1
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Shibata R, Fujii S, Watanabe S. Integer-locking condition for stable dual-comb interferometry in situations with fluctuating frequency-comb repetition rates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17373-17387. [PMID: 38858922 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
To make dual-comb interferometry usable in a wide range of applications, it is important to achieve reproducible measurement results even in non-ideal environments that affect the repetition-rate stability. Here, we consider dual-comb interferometry based on a pair of fully referenced optical frequency combs (OFCs) and investigate the impact of fluctuations in the OFC repetition frequencies on the peak position of the center burst in the interferogram. We identify a phase-locking scheme that minimizes the impact of these fluctuations through choosing a special combination of phase-locked frequencies, and the resulting type of operating condition is termed integer-locking condition. Under the integer-locking condition, the number of sampling points in each interferogram remains constant regardless of repetition-rate variations, and this enables more stable phase-resolved measurements in non-ideal environments. We demonstrate the application of this approach using absolute path-length measurements and discuss the accuracy limit imposed by the integer-locking condition. Our findings offer a strategy for robust dual-comb interferometry outside metrology laboratories.
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Shen Z, Xu GT, Niu R, Sun FW, Guo GC, Dong CH. Optomechanical Frequency Comb Based on Multiple Nonlinear Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:163603. [PMID: 38701459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Phonon-based frequency combs that can be generated in the optical and microwave frequency domains have attracted much attention due to the small repetition rates and the simple setup. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a new type of phonon-based frequency comb in a silicon optomechanical crystal cavity including both a breathing mechanical mode (∼GHz) and flexural mechanical modes (tens of MHz). We observe strong mode competition between two approximate flexural mechanical modes, i.e., 77.19 and 90.17 MHz, resulting in only one preponderant lasing, while maintaining the lasing of the breathing mechanical mode. These simultaneous observations of two-mode phonon lasing state and significant mode competition are counterintuitive. We have formulated comprehensive theories to elucidate this phenomenon in response to this intriguing outcome. In particular, the self-pulse induced by the free carrier dispersion and thermo-optic effects interacts with two approximate flexural mechanical modes, resulting in the repetition rate of the comb frequency-locked to exact fractions of one of the flexural mechanical modes and the mode hopping between them. This phonon-based frequency comb has at least 260 comblines and a repetition rate as low as a simple fraction of the flexural mechanical frequency. Our demonstration offers an alternative optomechanical frequency comb for sensing, timing, and metrology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Mai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Guan-Ting Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Rui Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Chun-Hua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
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3
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Hussein HME, Kim S, Rinaldi M, Alù A, Cassella C. Passive frequency comb generation at radiofrequency for ranging applications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2844. [PMID: 38565570 PMCID: PMC10987526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical frequency combs, featuring evenly spaced spectral lines, have been extensively studied and applied to metrology, signal processing, and sensing. Recently, frequency comb generation has been also extended to MHz frequencies by harnessing nonlinearities in microelectromechanical membranes. However, the generation of frequency combs at radio frequencies (RF) has been less explored, together with their potential application in wireless technologies. In this work, we demonstrate an RF system able to wirelessly and passively generate frequency combs. This circuit, which we name quasi-harmonic tag (qHT), offers a battery-free solution for far-field ranging of unmanned vehicles (UVs) in GPS-denied settings, and it enables a strong immunity to multipath interference, providing better accuracy than other RF approaches to far-field ranging. Here, we discuss the principle of operation, design, implementation, and performance of qHTs used to remotely measure the azimuthal distance of a UV flying in an uncontrolled electromagnetic environment. We show that qHTs can wirelessly generate frequency combs with μWatt-levels of incident power by leveraging the nonlinear interaction between an RF parametric oscillator and a high quality factor piezoelectric microacoustic resonator. Our technique for frequency comb generation opens new avenues for a wide range of RF applications beyond ranging, including timing, computing and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M E Hussein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute of NanoSystems Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seunghwi Kim
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute of NanoSystems Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Cristian Cassella
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Institute of NanoSystems Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Moreno D, Fujii S, Nakashima A, Lemcke D, Uchida A, Sanchis P, Tanabe T. Synchronization of two chaotic microresonator frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2460-2472. [PMID: 38297775 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We explore the synchronization of chaotic microresonator frequency combs, emphasizing the modulation instability state, which is known for its inherent chaotic behaviors. Our study confirms that the synchronization of two such combs is feasible by injecting the output from the lead microresonator into the next microresonator's input. We also identify the optimal parameters for this synchronization. Remarkably, even partial injection from the leader is sufficient for synchronization, paving the way for versatile future system configurations. Such systems could simultaneously utilize distinct spectral components for synchronization and transmission. This work advances our understanding of chaotic microresonator combs, showing them to be pivotal elements in next-generation optical communication systems.
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Rodriguez Cuevas A, Kudelin I, Kbashi H, Sergeyev S. Single-shot dynamics of dual-comb generation in a polarization-multiplexing fiber laser. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19673. [PMID: 37951965 PMCID: PMC10640538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual optical frequency combs have been a recurrent case of study over the last decade due to their wide use in a variety of metrology applications. Utilizing a single cavity laser to generate a dual comb reduces system complexity and facilitates suppression of common noise. However, a dual-comb regime in single cavity lasers tends to be more unstable and difficult to achieve. Therefore, having a better understanding about the way they are generated could improve and automate their generation and control. In this paper, we investigate the build-up dynamics and collision of dual comb in a polarization-multiplexing ring-cavity fiber laser using DFT (Dispersive Fourier Transform) method. We observe a bunch of meta-stable short-lived mode-locking states before the laser entered the dual-comb mode-locking state. The energy level of this short-lived initial pulses determines its evolution. If it decreases too much, the pulse will eventually collapse while if it stays above certain level, it will be successfully generated. The results presented in this paper increase the understanding of dual-comb generation inside a single cavity laser and may contribute in future attempts to increase the stabilization of this regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rodriguez Cuevas
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Igor Kudelin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hani Kbashi
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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6
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Lipphardt B, Walkemeyer P, Kazda M, Rahm J, Weyers S. Continuous optical generation of microwave signals for fountain clocks. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7628-7632. [PMID: 37855470 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
For the optical generation of ultrastable microwave signals for fountain clocks, we developed a setup based on a cavity stabilized laser and a commercial frequency comb. The robust system, in operation since 2020, is locked to a 100 MHz output frequency of a hydrogen maser and provides an ultrastable 9.6 GHz signal for the interrogation of atoms in two cesium fountain clocks, acting as primary frequency standards. Measurements reveal that the system provides a phase noise level that enables quantum projection noise limited fountain frequency instabilities at the low 10-14(τ/s)-1/2 level. At the same time, it offers largely maintenance-free operation.
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7
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Gabbrielli T, Insero G, De Regis M, Corrias N, Galli I, Mazzotti D, Bartolini P, Hyun Huh J, Cleff C, Kastner A, Holzwarth R, Borri S, Consolino L, De Natale P, Cappelli F. Time/frequency-domain characterization of a mid-IR DFG frequency comb via two-photon and heterodyne detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35330-35342. [PMID: 37859267 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared frequency combs are nowadays well-appreciated sources for spectroscopy and frequency metrology. Here, a comprehensive approach for characterizing a difference-frequency-generated mid-infrared frequency comb (DFG-comb) both in the time and in the frequency domain is presented. An autocorrelation scheme exploiting mid-infrared two-photon detection is used for characterizing the pulse width and to verify the optimal compression of the generated pulses reaching a pulse duration (FWHM) as low as 196 fs. A second scheme based on mid-infrared heterodyne detection employing two independent narrow-linewidth quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is used for frequency-narrowing the modes of the DFG-comb down to 9.4 kHz on a 5-ms timescale.
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8
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Roche A, Slepneva S, Kovalev A, Pimenov A, Vladimirov AG, Giudici M, Marconi M, Huyet G. Decoherence and Turbulence Sources in a Long Laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:053801. [PMID: 37595237 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the turn-on process in a laser cavity where the round-trip time is several orders of magnitude greater than the active medium timescales. In this long delay limit, we show that the universal evolution of the photon statistics from thermal to Poissonian distribution involves the emergence of power dropouts. While the largest number of these dropouts vanish after a few round-trips, some of them persist and seed coherent structures similar to dark solitons or Nozaki-Bekki holes described by the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. These coherent structures connect stationary laser emission domains having different optical frequencies. Moreover, they emit intensity bursts which travel at a different speed, and, depending on the cavity dispersion sign, they may collide with other coherent structures, thus leading to an overall turbulent dynamics. The dynamics is well-modeled by delay differential equations from which we compute the laser coherence time evolution at each round-trip and quantify the decoherence induced by the collisions between coherent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Roche
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Svetlana Slepneva
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anton Kovalev
- ITMO University, Birhzevaya Liniya 14, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Boldbaatar E, Grant D, Choy S, Zaminpardaz S, Holden L. Evaluating Optical Clock Performance for GNSS Positioning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5998. [PMID: 37447847 DOI: 10.3390/s23135998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomic clocks are highly precise timing devices used in numerous Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) applications on the ground and in outer space. In recent years, however, more precise timing solutions based on optical technology have been introduced as current technology capabilities advance. State-of-the-art optical clocks-predicted to be the next level of their predecessor atomic clocks-have achieved ultimate uncertainty of 1 × 10-18 and beyond, which exceeds the best atomic clock's performance by two orders of magnitude. Hence, the successful development of optical clocks has drawn significant attention in academia and industry to exploit many more opportunities. This paper first provides an overview of the emerging optical clock technology, its current development, and characteristics, followed by a clock stability analysis of some of the successfully developed optical clocks against current Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellite clocks to discuss the optical clock potentiality in GNSS positioning. The overlapping Allan Deviation (ADEV) method is applied to estimate the satellite clock stability from International GNSS Service (IGS) clock products, whereas the optical clock details are sourced from the existing literature. The findings are (a) the optical clocks are more stable than that of atomic clocks onboard GNSS satellites, though they may require further technological maturity to meet spacecraft payload requirements, and (b) in GNSS positioning, optical clocks could potentially offer less than a 1 mm range error (clock-related) in 30 s and at least 10 times better timing performance after 900 s in contrast to the Galileo satellite atomic clocks-which is determined in this study as the most stable GNSS atomic clock type used in satellite positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Grant
- School of Science (Geospatial), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Suelynn Choy
- School of Science (Geospatial), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Safoora Zaminpardaz
- School of Science (Geospatial), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Lucas Holden
- School of Science (Geospatial), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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10
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Nishikawa D, Maezawa K, Fujii S, Okano M, Watanabe S. A two-color dual-comb system for time-resolved measurements of ultrafast magnetization dynamics using triggerless asynchronous optical sampling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:063003. [PMID: 37862511 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on an Er-doped fiber (EDF)-laser-based dual-comb system that allows us to perform triggerless asynchronous optical sampling pump-probe measurements of ultrafast demagnetization and spin precession in magnetic materials. Because the oscillation frequencies of the two frequency-comb light sources are highly stabilized, the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter is sufficiently suppressed, and data accumulation without any trigger signals is possible. To effectively induce spin precession in ferromagnetic thin films, the spectral bandwidth of the output of one of the EDF frequency comb sources is broadened by a highly nonlinear fiber and then amplified at a wavelength of about 1030 nm by a Yb-doped fiber amplifier. The output of the other frequency comb source is converted to about 775 nm by second harmonic generation. We used this system to observe ultrafast demagnetization and spin precession dynamics on the picosecond and nanosecond time scales in a permalloy thin film. This time-domain spectroscopy system is promising for the rapid characterization of spin-wave generation and propagation dynamics in magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nishikawa
- Depertment of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - K Maezawa
- Depertment of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - S Fujii
- Depertment of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - M Okano
- National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - S Watanabe
- Depertment of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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11
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Ahmed K, Bui FM, Wu FX. PreOBP_ML: Machine Learning Algorithms for Prediction of Optical Biosensor Parameters. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1174. [PMID: 37374757 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
To develop standard optical biosensors, the simulation procedure takes a lot of time. For reducing that enormous amount of time and effort, machine learning might be a better solution. Effective indices, core power, total power, and effective area are the most crucial parameters for evaluating optical sensors. In this study, several machine learning (ML) approaches have been applied to predict those parameters while considering the core radius, cladding radius, pitch, analyte, and wavelength as the input vectors. We have utilized least squares (LS), LASSO, Elastic-Net (ENet), and Bayesian ridge regression (BRR) to make a comparative discussion using a balanced dataset obtained with the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool. Furthermore, a more extensive analysis of sensitivity, power fraction, and confinement loss is also demonstrated using the predicted and simulated data. The suggested models were also examined in terms of R2-score, mean average error (MAE), and mean squared error (MSE), with all of the models having an R2-score of more than 0.99, and it was also shown that optical biosensors had a design error rate of less than 3%. This research might pave the way for machine learning-based optimization approaches to be used to improve optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Francis M Bui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Fang-Xiang Wu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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12
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Ishizawa A, Nishikawa T, Hitachi K, Akatsuka T, Oguri K. Optical-referenceless optical frequency counter with twelve-digit absolute accuracy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8750. [PMID: 37253824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A simpler and more accurate measurement of absolute optical frequencies (AOFs) is very important for optical communications and navigation systems. To date, an optical reference has been needed for measuring AOFs with twelve-digit accuracy because of the difficulty in measuring them directly. Here, we focus on an electro-optics-modulation comb that can bridge the vast frequency gap between photonics and electronics. We demonstrate an unprecedented method that can directly measure AOFs to an accuracy of twelve digits with an RF frequency counter by simply delivering a frequency-unknown laser into an optical phase modulator. This could open up a new horizon for optical-referenceless optical frequency metrology. Our method can also simultaneously achieve a 100-fold phase-noise reduction in a conventional signal generator. This corresponds to an increase in the transmission speed of wireless communications of by about seven times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishizawa
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan.
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Nishikawa
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senjyu-Asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-8551, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hitachi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Akatsuka
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan
| | - Katsuya Oguri
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan
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13
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Ritzkowsky F, Bebeti E, Rossi GM, Mainz RE, Suchowski H, Cankaya H, Kärtner FX. Passively CEP stable sub-2-cycle source in the mid-infrared by adiabatic difference frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1870-1873. [PMID: 37221787 DOI: 10.1364/ol.485610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of a passive carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stable 1.7-cycle pulse in the mid-infrared by adiabatic difference frequency generation. With sole material-based compression, we achieve a sub-2-cycle 16-fs pulse at a center wavelength of 2.7 µm and measured a CEP stability of <190 mrad root mean square. The CEP stabilization performance of an adiabatic downconversion process is characterized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.
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14
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Viti L, Riccardi E, Beere HE, Ritchie DA, Vitiello MS. Real-Time Measure of the Lattice Temperature of a Semiconductor Heterostructure Laser via an On-Chip Integrated Graphene Thermometer. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6103-6112. [PMID: 36883532 PMCID: PMC10062027 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The on-chip integration of two-dimensional nanomaterials, having exceptional optical, electrical, and thermal properties, with terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) has recently led to wide spectral tuning, nonlinear high-harmonic generation, and pulse generation. Here, we transfer a large area (1 × 1 cm2) multilayer graphene (MLG), to lithographically define a microthermometer, on the bottom contact of a single-plasmon THz QCL to monitor, in real-time, its local lattice temperature during operation. We exploit the temperature dependence of the MLG electrical resistance to measure the local heating of the QCL chip. The results are further validated through microprobe photoluminescence experiments, performed on the front-facet of the electrically driven QCL. We extract a heterostructure cross-plane conductivity of k⊥= 10.2 W/m·K, in agreement with previous theoretical and experimental reports. Our integrated system endows THz QCLs with a fast (∼30 ms) temperature sensor, providing a tool to reach full electrical and thermal control on laser operation. This can be exploited, inter alia, to stabilize the emission of THz frequency combs, with potential impact on quantum technologies and high-precision spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Riccardi
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Harvey E. Beere
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Stewart G, Debrah D, Hoerner P, Lee SK, Schlegel HB, Li W. Carrier-Envelope Phase Controlling of Ion Momentum Distributions in Strong Field Double Ionization of Methyl Iodide. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:870-875. [PMID: 36657163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In strong field ionization of methyl iodide initiated by elliptically polarized few-cycle pulses, a significant correlation was observed between the carrier-envelope phases (CEPs) of the laser and the preferred ejection direction of methyl cation arising from dissociative double ionization. This was attributed to the carrier-envelope phase dependent double ionization yields of methyl iodide. This observation provides a new way for monitoring the absolute CEPs of few-cycle pulses by observing the ion momentum distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - Duke Debrah
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - Paul Hoerner
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - Suk Kyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
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16
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Shen ZM, Zhou XL, Huang DY, Pan YH, Li L, Wang J, Li CF, Guo GC. Continuously and widely tunable frequency-stabilized laser based on an optical frequency comb. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023001. [PMID: 36858996 DOI: 10.1063/5.0120119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Continuously and widely tunable lasers, actively stabilized on a frequency reference, are broadly employed in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics. The frequency-stabilized optical frequency comb (OFC) provides a novel optical frequency reference, with a broadband spectrum that meets the requirement of laser frequency stabilization. Therefore, we demonstrate a frequency-stabilized and precisely tunable laser system based on it. In this scheme, the laser frequency locked to the OFC is driven to jump over the ambiguity zones, which blocks the wide tuning of the locked laser, and tuned until the mode hopping happens with the always-activated feedback loop. Meanwhile, we compensate the gap of the frequency jump with a synchronized acoustic optical modulator to ensure the continuity. This scheme is applied to an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), and we achieve tuning at a rate of about 7 GHz/s, with some readily available commercial electronics. Furthermore, we tune the frequency-stabilized laser only with the feedback of diode current, and its average tuning speed can exceed 100 GHz/s. Due to the resource-efficient configuration and the simplicity of completion, this scheme can be referenced and can find wide applications in AMO experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dong-Yu Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Hao Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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17
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Nakagawa M, Okano M, Watanabe S. Polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system without mechanical moving parts. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29421-29434. [PMID: 36299117 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the measurement of terahertz electric-field vector waveforms by using a system that contains no mechanical moving parts. It is known that two phase-locked femtosecond lasers with different repetition rates can be used to perform time-domain spectroscopy without using a mechanical delay stage. Furthermore, an electro-optic modulator can be used to perform polarization measurements without rotating any polarizers or waveplates. We experimentally demonstrate the combination of these two methods and explain the analysis of data obtained by such a system. Such a system provides a robust platform that can promote the usage of polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in basic science and practical applications. For the experimental demonstration, we alter the polarization of a terahertz wave with a polarizer.
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18
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Schoenfeld C, Sulzer P, Brida D, Leitenstorfer A, Kurihara T. Passively phase-locked Er:fiber source of single-cycle pulses in the near infrared with electro-optic timing modulation for field-resolved electron control. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3552-3555. [PMID: 35838728 DOI: 10.1364/ol.461076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A single-cycle light source in the near infrared is demonstrated enabling sensitive applications of ultrafast optical field control of electronic transport. The compact Er:fiber system generates passively phase-locked pulses with broadband spectra covering 150 THz to 350 THz at a duration of 4.2 fs and 40 MHz repetition rate. A second output arm is equipped with an electro-optic modulator (EOM) that switches the arrival time of the pulses by 700 ps at arbitrary frequencies up to 20 MHz, enabling timing modulation of the pump pulse without changing the average intensity. As a benchmark demonstration, we investigate the carrier relaxation dynamics in low-temperature-grown InGaAs (LT-InGaAs) using quantum interference currents (QuICs).
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19
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Morales F, Richter M, Ivanov M, Husakou A. Non-instantaneous third-order optical response of gases in low-frequency fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23579-23586. [PMID: 36225034 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that for low-intensity short optical pulses far from resonance, the third-order optical nonlinear response is instantaneous. We solve the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom and show that this is not the case: the polarization is not simply proportional to the cube of the electric field even at low intensities. We analyze the fundamental-frequency and third-harmonic nonlinear susceptibilities of hydrogen, investigate their dependence on intensity, and find that the delays in the Kerr response rapidly approach the femtosecond time-scale at higher intensities, while the delays in the third harmonic generation remain much lower. We also propose an experimental scheme to detect and characterize the above effects.
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20
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Roiz M, Vainio M. Versatile optical frequency combs based on multi-seeded femtosecond optical parametric generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:17789-17805. [PMID: 36221593 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes and demonstrates a versatile method for near- and mid-infrared optical frequency comb generation using multi-seeded femtosecond optical parametric generation. The method allows one to divide the repetition rate by an arbitrarily large integer factor, freely tune the offset frequency, and adjust the common phase offset of the comb modes. Since all possible degrees of freedom are adjustable, the proposed method manifests itself as versatile optical frequency synthesis.
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21
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Ishizawa A, Kawashima K, Kou R, Xu X, Tsuchizawa T, Aihara T, Yoshida K, Nishikawa T, Hitachi K, Cong G, Yamamoto N, Yamada K, Oguri K. Direct f-3f self-referencing using an integrated silicon-nitride waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5265-5273. [PMID: 35209493 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have achieved the simultaneous generation of a 2.6-octave-wide supercontinuum (SC) spectrum over 400-2500 nm and third-harmonic light solely by a dispersion-controlled silicon-nitride waveguide (SiNW). To increase the visible intensity of the SC light component, we fabricated low-loss 5-mm-long deuterated SiNWs with spot-size converters by low-temperature deposition. We succeeded in measuring the carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) signal with a 34-dB signal-to-noise ratio because this short deuterated SiNW provides a large temporal overlap between the f and 3f components. In addition, we have demonstrated this method of CEO locking at telecommunications wavelengths with f-3f self-referencing generated solely by the SiNW without the use of highly nonlinear fiber and an additional nonlinear crystal. Compared with the method of CEO locking with a highly nonlinear fiber and a standard f-2f self-referencing interferometer, this method is not only simple and compact but also stable.
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22
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Gianella M, Vogel S, Wittwer VJ, Südmeyer T, Faist J, Emmenegger L. Frequency axis for swept dual-comb spectroscopy with quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:625-628. [PMID: 35103695 DOI: 10.1364/ol.446347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In dual-comb spectroscopy, there is a one-to-one map between the frequencies of the measured beat notes and the frequencies of the optical comb lines. Its determination usually involves the use of one or more reference lasers with known frequencies. Quantum cascade laser frequency combs, however, are often operated in a free-running mode, and without a reference, the determination of the RF-to-optical frequency map is not trivial. Here, we propose a method by which the comb shift is measured with an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the spectral point spacing is determined through the intermode beat measured on the laser electrodes. The frequency axis is accurate within ∼ 0.001 cm-1.
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23
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Abstract
Nonlinear wave-matter interactions may give rise to solitons, phenomena that feature inherent stability in wave propagation and unusual spectral characteristics. Solitons have been created in a variety of physical systems and have had important roles in a broad range of applications, including communications, spectroscopy and metrology1-4. In recent years, the realization of dissipative Kerr optical solitons in microcavities has led to the generation of frequency combs in a chip-scale platform5-10. Within a cavity, photons can interact with mechanical modes. Cavity optomechanics has found applications for frequency conversion, such as microwave-to-optical or radio-frequency-to-optical11-13, of interest for communications and interfacing quantum systems operating at different frequencies. Here we report the observation of mechanical micro-solitons excited by optical fields in an optomechanical microresonator, expanding soliton generation in optical resonators to a different spectral window. The optical field circulating along the circumference of a whispering gallery mode resonator triggers a mechanical nonlinearity through optomechanical coupling, which in turn induces a time-varying periodic modulation on the propagating mechanical mode, leading to a tailored modal dispersion. Stable localized mechanical wave packets-mechanical solitons-can be realized when the mechanical loss is compensated by phonon gain and the optomechanical nonlinearity is balanced by the tailored modal dispersion. The realization of mechanical micro-solitons driven by light opens up new avenues for optomechanical technologies14 and may find applications in acoustic sensing, information processing, energy storage, communications and surface acoustic wave technology.
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24
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Xiao Y, Meng Y, Hao T, Shi N, Li W, Li M. Ultra-fast full-field optical characterization of CW lasers based on optical frequency comb, wavelength-to-time mapping and phase-diversity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39874-39884. [PMID: 34809342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.445538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency comb (OFC), a periodic optical pulse train in time domain, has been widely employed to measure optical frequency due to its equidistant modes in the frequency domain. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel optical spectrum analyzer for CW lasers based on stretching the OFC in a dispersive element and mapping the frequency comb into the time domain. The optical spectrum analyzer also provides instantaneous full-field (wavelength, amplitude and phase) optical characterization capability by combining with optical phase-diversity technology. Experimental results show that we successfully trace the evolution of modulated lasers with a measurement speed of ∼51 MHz (related to the pulse repetition of the OFC) and a high spectral resolution of ∼21 pm. Thanks to the use of wavelength-to-time mapping and OFC, the single channel measurement range of the proposed system can reach ∼10 nm, which breaks the restriction of the bandwidth of photodetector.
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25
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Pikalev A, Pustylnik M, Räth C, Thomas HM. Heartbeat instability as auto-oscillation between dim and bright void regimes. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:045212. [PMID: 34781487 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.045212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the self-excited as well as optogalvanically stimulated heartbeat instability in RF discharge complex plasma. Three video cameras measured the motion of the microparticles, the plasma emission, and the laser-induced fluorescence simultaneously. Comprehensive studies of the optogalvanic control of the heartbeat instability revealed that the microparticle suspension can be stabilized by a continuous laser, whereas a modulated laser beam induces the void contraction either transiently or resonantly. The resonance occurred when the laser modulation frequency coincided with the frequency of small breathing oscillations of the microparticle suspension, which are known to be a prerequisite to the heartbeat instability. Based on the experimental results we suggest that the void contraction during the instability is caused by an abrupt void transition from the dim to the bright regime [Pikalev et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30, 035014 (2021)PSTEEU0963-025210.1088/1361-6595/abe0a2]. In the bright regime, a time-averaged electric field at the void boundary heats the electrons causing bright plasma emission inside the void. The dim void has much lower electric field at the boundary and exhibits therefore no emission feature associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pikalev
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - M Pustylnik
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - C Räth
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - H M Thomas
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
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26
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Hu Y, Ding S, Qin Y, Gu J, Wan W, Xiao M, Jiang X. Generation of Optical Frequency Comb via Giant Optomechanical Oscillation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:134301. [PMID: 34623858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.134301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) are essential in precision metrology, spectroscopy, distance measurement, and optical communications. Significant advances have been made recently in achieving micro-OFC devices based on parametric frequency conversion or electro-optic phase modulation. Here, we demonstrate a new kind of microcomb using a cavity optomechanical system with giant oscillation amplitude. We observe both optical and microwave frequency combs in a microtoroid resonator, which feature a flat OFC with 938 comb lines and a repetition rate as low as 50.22 MHz, as well as a flat microwave frequency comb with 867 comb lines. To generate such giant oscillation amplitude, we excite an overcoupled optical mode with a large blue detuning that is assisted with the thermo-optic nonlinearity. A new type of nonlinear oscillation, induced by competition between the optomechanical oscillation and thermo-optic nonlinearity, is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shulin Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yingchun Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiaxin Gu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenjie Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Xiaoshun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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27
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Fukuda T, Okano M, Watanabe S. Interferogram-based determination of the absolute mode numbers of optical frequency combs in dual-comb spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:22214-22227. [PMID: 34265991 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS), which uses two optical frequency combs (OFCs), requires an accurate knowledge of the mode number of each comb line to determine spectral features. We demonstrate a fast evaluation method of the absolute mode numbers of both OFCs used in DCS system. By measuring the interval between the peaks in the time-domain interferogram, it is possible to accurately determine the ratio of one OFC repetition frequency (frep) to the difference between the frep values of the two OFCs (Δfrep). The absolute mode numbers can then be straightforwardly calculated using this ratio. This method is applicable to a broad range of Δfrep values down to several Hz without any additional instruments. For instance, the minimum required measurement time is estimated to be about 1 s for Δfrep ≈ 5.6 Hz and frep ≈ 60 MHz. The optical frequencies of the absorption lines of acetylene gas obtained by DCS with our method of mode number determination shows good agreement with the data from the HITRAN database.
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28
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Rao A, Moille G, Lu X, Westly DA, Sacchetto D, Geiselmann M, Zervas M, Papp SB, Bowers J, Srinivasan K. Towards integrated photonic interposers for processing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:109. [PMID: 34039954 PMCID: PMC8155053 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcombs-optical frequency combs generated in microresonators-have advanced tremendously in the past decade, and are advantageous for applications in frequency metrology, navigation, spectroscopy, telecommunications, and microwave photonics. Crucially, microcombs promise fully integrated miniaturized optical systems with unprecedented reductions in cost, size, weight, and power. However, the use of bulk free-space and fiber-optic components to process microcombs has restricted form factors to the table-top. Taking microcomb-based optical frequency synthesis around 1550 nm as our target application, here, we address this challenge by proposing an integrated photonics interposer architecture to replace discrete components by collecting, routing, and interfacing octave-wide microcomb-based optical signals between photonic chiplets and heterogeneously integrated devices. Experimentally, we confirm the requisite performance of the individual passive elements of the proposed interposer-octave-wide dichroics, multimode interferometers, and tunable ring filters, and implement the octave-spanning spectral filtering of a microcomb, central to the interposer, using silicon nitride photonics. Moreover, we show that the thick silicon nitride needed for bright dissipative Kerr soliton generation can be integrated with the comparatively thin silicon nitride interposer layer through octave-bandwidth adiabatic evanescent coupling, indicating a path towards future system-level consolidation. Finally, we numerically confirm the feasibility of operating the proposed interposer synthesizer as a fully assembled system. Our interposer architecture addresses the immediate need for on-chip microcomb processing to successfully miniaturize microcomb systems and can be readily adapted to other metrology-grade applications based on optical atomic clocks and high-precision navigation and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Rao
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory Moille
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA
| | - Daron A Westly
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Davide Sacchetto
- Ligentec, EPFL Innovation Park, Batiment C, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Zervas
- Ligentec, EPFL Innovation Park, Batiment C, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Scott B Papp
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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29
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Xie W, Meng Y, Feng Y, Zhou H, Zhang L, Wei W, Dong Y. Optical linear frequency sweep based on a mode-spacing swept comb and multi-loop phase-locking for FMCW interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:604-614. [PMID: 33726293 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of a highly coherent broadband optical linear frequency sweep (LFS) using mode-spacing swept comb and multi-loop composite optical phase-locked loop (OPLL). We exploit a specially designed agile opto-electronic frequency comb as a sweeping reference, whose mode-spacing is capable of arbitrary frequency sweep while preserving a stable phase and power distribution per mode. By locking a continuous-wave (CW) laser to any of its modes using composite OPLL with a large loop bandwidth, it allows the extraction of the optical LFS at high-order modes in a coherent manner with a multiplied sweep range and rate. With such capability, only intermediate frequency LFS with smaller bandwidth is required to yield a broadband LFS while inheriting the coherence and precision from the comb. We achieve optical LFS of 60 GHz at 6 THz/s sweep rate with a nine-folded sweep bandwidth of the driving signal. Fourier transform-limited spatial resolution at more than 80 times of the intrinsic coherence length of the CW laser is demonstrated in an OFMCW interferometry, verifying the high coherence with more than 4 orders of magnitude improvement in spatial resolution. The characteristics in terms of agility, coherence, and precision are discussed together with the potential limitations. The proposed method is capable of generating arbitrary frequency-modulated optical waveforms with a multiplied bandwidth, showing attractive potential in future metrology applications.
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30
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Mezzapesa F, Garrasi K, Schmidt J, Salemi L, Pistore V, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Riesch M, Jirauschek C, Carey T, Torrisi F, Ferrari AC, Vitiello MS. Terahertz Frequency Combs Exploiting an On-Chip, Solution-Processed, Graphene-Quantum Cascade Laser Coupled-Cavity. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:3489-3498. [PMID: 33365362 PMCID: PMC7747868 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to engineer quantum-cascade-lasers (QCLs) with ultrabroad gain spectra, and with a full compensation of the group velocity dispersion, at terahertz (THz) frequencies, is key for devising monolithic and miniaturized optical frequency-comb-synthesizers (FCSs) in the far-infrared. In THz QCLs four-wave mixing, driven by intrinsic third-order susceptibility of the intersubband gain medium, self-locks the optical modes in phase, allowing stable comb operation, albeit over a restricted dynamic range (∼20% of the laser operational range). Here, we engineer miniaturized THz FCSs, comprising a heterogeneous THz QCL, integrated with a tightly coupled, on-chip, solution-processed, graphene saturable-absorber reflector that preserves phase-coherence between lasing modes, even when four-wave mixing no longer provides dispersion compensation. This enables a high-power (8 mW) FCS with over 90 optical modes, through 55% of the laser operational range. We also achieve stable injection-locking, paving the way to a number of key applications, including high-precision tunable broadband-spectroscopy and quantum-metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco
P. Mezzapesa
- NEST,
CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katia Garrasi
- NEST,
CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- NEST,
CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Salemi
- NEST,
CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentino Pistore
- NEST,
CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lianhe Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Michael Riesch
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, DE, Germany
| | - Christian Jirauschek
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, DE, Germany
| | - Tian Carey
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NEST,
CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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31
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Sun D, Zhang Y, Wang D, Song W, Liu X, Pang J, Geng D, Sang Y, Liu H. Microstructure and domain engineering of lithium niobate crystal films for integrated photonic applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:197. [PMID: 33303741 PMCID: PMC7729400 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, integrated photonics has attracted considerable interest owing to its wide application in optical communication and quantum technologies. Among the numerous photonic materials, lithium niobate film on insulator (LNOI) has become a promising photonic platform owing to its electro-optic and nonlinear optical properties along with ultralow-loss and high-confinement nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides fabricated by the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible microstructure engineering of LNOI. Furthermore, ferroelectric domain engineering in combination with nanophotonic waveguides on LNOI is gradually accelerating the development of integrated nonlinear photonics, which will play an important role in quantum technologies because of its ability to be integrated with the generation, processing, and auxiliary detection of the quantum states of light. Herein, we review the recent progress in CMOS-compatible microstructure engineering and domain engineering of LNOI for integrated lithium niobate photonics involving photonic modulation and nonlinear photonics. We believe that the great progress in integrated photonics on LNOI will lead to a new generation of techniques. Thus, there remains an urgent need for efficient methods for the preparation of LNOI that are suitable for large-scale and low-cost manufacturing of integrated photonic devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Dongzhou Wang
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Wei Song
- CETC Deqing Huaying Electronics Co., Ltd., Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Deqiang Geng
- Crystrong Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Krause F, Benkler E, Nölleke C, Leisching P, Sterr U. Simple and compact diode laser system stabilized to Doppler-broadened iodine lines at 633 nm. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10808-10812. [PMID: 33361901 DOI: 10.1364/ao.409308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact iodine-stabilized laser system at 633 nm, based on a distributed-feedback laser diode. Within a footprint of 27×15cm2, the system provides 5 mW of frequency-stabilized light from a single-mode fiber. Its performance was evaluated in comparison to Cs clocks representing primary frequency standards, realizing the SI unit Hz via an optical frequency comb. With the best suited absorption line, the laser reaches a fractional frequency instability below 10-10 for averaging times above 10 s. The performance was investigated at several iodine lines, and a model was developed to describe the observed stability on the different lines.
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Zhou L, Liu Y, Lou H, Di Y, Xie G, Zhu Z, Deng Z, Luo D, Gu C, Chen H, Li W. Octave mid-infrared optical frequency comb from Er:fiber-laser-pumped aperiodically poled Mg: LiNbO 3. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6458-6461. [PMID: 33258836 DOI: 10.1364/ol.410958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report an octave-spanning mid-infrared (MIR) comb generation with a difference frequency generation (DFG) approach optimized for aperiodically poled Mg:LiNbO3 and nonlinear spectral broadening. An Er:fiber comb is delivered to two branches and amplified in an Yb:fiber and an Er:fiber amplifier, respectively. We demonstrate that the two-branch DFG can yield the spectrum tuned over an octave in a fan-out periodically poled lithium niobate. Thus, we obtain an optimized poling period profile and design the aperiodically poled Mg:LiNbO3. The results demonstrate that broadband combs can be generated in the MIR atmospheric window.
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Ciret C, Alexander K, Poulvellarie N, Billet M, Mas Arabi C, Kuyken B, Gorza SP, Leo F. Influence of longitudinal mode components on second harmonic generation in III-V-on-insulator nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:31584-31593. [PMID: 33115128 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large index contrast and the subwalength tranverse dimensions of nanowires induce strong longitudinal electric field components. We show that these components play an important role for second harmonic generation in III-V wire waveguides. To illustrate this behavior, an efficiency map of nonlinear conversion is determined based on full-vectorial calculations. It reveals that many different waveguide dimensions and directions are suitable for efficient conversion of a fundamental quasi-TE pump mode around the 1550 nm telecommunication wavelength to a higher-order second harmonic mode.
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35
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Wang N, Jarrahi M. High-precision millimeter-wave frequency determination through plasmonic photomixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:24900-24907. [PMID: 32907020 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique for high-precision millimeter-wave frequency determination through plasmonic photomixing. Our technique utilizes a plasmonic photomixer pumped by an optical frequency comb with a high-stability millimeter-wave beat frequency. The plasmonic photomixer down-converts the millimeter-wave signal to the radio frequency regime at which high-accuracy frequency counters are available. The precision of this technique is determined by the frequency stability of the optical beat frequency, which can be directly characterized in the presented experimental setup. We demonstrate frequency measurement precision as low as 3.9×10-10 at 95 GHz through plasmonic photomixing without phase-locking the optical frequency comb.
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36
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Diddams SA, Vahala K, Udem T. Optical frequency combs: Coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum. Science 2020; 369:369/6501/eaay3676. [PMID: 32675346 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs were introduced around 20 years ago as a laser technology that could synthesize and count the ultrafast rate of the oscillating cycles of light. Functioning in a manner analogous to a clockwork of gears, the frequency comb phase-coherently upconverts a radio frequency signal by a factor of [Formula: see text] to provide a vast array of evenly spaced optical frequencies, which is the comb for which the device is named. It also divides an optical frequency down to a radio frequency, or translates its phase to any other optical frequency across hundreds of terahertz of bandwidth. We review the historical backdrop against which this powerful tool for coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum developed. Advances in frequency comb functionality, physical implementation, and application are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Udem
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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Feehan JS, Brunetti E, Yoffe S, Li W, Wiggins SM, Jaroszynski DA, Price JHV. Noise-related polarization dynamics for femto and picosecond pulses in normal dispersion fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21447-21463. [PMID: 32752422 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report how the complex intra-pulse polarization dynamics of coherent optical wavebreaking and incoherent Raman amplification processes in all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers vary for femto and picosecond pump pulses. Using high temporal resolution vector supercontinuum simulations, we identify deterministic polarization dynamics caused by wavebreaking and self-phase modulation for femtosecond pulses and quasi-chaotic polarization evolution driven by Raman amplification of quantum noise for picosecond pulses. In contrast to cross-phase modulation instability, the Raman-based polarization noise has no power threshold and is reduced by aligning the higher energy polarization component with the lower index axis of the fiber. The degree of polarization stability is quantified using new time domain parameters that build on the spectrally averaged degree of coherence used in supercontinuum research to quantify the output spectral stability. We show that the spectral coherence is intrinsically linked to polarization noise, and that the noise will occur in both polarization maintaining (PM) and non-PM fibers, spanning a broad range of pulse energies, durations, and fiber birefringence values. This analysis provides an in-depth understanding of the nonlinear polarization dynamics associated with coherent and incoherent propagation in ANDi fibers.
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38
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Zhang W, Zhou W, Chen X, Zhao Y, Lin W, Meng S, Liu B, Wu H. Development of a photoelectric phase-locked loop model to better synchronize frequency combs and microwaves. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:5723-5728. [PMID: 32609697 DOI: 10.1364/ao.396174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The high phase coherence between ultralow-noise microwaves and ultrahigh-stable optical frequency combs (OFCs) is of both scientific and technological relevance for telecommunication, timekeeping, astronomy, and metrology. Here, a photoelectric phase-locked loop (PLL) model with ultralow phase noise based on the optical-microwave phase detector technique has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A detailed mathematical model for tight, real-time phase synchronization of OFCs and microwaves is developed to investigate the feasibility and analyze the characteristics of the phase-coherent system. We fabricate a compact PLL circuit with a proportional-integral-derivative regulator for the synchronization of an OFC to a microwave reference. Once synchronized, the long-term stability of the OFC agrees to 2.4×10-14 at a 1000 s averaging time, which is enhanced by more than 4 orders of magnitude. Besides, the OFC almost acquires the same frequency stability as the microwave source. The ability to better phase synchronize OFCs and microwaves enables a wide range of applications beyond the laboratory.
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39
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Nakajima Y, Hariki T, Nishiyama A, Minoshima K. Phase-stabilized all-fiber-based mode-filtering technique for generating a gigahertz frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17502-17510. [PMID: 32679957 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An all-fiber-based mode-filtering technique is developed for generating a gigahertz-repetition-rate fiber-based frequency comb with a multiplication factor of 21. A high side-mode suppression ratio of approximately 65 dB is achieved by introducing a thermally diffused expanded core fiber between the dispersion compensating fiber and single-mode fiber to reduce splice loss. The fiber cavity length is also stabilized such that the resonance frequency is locked to the comb mode by applying the Pound-Drever-Hall stabilization technique. The proposed stabilized all-fiber-based mode-filtering technique is expected to be an attractive choice for a variety of applications that require a high-repetition-rate frequency comb.
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40
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Lešundák A, Pham TM, Čížek M, Obšil P, Slodička L, Číp O. Optical frequency analysis on dark state of a single trapped ion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13091-13103. [PMID: 32403790 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an optical frequency analysis method using the Fourier transform of detection times of fluorescence photons emitted from a single trapped 40Ca+ ion. The response of the detected photon rate to the relative laser frequency deviations is recorded within the slope of a dark resonance formed in the lambda-type energy level scheme corresponding to two optical dipole transitions. This approach enhances the sensitivity to the small frequency deviations and does so with reciprocal dependence on the fluorescence rate. The employed lasers are phase locked to an optical frequency comb, which allows for precise calibration of optical frequency analysis by deterministic modulation of the analyzed laser beam with respect to the reference beam. The attainable high signal-to-noise ratios of up to a MHz range of modulation deviations and up to a hundred kHz modulation frequencies promise the applicability of the presented results in a broad range of optical spectroscopic applications.
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41
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Rong J, Yang H, Xiao Y. Accurately Shaping Supercontinuum Spectrum via Cascaded PCF. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092478. [PMID: 32349344 PMCID: PMC7249107 DOI: 10.3390/s20092478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shaping is very necessary in order to obtain a wide and flat supercontinuum (SC). Via numerical simulations, we accurately demonstrated shaping the SC using the fiber cascading method to significantly increase the width as well as the flatness of the spectrum in silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The cascaded PCF contains two segments, each of which has dual zero-dispersion frequencies (ZDFs). The spectral range of the SC can be expanded tremendously by tuning the spacing between the two ZDFs of the first segmented cascaded PCF. Increasing the pump power generates more solitons at the red edge, which accelerates solitons trapping and improves the spectral flatness of the blue edge. Furthermore, cascading the second segmented PCF by choosing appropriate fiber parameters ensures the flatness of the red end of SC. Therefore, a cost-effective alternative method for broad and flat supercontinuum generation in the near-infrared range is proposed here, which can be implemented easily in any photonics laboratory, where dual ZDFs PCFs are commonly found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifang Rong
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410082, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuzhe Xiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA;
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42
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Nagarjun KP, Raj P, Jeyaselvan V, Selvaraja SK, Supradeepa VR. Microwave power induced resonance shifting of silicon ring modulators for continuously tunable, bandwidth scaled frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13032-13042. [PMID: 32403785 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a technique to continuously tune center frequency and repetition rate of optical frequency combs generated in silicon microring modulators and bandwidth scale them. We utilize a drive frequency dependent, microwave power induced shifting of the microring modulator resonance. In this work, we demonstrate center frequency tunability of frequency combs generated in silicon microring modulators over a wide range (∼8nm) with fixed number of lines. We also demonstrate continuously tunable repetition rates from 7.5GHz to 15GHz. Further, we use this effect to demonstrate a proof-of-principle experiment to bandwidth scale an 8-line (20dB band) comb generated from a single ring modulator driven at 10GHz to a comb with 12 and 15 lines by cascading two and three ring modulators, respectively. This is accomplished by merging widely spaced ring modulator resonances to a common location, thus coupling light simultaneously into multiple cascaded ring modulators.
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43
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Stanton EJ, Chiles J, Nader N, Moody G, Volet N, Chang L, Bowers JE, Woo Nam S, Mirin RP. Efficient second harmonic generation in nanophotonic GaAs-on-insulator waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:9521-9532. [PMID: 32225558 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear frequency conversion plays a crucial role in advancing the functionality of next-generation optical systems. Portable metrology references and quantum networks will demand highly efficient second-order nonlinear devices, and the intense nonlinear interactions of nanophotonic waveguides can be leveraged to meet these requirements. Here we demonstrate second harmonic generation (SHG) in GaAs-on-insulator waveguides with unprecedented efficiency of 40 W-1 for a single-pass device. This result is achieved by minimizing the propagation loss and optimizing phase-matching. We investigate surface-state absorption and design the waveguide geometry for modal phase-matching with tolerance to fabrication variation. A 2.0 µm pump is converted to a 1.0 µm signal in a length of 2.9 mm with a wide signal bandwidth of 148 GHz. Tunable and efficient operation is demonstrated over a temperature range of 45 °C with a slope of 0.24 nm/°C. Wafer-bonding between GaAs and SiO2 is optimized to minimize waveguide loss, and the devices are fabricated on 76 mm wafers with high uniformity. We expect this device to enable fully integrated self-referenced frequency combs and high-rate entangled photon pair generation.
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44
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Guo C, Favier M, Galland N, Cambier V, Álvarez-Martínez H, Lours M, De Sarlo L, Andia M, Le Targat R, Bize S. Accurate laser frequency locking to optical frequency combs under low-signal-to-noise-ratio conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033202. [PMID: 32259984 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for accurately locking the frequency of a continuous-wave laser to an optical frequency comb under conditions where the signal-to-noise ratio is low, too low to accommodate other methods. Our method is typically orders of magnitude more accurate than conventional wavemeters and can considerably extend the usable wavelength range of a given optical frequency comb. We illustrate our method by applying it to the frequency control of a dipole lattice trap for an optical lattice clock, a representative case where our method provides significantly better accuracy than other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guo
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Favier
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - N Galland
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - V Cambier
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - H Álvarez-Martínez
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Lours
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - L De Sarlo
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Andia
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - R Le Targat
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - S Bize
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
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45
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Ricciardi I, Mosca S, Parisi M, Leo F, Hansson T, Erkintalo M, Maddaloni P, De Natale P, Wabnitz S, De Rosa M. Optical Frequency Combs in Quadratically Nonlinear Resonators. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E230. [PMID: 32102284 PMCID: PMC7074798 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs are one of the most remarkable inventions in recent decades. Originally conceived as the spectral counterpart of the train of short pulses emitted by mode-locked lasers, frequency combs have also been subsequently generated in continuously pumped microresonators, through third-order parametric processes. Quite recently, direct generation of optical frequency combs has been demonstrated in continuous-wave laser-pumped optical resonators with a second-order nonlinear medium inside. Here, we present a concise introduction to such quadratic combs and the physical mechanism that underlies their formation. We mainly review our recent experimental and theoretical work on formation and dynamics of quadratic frequency combs. We experimentally demonstrated comb generation in two configurations: a cavity for second harmonic generation, where combs are generated both around the pump frequency and its second harmonic and a degenerate optical parametric oscillator, where combs are generated around the pump frequency and its subharmonic. The experiments have been supported by a thorough theoretical analysis, aimed at modelling the dynamics of quadratic combs, both in frequency and time domains, providing useful insights into the physics of this new class of optical frequency comb synthesizers. Quadratic combs establish a new class of efficient frequency comb synthesizers, with unique features, which could enable straightforward access to new spectral regions and stimulate novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Ricciardi
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (I.R.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (P.M.); (S.W.)
- INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Mosca
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (I.R.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (P.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Maria Parisi
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (I.R.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (P.M.); (S.W.)
| | - François Leo
- OPERA-photonics, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Tobias Hansson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Miro Erkintalo
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Physics Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pasquale Maddaloni
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (I.R.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (P.M.); (S.W.)
- INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Stefan Wabnitz
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (I.R.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (P.M.); (S.W.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Sapienza Università di Roma- Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maurizio De Rosa
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (I.R.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (P.M.); (S.W.)
- INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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46
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Chen JP, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiang C, Zhang W, Hu XL, Guan JY, Yu ZW, Xu H, Lin J, Li MJ, Chen H, Li H, You L, Wang Z, Wang XB, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Sending-or-Not-Sending with Independent Lasers: Secure Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution over 509 km. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:070501. [PMID: 32142314 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) promises high key rates over long distances to beat the rate-distance limit. Here, applying the sending-or-not-sending TF QKD protocol, we experimentally demonstrate a secure key distribution that breaks the absolute key-rate limit of repeaterless QKD over a 509-km-long ultralow loss optical fiber. Two independent lasers are used as sources with remote-frequency-locking technique over the 500-km fiber distance. Practical optical fibers are used as the optical path with appropriate noise filtering; and finite-key effects are considered in the key-rate analysis. The secure key rate obtained at 509 km is more than seven times higher than the relative bound of repeaterless QKD for the same detection loss. The achieved secure key rate is also higher than that of a traditional QKD protocol running with a perfect repeaterless QKD device, even for an infinite number of sent pulses. Our result shows that the protocol and technologies applied in this experiment enable TF QKD to achieve a high secure key rate over a long distribution distance, and is therefore practically useful for field implementation of intercity QKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Peng Chen
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Guan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Data Communication Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lin
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jun Li
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14831, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14831, USA
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixing You
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Bin Wang
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
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47
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Abstract
We report about RF injection locking of an homogeneous THz quantum cascade laser operating at 3 THz central frequency. The extremely diagonal nature of the optical transition, combined with low-loss copper-based double-metal waveguides, allow CW operation up to 105 K and CW power in excess of 5.6 mW measured at 80 K. Terahertz emission spanning up to 600 GHz, together with a narrow beatnote, indicate comb operation at 80 K, and strong RF injection clearly modifies the laser spectrum up to 700 GHz spectral bandwidth making these devices ideal candidates for an on-chip dual comb spectrometer.
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48
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Phase-coherent lightwave communications with frequency combs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:201. [PMID: 31924777 PMCID: PMC6954261 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber-optical networks are a crucial telecommunication infrastructure in society. Wavelength division multiplexing allows for transmitting parallel data streams over the fiber bandwidth, and coherent detection enables the use of sophisticated modulation formats and electronic compensation of signal impairments. Optical frequency combs can replace the multiple lasers used for the different wavelength channels. Beyond multiplexing, it has been suggested that the broadband phase coherence of frequency combs could simplify the receiver scheme by performing joint reception and processing of several wavelength channels, but an experimental validation in a fiber transmission experiment remains elusive. Here we demonstrate and quantify joint reception and processing of several wavelength channels in a full transmission system. We demonstrate two joint processing schemes; one that reduces the phase-tracking complexity and one that increases the transmission performance. Frequency combs have the potential to be used as multi-wavelength sources in future optical communications through fiber. Here the authors demonstrate joint phase processing of multi-wavelength comb transmission, and show two schemes to improve performance and reduce complexity.
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49
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Xin M, Li N, Singh N, Ruocco A, Su Z, Magden ES, Notaros J, Vermeulen D, Ippen EP, Watts MR, Kärtner FX. Optical frequency synthesizer with an integrated erbium tunable laser. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:122. [PMID: 31871674 PMCID: PMC6917697 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency synthesizers have widespread applications in optical spectroscopy, frequency metrology, and many other fields. However, their applicability is currently limited by size, cost, and power consumption. Silicon photonics technology, which is compatible with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication processes, provides a low-cost, compact size, lightweight, and low-power-consumption solution. In this work, we demonstrate an optical frequency synthesizer using a fully integrated silicon-based tunable laser. The synthesizer can be self-calibrated by tuning the repetition rate of the internal mode-locked laser. A 20 nm tuning range from 1544 to 1564 nm is achieved with ~10-13 frequency instability at 10 s averaging time. Its flexibility and fast reconfigurability are also demonstrated by fine tuning the synthesizer and generating arbitrary specified patterns over time-frequency coordinates. This work promotes the frequency stability of silicon-based integrated tunable lasers and paves the way toward chip-scale low-cost optical frequency synthesizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xin
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Nanxi Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Present Address: Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neetesh Singh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhan Su
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Present Address: Analog Photonics, 1 Marina Park Drive, Boston, MA 02210 USA
| | - Emir Salih Magden
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Present Address: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey
| | - Jelena Notaros
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Diedrik Vermeulen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Present Address: Analog Photonics, 1 Marina Park Drive, Boston, MA 02210 USA
| | - Erich P. Ippen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Michael R. Watts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Franz X. Kärtner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY and Hamburg University, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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50
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Chugh S, Gulistan A, Ghosh S, Rahman BMA. Machine learning approach for computing optical properties of a photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36414-36425. [PMID: 31873421 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are the specialized optical waveguides that led to many interesting applications ranging from nonlinear optical signal processing to high-power fiber amplifiers. In this paper, machine learning techniques are used to compute various optical properties including effective index, effective mode area, dispersion and confinement loss for a solid-core PCF. These machine learning algorithms based on artificial neural networks are able to make accurate predictions of above-mentioned optical properties for usual parameter space of wavelength ranging from 0.5-1.8 µm, pitch from 0.8-2.0 µm, diameter by pitch from 0.6-0.9 and number of rings as 4 or 5 in a silica solid-core PCF. We demonstrate the use of simple and fast-training feed-forward artificial neural networks that predicts the output for unknown device parameters faster than conventional numerical simulation techniques. Computation runtimes required with neural networks (for training and testing) and Lumerical MODE solutions are also compared.
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