be accompanied by an incoherent reservoir of excitons. Stepanov et al. demonstrate that this situation strongly modifies the spectrum of collective excitations, which determines many quantum hydrodynamic features in a polariton fluid.
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14
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Knüppel P, Ravets S, Kroner M, Fält S, Wegscheider W, Imamoglu A. Nonlinear optics in the fractional quantum Hall regime. Nature 2019; 572:91-94. [PMID: 31285587 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Engineering strong interactions between optical photons is a challenge for quantum science. Polaritonics, which is based on the strong coupling of photons to atomic or electronic excitations in an optical resonator, has emerged as a promising approach to address this challenge, paving the way for applications such as photonic gates for quantum information processing1 and photonic quantum materials for the investigation of strongly correlated driven-dissipative systems2,3. Recent experiments have demonstrated the onset of quantum correlations in exciton-polariton systems4,5, showing that strong polariton blockade6-the prevention of resonant injection of additional polaritons in a well delimited region by the presence of a single polariton-could be achieved if interactions were an order of magnitude stronger. Here we report time-resolved four-wave-mixing experiments on a two-dimensional electron system embedded in an optical cavity7, demonstrating that polariton-polariton interactions are strongly enhanced when the electrons are initially in the fractional quantum Hall regime. Our experiments indicate that, in addition to strong correlations in the electronic ground state, exciton-electron interactions leading to the formation of polaron-polaritons8-11 have a key role in enhancing the nonlinear optical response of the system. Our findings could facilitate the realization of strongly interacting photonic systems, and suggest that nonlinear optical measurements could provide information about fractional quantum Hall states that is not accessible through their linear optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Knüppel
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Ravets
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Martin Kroner
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fält
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Atac Imamoglu
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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15
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Fieramosca A, Polimeno L, Ardizzone V, De Marco L, Pugliese M, Maiorano V, De Giorgi M, Dominici L, Gigli G, Gerace D, Ballarini D, Sanvitto D. Two-dimensional hybrid perovskites sustaining strong polariton interactions at room temperature. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9967. [PMID: 31172027 PMCID: PMC6544457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic devices exploit the coherent coupling between excitonic and photonic degrees of freedom to perform highly nonlinear operations with low input powers. Most of the current results exploit excitons in epitaxially grown quantum wells and require low-temperature operation, while viable alternatives have yet to be found at room temperature. We show that large single-crystal flakes of two-dimensional layered perovskite are able to sustain strong polariton nonlinearities at room temperature without the need to be embedded in an optical cavity formed by highly reflecting mirrors. In particular, exciton-exciton interaction energies are shown to be spin dependent, remarkably similar to the ones known for inorganic quantum wells at cryogenic temperatures, and more than one order of magnitude larger than alternative room temperature polariton devices reported so far. Because of their easy fabrication, large dipolar oscillator strengths, and strong nonlinearities, these materials pave the way for realization of polariton devices at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Fieramosca
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - L. Polimeno
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - V. Ardizzone
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - L. De Marco
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M. Pugliese
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - V. Maiorano
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M. De Giorgi
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - L. Dominici
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G. Gigli
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D. Gerace
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - D. Ballarini
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D. Sanvitto
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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16
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Tapia Rodriguez LE, Walker PM, Sigurdsson H, Royall B, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Yulin AV, Shelykh IA, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Amplification of nonlinear polariton pulses in waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:10692-10704. [PMID: 31052924 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.010692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using a sub-millimeter exciton-polariton waveguide suitable for integrated photonics, we experimentally demonstrate nonlinear modulation of pico-Joule pulses at the same time as amplification sufficient to compensate the system losses. By comparison with a numerical model we explain the observed interplay of gain and nonlinearity as amplification of the interacting polariton field by stimulated scattering from an incoherent continuous-wave reservoir that is depleted by the pulses. This combination of gain and giant ultrafast nonlinearity operating on picosecond pulses has the potential to open up new directions in low-power all-optical information processing and nonlinear photonic simulation of conservative and driven-dissipative systems.
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17
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Driben R, Ma X, Schumacher S, Meier T. Bloch oscillations of multidimensional dark soliton wave packets and light bullets. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1327-1330. [PMID: 30874642 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The robust propagation of dark solitonic waves featuring Bloch oscillations (BOs) in media with a Kerr nonlinearity is demonstrated. The models considered have a discrete refractive index gradient in one dimension and are continuous in the orthogonal direction or directions. Such systems can be realized in photonic settings, where temporal dispersion of a normal type is able to support dark solitons. The demonstrated effects may also appear in the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), where dark solitons appear due to the joint action of diffraction and a self-defocusing nonlinearity. Furthermore, our analysis shows that a periodic variation of the refractive index gradient in the propagation direction allows us to realize the spatial analog of dynamical localization. In addition, we demonstrate that dark solitons serve as excellent supporters for light bullets of a peculiar dark-bright type that can also feature robust BOs.
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18
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Muñoz-Matutano G, Wood A, Johnsson M, Vidal X, Baragiola BQ, Reinhard A, Lemaître A, Bloch J, Amo A, Nogues G, Besga B, Richard M, Volz T. Emergence of quantum correlations from interacting fibre-cavity polaritons. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:213-218. [PMID: 30783231 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities have revealed themselves as one of the richest realizations of a light-based quantum fluid1, subject to fascinating new physics and potential applications2-6. For instance, in the regime of large two-body interactions, polaritons can be used to manipulate the quantum properties of a light field7-9. In this work, we report on the emergence of quantum correlations in laser light transmitted through a fibre-cavity polariton system. We observe a dispersive shape of the autocorrelation function around the polariton resonance that indicates the onset of this regime. The weak amplitude of these correlations indicates a state that still remains far from a low-photon-number state. Nonetheless, given the underlying physical mechanism7, our work opens up the prospect of eventually using polaritons to turn laser light into single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Muñoz-Matutano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Andrew Wood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mattias Johnsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xavier Vidal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Q Baragiola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Reinhard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS (C2N), Universities Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jacqueline Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS (C2N), Universities Paris-Sud and Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alberto Amo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, Lille, France
| | - Gilles Nogues
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Besga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Richard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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19
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Schmidt D, Berger B, Kahlert M, Bayer M, Schneider C, Höfling S, Sedov ES, Kavokin AV, Aßmann M. Tracking Dark Excitons with Exciton Polaritons in Semiconductor Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:047403. [PMID: 30768323 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.047403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dark excitons are of fundamental importance for a wide variety of processes in semiconductors but are difficult to investigate using optical techniques due to their weak interaction with light fields. We reveal and characterize dark excitons nonresonantly injected into a semiconductor microcavity structure containing InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells by a gated train of eight 100 fs pulses separated by 13 ns by monitoring their interactions with the bright lower polariton mode. We find a surprisingly long dark exciton lifetime of more than 20 ns, which is longer than the time delay between two consecutive pulses. This creates a memory effect that we clearly observe through the variation of the time-resolved transmission signal. We propose a rate equation model that provides a quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schmidt
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Berger
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Kahlert
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - E S Sedov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1NJ Southampton, United Kingdom
- Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs, Gorky Street 87, 600000, Vladimir, Russia
| | - A V Kavokin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulanovskaya 1, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- International Center for Polaritonics, Westlake University, No. 18, Shilongshan Road, Cloud Town, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - M Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Walker PM, Whittaker CE, Skryabin DV, Cancellieri E, Royall B, Sich M, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Spatiotemporal continuum generation in polariton waveguides. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:6. [PMID: 30651981 PMCID: PMC6333623 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of a spatiotemporal optical continuum in a highly nonlinear exciton-polariton waveguide using extremely low excitation powers (2-ps, 100-W peak power pulses) and a submillimeter device suitable for integrated optics applications. We observe contributions from several mechanisms over a range of powers and demonstrate that the strong light-matter coupling significantly modifies the physics involved in all of them. The experimental data are well understood in combination with theoretical modeling. The results are applicable to a wide range of systems with linear coupling between nonlinear oscillators and particularly to emerging polariton devices that incorporate materials, such as gallium nitride and transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers that exhibit large light-matter coupling at room temperature. These open the door to low-power experimental studies of spatiotemporal nonlinear optics in submillimeter waveguide devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| | - Charles E. Whittaker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| | - Dmitry V. Skryabin
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- ITMO University, Kronverksky Avenue 49, St. Petersburg, 197101 Russia
| | - Emiliano Cancellieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
| | - Ben Royall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| | - Maksym Sich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
| | - Ian Farrer
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - Maurice S. Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK
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21
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Rosenberg I, Liran D, Mazuz-Harpaz Y, West K, Pfeiffer L, Rapaport R. Strongly interacting dipolar-polaritons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat8880. [PMID: 30345358 PMCID: PMC6195342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat8880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are mutually interacting quantum hybridizations of confined photons and electronic excitations. Here, we demonstrate a system of optically guided, electrically polarized exciton-polaritons ("dipolaritons") that displays up to 200-fold enhancement of the polariton-polariton interaction strength compared to unpolarized polaritons. The magnitude of the dipolar interaction enhancement can be turned on and off and can be easily tuned over a very wide range by varying the applied polarizing electric field. The large interaction strengths and the very long propagation distances of these fully guided dipolaritons open up new opportunities for realizing complex quantum circuitry and quantum simulators, as well as topological states based on exciton-polaritons, for which the interactions between polaritons need to be large and spatially or temporally controlled. The results also raise fundamental questions on the origin of these large enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Rosenberg
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dror Liran
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yotam Mazuz-Harpaz
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Kenneth West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Loren Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ronen Rapaport
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Applied Physics Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Sich M, Chana JK, Egorov OA, Sigurdsson H, Shelykh IA, Skryabin DV, Walker PM, Clarke E, Royall B, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Transition from Propagating Polariton Solitons to a Standing Wave Condensate Induced by Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:167402. [PMID: 29756939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.167402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We explore phase transitions of polariton wave packets, first, to a soliton and then to a standing wave polariton condensate in a multimode microwire system, mediated by nonlinear polariton interactions. At low excitation density, we observe ballistic propagation of the multimode polariton wave packets arising from the interference between different transverse modes. With increasing excitation density, the wave packets transform into single-mode bright solitons due to effects of both intermodal and intramodal polariton-polariton scattering. Further increase of the excitation density increases thermalization speed, leading to relaxation of the polariton density from a solitonic spectrum distribution in momentum space down to low momenta, with the resultant formation of a nonequilibrium condensate manifested by a standing wave pattern across the whole sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J K Chana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Base4 Innovation, Ltd., Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - O A Egorov
- Technische Physik der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Sigurdsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - D V Skryabin
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DE, United Kingdom
| | - B Royall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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23
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Cuevas Á, López Carreño JC, Silva B, De Giorgi M, Suárez-Forero DG, Sánchez Muñoz C, Fieramosca A, Cardano F, Marrucci L, Tasco V, Biasiol G, del Valle E, Dominici L, Ballarini D, Gigli G, Mataloni P, Laussy FP, Sciarrino F, Sanvitto D. First observation of the quantized exciton-polariton field and effect of interactions on a single polariton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao6814. [PMID: 29725616 PMCID: PMC5930420 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are quasi-particles that originate from the coupling of light with matter and that demonstrate quantum phenomena at the many-particle mesoscopic level, such as Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity. A highly sought and long-time missing feature of polaritons is a genuine quantum manifestation of their dynamics at the single-particle level. Although they are conceptually perceived as entangled states and theoretical proposals abound for an explicit manifestation of their single-particle properties, so far their behavior has remained fully accounted for by classical and mean-field theories. We report the first experimental demonstration of a genuinely quantum state of the microcavity polariton field, by swapping a photon for a polariton in a two-photon entangled state generated by parametric downconversion. When bringing this single-polariton quantum state in contact with a polariton condensate, we observe a disentangling with the external photon. This manifestation of a polariton quantum state involving a single quantum unlocks new possibilities for quantum information processing with interacting bosons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cuevas
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Camilo López Carreño
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Blanca Silva
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniel G. Suárez-Forero
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlos Sánchez Muñoz
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittorianna Tasco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giorgio Biasiol
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR, Laboratorio di Tecnologie Avanzate, Superfici e Catalisi (TASC), I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena del Valle
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paolo Mataloni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrice P. Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Nanotec—Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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