1
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Hoh D, Froehlich JE, Kramer DM. Redox regulation in chloroplast thylakoid lumen: The pmf changes everything, again. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2749-2765. [PMID: 38111217 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the foundation of life on Earth. However, if not well regulated, it can also generate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause photodamage. Regulation of photosynthesis is highly dynamic, responding to both environmental and metabolic cues, and occurs at many levels, from light capture to energy storage and metabolic processes. One general mechanism of regulation involves the reversible oxidation and reduction of protein thiol groups, which can affect the activity of enzymes and the stability of proteins. Such redox regulation has been well studied in stromal enzymes, but more recently, evidence has emerged of redox control of thylakoid lumenal enzymes. This review/hypothesis paper summarizes the latest research and discusses several open questions and challenges to achieving effective redox control in the lumen, focusing on the distinct environments and regulatory components of the thylakoid lumen, including the need to transport electrons across the thylakoid membrane, the effects of pH changes by the proton motive force (pmf) in the stromal and lumenal compartments, and the observed differences in redox states. These constraints suggest that activated oxygen species are likely to be major regulatory contributors to lumenal thiol redox regulation, with key components and processes yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Hoh
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Sun Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lin R. Regulation of chloroplast protein degradation. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00049-8. [PMID: 36863685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are unique organelles that not only provide sites for photosynthesis and many metabolic processes, but also are sensitive to various environmental stresses. Chloroplast proteins are encoded by genes from both nuclear and chloroplast genomes. During chloroplast development and responses to stresses, the robust protein quality control systems are essential for regulation of protein homeostasis and the integrity of chloroplast proteome. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast protein degradation refer to protease system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the chloroplast autophagy. These mechanisms symbiotically play a vital role in chloroplast development and photosynthesis under both normal or stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China.
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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3
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Zhang M, Zeng Y, Peng R, Dong J, Lan Y, Duan S, Chang Z, Ren J, Luo G, Liu B, Růžička K, Zhao K, Wang HB, Jin HL. N 6-methyladenosine RNA modification regulates photosynthesis during photodamage in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7441. [PMID: 36460653 PMCID: PMC9718803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNAs affects many biological processes. However, the function of m6A in plant photosynthesis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that m6A modification is crucial for photosynthesis during photodamage caused by high light stress in plants. The m6A modification levels of numerous photosynthesis-related transcripts are changed after high light stress. We determine that the Arabidopsis m6A writer VIRILIZER (VIR) positively regulates photosynthesis, as its genetic inactivation drastically lowers photosynthetic activity and photosystem protein abundance under high light conditions. The m6A levels of numerous photosynthesis-related transcripts decrease in vir mutants, extensively reducing their transcript and translation levels, as revealed by multi-omics analyses. We demonstrate that VIR associates with the transcripts of genes encoding proteins with functions related to photoprotection (such as HHL1, MPH1, and STN8) and their regulatory proteins (such as regulators of transcript stability and translation), promoting their m6A modification and maintaining their stability and translation efficiency. This study thus reveals an important mechanism for m6A-dependent maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency in plants under high light stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, 510640 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunping Zeng
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Peng
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Dong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yelin Lan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Duan
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyi Chang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Ren
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanzheng Luo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kamil Růžička
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kewei Zhao
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.263, Longxi Avenue, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Jin
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.263, Longxi Avenue, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hoh D, Horn PJ, Kanazawa A, Froehilch J, Cruz J, Tessmer OL, Hall D, Yin L, Benning C, Kramer DM. Genetically-determined variations in photosynthesis indicate roles for specific fatty acid species in chilling responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1682-1697. [PMID: 35297062 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata. L. Walp), we tested for co-linkages between lipid contents and chilling responses of photosynthesis. Under low-temperature conditions (19°C/13°C, day/night), we observed co-linkages between quantitative trait loci intervals for photosynthetic light reactions and specific fatty acids, most strikingly, the thylakoid-specific fatty acid 16:1Δ3trans found exclusively in phosphatidylglycerol (PG 16:1t). By contrast, we did not observe co-associations with bulk polyunsaturated fatty acids or high-melting-point-PG (sum of PG 16:0, PG 18:0 and PG 16:1t) previously thought to be involved in chilling sensitivity. These results suggest that in cowpea, chilling sensitivity is modulated by specific lipid interactions rather than bulk properties. We were able to recapitulate the predicted impact of PG 16:1t levels on photosynthetic responses at low temperature using mutants and transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Because PG 16:1t synthesis requires the activity of peroxiredoxin-Q, which is activated by H2 O2 and known to be involved in redox signalling, we hypothesise that the accumulation of PG 16:1t occurs as a result of upstream effects on photosynthesis that alter redox status and production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Hoh
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick J Horn
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Atsuko Kanazawa
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John Froehilch
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cruz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - David Hall
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lina Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming in the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Christoph Benning
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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5
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Zou Y, Bozhkov PV. Chlamydomonas proteases: classification, phylogeny, and molecular mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7680-7693. [PMID: 34468747 PMCID: PMC8643629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases can regulate myriad biochemical pathways by digesting or processing target proteins. While up to 3% of eukaryotic genes encode proteases, only a tiny fraction of proteases are mechanistically understood. Furthermore, most of the current knowledge about proteases is derived from studies of a few model organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana in the case of plants. Proteases in other plant model systems are largely unexplored territory, limiting our mechanistic comprehension of post-translational regulation in plants and hampering integrated understanding of how proteolysis evolved. We argue that the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a number of technical and biological advantages for systematic studies of proteases, including reduced complexity of many protease families and ease of cell phenotyping. With this end in view, we share a genome-wide inventory of proteolytic enzymes in Chlamydomonas, compare the protease degradomes of Chlamydomonas and Arabidopsis, and consider the phylogenetic relatedness of Chlamydomonas proteases to major taxonomic groups. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the biochemical regulation and physiological roles of proteases in this algal model. We anticipate that our survey will promote and streamline future research on Chlamydomonas proteases, generating new insights into proteolytic mechanisms and the evolution of digestive and limited proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Wen X, Yang Z, Ding S, Yang H, Zhang L, Lu C, Lu Q. Analysis of the changes of electron transfer and heterogeneity of photosystem II in Deg1-reduced Arabidopsis plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:159-177. [PMID: 33993381 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Deg1 protease functions in protease and chaperone of PSII complex components, but few works were performed to study the effects of Deg1 on electron transport activities on the donor and acceptor side of PSII and its correlation with the photoprotection of PSII during photoinhibition. Therefore, we performed systematic and comprehensive investigations of electron transfers on the donor and acceptor sides of photosystem II (PSII) in the Deg1-reduced transgenic lines deg1-2 and deg1-4. Both the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the actual PSII efficiency (ΦPSII) decreased significantly in the transgenic plants. Increases in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the dissipated energy flux per reaction center (DI0/RC) were also shown in the transgenic plants. Along with the decreased D1, CP47, and CP43 content, these results suggested photoinhibition under growth light conditions in transgenic plants. Decreased Deg1 caused inhibition of electron transfer on the PSII reducing side, leading to a decline in the number of QB-reducing centers and accumulation of QB-nonreducing centers. The Tm of the Q band shifted from 5.7 °C in the wild-type plant to 10.4 °C and 14.2 °C in the deg1-2 and deg1-4 plants, respectively, indicating an increase in the stability of S2QA¯ in transgenic plants. PSIIα in the transgenic plants largely reduced, while PSIIβ and PSIIγ increased with the decline in the Deg1 levels in transgenic plants suggesting PSIIα centers gradually converted into PSIIβ and PSIIγ centers in the transgenic plants. Besides, the connectivity of PSIIα and PSIIβ was downregulated in transgenic plants. Our results reveal that downregulation of Deg1 protein levels induced photoinhibition in transgenic plants, leading to loss of PSII activities on both the donor and acceptor sides in transgenic plants. These results give a new insight into the regulation role of Deg1 in PSII electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhipan Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shunhua Ding
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Congming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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7
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Domínguez F, Cejudo FJ. Chloroplast dismantling in leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5905-5918. [PMID: 33959761 PMCID: PMC8760853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic plant cells, chloroplasts act as factories of metabolic intermediates that support plant growth. Chloroplast performance is highly influenced by environmental cues. Thus, these organelles have the additional function of sensing ever changing environmental conditions, thereby playing a key role in harmonizing the growth and development of different organs and in plant acclimation to the environment. Moreover, chloroplasts constitute an excellent source of metabolic intermediates that are remobilized to sink tissues during senescence so that chloroplast dismantling is a tightly regulated process that plays a key role in plant development. Stressful environmental conditions enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chloroplasts, which may lead to oxidative stress causing damage to the organelle. These environmental conditions trigger mechanisms that allow the rapid dismantling of damaged chloroplasts, which is crucial to avoid deleterious effects of toxic by-products of the degradative process. In this review, we discuss the effect of redox homeostasis and ROS generation in the process of chloroplast dismantling. Furthermore, we summarize the structural and biochemical events, both intra- and extraplastid, that characterize the process of chloroplast dismantling in senescence and in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Domínguez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Theis J, Lang J, Spaniol B, Ferté S, Niemeyer J, Sommer F, Zimmer D, Venn B, Mehr SF, Mühlhaus T, Wollman FA, Schroda M. The Chlamydomonas deg1c Mutant Accumulates Proteins Involved in High Light Acclimation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1480-1497. [PMID: 31604811 PMCID: PMC6878023 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of periplasmic proteins (Deg)/high temperature requirement A (HtrA) proteases are ATP-independent Ser endopeptidases that perform key aspects of protein quality control in all domains of life. Here, we characterized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DEG1C, which together with DEG1A and DEG1B is orthologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Deg1 in the thylakoid lumen. We show that DEG1C is localized to the stroma and the periphery of thylakoid membranes. Purified DEG1C exhibited high proteolytic activity against unfolded model substrates and its activity increased with temperature and pH. DEG1C forms monomers, trimers, and hexamers that are in dynamic equilibrium. DEG1C protein levels increased upon nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus starvation; under heat, oxidative, and high light stress; and when Sec-mediated protein translocation was impaired. DEG1C depletion was not associated with any obvious aberrant phenotypes under nonstress conditions, high light exposure, or heat stress. However, quantitative shotgun proteomics revealed differences in the abundance of 307 proteins between a deg1c knock-out mutant and the wild type under nonstress conditions. Among the 115 upregulated proteins are PSII biogenesis factors, FtsH proteases, and proteins normally involved in high light responses, including the carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism, photorespiration, antioxidant defense, and photoprotection. We propose that the lack of DEG1C activity leads to a physiological state of the cells resembling that induced by high light intensities and therefore triggers high light protection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Theis
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia Lang
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Spaniol
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Suzanne Ferté
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Justus Niemeyer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - David Zimmer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benedikt Venn
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shima Farazandeh Mehr
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS/UPMC 7141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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9
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Butenko Y, Lin A, Naveh L, Kupervaser M, Levin Y, Reich Z, Adam Z. Differential Roles of the Thylakoid Lumenal Deg Protease Homologs in Chloroplast Proteostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1065-1080. [PMID: 30237207 PMCID: PMC6236614 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Deg proteases are involved in protein quality control in prokaryotes. Of the three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homologs, Deg1, Deg5, and Deg8, located in the thylakoid lumen, Deg1 forms a homohexamer, whereas Deg5 and Deg8 form a heterocomplex. Both Deg1 and Deg5-Deg8 were shown separately to degrade photosynthetic proteins during photoinhibition. To investigate whether Deg1 and Deg5-Deg8 are redundant, a full set of Arabidopsis Deg knockout mutants were generated and their phenotypes were compared. Under all conditions tested, deg1 mutants were affected more than the wild type and deg5 and deg8 mutants. Moreover, overexpression of Deg5-Deg8 could only partially compensate for the loss of Deg1. Comparative proteomics of deg1 mutants revealed moderate up-regulation of thylakoid proteins involved in photoprotection, assembly, repair, and housekeeping and down-regulation of those that form photosynthetic complexes. Quantification of protein levels in the wild type revealed that Deg1 was 2-fold more abundant than Deg5-Deg8. Moreover, recombinant Deg1 displayed higher in vitro proteolytic activity. Affinity enrichment assays revealed that Deg1 was precipitated with very few interacting proteins, whereas Deg5-Deg8 was associated with a number of thylakoid proteins, including D1, OECs, LHCBs, Cyt b 6 f, and NDH subunits, thus implying that Deg5-Deg8 is capable of binding substrates but is unable to degrade them efficiently. This work suggests that differences in protein abundance and proteolytic activity underlie the differential importance of Deg1 and Deg5-Deg8 protease complexes observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Butenko
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Albina Lin
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Leah Naveh
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Meital Kupervaser
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Reich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zach Adam
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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10
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Knopf RR, Adam Z. Lumenal exposed regions of the D1 protein of PSII are long enough to be degraded by the chloroplast Deg1 protease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5230. [PMID: 29588501 PMCID: PMC5869739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the D1 protein of photosystem II (PSII) reaction center is a pre-requisite for the repair cycle from photoinhibition. Two types of thylakoid proteases, FtsH and Deg, have been demonstrated to participate in this process. However, the location of the proteolytic sites of the lumenal Deg1 protease within its internal sphere raised the question whether the lumenal-exposed regions of D1 are indeed long enough to reach these sites. Implanting these regions into the stable GFP rendered it sensitive to the presence of Deg1 in vitro, demonstrating that the flexible regions of D1 that protrude into the lumen can penetrate through the three side-openings of Deg1 and reach its internal proteolytic sites. This mode of action, facilitating cooperation between proteases on both sides of the thylakoid membranes, should be applicable to the degradation of other integral thylakoid membrane proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Rimon Knopf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Evogene Ltd., Rehovot, 76120, Israel
| | - Zach Adam
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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11
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Havé M, Balliau T, Cottyn-Boitte B, Dérond E, Cueff G, Soulay F, Lornac A, Reichman P, Dissmeyer N, Avice JC, Gallois P, Rajjou L, Zivy M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Increases in activity of proteasome and papain-like cysteine protease in Arabidopsis autophagy mutants: back-up compensatory effect or cell-death promoting effect? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1369-1385. [PMID: 29281085 PMCID: PMC6037082 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for protein degradation, nutrient recycling, and nitrogen remobilization. Autophagy is induced during leaf ageing and in response to nitrogen starvation, and is known to play a fundamental role in nutrient recycling for remobilization and seed filling. Accordingly, ageing leaves of Arabidopsis autophagy mutants (atg) have been shown to over-accumulate proteins and peptides, possibly because of a reduced protein degradation capacity. Surprisingly, atg leaves also displayed higher protease activities. The work reported here aimed at identifying the nature of the proteases and protease activities that accumulated differentially (higher or lower) in the atg mutants. Protease identification was performed using shotgun LC-MS/MS proteome analyses and activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). The results showed that the chloroplast FTSH (FILAMENTATION TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE H) and DEG (DEGRADATION OF PERIPLASMIC PROTEINS) proteases and several extracellular serine proteases [subtilases (SBTs) and serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) proteases] were less abundant in atg5 mutants. By contrast, proteasome-related proteins and cytosolic or vacuole cysteine proteases were more abundant in atg5 mutants. Rubisco degradation assays and ABPP showed that the activities of proteasome and papain-like cysteine protease were increased in atg5 mutants. Whether these proteases play a back-up role in nutrient recycling and remobilization in atg mutants or act to promote cell death is discussed in relation to their accumulation patterns in the atg5 mutant compared with the salicylic acid-depleted atg5/sid2 double-mutant, and in low nitrate compared with high nitrate conditions. Several of the proteins identified are indeed known as senescence- and stress-related proteases or as spontaneous cell-death triggering factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marien Havé
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- UMR GQE- le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | | | - Emeline Dérond
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, France
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, France
| | | | - Aurélia Lornac
- UCBN, INRA, UMR INRA-UBCN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutrition N.C.S., Université de Caen Normandie, France
| | - Pavel Reichman
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), Germany and Science Campus Halle – Plant-based Bioeconomy, Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), Germany and Science Campus Halle – Plant-based Bioeconomy, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- UCBN, INRA, UMR INRA-UBCN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutrition N.C.S., Université de Caen Normandie, France
| | - Patrick Gallois
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- UMR GQE- le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
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Abstract
Increases in ambient temperatures have been a severe threat to crop production in many countries around the world under climate change. Chloroplasts serve as metabolic centers and play a key role in physiological adaptive processes to heat stress. In addition to expressing heat shock proteins that protect proteins from heat-induced damage, metabolic reprogramming occurs during adaptive physiological processes in chloroplasts. Heat stress leads to inhibition of plant photosynthetic activity by damaging key components functioning in a variety of metabolic processes, with concomitant reductions in biomass production and crop yield. In this review article, we will focus on events through extensive and transient metabolic reprogramming in response to heat stress, which included chlorophyll breakdown, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense, protein turnover, and metabolic alterations with carbon assimilation. Such diverse metabolic reprogramming in chloroplasts is required for systemic acquired acclimation to heat stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ning-Yu He
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Wenta T, Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J, Glaza P, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Lipinska B. Structural insights into the activation mechanisms of human HtrA serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 621:6-23. [PMID: 28396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA1-4 proteins belong to the HtrA family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases and function as important modulators of many physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cell signaling and apoptosis. Disturbances in their action are linked to severe diseases, including oncogenesis and neurodegeneration. The HtrA1-4 proteins share structural and functional features of other members of the HtrA protein family, however there are several significant differences in structural architecture and mechanisms of action which makes each of them unique. Our goal is to present recent studies regarding human HtrAs. We focus on their physiological functions, structure and regulation, and describe current models of activation mechanisms. Knowledge of molecular basis of the human HtrAs' action is a subject of great interest; it is crucial for understanding their relevance in cellular physiology and pathogenesis as well as for using them as targets in future therapies of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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14
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Yan Q, Gao X, Guo JS, Zhu ZW, Feng GZ. Insights into the molecular mechanism of the responses for Cyperus alternifolius to PhACs stress in constructed wetlands. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:278-289. [PMID: 27592317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyperus alternifolius has been widely reported to be an effective phytoremediation plant in constructed wetland systems (CWs). In this context, an integrated biochemical and proteomic analysis of C. alternifolius leaves exposed to pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in CWs was conducted to understand the mechanism of phytoremediation. The obtained results showed the antioxidant enzyme activities were induced throughout the experiment; however over time, the malondialdehyde content is not significantly different from the control and the photosynthetic pigment contents in plant were subsequently slowly recovered. Therefore, we concluded that reactive oxygen species could be effectively counteracted by the enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, and therefore the photosynthetic pigments were ultimately restored. Leaf extract proteome maps were obtained through 2-DE, and an average of 55, 49, and 24 spots were significantly altered by 30, 100, and 500 μg/L of PhACs over the control, respectively. Protein expression patterns showed that proteins in C. alternifolius leaves are associated with photosynthesis, energy metabolism, defense, and protein synthesis. Moreover, the most relevant pathways modulated by PhACs were photosynthesis and energy metabolism. The protein expression involved in antioxidant defense and stress response generally increased in all the PhAC treatments. The regulated proteins may favor PhAC degradation in CWs; however, the role of these proteins in degrading PhACs remains unknown; further biochemical studies should be conducted. This study indicated that C. alternifolius can tolerate multiple PhACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Rice (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Xu Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco -Environments of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco -Environments of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Rice (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Feng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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15
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Yoshioka-Nishimura M. Close Relationships Between the PSII Repair Cycle and Thylakoid Membrane Dynamics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1115-22. [PMID: 27017619 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts, a three-dimensional network of thylakoid membranes is formed by stacked grana and interconnecting stroma thylakoids. The grana are crowded with photosynthetic proteins, where PSII-light harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes often show semi-crystalline arrays for efficient energy trapping, transfer and use. Although light is essential for photosynthesis, PSII is damaged by reactive oxygen species that are generated from primary photochemical reactions when plants are exposed to excess light. Because PSII complexes are embedded in the lipid bilayers of thylakoid membranes, their functions are affected by the conditions of the lipids. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping measurements showed that singlet oxygen was formed through peroxidation of thylakoid lipids, suggesting that lipid peroxidation can damage proteins, including the D1 protein. After photodamage, PSII is restored by a specific repair system in thylakoid membranes. In the PSII repair cycle, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the PSII proteins control the timing of PSII disassembly and subsequent degradation of the D1 protein. Under light stress, stacked grana turn into unstacked thylakoids with bent grana margins. These structural changes may be closely linked to the mechanisms of the PSII repair cycle because PSII can move more easily from the grana core to the stroma thylakoids through an expanded stromal gap between each thylakoid. Thus, plants modulate the structure of thylakoid membranes under high light to carry out efficient PSII repair. This review focuses on the behavior of the PSII complex and the active role of structural changes to thylakoid membranes under light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Yoshioka-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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16
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Cheregi O, Wagner R, Funk C. Insights into the Cyanobacterial Deg/HtrA Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:694. [PMID: 27252714 PMCID: PMC4877387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the main machinery for all living processes in a cell; they provide structural elements, regulate biochemical reactions as enzymes, and are the interface to the outside as receptors and transporters. Like any other machinery proteins have to be assembled correctly and need maintenance after damage, e.g., caused by changes in environmental conditions, genetic mutations, and limitations in the availability of cofactors. Proteases and chaperones help in repair, assembly, and folding of damaged and misfolded protein complexes cost-effective, with low energy investment compared with neo-synthesis. Despite their importance for viability, the specific biological role of most proteases in vivo is largely unknown. Deg/HtrA proteases, a family of serine-type ATP-independent proteases, have been shown in higher plants to be involved in the degradation of the Photosystem II reaction center protein D1. The objective of this review is to highlight the structure and function of their cyanobacterial orthologs. Homology modeling was used to find specific features of the SynDeg/HtrA proteases of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Based on the available data concerning their location and their physiological substrates we conclude that these Deg proteases not only have important housekeeping and chaperone functions within the cell, but also are needed for remodeling the cell exterior.
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Lu Y. Identification and Roles of Photosystem II Assembly, Stability, and Repair Factors in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 26909098 PMCID: PMC4754418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-component pigment-protein complex that is responsible for water splitting, oxygen evolution, and plastoquinone reduction. Components of PSII can be classified into core proteins, low-molecular-mass proteins, extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) proteins, and light-harvesting complex II proteins. In addition to these PSII subunits, more than 60 auxiliary proteins, enzymes, or components of thylakoid protein trafficking/targeting systems have been discovered to be directly or indirectly involved in de novo assembly and/or the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. For example, components of thylakoid-protein-targeting complexes and the chloroplast-vesicle-transport system were found to deliver PSII subunits to thylakoid membranes. Various auxiliary proteins, such as PsbP-like (Psb stands for PSII) and light-harvesting complex-like proteins, atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family proteins, and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, were discovered to assist the de novo assembly and stability of PSII and the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. Furthermore, a series of enzymes were discovered to catalyze important enzymatic steps, such as C-terminal processing of the D1 protein, thiol/disulfide-modulation, peptidylprolyl isomerization, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PSII core and antenna proteins, and degradation of photodamaged PSII proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the identities and molecular functions of different types of proteins that influence the assembly, stability, and repair of PSII in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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18
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Photosystem II repair in plant chloroplasts--Regulation, assisting proteins and shared components with photosystem II biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:900-9. [PMID: 25615587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem (PS) II is a multisubunit thylakoid membrane pigment-protein complex responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Currently more than 40 proteins are known to associate with PSII, either stably or transiently. The inherent feature of the PSII complex is its vulnerability in light, with the damage mainly targeted to one of its core proteins, the D1 protein. The repair of the damaged D1 protein, i.e. the repair cycle of PSII, initiates in the grana stacks where the damage generally takes place, but subsequently continues in non-appressed thylakoid domains, where many steps are common for both the repair and de novo assembly of PSII. The sequence of the (re)assembly steps of genuine PSII subunits is relatively well-characterized in higher plants. A number of novel findings have shed light into the regulation mechanisms of lateral migration of PSII subcomplexes and the repair as well as the (re)assembly of the complex. Besides the utmost importance of the PSII repair cycle for the maintenance of PSII functionality, recent research has pointed out that the maintenance of PSI is closely dependent on regulation of the PSII repair cycle. This review focuses on the current knowledge of regulation of the repair cycle of PSII in higher plant chloroplasts. Particular emphasis is paid on sequential assembly steps of PSII and the function of the number of PSII auxiliary proteins involved both in the biogenesis and repair of PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Seok MS, You YN, Park HJ, Lee SS, Aigen F, Luan S, Ahn JC, Cho HS. AtFKBP16-1, a chloroplast lumenal immunophilin, mediates response to photosynthetic stress by regulating PsaL stability. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:620-31. [PMID: 24124981 PMCID: PMC4282393 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis contains 16 putative chloroplast lumen-targeted immunophilins (IMMs). Proteomic analysis has enabled the subcellular localization of IMMs experimentally, but the exact biological and physiological roles of most luminal IMMs remain to be discovered. FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 16-1, one of the lumenal IMMs containing poorly conserved amino acid residues for peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity, was shown to play a possible role in chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis, and was also found to interact with PsaL in wheat. In this study, further evidence is provided for the notion that Arabidopsis FKBP16-1 (AtFKBP16-1) is transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated by environmental stresses including high light (HL) intensity, and that overexpression of AtFKBP16-1 plants exhibited increased photosynthetic stress tolerance. A blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/two-dimensional (BN-PAGE/2-D) analysis revealed that the increase of AtFKBP16-1 affected the levels of photosystem I (PSI)-light harvesting complex I (LHCI) and PSI-LHCI-light harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplex, and consequently enhanced tolerance under conditions of HL stress. In addition, plants overexpressing AtFKBP16-1 showed increased accumulation of PsaL protein and enhanced drought tolerance. Using a protease protection assay, AtFKBP16-1 protein was found to have a role in PsaL stability. The AtPsaL levels also responded to abiotic stresses derived from drought, and from methyl viologen stresses in wild-type plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AtFKBP16-1 plays a role in the acclimation of plants under photosynthetic stress conditions, probably by regulating PsaL stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sook Seok
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, 305-806, Korea
- † Current address: College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 339-700, Korea
| | - Young Nim You
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Sang Sook Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Fu Aigen
- Department of Plant Microbial Biology, UCBerkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- ‡ Current address: College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, Shanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant Microbial Biology, UCBerkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jun Cheul Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Science, Seonam UniversityNamwon, 590-170, Korea
- * Correspondence Corresponding author, e-mail: ;
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, 305-806, Korea
- * Correspondence Corresponding author, e-mail: ;
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20
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Järvi S, Gollan PJ, Aro EM. Understanding the roles of the thylakoid lumen in photosynthesis regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:434. [PMID: 24198822 PMCID: PMC3813922 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that the thylakoid lumen provides the environment for oxygen evolution, plastocyanin-mediated electron transfer, and photoprotection. More recently lumenal proteins have been revealed to play roles in numerous processes, most often linked with regulating thylakoid biogenesis and the activity and turnover of photosynthetic protein complexes, especially the photosystem II and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complexes. Still, the functions of the majority of lumenal proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana are unknown. Interestingly, while the thylakoid lumen proteome of at least 80 proteins contains several large protein families, individual members of many protein families have highly divergent roles. This is indicative of evolutionary pressure leading to neofunctionalization of lumenal proteins, emphasizing the important role of the thylakoid lumen for photosynthetic electron transfer and ultimately for plant fitness. Furthermore, the involvement of anterograde and retrograde signaling networks that regulate the expression and activity of lumen proteins is increasingly pertinent. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of thiol/disulfide modulation in controlling the functions of many lumenal proteins and photosynthetic regulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- *Correspondence: Eva-Mari Aro, Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland e-mail:
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21
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Zienkiewicz M, Kokoszka N, Bacławska I, Drożak A, Romanowska E. Light intensity and quality stimulated Deg1-dependent cleavage of PSII components in the chloroplasts of maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:126-136. [PMID: 23563498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that photo damages inducing high white light illumination of C3-type plant Arabidopsis thaliana promotes Deg1-mediated degradation of not only photosystem II core proteins D1/D2 but also minor LHCII proteins CP26, CP29 and PSII-associated PsbS protein. Using biochemical and immunological approaches we show that that the substrate pool of the heterologously expressed Deg1 ortholog protease from C4-type plant Zea mays is very similar to that of the A. thaliana in both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. The Deg1-mediated degradation of photosystem II components has been observed after high light and red light treatment of maize leaves, while far red light did not induce Deg1-mediated degradation. Moreover, two isoforms of the Deg1 protease have been identified. Their genes are localized in chromosomes 6 and 8. The Pull-Down assay indicated that both proteins were able to bind the same set of chloroplast proteins, nevertheless in vitro digestion of Z. mays thylakoids in the form of inside-out vesicles has raveled that only Deg1 found in chromosome 8 exhibited proteolytic activity. Interestingly, the relative amount of Deg1 proteases in Z. mays bundle sheath chloroplasts (BS) is significantly higher than in mesophyll chloroplasts (M) in spite of lower content of PSII (∼20%) in BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Zienkiewicz
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Nela Kokoszka
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Bacławska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Drożak
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Romanowska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Degradation of PsbO by the Deg protease HhoA Is thioredoxin dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45713. [PMID: 23029195 PMCID: PMC3446894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely distributed members of the Deg/HtrA protease family play an important role in the proteolysis of misfolded and damaged proteins. Here we show that the Deg protease rHhoA is able to degrade PsbO, the extrinsic protein of the Photosystem II (PSII) oxygen-evolving complex in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and in spinach. PsbO is known to be stable in its oxidized form, but after reduction by thioredoxin it became a substrate for recombinant HhoA (rHhoA). rHhoA cleaved reduced eukaryotic (specifically, spinach) PsbO at defined sites and created distinct PsbO fragments that were not further degraded. As for the corresponding prokaryotic substrate (reduced PsbO of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803), no PsbO fragments were observed. Assembly to PSII protected PsbO from degradation. For Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, our results show that HhoA, HhoB, and HtrA are localized in the periplasma and/or at the thylakoid membrane. In agreement with the idea that PsbO could be a physiological substrate for Deg proteases, part of the cellular fraction of the three Deg proteases of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (HhoA, HhoB, and HtrA) was detected in the PSII-enriched membrane fraction.
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Tsiatsiani L, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F. Natural substrates of plant proteases: how can protease degradomics extend our knowledge? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:28-40. [PMID: 22008056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the key role of proteolysis in various intensively studied biological processes, such as plant immunity, seed development and abiotic stress responses, our knowledge on the identity of natural protease substrates in plants remains scarce. In the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, for instance, approximately 700 genes code for proteases. However, only a few natural substrates have been identified, mainly because of the previous lack of sensitive proteomics technologies enabling the identification of low abundant proteins, together with a delay in the implementation of these technologies in the field of plant research. Here, we review the current knowledge on the identity of natural plant protease substrates and describe recently established degradomics technologies that should allow proteome-wide studies of plant proteases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsiatsiani
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Schuhmann H, Adamska I. Deg proteases and their role in protein quality control and processing in different subcellular compartments of the plant cell. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:224-34. [PMID: 22008015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of periplasmic proteins (Deg)/high temperature requirement A (HtrA) proteases are ATP-independent serine endopeptidases found in almost every organism. Database searches revealed that 16 Deg paralogues are encoded by the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, six of which were experimentally shown to be located in chloroplasts, one in peroxisomes, one in mitochondria and one in the nucleus. Two more Deg proteases are predicted to reside in chloroplasts, five in mitochondria (one of them with a dual chloroplastidial/mitochondrial localization) and the subcellular location of one protein is uncertain. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of Deg proteases in maintaining protein homeostasis and protein processing in various subcompartments of the plant cell. The chloroplast Deg proteases are the best examined so far, especially with respect to their role in the degradation of photodamaged photosynthetic proteins and in biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII). A combined action of thylakoid lumen and stroma Deg proteases in the primary cleavage of photodamaged D1 protein from PSII reaction centre is discussed on the basis of a recently resolved crystal structure of plant Deg1. The peroxisomal Deg protease is a processing enzyme responsible for the cleavage of N-terminal peroxisomal targeting signals (PTSs). A. thaliana mutants lacking this enzyme show reduced peroxisomal β-oxidation, indicating for the first time the impact of protein processing on peroxisomal functions in plants. Much less data is available for mitochondrial and nuclear Deg proteases. Based on the available expression data we hypothesize a role in general protein quality control and during acquired heat resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schuhmann
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Zienkiewicz M, Ferenc A, Wasilewska W, Romanowska E. High light stimulates Deg1-dependent cleavage of the minor LHCII antenna proteins CP26 and CP29 and the PsbS protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2012; 235:279-288. [PMID: 21877139 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast Deg1 protein performs proteolytic cleavage of the photodamaged D1 protein of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, PSII extrinsic subunit PsbO and the soluble electron carrier plastocyanin. Using biochemical, immunological and mass spectrometry approaches we showed that the heterogeneously expressed Deg1 protease from Arabidopsis thaliana can be responsible for the degradation of the monomeric light-harvesting complex antenna subunits of PSII (LHCII), CP26 and CP29, as well as PSII-associated PsbS (CP22/NPQ4) protein. The results may indicate that cytochrome b (6) protein and two previously unknown thylakoid proteins, Ptac16 and an 18.3-kDa protein, may be the substrates for Deg1. The interaction of Deg1 with the PsbS protein and the minor LHCII subunits implies its involvement in the regulation of both excess energy dissipation and state transition adaptation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Zienkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Singh N, Kuppili RR, Bose K. The structural basis of mode of activation and functional diversity: a case study with HtrA family of serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:85-96. [PMID: 22027029 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HtrA (High temperature requirement protease A) proteins that are primarily involved in protein quality control belong to a family of serine proteases conserved from bacteria to humans. HtrAs are oligomeric proteins that share a common trimeric pyramidal architecture where each monomer comprises a serine protease domain and one or two PDZ domains. Although the overall structural integrity is well maintained and they exhibit similar mechanism of activation, subtle conformational changes and structural plasticity especially in the flexible loop regions and domain interfaces lead to differences in their active site conformation and hence in their specificity and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Singh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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Luciński R, Misztal L, Samardakiewicz S, Jackowski G. The thylakoid protease Deg2 is involved in stress-related degradation of the photosystem II light-harvesting protein Lhcb6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:74-86. [PMID: 21668884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
• The thylakoid protease Deg2 is a serine-type protease peripherally attached to the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane. Given the lack of knowledge concerning its function, two T-DNA insertion lines devoid of Deg2 were prepared to study the functional importance of this protease in Arabidopsis thaliana. • The phenotypic appearance of deg2 mutants was studied using a combination of stereo and transmission electron microscopy, and short-stress-mediated degradation of apoproteins of minor light-harvesting antennae of photosystem II (PSII) was analysed by immunoblotting in the mutants in comparison with wild-type plants. • Deg2 repression produced a phenotype in which reduced leaf area and modified chloroplast ultrastructure of older leaves were the most prominent features. In contrast to the wild type, the chloroplasts of second-whorl leaves of 4-wk-old deg2 mutants did not display features typical of the early senescence phase, such as undulation of the chloroplast envelope and thylakoids. The ability to degrade the photosystem II light-harvesting protein Lhcb6 apoprotein in response to brief high-salt, wounding, high-temperature and high-irradiance stress was demonstrated to be impaired in deg2 mutants. • Our results suggest that Deg2 is required for normal plant development, including the chloroplast life cycle, and has an important function in the degradation of Lhcb6 in response to short-duration stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luciński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucyna Misztal
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Jackowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Sawa J, Malet H, Krojer T, Canellas F, Ehrmann M, Clausen T. Molecular adaptation of the DegQ protease to exert protein quality control in the bacterial cell envelope. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30680-30690. [PMID: 21685389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To react to distinct stress situations and to prevent the accumulation of misfolded proteins, all cells employ a number of proteases and chaperones, which together set up an efficient protein quality control system. The functionality of proteins in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli is monitored by the HtrA proteases DegS, DegP, and DegQ. In contrast with DegP and DegS, the structure and function of DegQ has not been addressed in detail. Here, we show that substrate binding triggers the conversion of the resting DegQ hexamer into catalytically active 12- and 24-mers. Interestingly, substrate-induced oligomer reassembly and protease activation depends on the first PDZ domain but not on the second. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism originally identified in DegP should be a common feature of HtrA proteases, most of which encompass only a single PDZ domain. Using a DegQ mutant lacking the second PDZ domain, we determined the high resolution crystal structure of a dodecameric HtrA complex. The nearly identical domain orientation of protease and PDZ domains within 12- and 24-meric HtrA complexes reveals a conserved PDZ1 → L3 → LD/L1/L2 signaling cascade, in which loop L3 senses the repositioned PDZ1 domain of higher order, substrate-engaged particles and activates protease function. Furthermore, our in vitro and in vivo data imply a pH-related function of DegQ in the bacterial cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sawa
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hélène Malet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Ehrmann
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geography, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Clausen
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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The roles of chloroplast proteases in the biogenesis and maintenance of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:239-46. [PMID: 21645493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes one of the key reactions of photosynthesis, the light-driven conversion of water into oxygen. Although the structure and function of PSII have been well documented, our understanding of the biogenesis and maintenance of PSII protein complexes is still limited. A considerable number of auxiliary and regulatory proteins have been identified to be involved in the regulation of this process. The carboxy-terminal processing protease CtpA, the serine-type protease DegP and the ATP-dependent thylakoid-bound metalloprotease FtsH are critical for the biogenesis and maintenance of PSII. Here, we summarize and discuss the structural and functional aspects of these chloroplast proteases in these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: SI: Photosystem II.
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Structural adaptation of the plant protease Deg1 to repair photosystem II during light exposure. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:728-31. [PMID: 21532594 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Deg1 is a chloroplastic protease involved in maintaining the photosynthetic machinery. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal that the inactive Deg1 monomer is transformed into the proteolytically active hexamer at acidic pH. The change in pH is sensed by His244, which upon protonation, repositions a specific helix to trigger oligomerization. This system ensures selective activation of Deg1 during daylight, when acidification of the thylakoid lumen occurs and photosynthetic proteins are damaged.
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31
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Luciński R, Misztal L, Samardakiewicz S, Jackowski G. Involvement of Deg5 protease in wounding-related disposal of PsbF apoprotein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:311-320. [PMID: 21282060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Deg5 is a serine-type protease peripherally attached to luminal side of thylakoid membrane. Given the lack of knowledge concerning its function homozygous T-DNA insertion line depleted in Deg5 was prepared to study the functional importance of this protease in Arabidopsis thaliana. deg5 mutants displayed a pleiotropic phenotype with regard to fourth whorl leaves of four-weeks old plants. The alterations involved an increased leaf area, reduced leaf thickness, reduced cross-sectional area of palisade mesophyll cells as well as changed chloroplast ultrastructure including lack of signs of entering the senescence phase (e.g. presence of much smaller plastoglobules) and the accumulation of large starch grains at the end of the dark period. It was shown that whereas PsbA, C and F apoproteins of photosystem II reaction center undergo an extensive disappearance in response to a set of brief stresses deg5 mutant was fully resistant to the disappearance of PsbF apoprotein which follows an exposition of leaves to wounding. Our results demonstrate that Deg5 is of seminal importance for normal plant development and degradation of PsbF which occurs following brief wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luciński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznań, Poland.
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Li J, Sun X, Zhang L. Deg1 is involved in the degradation of the PsbO oxygen-evolving protein of photosystem II in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sun X, Ouyang M, Guo J, Ma J, Lu C, Adam Z, Zhang L. The thylakoid protease Deg1 is involved in photosystem-II assembly in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:240-9. [PMID: 20088900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DegP proteases have been shown to possess both chaperone and protease activities. The proteolytic activities of chloroplast DegP-like proteases have been well documented. However, whether chloroplast Deg proteases also have chaperone activities has remained unknown. Here we show that chloroplast Deg1 also has chaperone activities, like its Escherichia coli ortholog DegP. Transgenic plants with reduced levels of Deg1 accumulated normal levels of different subunits of the major photosynthetic protein complexes, but their levels of photosystem-II (PSII) dimers and supercomplexes were reduced. In vivo pulse-chase protein labeling experiments showed that the assembly of newly synthesized proteins into PSII dimers and supercomplexes was impaired, although the synthesis rate of chloroplast proteins was unaffected in the transgenic lines. Protein overlay assays provided direct evidence that Deg1 interacts with the PSII reaction center protein D2. These results suggest that Deg1 assists the assembly of the PSII complex, probably through interaction with the PSII reaction center D2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwu Sun
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Sun X, Fu T, Chen N, Guo J, Ma J, Zou M, Lu C, Zhang L. The stromal chloroplast Deg7 protease participates in the repair of photosystem II after photoinhibition in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1263-73. [PMID: 20089771 PMCID: PMC2832250 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Light is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis; however, excessive light leads to photooxidative damage and hence reduced photosynthetic efficiency, especially when combined with other abiotic stresses. Although the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center D1 protein is the primary target of photooxidative damage, other PSII core proteins are also damaged and degraded. However, it is still largely unknown whether degradation of D1 and other PSII proteins involves previously uncharacterized proteases. Here, we show that Deg7 is peripherally associated with the stromal side of the thylakoid membranes and that Deg7 interacts directly with PSII. Our results show that Deg7 is involved in the primary cleavage of photodamaged D1, D2, CP47, and CP43 and that this activity is essential for its function in PSII repair. The double mutants deg5 deg7 and deg8 deg7 showed no obvious phenotypic differences under normal growth conditions, but additive effects were observed under high light. These results suggest that Deg proteases on both the stromal and luminal sides of the thylakoid membranes are important for the efficient PSII repair in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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New Insights into the Types and Function of Proteases in Plastids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 280:185-218. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)80004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Huesgen PF, Schuhmann H, Adamska I. Deg/HtrA proteases as components of a network for photosystem II quality control in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Res Microbiol 2009; 160:726-32. [PMID: 19732828 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis are subjected to photoinhibition of their photosynthetic function when exposed to excessive illumination. The main target of photoinhibition is the D1 protein in the reaction center of the photosystem II complex. Rapid degradation of photodamaged D1 protein and its replacement by a de novo synthesized functional copy represent an important repair mechanism crucial for cell survival under light stress conditions. This review summarizes the literature on the ATP-independent Deg/HtrA family of serine endopeptidases in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of higher plants, and discusses their role in D1 protein degradation. We propose that Deg/HtrA proteases are part of a larger network of enzymes that ensure protein quality control, including photosystem II, in plants and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitter F Huesgen
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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DENG XF, FU FL, NI N, LI WC. Differential Gene Expression in Response to Drought Stress in Maize Seedling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(08)60277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Edelman M, Mattoo AK. D1-protein dynamics in photosystem II: the lingering enigma. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:609-20. [PMID: 18709440 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The D1/D2 heterodimer core is the heart of the photosystem II reaction center. A characteristic feature of this heterodimer is the differentially rapid, light-dependent degradation of the D1 protein. The D1 protein is possibly the most researched photosynthetic polypeptide, with aspects of structure-function, gene, messenger and protein regulation, electron transport, reactive oxygen species, photoinhibition, herbicide binding, stromal-granal translocations, reversible phosphorylation, and specific proteases, all under intensive investigation more than three decades after the protein's debut in the literature. This review will touch on some treaded areas of D1 research that have, so far, defied clear resolution, as well as cutting edge research on mechanisms and consequences of D1 protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Edelman
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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39
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Ifuku K, Ishihara S, Shimamoto R, Ido K, Sato F. Structure, function, and evolution of the PsbP protein family in higher plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:427-37. [PMID: 18791807 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The PsbP is a thylakoid lumenal subunit of photosystem II (PSII), which has developed specifically in higher plants and green algae. In higher plants, the molecular function of PsbP has been intensively investigated by release-reconstitution experiments in vitro. Recently, solution of a high-resolution structure of PsbP has enabled investigation of structure-function relationships, and efficient gene-silencing techniques have demonstrated the crucial role of PsbP in PSII activity in vivo. Furthermore, genomic and proteomic studies have shown that PsbP belongs to the divergent PsbP protein family, which consists of about 10 members in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice. Characterization of the molecular function of PsbP homologs using Arabidopsis mutants suggests that each plays a distinct and important function in maintaining photosynthetic electron transfer. In this review, recent findings regarding the molecular functions of PsbP and other PsbP homologs in higher plants are summarized, and the molecular evolution of these proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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40
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Ströher E, Dietz KJ. The dynamic thiol-disulphide redox proteome of the Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast as revealed by differential electrophoretic mobility. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 133:566-83. [PMID: 18433418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the thiol-disulphide redox proteome is central to cell function and its regulation. Altered mobility of proteins in the oxidized and reduced state allows the MS-based identification of those thiol-disulphide proteins that undergo major conformational changes. A proteomic approach was taken with thylakoid-bound, luminal and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)-less stromal subproteome fractions of the chloroplast from Arabidopsis thaliana. Among the 49 verified polypeptides were 22 novel redox proteins, previously not reported as being part of the redox proteome. Among the redox-affected proteins were PsbA (D1), PsaA1 and PsaF, chloroplast monodehydroascorbate reductase and also the Deg1 protease. Recombinant Deg1 and Deg2 revealed redox dependence of their proteolytic activity. The data provide new insights into the redox network of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ströher
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Univ. Str. 25, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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41
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Huesgen PF, Scholz P, Adamska I. The serine protease HhoA from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: substrate specificity and formation of a hexameric complex are regulated by the PDZ domain. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:6611-8. [PMID: 17616590 PMCID: PMC2045181 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00883-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of the ATP-independent Deg serine endopeptidase family are very flexible with regard to their substrate specificity. Some family members cleave only one substrate, while others act as general proteases on unfolded substrates. The proteolytic activity of Deg proteases is regulated by PDZ protein interaction domains. Here we characterized the HhoA protease from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 in vitro using several recombinant protein constructs. The proteolytic activity of HhoA was found to increase with temperature and basic pH and was stimulated by the addition of Mg(2+) or Ca(2+). We found that the single PDZ domain of HhoA played a critical role in regulating protease activity and in the assembly of a hexameric complex. Deletion of the PDZ domain strongly reduced proteolysis of a sterically challenging resorufin-labeled casein substrate, but unlabeled beta-casein was still degraded. Reconstitution of the purified HhoA with total membrane proteins isolated from Synechocystis sp. wild-type strain PCC 6803 and a DeltahhoA mutant resulted in specific degradation of selected proteins at elevated temperatures. We concluded that a single PDZ domain of HhoA plays a critical role in defining the protease activity and oligomerization state, combining the functions that are attributed to two PDZ domains in the homologous DegP protease from Escherichia coli. Based on this first enzymatic study of a Deg protease from cyanobacteria, we propose a general role for HhoA in the quality control of extracytoplasmic proteins, including membrane proteins, in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitter F Huesgen
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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42
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Leidhold C, Voos W. Chaperones and proteases--guardians of protein integrity in eukaryotic organelles. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1113:72-86. [PMID: 17483203 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1391.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the endoplasmic reticulum are essential subcompartments of eukaryotic cells that fulfill important metabolic tasks. Organellar protein homeostasis is maintained by a combination of specific protein biogenesis processes and protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms that together guarantee the functional state of the organelle. According to their endosymbiontic origin, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain internal PQC systems that consist of a cooperative network of molecular chaperones and proteases. In contrast, the endoplasmic reticulum employs the main cytosolic degradation machinery, the proteasome, for the removal of damaged or misfolded proteins. Here we present and discuss recent experimental insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying organellar PQC processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Leidhold
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Sun X, Peng L, Guo J, Chi W, Ma J, Lu C, Zhang L. Formation of DEG5 and DEG8 complexes and their involvement in the degradation of photodamaged photosystem II reaction center D1 protein in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:1347-61. [PMID: 17449806 PMCID: PMC1913764 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.049510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The widely distributed DEGP proteases play important roles in the degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins. Arabidopsis thaliana contains 16 DEGP-like proteases, four of which are located in the chloroplast. Here, we show that DEG5 and DEG8 form a hexamer in the thylakoid lumen and that recombinant DEG8 is proteolytically active toward both a model substrate (beta-casein) and photodamaged D1 protein of photosystem II (PSII), producing 16-kD N-terminal and 18-kD C-terminal fragments. Inactivation of DEG5 and DEG8 resulted in increased sensitivity to photoinhibition. Turnover of newly synthesized D1 protein in the deg5 deg8 double mutant was impaired, and the degradation of D1 in the presence of the chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin under high-light treatment was slowed in the mutants. Thus, DEG5 and DEG8 are important for efficient turnover of the D1 protein and for protection against photoinhibition in vivo. The deg5 deg8 double mutant showed increased photosensitivity and reduced rates of D1 degradation compared with single mutants of deg5 and deg8. A 16-kD N-terminal degradation fragment of the D1 protein was detected in wild-type plants but not in the deg5 deg8 mutant following in vivo photoinhibition. Therefore, our results suggest that DEG5 and DEG8 have a synergistic function in the primary cleavage of the CD loop of the PSII reaction center protein D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwu Sun
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Kapri-Pardes E, Naveh L, Adam Z. The thylakoid lumen protease Deg1 is involved in the repair of photosystem II from photoinhibition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:1039-47. [PMID: 17351117 PMCID: PMC1867356 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.046573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Deg1 is a Ser protease peripherally attached to the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane. Its physiological function is unknown, but its localization makes it a suitable candidate for participation in photoinhibition repair by degradation of the photosystem II reaction center protein D1. We transformed Arabidopsis thaliana with an RNA interference construct and obtained plants with reduced levels of Deg1. These plants were smaller than wild-type plants, flowered earlier, were more sensitive to photoinhibition, and accumulated more of the D1 protein, probably in an inactive form. Two C-terminal degradation products of the D1 protein, of 16 and 5.2 kD, accumulated at lower levels compared with the wild type. Moreover, addition of recombinant Deg1 to inside-out thylakoid membranes isolated from the mutant could induce the formation of the 5.2-kD D1 C-terminal fragment, whereas the unrelated proteases trypsin and thermolysin could not. Immunoblot analysis revealed that mutants containing less Deg1 also contain less FtsH protease, and FtsH mutants contain less Deg1. These results suggest that Deg1 cooperates with the stroma-exposed proteases FtsH and Deg2 in degrading D1 protein during repair from photoinhibition by cleaving lumen-exposed regions of the protein. In addition, they suggest that accumulation of Deg1 and FtsH proteases may be coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Kapri-Pardes
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Adam Z. Protein stability and degradation in plastids. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLASTIDS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/4735_2007_0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tripathi LP, Sowdhamini R. Cross genome comparisons of serine proteases in Arabidopsis and rice. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:200. [PMID: 16895613 PMCID: PMC1560137 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serine proteases are one of the largest groups of proteolytic enzymes found across all kingdoms of life and are associated with several essential physiological pathways. The availability of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) genome sequences has permitted the identification and comparison of the repertoire of serine protease-like proteins in the two plant species. Results Despite the differences in genome sizes between Arabidopsis and rice, we identified a very similar number of serine protease-like proteins in the two plant species (206 and 222, respectively). Nearly 40% of the above sequences were identified as potential orthologues. Atypical members could be identified in the plant genomes for Deg, Clp, Lon, rhomboid proteases and species-specific members were observed for the highly populated subtilisin and serine carboxypeptidase families suggesting multiple lateral gene transfers. DegP proteases, prolyl oligopeptidases, Clp proteases and rhomboids share a significantly higher percentage orthology between the two genomes indicating substantial evolutionary divergence was set prior to speciation. Single domain architectures and paralogues for several putative subtilisins, serine carboxypeptidases and rhomboids suggest they may have been recruited for additional roles in secondary metabolism with spatial and temporal regulation. The analysis reveals some domain architectures unique to either or both of the plant species and some inactive proteases, like in rhomboids and Clp proteases, which could be involved in chaperone function. Conclusion The systematic analysis of the serine protease-like proteins in the two plant species has provided some insight into the possible functional associations of previously uncharacterised serine protease-like proteins. Further investigation of these aspects may prove beneficial in our understanding of similar processes in commercially significant crop plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh P Tripathi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - R Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India
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Sargent DJ, Clarke J, Simpson DW, Tobutt KR, Arús P, Monfort A, Vilanova S, Denoyes-Rothan B, Rousseau M, Folta KM, Bassil NV, Battey NH. An enhanced microsatellite map of diploid Fragaria. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 112:1349-59. [PMID: 16505996 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 45 microsatellites (SSRs) were developed for mapping in Fragaria. They included 31 newly isolated codominant genomic SSRs from F. nubicola and a further 14 SSRs, derived from an expressed sequence tagged library (EST-SSRs) of the cultivated strawberry, F. x ananassa. These, and an additional 64 previously characterised but unmapped SSRs and EST-SSRs, were scored in the diploid Fragaria interspecific F2 mapping population (FVxFN) derived from a cross between F. vesca 815 and F. nubicola 601. The cosegregation data of these 109 SSRs, and of 73 previously mapped molecular markers, were used to elaborate an enhanced linkage map. The map is composed of 182 molecular markers (175 microsatellites, six gene specific markers and one sequence-characterised amplified region) and spans 424 cM over seven linkage groups. The average marker spacing is 2.3 cM/marker and the map now contains just eight gaps longer than 10 cM. The transferability of the new SSR markers to the cultivated strawberry was demonstrated using eight cultivars. Because of the transferable nature of these markers, the map produced will provide a useful reference framework for the development of linkage maps of the cultivated strawberry and for the development of other key resources for Fragaria such as a physical map. In addition, the map now provides a framework upon which to place transferable markers, such as genes of known function, for comparative mapping purposes within Rosaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sargent
- East Malling Research (EMR), New Road, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK.
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Abstract
Plastids undergo drastic morphological and physiological changes under different developmental stages and in response to environmental conditions. A key to accomplishing these transitions and maintaining homeostasis is the quality and quantity control of many plastid proteins by proteases and chaperones. Although a limited number of plastid proteases have been identified by biochemical approaches, recent progress in genome information revealed various plant proteases that are of prokaryotic origin and that are localized in chloroplasts. Of these, ATP-dependent proteases such as Clp, FtsH, and Lon are considered the major enzymes involved in processive degradation (gradual degradation to oligopeptides and amino acids). The basic architecture of plant ATP-dependent proteases is very similar to the architechture of bacterial enzymes, such as those in Escherichia coli, but plastid enzymes apparently have extraordinary numbers of isomers. Recent molecular genetic characterization in Arabidopsis has identified differential roles of these isomers. This review covers what is currently known about the types and function of plastid proteases together with our new observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sakamoto
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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Zelisko A, García-Lorenzo M, Jackowski G, Jansson S, Funk C. AtFtsH6 is involved in the degradation of the light-harvesting complex II during high-light acclimation and senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13699-704. [PMID: 16157880 PMCID: PMC1224624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503472102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the most abundant membrane protein on earth, the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II (LHC II), is highly regulated under various environmental conditions, e.g., light stress, to prevent photochemical damage to the reaction center. We identified the LHC II degrading protease in Arabidopsis thaliana as a Zn(2+)-dependent metalloprotease, activated by the removal of unknown extrinsic factors, similar to the proteolytic activity directed against Lhcb3 in barley. By using a reversed genetic approach, the chloroplast-targeted protease FtsH6 was identified as being responsible for the degradation. T-DNA KO A. thaliana mutants, lacking ftsH6, were unable to degrade either Lhcb3 during dark-induced senescence or Lhcb1 and Lhcb3 during highlight acclimation. The A. thaliana ftsH6 gene has a clear orthologue in the genome of Populus trichocarpa. It is likely that FtsH6 is a general LHC II protease and that FtsH6-dependent LHC II proteolysis is a feature of all higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zelisko
- Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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García-Lorenzo M, Zelisko A, Jackowski G, Funk C. Degradation of the main Photosystem II light-harvesting complex. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:1065-71. [PMID: 16307124 DOI: 10.1039/b506625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many factors trigger the degradation of proteins, including changes in environmental conditions, genetic mutations, and limitations in the availability of cofactors. Despite the importance for viability, still very little is known about protein degradation and its regulation. The degradation of the most abundant membrane protein on Earth, the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II (LHC II), is highly regulated under different environmental conditions, e.g. light stress, to prevent photochemical damage of the reaction center. However, despite major effort to identify the protease/proteases involved in the degradation of the apoproteins of LHC II the molecular details of this important process remain obscure. LHC II belongs to the family of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (CAB proteins) and is located in the thylakoid membrane of the plant chloroplast. The results of biochemical experiments to isolate and characterize the protease degrading LHC II are summarized here and compared to our own recent finding indicating that a metalloprotease of the FtsH family is involved in this process.
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