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Ricardi MM, Wallmeroth N, Cermesoni C, Mehlhorn DG, Richter S, Zhang L, Mittendorf J, Godehardt I, Berendzen KW, von Roepenack-Lahaye E, Stierhof YD, Lipka V, Jürgens G, Grefen C. A tyrosine phospho-switch within the Longin domain of VAMP721 modulates SNARE functionality. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1633-1651. [PMID: 37659090 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The final step in secretion is membrane fusion facilitated by SNARE proteins that reside in opposite membranes. The formation of a trans-SNARE complex between one R and three Q coiled-coiled SNARE domains drives the final approach of the membranes providing the mechanical energy for fusion. Biological control of this mechanism is exerted by additional domains within some SNAREs. For example, the N-terminal Longin domain (LD) of R-SNAREs (also called Vesicle-associated membrane proteins, VAMPs) can fold back onto the SNARE domain blocking interaction with other cognate SNAREs. The LD may also determine the subcellular localization via interaction with other trafficking-related proteins. Here, we provide cell-biological and genetic evidence that phosphorylation of the Tyrosine57 residue regulates the functionality of VAMP721. We found that an aspartate mutation mimics phosphorylation, leading to protein instability and subsequent degradation in lytic vacuoles. The mutant SNARE also fails to rescue the defects of vamp721vamp722 loss-of-function lines in spite of its wildtype-like localization within the secretory pathway and the ability to interact with cognate SNARE partners. Most importantly, it imposes a dominant negative phenotype interfering with root growth, normal secretion and cytokinesis in wildtype plants generating large aggregates that mainly contain secretory vesicles. Non-phosphorylatable VAMP721Y57F needs higher gene dosage to rescue double mutants in comparison to native VAMP721 underpinning that phosphorylation modulates SNARE function. We propose a model where short-lived phosphorylation of Y57 serves as a regulatory step to control VAMP721 activity, favoring its open state and interaction with cognate partners to ultimately drive membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martiniano Maria Ricardi
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum, Germany
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cecilia Cermesoni
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Sandra Richter
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Central Facilities, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Josephine Mittendorf
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Godehardt
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Volker Lipka
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Nagle MF, Yuan J, Kaur D, Ma C, Peremyslova E, Jiang Y, Zahl B, Niño de Rivera A, Muchero W, Fuxin L, Strauss SH. GWAS identifies candidate genes controlling adventitious rooting in Populus trichocarpa. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad125. [PMID: 37560019 PMCID: PMC10407606 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious rooting (AR) is critical to the propagation, breeding, and genetic engineering of trees. The capacity for plants to undergo this process is highly heritable and of a polygenic nature; however, the basis of its genetic variation is largely uncharacterized. To identify genetic regulators of AR, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 1148 genotypes of Populus trichocarpa. GWASs are often limited by the abilities of researchers to collect precise phenotype data on a high-throughput scale; to help overcome this limitation, we developed a computer vision system to measure an array of traits related to adventitious root development in poplar, including temporal measures of lateral and basal root length and area. GWAS was performed using multiple methods and significance thresholds to handle non-normal phenotype statistics and to gain statistical power. These analyses yielded a total of 277 unique associations, suggesting that genes that control rooting include regulators of hormone signaling, cell division and structure, reactive oxygen species signaling, and other processes with known roles in root development. Numerous genes with uncharacterized functions and/or cryptic roles were also identified. These candidates provide targets for functional analysis, including physiological and epistatic analyses, to better characterize the complex polygenic regulation of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Nagle
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Jialin Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, 110 SW Park Terrace, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Damanpreet Kaur
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, 110 SW Park Terrace, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Ekaterina Peremyslova
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Statistics Department, Oregon State University, 103 SW Memorial Place, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Bahiya Zahl
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Alexa Niño de Rivera
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, 821 Volunteer Blvd., Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Li Fuxin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, 110 SW Park Terrace, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States
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Park M, Mayer U, Richter S, Jürgens G. NSF/αSNAP2-mediated cis-SNARE complex disassembly precedes vesicle fusion in Arabidopsis cytokinesis. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:889-897. [PMID: 37264150 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic membrane fusion requires trans-SNARE complexes bridging the gap between adjacent membranes1. Fusion between a transport vesicle and its target membrane transforms the trans- into a cis-SNARE complex. The latter interacts with the hexameric AAA+-ATPase N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) and its co-factor alpha-soluble NSF attachment protein (αSNAP), forming a 20S complex2,3. ATPase activity disassembles the SNAP receptor (SNARE) complex into Qa-SNARE, which folds back onto itself, and its partners4,5. The fusion of identical membranes has a different sequence of events6. The fusion partners each have cis-SNARE complexes to be broken up by NSF and αSNAP. The Qa-SNARE monomers are then stabilized by interaction with Sec1/Munc18-type regulators (SM proteins) to form trans-SNARE complexes, as shown for the yeast vacuole7. Membrane fusion in Arabidopsis cytokinesis is formally akin to vacuolar fusion8. Membrane vesicles fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane known as the cell plate. Cis-SNARE complexes of cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE and its SNARE partners are assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum and delivered by traffic via the Golgi/trans-Golgi network to the cell division plane9. The SM protein KEULE is required for the formation of trans-SNARE complexes between adjacent membrane vesicles10. Here we identify NSF and its adaptor αSNAP2 as necessary for the disassembly of KNOLLE cis-SNARE complexes, which is a prerequisite for KNOLLE-KEULE interaction in cytokinesis. In addition, we show that NSF is required for other trafficking pathways and interacts with the respective Q-SNAREs. The SNARE complex disassembly machinery is conserved in plants and plays a unique essential role in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misoon Park
- ZMBP, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- ZMBP, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Richter
- ZMBP, Microscopy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- ZMBP, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Boussardon C, Carrie C, Keech O. Comparing plastid proteomes points towards a higher plastidial redox turnover in vascular tissues than in mesophyll cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad133. [PMID: 37026385 PMCID: PMC10400147 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are complex organelles that vary in size and function depending on the cell type. Accordingly, they can be referred to as amyloplasts, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts, proplasts to only cite a few denominations. Over the past decades, methods based on density gradients and differential centrifugations have been extensively used for the purification of plastids. However, these methods need large amounts of starting material, and hardly provide a tissue-specific resolution. Here, we applied our IPTACT (Isolation of Plastids TAgged in specific Cell Types) method, which involves the biotinylation of plastids in vivo using one-shot transgenic lines expressing the TOC64 gene coupled with a biotin ligase receptor particle and the BirA biotin ligase, to isolate plastids from mesophyll and companion cells of Arabidopsis thaliana using tissue specific pCAB3 and pSUC2 promoters, respectively. Subsequently, a proteome profiling was performed, and allowed the identification of 1672 proteins, among which 1342 were predicted plastidial, and 705 were fully confirmed according to SUBA5. Interestingly, although 92% of plastidial proteins were equally distributed between the two tissues, we observed an accumulation of proteins associated with jasmonic acid biosynthesis, plastoglobuli (e.g. NDC1, VTE1, PGL34, ABC1K1) and cyclic electron flow in plastids originating from vascular tissues. Besides demonstrating the technical feasibility of isolating plastids in a tissue-specific manner, our work provides strong evidence that plastids from vascular tissue have a higher redox turnover to ensure optimal functioning, notably under high solute strength as encountered in vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Boussardon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chris Carrie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland,1142, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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5
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Kim J, Bordiya Y, Xi Y, Zhao B, Kim DH, Pyo Y, Zong W, Ricci WA, Sung S. Warm temperature-triggered developmental reprogramming requires VIL1-mediated, genome-wide H3K27me3 accumulation in Arabidopsis. Development 2023; 150:dev201343. [PMID: 36762655 PMCID: PMC10110417 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in ambient temperature immensely affect developmental programs in many species. Plants adapt to high ambient growth temperature in part by vegetative and reproductive developmental reprogramming, known as thermo-morphogenesis. Thermo-morphogenesis is accompanied by massive changes in the transcriptome upon temperature change. Here, we show that transcriptome changes induced by warm ambient temperature require VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), a facultative component of the Polycomb repressive complex PRC2, in Arabidopsis. Warm growth temperature elicits genome-wide accumulation of H3K27me3 and VIL1 is necessary for the warm temperature-mediated accumulation of H3K27me3. Consistent with its role as a mediator of thermo-morphogenesis, loss of function of VIL1 results in hypo-responsiveness to warm ambient temperature. Our results show that VIL1 is a major chromatin regulator in responses to high ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yogendra Bordiya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yanpeng Xi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Youngjae Pyo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wei Zong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - William A. Ricci
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Shi Y, Luo C, Xiang Y, Qian D. Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs work together to regulate Arabidopsis cell plate formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120841. [PMID: 36844074 PMCID: PMC9950755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell plates are transient structures formed by the fusion of vesicles at the center of the dividing plane; furthermore, these are precursors to new cell walls and are essential for cytokinesis. Cell plate formation requires a highly coordinated process of cytoskeletal rearrangement, vesicle accumulation and fusion, and membrane maturation. Tethering factors have been shown to interact with the Ras superfamily of small GTP binding proteins (Rab GTPases) and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), which are essential for cell plate formation during cytokinesis and are fundamental for maintaining normal plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, members of the Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs are localized in cell plates, and mutations in the genes encoding these proteins result in typical cytokinesis-defective phenotypes, such as the formation of abnormal cell plates, multinucleated cells, and incomplete cell walls. This review highlights recent findings on vesicle trafficking during cell plate formation mediated by Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs.
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7
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Boussardon C, Keech O. Tissue-Specific Isolation of Tagged Arabidopsis Plastids. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e673. [PMID: 36799650 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are found in all plant cell types. However, most extraction methods to study these organelles are performed at the organ level (e.g., leaf, root, fruit) and do not allow for tissue-specific resolution, which hinders our understanding of their physiology. Therefore, IPTACT (Isolation of Plastids TAgged in specific Cell Types) was developed to isolate plastids in a tissue-specific manner in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Plastids are biotinylated using one-shot transgenic lines, and tissue specificity is achieved with a suitable promoter as long as such a promoter exists. Cell-specific biotinylated plastids are then isolated with 2.8-µm streptavidin beads. Plastids extracted by IPTACT are suitable for RNA or protein isolation and subsequent tissue-specific OMICs analyses. This method provides the user with a powerful tool to investigate plastidial functions at cell-type resolution. Furthermore, it can easily be combined with studies using diverse genetic backgrounds and/or different developmental or stress conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Promoter cloning and plant selection Basic Protocol 2: Isolation of biotinylated plastids Basic Protocol 3: Quality control of isolated plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Boussardon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Cheung AY, Cosgrove DJ, Hara-Nishimura I, Jürgens G, Lloyd C, Robinson DG, Staehelin LA, Weijers D. A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:53-71. [PMID: 34524464 PMCID: PMC8773953 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The field of plant cell biology has a rich history of discovery, going back to Robert Hooke's discovery of cells themselves. The development of microscopes and preparation techniques has allowed for the visualization of subcellular structures, and the use of protein biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology has enabled the identification of proteins and mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this review, seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on the development of this research field in the past decades, including the foundational contributions that their teams have made to our rich, current insights into cell biology. Topics covered include signaling and cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology. In addition, these scientists illustrate the pathways to discovery in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Cheung
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | | | - Gerd Jürgens
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Clive Lloyd
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - David G Robinson
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - L Andrew Staehelin
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
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9
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Luo C, Shi Y, Xiang Y. SNAREs Regulate Vesicle Trafficking During Root Growth and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853251. [PMID: 35360325 PMCID: PMC8964185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins assemble to drive the final membrane fusion step of membrane trafficking. Thus, SNAREs are essential for membrane fusion and vesicular trafficking, which are fundamental mechanisms for maintaining cellular homeostasis. In plants, SNAREs have been demonstrated to be located in different subcellular compartments and involved in a variety of fundamental processes, such as cytokinesis, cytoskeleton organization, symbiosis, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. In addition, SNAREs can also contribute to the normal growth and development of Arabidopsis. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the biological functions and signaling network of SNAREs in vesicle trafficking and the regulation of root growth and development in Arabidopsis.
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10
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Gaggar P, Kumar M, Mukhopadhyay K. Genome-Scale Identification, in Silico Characterization and Interaction Study Between Wheat SNARE and NPSN Gene Families Involved in Vesicular Transport. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 18:2492-2501. [PMID: 32191897 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.2981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is an important cereal crop grown worldwide but it's yield is severely affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. SNAREs are key regulators of vesicle trafficking and are present in abundance in higher plant species suggesting their prominence in growth and development. Novel Plant SNAREs (NPSN) are found exclusively in plants. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of these two gene families in wheat genome was accomplished in this study. We report here 27 SNAREs and eight NPSN genes. These genes and their respective proteins were investigated for gene structure, physiochemical properties, domain and motif architecture, phylogeny, chromosomal localization and possible interactions. Phylogenetic and motif analysis confirmed SNARE domain in all the proteins. Functional annotation revealed participation in biological process like vesicle fusion, exocytosis, protein targeting to vacuole and SNAP receptor activity. At subcellular level, SNAREs were localized in multiple organelles whereas NPSN proteins were localized in cytoplasm where they regulate vesicle fusion. The 3-D structures built with Modeller proved the presence of SNARE motifs in the identified proteins. Possible protein-protein interactions between SNARE and NPSN proteins were determined and docking was performed. The results augmented our understanding about molecular function, evolutionary relation, location inside the cell and their interactions.
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11
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Deli A, Tympa LE, Moschou PN. Analyses of Protein Turnover at the Cell Plate by Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching During Cytokinesis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2382:233-243. [PMID: 34705243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1744-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is central to cell plate construction during plant cytokinesis. Studies on cell plate formation can provide answers to basic biology questions including molecular mechanisms of membrane trafficking, tissue patterning, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Consequently, a detailed understanding of cytokinesis depends on the characterization of molecules that function in the formation, transport, targeting, and fusion of membrane vesicles and delivery of proteins to the developing and maturing plate. This chapter describes a pipeline based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to measure and analyze turnover of peripheral or transmembrane proteins on the cell plate. The approach described here can also be applied in other biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Deli
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Leda-Eleni Tympa
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece. .,Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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ShNPSN11, a vesicle-transport-related gene, confers disease resistance in tomato to Oidium neolycopersici. Biochem J 2021; 477:3851-3866. [PMID: 32955082 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tomato powdery mildew, caused by Oidium neolycopersici, is a fungal disease that results in severe yield loss in infected plants. Herein, we describe the function of a class of proteins, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), which play a role in vesicle transport during defense signaling. To date, there have been no reports describing the function of tomato SNAREs during resistance signaling to powdery mildew. Using a combination of classical plant pathology-, genetics-, and cell biology-based approaches, we evaluate the role of ShNPSN11 in resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen O. neolycopersici. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of tomato SNAREs revealed that ShNPSN11 mRNA accumulation in disease-resistant varieties was significantly increased following pathogen, compared with susceptible varieties, suggesting a role during induced defense signaling. Using in planta subcellular localization, we demonstrate that ShNPSN11 was primarily localized at the plasma membrane, consistent with the localization of SNARE proteins and their role in defense signaling and trafficking. Silencing of ShNPSN11 resulted in increased susceptibility to O. neolycopersici, with pathogen-induced levels of H2O2 and cell death elicitation in ShNPSN11-silenced lines showing a marked reduction. Transient expression of ShNPSN11 did not result in the induction of a hypersensitive cell death response or suppress cell death induced by BAX. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ShNPSNl11 plays an important role in defense activation and host resistance to O. neolycopersici in tomato LA1777.
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13
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Ye X, Huang HY, Wu FL, Cai LY, Lai NW, Deng CL, Guo JX, Yang LT, Chen LS. Molecular mechanisms for magnesium-deficiency-induced leaf vein lignification, enlargement and cracking in Citrus sinensis revealed by RNA-Seq. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:280-301. [PMID: 33104211 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck seedlings were fertigated with nutrient solution containing 2 [magnesium (Mg)-sufficiency] or 0 mM (Mg-deficiency) Mg(NO3)2 for 16 weeks. Thereafter, RNA-Seq was used to investigate Mg-deficiency-responsive genes in the veins of upper and lower leaves in order to understand the molecular mechanisms for Mg-deficiency-induced vein lignification, enlargement and cracking, which appeared only in the lower leaves. In this study, 3065 upregulated and 1220 downregulated, and 1390 upregulated and 375 downregulated genes were identified in Mg-deficiency veins of lower leaves (MDVLL) vs Mg-sufficiency veins of lower leaves (MSVLL) and Mg-deficiency veins of upper leaves (MDVUL) vs Mg-sufficiency veins of upper leaves (MSVUL), respectively. There were 1473 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MDVLL vs MSVLL and MDVUL vs MSVUL, 1463 of which displayed the same expression trend. Magnesium-deficiency-induced lignification, enlargement and cracking in veins of lower leaves might be related to the following factors: (i) numerous transciption factors and genes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways, regulation of cell cycle and cell wall metabolism were upregulated; and (ii) reactive oxygen species, phytohormone and cell wall integrity signalings were activated. Conjoint analysis of proteome and transcriptome indicated that there were 287 and 56 common elements between DEGs and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified in MDVLL vs MSVLL and MDVUL vs MSVUL, respectively, and that among these common elements, the abundances of 198 and 55 DAPs matched well with the transcript levels of the corresponding DEGs in MDVLL vs MSVLL and MDVUL vs MSVUL, respectively, indicating the existence of concordances between protein and transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feng-Lin Wu
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Ya Cai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ning-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chong-Ling Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, 40 Putuo Road, Qixing District, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiu-Xin Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Resources and Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), 15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
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14
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Gu X, Brennan A, Wei W, Guo G, Lindsey K. Vesicle Transport in Plants: A Revised Phylogeny of SNARE Proteins. Evol Bioinform Online 2020; 16:1176934320956575. [PMID: 33116351 PMCID: PMC7573729 DOI: 10.1177/1176934320956575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication systems within and between plant cells involve the transfer of ions and molecules between compartments, and are essential for development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This in turn requires the regulated movement and fusion of membrane systems with their associated cargo. Recent advances in genomics has provided new resources with which to investigate the evolutionary relationships between membrane proteins across plant species. Members of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are known to play important roles in vesicle trafficking across plant, animal and microbial species. Using recent public expression and transcriptomic data from 9 representative green plants, we investigated the evolution of the SNARE classes and linked protein changes to functional specialization (expression patterns). We identified an additional 3 putative SNARE genes in the model plant Arabidopsis. We found that all SNARE classes have expanded in number to a greater or lesser degree alongside the evolution of multicellularity, and that within-species expansions are also common. These gene expansions appear to be associated with the accumulation of amino acid changes and with sub-functionalization of SNARE family members to different tissues. These results provide an insight into SNARE protein evolution and functional specialization. The work provides a platform for hypothesis-building and future research into the precise functions of these proteins in plant development and responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Adrian Brennan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Guangqin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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15
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Boussardon C, Przybyla-Toscano J, Carrie C, Keech O. Tissue-specific isolation of Arabidopsis/plant mitochondria - IMTACT (isolation of mitochondria tagged in specific cell types). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:459-473. [PMID: 32057155 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain numerous subcompartments with clearly delineated metabolic functions. Mitochondria represent a very small fraction of the total cell volume and yet are the site of respiration and thus crucial for cells throughout all developmental stages of a plant's life. As such, their isolation from the rest of the cellular components is a basic requirement for numerous biochemical and physiological experiments. Although procedures exist to isolate plant mitochondria from different organs (i.e. leaves, roots, tubers, etc.), they are often tedious and do not provide resolution at the tissue level (i.e. phloem, mesophyll or pollen). Here, we present a novel method called IMTACT (isolation of mitochondria tagged in specific cell types), developed in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) that involves biotinylation of mitochondria in a tissue-specific manner using transgenic lines expressing a synthetic version of the OM64 (Outer Membrane 64) gene combined with BLRP and the BirA biotin ligase gene. Tissue specificity is achieved with cell-specific promoters (e.g. CAB3 and SUC2). Labeled mitochondria from crude extracts are retained by magnetic beads, allowing the simple and rapid isolation of highly pure and intact organelles from organs or specific tissues. For example, we could show that the mitochondrial population from mesophyll cells was significantly larger in size than the mitochondrial population isolated from leaf companion cells. To facilitate the applicability of this method in both wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis plants we generated a set of OM64-BLRP one-shot constructs with different selection markers and tissue-specific promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Boussardon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Chris Carrie
- Department Biologie I - Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadernerstrasse 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Salinas-Cornejo J, Madrid-Espinoza J, Ruiz-Lara S. Identification and transcriptional analysis of SNARE vesicle fusion regulators in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) during plant development and a comparative analysis of the response to salt stress with wild relatives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 242:153018. [PMID: 31472447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular vesicular trafficking ensures the exchange of lipids and proteins between the membranous compartments. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) play a central role in membrane fusion and they are key factors for vesicular trafficking in plants, including crops economically important such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Taking advantage of the complete genome sequence available of S. lycopersicum, we identified 63 genes that encode putative SNARE proteins. Then, phylogenetic analysis allowed the classification of SNAREs in five main groups and recognizing their possible functions. A structure analysis of the genes, their syntenic relationships and their location in the chromosomes were also carried out for their characterization. In addition, the expression profiles of SNARE genes in different tissues were investigated using microarray-based analysis. The results indicated that specific SNAREs had a higher induction in leaf, root, flower and mature green fruit. S. lycopersicum is characterized for being a crop sensitive to saline stress unlike its wild relatives, such as Solanum pennellii, Solanum pimpinellifolium, Solanum habrochaites or Solanum chilense, which are tolerant. In this context, we analyzed different microarrays and evaluated and validated the transcript levels through qRT-PCR experiments. The results showed that SlGOS12.2, SlVAMP727 and SlSYP51.2 could have a positive relationship with salt stress and probably an important role in their tolerance. All these data increase our knowledge and can also be utilized to identify potential molecular targets for conferring tolerance to various stresses in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josselyn Salinas-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - José Madrid-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - Simón Ruiz-Lara
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
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17
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Khurana GK, Vishwakarma P, Puri N, Lynn AM. Phylogenetic Analysis of the vesicular fusion SNARE machinery revealing its functional divergence across Eukaryotes. Bioinformation 2018; 14:361-368. [PMID: 30262973 PMCID: PMC6143360 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) family play a significant role in all
vesicular fusion events involved in endocytic and exocytic pathways. These proteins act as molecular machines that assemble into tight
four-helix bundle complex, bridging the opposing membranes into close proximity forming membrane fusion. Almost all SNARE
proteins share a 53 amino acid coiled-coil domain, which is mostly linked to the transmembrane domain at the C-terminal end. Despite
significant variations between SNARE sequences across species, the SNARE mediated membrane fusion is evolutionary conserved in
all eukaryotes. It is of interest to compare the functional divergence of SNARE proteins across various eukaryotic groups during
evolution. Here, we report an exhaustive phylogeny of the SNARE proteins retrieved from SNARE database including plants, animals,
fungi and protists. The Initial phylogeny segregated SNARE protein sequences into five well-supported clades Qa, Qb, Qc, Qbc and R
reflective of their positions in the four-helix SNARE complex. Further to improve resolution the Qa, Qb, Qc and R family specific trees
were reconstructed, each of these were further segregated into organelle specific clades at first and later diverged into lineage specific
subgroups. This revealed that most of the SNARE orthologs are conserved at subcellular locations or at trafficking pathways across
various species during eukaryotic evolution. The paralogous expansion in SNARE repertoire was observed at metazoans (animals) and
plants independently during eukaryotic evolution. However, results also show that the multi-cellular and saprophytic fungi have
limited SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep K Khurana
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India- 110067
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India-110067
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India- 110067
| | - Andrew Michael Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India-110067
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18
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Park M, Krause C, Karnahl M, Reichardt I, El Kasmi F, Mayer U, Stierhof YD, Hiller U, Strompen G, Bayer M, Kientz M, Sato MH, Nishimura MT, Dangl JL, Sanderfoot AA, Jürgens G. Concerted Action of Evolutionarily Ancient and Novel SNARE Complexes in Flowering-Plant Cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2018; 44:500-511.e4. [PMID: 29396117 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles delivered to the cell-division plane fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane during plant cytokinesis, starting in the cell center. In Arabidopsis, this requires SNARE complexes involving the cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE. However, cytokinesis still occurs in knolle mutant embryos, suggesting contributions from KNOLLE-independent SNARE complexes. Here we show that Qa-SNARE SYP132, having counterparts in lower plants, functionally overlaps with the flowering plant-specific KNOLLE. SYP132 mutation causes cytokinesis defects, knolle syp132 double mutants consist of only one or a few multi-nucleate cells, and SYP132 has the same SNARE partners as KNOLLE. SYP132 and KNOLLE also have non-overlapping functions in secretion and in cellularization of the embryo-nourishing endosperm resulting from double fertilization unique to flowering plants. Evolutionarily ancient non-specialized SNARE complexes originating in algae were thus amended by the appearance of cytokinesis-specific SNARE complexes, meeting the high demand for membrane-fusion capacity during endosperm cellularization in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misoon Park
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Krause
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Karnahl
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilka Reichardt
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hiller
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Strompen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bayer
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marika Kientz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masa H Sato
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anton A Sanderfoot
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Sinclair R, Rosquete MR, Drakakaki G. Post-Golgi Trafficking and Transport of Cell Wall Components. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 30581448 PMCID: PMC6292943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a complex macromolecular composite structure surrounding and protecting plant cells, is essential for development, signal transduction, and disease resistance. This structure is also integral to cell expansion, as its tensile resistance is the primary balancing mechanism against internal turgor pressure. Throughout these processes, the biosynthesis, transport, deposition, and assembly of cell wall polymers are tightly regulated. The plant endomembrane system facilitates transport of polysaccharides, polysaccharide biosynthetic and modifying enzymes and glycoproteins through vesicle trafficking pathways. Although a number of enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, comparatively little is known about the transport of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins by the endomembrane system. This review summarizes our current understanding of trafficking of cell wall components during cell growth and cell division. Emerging technologies, such as vesicle glycomics, are also discussed as promising avenues to gain insights into the trafficking of structural polysaccharides to the apoplast.
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20
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Rosquete MR, Davis DJ, Drakakaki G. The Plant Trans-Golgi Network: Not Just a Matter of Distinction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:187-198. [PMID: 29192030 PMCID: PMC5761815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network in plants is a major sorting station of Golgi derived cargo while it also receives recycled material from endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Destiny Jade Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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21
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Barlow LD, Dacks JB. Seeing the endomembrane system for the trees: Evolutionary analysis highlights the importance of plants as models for eukaryotic membrane-trafficking. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:142-152. [PMID: 28939036 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells show many signs of a unique evolutionary history. This is seen in the system of intracellular organelles and vesicle transport pathways plants use to traffic molecular cargo. Bioinformatic and cell biological work in this area is beginning to tackle the question of how plant cells have evolved, and what this tells us about the evolution of other eukaryotes. Key protein families with membrane trafficking function, including Rabs, SNAREs, vesicle coat proteins, and ArfGAPs, show patterns of evolution that indicate both specialization and conservation in plants. These changes are accompanied by changes at the level of organelles and trafficking pathways between them. Major specializations include losses of several ancient Rabs, novel functions of many proteins, and apparent modification of trafficking in endocytosis and cytokinesis. Nevertheless, plants show extensive conservation of ancestral membrane trafficking genes, and conservation of their ancestral function in most duplicates. Moreover, plants have retained several ancient membrane trafficking genes lost in the evolution of animals and fungi. Considering this, plants such as Arabidopsis are highly valuable for investigating not only plant-specific aspects of membrane trafficking, but also general eukaryotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta,5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - J B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta,5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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22
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Wang P, Zhang X, Ma X, Sun Y, Liu N, Li F, Hou Y. Identification of CkSNAP33, a gene encoding synaptosomal-associated protein from Cynanchum komarovii, that enhances Arabidopsis resistance to Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178101. [PMID: 28575006 PMCID: PMC5456056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE proteins are essential to vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells. In addition, the SNARE-mediated secretory pathway can deliver diverse defense products to infection sites during exocytosis-associated immune responses in plants. In this study, a novel gene (CkSNAP33) encoding a synaptosomal-associated protein was isolated from Cynanchum komarovii and characterized. CkSNAP33 contains Qb- and Qc-SNARE domains in the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, and shares high sequence identity with AtSNAP33 from Arabidopsis. CkSNAP33 expression was induced by H2O2, salicylic acid (SA), Verticillium dahliae, and wounding. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CkSNAP33 had longer primary roots and larger seedlings than the wild type (WT). Transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed significantly enhanced resistance to V. dahliae, and displayed reductions in disease index and fungal biomass, and also showed elevated expression of PR1 and PR5. The leaves of transgenic plants infected with V. dahliae showed strong callose deposition and cell death that hindered the penetration and spread of the fungus at the infection site. Taken together, these results suggest that CkSNAP33 is involved in the defense response against V. dahliae and enhanced disease resistance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (YH)
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (YH)
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23
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Karnahl M, Park M, Mayer U, Hiller U, Jürgens G. ER assembly of SNARE complexes mediating formation of partitioning membrane in Arabidopsis cytokinesis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28525316 PMCID: PMC5438246 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular membrane fusion mediates diverse processes including cell growth, division and communication. Fusion involves complex formation between SNARE proteins anchored to adjacent membranes. How and in what form interacting SNARE proteins reach their sites of action is virtually unknown. We have addressed this problem in the context of plant cell division in which a large number of TGN-derived membrane vesicles fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane. Blocking vesicle formation at the TGN revealed cis-SNARE complexes. These inactive cytokinetic SNARE complexes were already assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum and, after passage through Golgi/TGN to the cell division plane, transformed into fusogenic SNARE complexes. This mode of trafficking might ensure delivery of large stoichiometric quantities of SNARE proteins required for forming the partitioning membrane in the narrow time frame of plant cytokinesis. Such long-distance trafficking of inactive SNARE complexes would also facilitate directional growth processes during cell differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25327.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karnahl
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Misoon Park
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hiller
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Venkatesh D, Boehm C, Barlow LD, Nankissoor NN, O'Reilly A, Kelly S, Dacks JB, Field MC. Evolution of the endomembrane systems of trypanosomatids - conservation and specialisation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1421-1434. [PMID: 28386020 PMCID: PMC5399786 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite surfaces support multiple functions required for survival within their hosts, and maintenance and functionality of the surface depends on membrane trafficking. To understand the evolutionary history of trypanosomatid trafficking, where multiple lifestyles and mechanisms of host interactions are known, we examined protein families central to defining intracellular compartments and mediating transport, namely Rabs, SNAREs and RabGAPs, across all available Euglenozoa genomes. Bodonids possess a large trafficking repertoire, which is mainly retained by the Trypanosoma cruzi group, with extensive losses in other lineages, particularly African trypanosomes and phytomonads. There are no large-scale expansions or contractions from an inferred ancestor, excluding direct associations between parasitism or host range. However, we observe stepwise secondary losses within Rab and SNARE cohorts (but not RabGAPs). Major changes are associated with endosomal and late exocytic pathways, consistent with the diversity in surface proteomes between trypanosomatids and mechanisms of interaction with the host. Along with the conserved core family proteins, several lineage-specific members of the Rab (but not SNARE) family were found. Significantly, testing predictions of SNARE complex composition by proteomics confirms generalised retention of function across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Venkatesh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
| | - Cordula Boehm
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lael D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Nerissa N Nankissoor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Amanda O'Reilly
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 6JP, UK
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Mark C Field
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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25
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Abstract
Cytokinesis separates the forming daughter cells. Higher plants have lost the ability to constrict the plasma membrane (PM) in the division plane. Instead, trans-Golgi network (TGN)-derived membrane vesicles are targeted to the centre of the division plane and generate, by homotypic fusion, the partitioning membrane named cell plate (CP). The CP expands in a centrifugal fashion until its margin fuses with the PM at the cortical division site. Mutant screens in Arabidopsis have identified a cytokinesis-specific syntaxin named KNOLLE and an interacting Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein named KEULE both of which are required for vesicle fusion during cytokinesis. KNOLLE is only made during M-phase, targeted to the division plane and degraded in the vacuole at the end of cytokinesis. Here we address mechanisms of KNOLLE trafficking and interaction of KNOLLE with different soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) partners and with SM-protein KEULE, ensuring membrane fusion in cytokinesis.
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26
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Gendre D, Jonsson K, Boutté Y, Bhalerao RP. Journey to the cell surface--the central role of the trans-Golgi network in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:385-98. [PMID: 25187082 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to the cell surface is essential for plant development and adaptation. Secreted substances synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum pass through the Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network (TGN) en route to the plasma membrane via the conventional secretion pathway. The TGN is morphologically and functionally distinct from the Golgi apparatus. The TGN is located at the crossroads of many trafficking pathways and regulates a range of crucial processes including secretion to the cell surface, transport to the vacuole, and the reception of endocytic cargo. This review outlines the TGN's central role in cargo secretion, showing that its behavior is more complex and controlled than the bulk-flow hypothesis suggests. Its formation, structure, and maintenance are discussed along with the formation and release of secretory vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gendre
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden,
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27
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Wang X, Wang X, Deng L, Chang H, Dubcovsky J, Feng H, Han Q, Huang L, Kang Z. Wheat TaNPSN SNARE homologues are involved in vesicle-mediated resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4807-4820. [PMID: 24963004 PMCID: PMC4144766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular localisation of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and their ability to form SNARE complexes are critical for determining the specificity of vesicle fusion. NPSN11, a Novel Plant SNARE (NPSN) gene, has been reported to be involved in the delivery of cell wall precursors to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis. However, functions of NPSN genes in plant-pathogen interactions are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized three NPSN genes (TaNPSN11, TaNPSN12, and TaNPSN13) and three plant defence-related SNARE homologues (TaSYP132, TaSNAP34, and TaMEMB12). TaSYP132 showed a highly specific interaction with TaNPSN11 in both yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. We hypothesize that this interaction may indicate a partnership in vesicle trafficking. Expressions of the three TaNPSNs and TaSYP132 were differentially induced in wheat leaves when challenged by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). In virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays, resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Xingzi9104 to the Pst avirulent race CYR23 was reduced by knocking down TaNPSN11, TaNPSN13 and TaSYP132, but not TaNPSN12, implying diversified functions of these wheat SNARE homologues in prevention of Pst infection and hyphal elongation. Immuno-localization results showed that TaNPSN11 or its structural homologues were mainly distributed in vesicle structures near cell membrane toward Pst hypha. Taken together, our data suggests a role of TaNPSN11 in vesicle-mediated resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China Department of Plant Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Haitao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qingmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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Park E, Díaz-Moreno SM, Davis DJ, Wilkop TE, Bulone V, Drakakaki G. Endosidin 7 Specifically Arrests Late Cytokinesis and Inhibits Callose Biosynthesis, Revealing Distinct Trafficking Events during Cell Plate Maturation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1019-1034. [PMID: 24858949 PMCID: PMC4081319 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although cytokinesis is vital for plant growth and development, our mechanistic understanding of the highly regulated membrane and cargo transport mechanisms in relation to polysaccharide deposition during this process is limited. Here, we present an in-depth characterization of the small molecule endosidin 7 (ES7) inhibiting callose synthase activity and arresting late cytokinesis both in vitro and in vivo in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). ES7 is a specific inhibitor for plant callose deposition during cytokinesis that does not affect endomembrane trafficking during interphase or cytoskeletal organization. The specificity of ES7 was demonstrated (1) by comparing its action with that of known inhibitors such as caffeine, flufenacet, and concanamycin A and (2) across kingdoms with a comparison in yeast. The interplay between cell plate-specific post-Golgi vesicle traffic and callose accumulation was analyzed using ES7, and it revealed unique and temporal contributions of secretory and endosomal vesicles in cell plate maturation. While RABA2A-labeled vesicles, which accumulate at the early stage of cell plate formation, were not affected by ES7, KNOLLE was differentially altered by the small molecule. In addition, the presence of clathrin-coated vesicles in cells containing elevated levels of callose and their reduction under ES7 treatment further support the role of endocytic membrane remodeling in the maturing cell plate while the plate is stabilized by callose. Taken together, these data show the essential role of callose during the late stages of cell plate maturation and establish the temporal relationship between vesicles and regulatory proteins at the cell plate assembly matrix during polysaccharide deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Thomas E Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (E.P., D.J.D., T.E.W., G.D.); andDivision of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (S.M.D.-M., V.B.)
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29
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Paul P, Simm S, Mirus O, Scharf KD, Fragkostefanakis S, Schleiff E. The complexity of vesicle transport factors in plants examined by orthology search. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97745. [PMID: 24844592 PMCID: PMC4028247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle transport is a central process to ensure protein and lipid distribution in eukaryotic cells. The current knowledge on the molecular components and mechanisms of this process is majorly based on studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana, which revealed 240 different proteinaceous factors either experimentally proven or predicted to be involved in vesicle transport. In here, we performed an orthologue search using two different algorithms to identify the components of the secretory pathway in yeast and 14 plant genomes by using the 'core-set' of 240 factors as bait. We identified 4021 orthologues and (co-)orthologues in the discussed plant species accounting for components of COP-II, COP-I, Clathrin Coated Vesicles, Retromers and ESCRTs, Rab GTPases, Tethering factors and SNAREs. In plants, we observed a significantly higher number of (co-)orthologues than yeast, while only 8 tethering factors from yeast seem to be absent in the analyzed plant genomes. To link the identified (co-)orthologues to vesicle transport, the domain architecture of the proteins from yeast, genetic model plant A. thaliana and agriculturally relevant crop Solanum lycopersicum has been inspected. For the orthologous groups containing (co-)orthologues from yeast, A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum, we observed the same domain architecture for 79% (416/527) of the (co-)orthologues, which documents a very high conservation of this process. Further, publically available tissue-specific expression profiles for a subset of (co-)orthologues found in A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum suggest that some (co-)orthologues are involved in tissue-specific functions. Inspection of localization of the (co-)orthologues based on available proteome data or localization predictions lead to the assignment of plastid- as well as mitochondrial localized (co-)orthologues of vesicle transport factors and the relevance of this is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Paul
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | - Stefan Simm
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | - Oliver Mirus
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | | | | | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
- Center of Membrane Proteomics; Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Bouhidel K. Plasma membrane protein trafficking in plant-microbe interactions: a plant cell point of view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:735. [PMID: 25566303 PMCID: PMC4273610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure their physiological and cellular functions, plasma membrane (PM) proteins must be properly conveyed from their site of synthesis, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the PM, through the secretory pathway. PM protein homeostasis also relies on recycling and/or degradation, two processes that are initiated by endocytosis. Vesicular membrane trafficking events to and from the PM have been shown to be altered when plant cells are exposed to mutualistic or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we will describe the fine-tune regulation of such alterations, and their consequence in PM protein activity. We will consider the formation of intracellular perimicrobial compartments, the PM protein trafficking machinery of the host, and the delivery or retrieval of signaling and transport proteins such as pattern-recognition receptors, producers of reactive oxygen species, and sugar transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouhidel
- UMR1347 Agroécologie AgroSup/INRA/uB, ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon, France
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31
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Wu J, Tan X, Wu C, Cao K, Li Y, Bao Y. Regulation of cytokinesis by exocyst subunit SEC6 and KEULE in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1863-76. [PMID: 23702595 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper vesicle tethering and membrane fusion at the cell plate are essential for cytokinesis. Both the vesicle tethering complex exocyst and membrane fusion regulator KEULE were shown to function in cell plate formation, but the exact mechanisms still remain to be explored. In this study, using yeast two-hybrid (Y-2-H) assay, we found that SEC6 interacted with KEULE, and that a small portion of C-terminal region of KEULE was required for the interaction. The direct SEC6-KEULE interaction was supported by further studies using in vitro pull-down assay, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) microscopy. sec6 mutants were male gametophytic lethal as reported; however, pollen-rescued sec6 mutants (PRsec6) displayed cytokinesis defects in the embryonic cells and later in the leaf pavement cells and the guard cells. SEC6 and KEULE proteins were co-localized to the cell plate during cytokinesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, only SEC6 but not other exocyst subunits located in the cell plate interacted with KEULE in vitro. These results demonstrated that, like KEULE, SEC6 plays a physiological role in cytokinesis, and the SEC6-KEULE interaction may serve as a novel molecular linkage between arriving vesicles and membrane fusion machinery or directly regulate membrane fusion during cell plate formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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32
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Wei T, Zhang C, Hou X, Sanfaçon H, Wang A. The SNARE protein Syp71 is essential for turnip mosaic virus infection by mediating fusion of virus-induced vesicles with chloroplasts. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003378. [PMID: 23696741 PMCID: PMC3656112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All positive-strand RNA viruses induce the biogenesis of cytoplasmic membrane-bound virus factories for viral genome multiplication. We have previously demonstrated that upon plant potyvirus infection, the potyviral 6K2 integral membrane protein induces the formation of ER-derived replication vesicles that subsequently target chloroplasts for robust genome replication. Here, we report that following the trafficking of the Turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV) 6K2 vesicles to chloroplasts, 6K2 vesicles accumulate at the chloroplasts to form chloroplast-bound elongated tubular structures followed by chloroplast aggregation. A functional actomyosin motility system is required for this process. As vesicle trafficking and fusion in planta are facilitated by a superfamily of proteins known as SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptors), we screened ER-localized SNARES or SNARE-like proteins for their possible involvement in TuMV infection. We identified Syp71 and Vap27-1 that colocalize with the chloroplast-bound 6K2 complex. Knockdown of their expression using a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing vector showed that Syp71 but not Vap27-1 is essential for TuMV infection. In Syp71-downregulated plant cells, the formation of 6K2-induced chloroplast-bound elongated tubular structures and chloroplast aggregates is inhibited and virus accumulation is significantly reduced, but the trafficking of the 6K2 vesicles from the ER to chloroplast is not affected. Taken together, these data suggest that Syp71 is a host factor essential for successful virus infection by mediating the fusion of the virus-induced vesicles with chloroplasts during TuMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyun Wei
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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33
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El Kasmi F, Krause C, Hiller U, Stierhof YD, Mayer U, Conner L, Kong L, Reichardt I, Sanderfoot AA, Jürgens G. SNARE complexes of different composition jointly mediate membrane fusion in Arabidopsis cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1593-601. [PMID: 23515225 PMCID: PMC3655819 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-02-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes. Although membrane fusion is required for separating daughter cells in eukaryotic cytokinesis, the SNARE complexes involved are not known. In plants, membrane vesicles targeted to the cell division plane fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane, progressing from the center to the periphery of the cell. In Arabidopsis, the cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE interacts with two other Q-SNAREs, SNAP33 and novel plant-specific SNARE 11 (NPSN11), whose roles in cytokinesis are not clear. Here we show by coimmunoprecipitation that KNOLLE forms two SNARE complexes that differ in composition. One complex is modeled on the trimeric plasma membrane type of SNARE complex and includes, in addition to KNOLLE, the promiscuous Qb,c-SNARE SNAP33 and the R-SNARE vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) 721,722, also involved in innate immunity. In contrast, the other KNOLLE-containing complex is tetrameric and includes Qb-SNARE NPSN11, Qc-SNARE SYP71, and VAMP721,722. Elimination of only one or the other type of KNOLLE complex by mutation, including the double mutant npsn11 syp71, causes a mild or no cytokinesis defect. In contrast, the two double mutants snap33 npsn11 and snap33 syp71 eliminate both types of KNOLLE complexes and display knolle-like cytokinesis defects. Thus the two distinct types of KNOLLE complexes appear to jointly mediate membrane fusion in Arabidopsis cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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34
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McMichael CM, Bednarek SY. Cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics during higher plant cytokinesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1039-1057. [PMID: 23343343 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Following mitosis, cytoplasm, organelles and genetic material are partitioned into daughter cells through the process of cytokinesis. In somatic cells of higher plants, two cytoskeletal arrays, the preprophase band and the phragmoplast, facilitate the positioning and de novo assembly of the plant-specific cytokinetic organelle, the cell plate, which develops across the division plane and fuses with the parental plasma membrane to yield distinct new cells. The coordination of cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics required to initiate, assemble and shape the cell plate as it grows toward the mother cell cortex is dependent upon a large array of proteins, including molecular motors, membrane tethering, fusion and restructuring factors and biosynthetic, structural and regulatory elements. This review focuses on the temporal and molecular requirements of cytokinesis in somatic cells of higher plants gleaned from recent studies using cell biology, genetics, pharmacology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M McMichael
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
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35
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Tang BL. Membrane Trafficking Components in Cytokinesis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:1097-108. [DOI: 10.1159/000343301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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36
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Ivanov R, Brumbarova T, Bauer P. Fitting into the harsh reality: regulation of iron-deficiency responses in dicotyledonous plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:27-42. [PMID: 21873619 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for life on Earth and its shortage, or excess, in the living organism may lead to severe health disorders. Plants serve as the primary source of dietary iron and improving crop iron content is an important step towards a better public health. Our review focuses on the control of iron acquisition in dicotyledonous plants and monocots that apply a reduction-based strategy in order to mobilize and import iron from the rhizosphere. Achieving a balance between shortage and excess of iron requires a tight regulation of the activity of the iron uptake system. A number of studies, ranging from single gene characterization to systems biology analyses, have led to the rapid expansion of our knowledge on iron uptake in recent years. Here, we summarize the novel insights into the regulation of iron acquisition and internal mobilization from intracellular stores. We present a detailed view of the main known regulatory networks defined by the Arabidopsis regulators FIT and POPEYE (PYE). Additionally, we analyze the root and leaf iron-responsive regulatory networks, revealing novel potential gene interactions and reliable iron-deficiency marker genes. We discuss perspectives and open questions with regard to iron sensing and post-translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen Ivanov
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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37
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Liu P, Hao H, Jin JB, Lin J. Arabidopsis R-SNARE proteins VAMP721 and VAMP722 are required for cell plate formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26129. [PMID: 22022536 PMCID: PMC3191180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis is facilitated by SNARE complex-mediated vesicle fusion at the cell-division plane. However, our knowledge regarding R-SNARE components of membrane fusion machinery for cell plate formation remains quite limited. Methodology/Principal Findings We report the in vivo function of Arabidopsis VAMP721 and VAMP722, two closely sequence-related R-SNAREs, in cell plate formation. Double homozygous vamp721vamp722 mutant seedlings showed lethal dwarf phenotypes and were characterized by rudimentary roots, cotyledons and hypocotyls. Furthermore, cell wall stubs and incomplete cytokinesis were frequently observed in vamp721vamp722 seedlings. Confocal images revealed that green fluorescent protein-tagged VAMP721 and VAMP722 were preferentially localized to the expanding cell plates in dividing cells. Drug treatments and co-localization analyses demonstrated that punctuate organelles labeled with VAMP721 and VAMP722 represented early endosomes overlapped with VHA-a1-labeled TGN, which were distinct from Golgi stacks and prevacuolar compartments. In addition, protein traffic to the plasma membrane, but not to the vacuole, was severely disrupted in vamp721vamp722 seedlings by subcellular localization of marker proteins. Conclusion/Significance These observations suggest that VAMP721 and VAMP722 are involved in secretory trafficking to the plasma membrane via TGN/early endosomal compartment, which contributes substantially to cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Held MA, Be E, Zemelis S, Withers S, Wilkerson C, Brandizzi F. CGR3: a Golgi-localized protein influencing homogalacturonan methylesterification. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:832-44. [PMID: 21422118 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex structures that offer structural and mechanical support to plant cells and are ultimately responsible for plant architecture and form. Pectins are a large group of complex polysaccharides of the plant cell wall that are made in the Golgi and secreted to the wall. The methylesterification of pectins is believed to be an important factor for the dynamic properties of the cell wall. Here, we report on a protein of unknown function discovered using an extensive proteomics analysis of cotton Golgi. Through bioinformatic analyses, we identified the ortholog of such protein, here named cotton Golgi-related 3 (CGR3) in Arabidopsis and found that it shares conserved residues with S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferases. We established that CGR3 is localized at the Golgi apparatus and that the expression of the CGR3 gene is correlated with that of several cell wall biosynthetic genes, suggesting a possible role of the protein in pectin modifications. Consistent with this hypothesis, immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies for homogalacturonan pectins (HG) indicated that the cell walls of cgr3 knockout mutants and plants overexpressing CGR3 are decreased and increased in HG methylesterification, respectively. Our results suggest that CGR3 plays a role in the methylesterification of homogalacturonan in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Held
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Park M, Jürgens G. Membrane traffic and fusion at post-Golgi compartments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:111. [PMID: 22645561 PMCID: PMC3355779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Complete sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome a decade ago has facilitated the functional analysis of various biological processes including membrane traffic by which many proteins are delivered to their sites of action and turnover. In particular, membrane traffic between post-Golgi compartments plays an important role in cell signaling, taking care of receptor-ligand interaction and inactivation, which requires secretion, endocytosis, and recycling or targeting to the vacuole for degradation. Here, we discuss recent studies that address the identity of post-Golgi compartments, the machinery involved in traffic and fusion or functionally characterized cargo proteins that are delivered to or pass through post-Golgi compartments. We also provide an outlook on future challenges in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misoon Park
- Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Jürgens, Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. e-mail:
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Thellmann M, Rybak K, Thiele K, Wanner G, Assaad FF. Tethering factors required for cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:720-32. [PMID: 20713617 PMCID: PMC2948999 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the cell cycle, the nascent cross wall is laid down within a transient membrane compartment referred to as the cell plate. Tethering factors, which act by capturing vesicles and holding them in the vicinity of their target membranes, are likely to play an important role in the first stages of cell plate assembly. Factors required for cell plate biogenesis, however, remain to be identified. In this study, we used a reverse genetic screen to isolate tethering factors required for cytokinesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We focused on the TRAPPI and TRAPPII (for transport protein particle) tethering complexes, which are thought to be required for the flow of traffic through the Golgi and for trans-Golgi network function, as well as on the GARP complex, thought to be required for the tethering of endocytotic vesicles to the trans-Golgi network. We found weak cytokinesis defects in some TRAPPI mutants and strong cytokinesis defects in all the TRAPPII lines we surveyed. Indeed, four insertion lines at the TRAPPII locus AtTRS120 had canonical cytokinesis-defective seedling-lethal phenotypes, including cell wall stubs and incomplete cross walls. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that in trs120 mutants, vesicles accumulated at the equator of dividing cells yet failed to assemble into a cell plate. This shows that AtTRS120 is required for cell plate biogenesis. In contrast to the TRAPP complexes, we found no conclusive evidence for cytokinesis defects in seven GARP insertion lines. We discuss the implications of these findings for the origin and identity of cell plate membranes.
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Jaber E, Thiele K, Kindzierski V, Loderer C, Rybak K, Jürgens G, Mayer U, Söllner R, Wanner G, Assaad FF. A putative TRAPPII tethering factor is required for cell plate assembly during cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:751-63. [PMID: 20609115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
*At the end of the cell cycle, the plant cell wall is deposited within a membrane compartment referred to as the cell plate. Little is known about the biogenesis of this transient membrane compartment. *We have positionally cloned and characterized a novel Arabidopsis gene, CLUB, identified by mutation. *CLUB/AtTRS130 encodes a putative TRAPPII tethering factor. club mutants are seedling-lethal and have a canonical cytokinesis-defective phenotype, characterized by the appearance of bi- or multinucleate cells with cell wall stubs, gaps and floating walls. Confocal microscopy showed that in club mutants, KNOLLE-positive vesicles formed and accumulated at the cell equator throughout cytokinesis, but failed to assemble into a cell plate. Similarly, electron micrographs showed large vesicles loosely connected as patchy, incomplete cell plates in club root tips. Neither the formation of KNOLLE-positive vesicles nor the delivery of these vesicles to the cell equator appeared to be perturbed in club mutants. Thus, the primary defect in club mutants appears to be an impairment in cell plate assembly. *As a putative tethering factor required for cell plate biogenesis, CLUB/AtTRS130 helps to define the identity of this membrane compartment and comprises an important handle on the regulation of cell plate assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Jaber
- Technische Universität München, Botanik, Freising, Germany
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Liljegren SJ, Leslie ME, Darnielle L, Lewis MW, Taylor SM, Luo R, Geldner N, Chory J, Randazzo PA, Yanofsky MF, Ecker JR. Regulation of membrane trafficking and organ separation by the NEVERSHED ARF-GAP protein. Development 2009; 136:1909-18. [PMID: 19429787 DOI: 10.1242/dev.033605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation, or abscission, is a highly specialized process in plants that facilitates remodeling of their architecture and reproductive success. Because few genes are known to be essential for organ abscission, we conducted a screen for mutations that alter floral organ shedding in Arabidopsis. Nine recessive mutations that block shedding were found to disrupt the function of an ADP-ribosylation factor-GTPase-activating protein (ARF-GAP) we have named NEVERSHED (NEV). As predicted by its homology to the yeast Age2 ARF-GAP and transcriptional profile, NEV influences other aspects of plant development, including fruit growth. Co-localization experiments carried out with NEV-specific antiserum and a set of plant endomembrane markers revealed that NEV localizes to the trans-Golgi network and endosomes in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. Interestingly, transmission electron micrographs of abscission zone regions from wild-type and nev flowers reveal defects in the structure of the Golgi apparatus and extensive accumulation of vesicles adjacent to the cell walls. Our results suggest that NEV ARF-GAP activity at the trans-Golgi network and distinct endosomal compartments is required for the proper trafficking of cargo molecules required for cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Liljegren
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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[Plant SNAREs and their biological functions]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:471-8. [PMID: 19586840 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The signal communication between various organelles is essential for cells of eukaryotic organisms. Vesicle trafficking is an important pathway for this kind of communication. Most of the membrane fusion is mediated by SNAREs (Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors), which are highly conserved from various species. Compared with genomes of other eukaryotes, plant genome encodes an even higher number of SNAREs. Accumulating evidences support that plant SNAREs is a multifunctional protein family, which is involved in variety of biological processes. We review the recent advances on molecular mechanism and biological functions of plant SNAREs.
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Geldner N, Dénervaud-Tendon V, Hyman DL, Mayer U, Stierhof YD, Chory J. Rapid, combinatorial analysis of membrane compartments in intact plants with a multicolor marker set. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:169-78. [PMID: 19309456 PMCID: PMC4854200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant membrane compartments and trafficking pathways are highly complex, and are often distinct from those of animals and fungi. Progress has been made in defining trafficking in plants using transient expression systems. However, many processes require a precise understanding of plant membrane trafficking in a developmental context, and in diverse, specialized cell types. These include defense responses to pathogens, regulation of transporter accumulation in plant nutrition or polar auxin transport in development. In all of these cases a central role is played by the endosomal membrane system, which, however, is the most divergent and ill-defined aspect of plant cell compartmentation. We have designed a new vector series, and have generated a large number of stably transformed plants expressing membrane protein fusions to spectrally distinct, fluorescent tags. We selected lines with distinct subcellular localization patterns, and stable, non-toxic expression. We demonstrate the power of this multicolor 'Wave' marker set for rapid, combinatorial analysis of plant cell membrane compartments, both in live-imaging and immunoelectron microscopy. Among other findings, our systematic co-localization analysis revealed that a class of plant Rab1-homologs has a much more extended localization than was previously assumed, and also localizes to trans-Golgi/endosomal compartments. Constructs that can be transformed into any genetic background or species, as well as seeds from transgenic Arabidopsis plants, will be freely available, and will promote rapid progress in diverse areas of plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Geldner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Salk Institute, Plant Biology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Arabidopsis cortical microtubules position cellulose synthase delivery to the plasma membrane and interact with cellulose synthase trafficking compartments. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:797-806. [PMID: 19525940 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chapter 4 Functions of RAB and SNARE Proteins in Plant Life. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 274:183-233. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Suwastika IN, Uemura T, Shiina T, Sato MH, Takeyasu K. SYP71, a plant-specific Qc-SNARE protein, reveals dual localization to the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis. Cell Struct Funct 2008; 33:185-92. [PMID: 18827404 DOI: 10.1247/csf.08024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SNAREs ('Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors') play a critical role in the membrane fusion step of the vesicular transport system in eukaryotes. The number of the genes encoding SNARE proteins is estimated to be 64 in Arabidopsis thaliana. This number is much larger than those in other eukaryotes, suggesting a complex membrane trafficking in plants. The Arabidopsis SNAREs, the SYP7 group proteins, SYP71, SYP72, and SYP73, form a plant-specific SNARE subfamily with not-yet-identified functions. We have previously reported that the SYP7 subfamily proteins are predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in the Arabidopsis suspension cultured cells under transient expression condition. However, several proteomic analyzes indicated the plasma membrane localizations of one of SYP7 subfamily proteins, SYP71. In order to confirm the expression patterns and subcellular localization of SYP7, we performed combination analyses including promoter GUS analysis, a sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis, as well as an observation on transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GFP-fused SYP71 under control of its native promoter. From these analyses, we concluded that one of the SYP7 subfamily proteins, SYP71, is predominantly expressed in all vegetative tissues and mainly localized to the plasma membrane. We also found that SYP71 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in the dividing cells of various types of tissues.
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Bassham DC, Brandizzi F, Otegui MS, Sanderfoot AA. The secretory system of Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0116. [PMID: 22303241 PMCID: PMC3243370 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, a vast amount of research has illuminated the workings of the secretory system of eukaryotic cells. The bulk of this work has been focused on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or on mammalian cells. At a superficial level, plants are typical eukaryotes with respect to the operation of the secretory system; however, important differences emerge in the function and appearance of endomembrane organelles. In particular, the plant secretory system has specialized in several ways to support the synthesis of many components of the complex cell wall, and specialized kinds of vacuole have taken on a protein storage role-a role that is intended to support the growing seedling, but has been co-opted to support human life in the seeds of many crop plants. In the past, most research on the plant secretory system has been guided by results in mammalian or fungal systems but recently plants have begun to stand on their own as models for understanding complex trafficking events within the eukaryotic endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology and Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, 455 Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, S-238 Plant Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin- Madison, 224 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Anton A. Sanderfoot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 250 Bioscience Center, 1445 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Cernadas RA, Camillo LR, Benedetti CE. Transcriptional analysis of the sweet orange interaction with the citrus canker pathogens Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:609-31. [PMID: 19018992 PMCID: PMC6640372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii pathotype C (Xaa) are responsible for citrus canker disease; however, while Xac causes canker on all citrus varieties, Xaa is restricted to Mexican lime, and in sweet oranges it triggers a defence response. To gain insights into the differential pathogenicity exhibited by Xac and Xaa and to survey the early molecular events leading to canker development, a detailed transcriptional analysis of sweet orange plants infected with the pathogens was performed. Using differential display, suppressed subtractive hybridization and microarrays, we identified changes in transcript levels in approximately 2.0% of the approximately 32,000 citrus genes examined. Genes with altered expression in response to Xac/Xaa surveyed at 6 and 48 h post-infection (hpi) were associated with cell-wall modifications, cell division and expansion, vesicle trafficking, disease resistance, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and responses to hormones auxin, gibberellin and ethylene. Most of the genes that were commonly modulated by Xac and Xaa were associated with basal defences triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including those involved in reactive oxygen species production and lignification. Significantly, we detected clear changes in the transcriptional profiles of defence, cell-wall, vesicle trafficking and cell growth-related genes in Xac-infected leaves between 6 and 48 hpi. This is consistent with the notion that Xac suppresses host defences early during infection and simultaneously changes the physiological status of the host cells, reprogramming them for division and growth. Notably, brefeldin A, an inhibitor of vesicle trafficking, retarded canker development. In contrast, Xaa triggered a mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway involving WRKY and ethylene-responsive transcriptional factors known to activate downstream defence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Andrés Cernadas
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biology, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Bassham DC, Blatt MR. SNAREs: cogs and coordinators in signaling and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1504-15. [PMID: 18678742 PMCID: PMC2492632 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology and Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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