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Nikolopoulos D, Bresta P, Daliani V, Haghiou V, Darra N, Liati M, Mavrogianni E, Papanastasiou A, Porfyraki T, Psaroudi V, Karabourniotis G, Liakopoulos G. Leaf anatomy affects optical properties and enhances photosynthetic performance under oblique light. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1471-1485. [PMID: 38235913 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis under oblique illumination has not been studied extensively despite being the prevailing light regime under natural conditions. We studied how photosynthetic rate (An) is affected by the geometrical arrangement between leaf lamina and light rays, in conjunction with key anatomical features; studied plant species selected based on the absence (homobaric) or the occurrence of bundle sheath extensions (BSEs; heterobaric) and the arrangement of these structures, that is, parallel (monocots) or reticulated (dicots). The direction of light ray affected leaf absorptance (Abs) and An; both were maximal when the angle of incidence of light on leaf surface (polar angle, θ) was 90°. For any lower θ, both Abs and An were higher when the angle between the leaf axis and the light rays (azimuthal angle, φ) was zero. The dependence of Abs and An from φ was only evident in monocots and, especially, in heterobaric compared to homobaric leaves. In some species, An was substantially higher than predicted from calculated photon flux density of oblique light. The occurrence of BSEs, especially in monocots, significantly alters leaf optical properties, resulting in more efficient photosynthesis under oblique illumination conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Crop Science, School of Plant Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikoleta Darra
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Liati
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Athens, Greece
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2
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Leveraging plant physiological dynamics using physical reservoir computing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12594. [PMID: 35869238 PMCID: PMC9307625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are complex organisms subject to variable environmental conditions, which influence their physiology and phenotype dynamically. We propose to interpret plants as reservoirs in physical reservoir computing. The physical reservoir computing paradigm originates from computer science; instead of relying on Boolean circuits to perform computations, any substrate that exhibits complex non-linear and temporal dynamics can serve as a computing element. Here, we present the first application of physical reservoir computing with plants. In addition to investigating classical benchmark tasks, we show that Fragaria × ananassa (strawberry) plants can solve environmental and eco-physiological tasks using only eight leaf thickness sensors. Although the results indicate that plants are not suitable for general-purpose computation but are well-suited for eco-physiological tasks such as photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. Having the means to investigate the information processing by plants improves quantification and understanding of integrative plant responses to dynamic changes in their environment. This first demonstration of physical reservoir computing with plants is key for transitioning towards a holistic view of phenotyping and early stress detection in precision agriculture applications since physical reservoir computing enables us to analyse plant responses in a general way: environmental changes are processed by plants to optimise their phenotype.
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3
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Moreira JDR, Rosa BL, Lira BS, Lima JE, Correia LNF, Otoni WC, Figueira A, Freschi L, Sakamoto T, Peres LEP, Rossi M, Zsögön A. Auxin-driven ecophysiological diversification of leaves in domesticated tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:113-126. [PMID: 35639975 PMCID: PMC9434155 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Heterobaric leaves have bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) that compartmentalize the parenchyma, whereas homobaric leaves do not. The presence of BSEs affects leaf hydraulics and photosynthetic rate. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) obscuravenosa (obv) mutant lacks BSEs. Here, we identify the obv gene and the causative mutation, a nonsynonymous amino acid change that disrupts a C2H2 zinc finger motif in a putative transcription factor. This mutation exists as a polymorphism in the natural range of wild tomatoes but has increased in frequency in domesticated tomatoes, suggesting that the latter diversified into heterobaric and homobaric leaf types. The obv mutant displays reduced vein density, leaf hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic assimilation rate. We show that these and other pleiotropic effects on plant development, including changes in leaf insertion angle, leaf margin serration, minor vein density, and fruit shape, are controlled by OBV via changes in auxin signaling. Loss of function of the transcriptional regulator AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (ARF4) also results in defective BSE development, revealing an additional component of a genetic module controlling aspects of leaf development important for ecological adaptation and subject to breeding selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliene d R Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Lira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joni E Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ludmila N F Correia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner C Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, Instituto Metrópole Digital, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, 59078-400 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz,” Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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Karabourniotis G, Liakopoulos G, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D. The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1455. [PMID: 34371656 PMCID: PMC8309337 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leaves have evolved to effectively harvest light, and, in parallel, to balance photosynthetic CO2 assimilation with water losses. At times, leaves must operate under light limiting conditions while at other instances (temporally distant or even within seconds), the same leaves must modulate light capture to avoid photoinhibition and achieve a uniform internal light gradient. The light-harvesting capacity and the photosynthetic performance of a given leaf are both determined by the organization and the properties of its structural elements, with some of these having evolved as adaptations to stressful environments. In this respect, the present review focuses on the optical roles of particular leaf structural elements (the light capture module) while integrating their involvement in other important functional modules. Superficial leaf tissues (epidermis including cuticle) and structures (epidermal appendages such as trichomes) play a crucial role against light interception. The epidermis, together with the cuticle, behaves as a reflector, as a selective UV filter and, in some cases, each epidermal cell acts as a lens focusing light to the interior. Non glandular trichomes reflect a considerable part of the solar radiation and absorb mainly in the UV spectral band. Mesophyll photosynthetic tissues and biominerals are involved in the efficient propagation of light within the mesophyll. Bundle sheath extensions and sclereids transfer light to internal layers of the mesophyll, particularly important in thick and compact leaves or in leaves with a flutter habit. All of the aforementioned structural elements have been typically optimized during evolution for multiple functions, thus offering adaptive advantages in challenging environments. Hence, each particular leaf design incorporates suitable optical traits advantageously and cost-effectively with the other fundamental functions of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (G.L.); (D.N.)
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5
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Fernández V, Gil-Pelegrín E, Eichert T. Foliar water and solute absorption: an update. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:870-883. [PMID: 33219553 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of water and solutes by plant leaves has been recognised since more than two centuries. Given the polar nature of water and solutes, the mechanisms of foliar uptake have been proposed to be similar for water and electrolytes, including nutrient solutions. Research efforts since the 19th century focussed on characterising the properties of cuticles and applying foliar sprays to crop plants as a tool for improving crop nutrition. This was accompanied by the development of hundreds of studies aimed at characterising the chemical and structural nature of plant cuticles from different species and the mechanisms of cuticular and, to a lower extent, stomatal penetration of water and solutes. The processes involved are complex and will be affected by multiple environmental, physico-chemical and physiological factors which are only partially clear to date. During the last decades, the body of evidence that water transport across leaf surfaces of native species may contribute to water balances (absorption and loss) at an ecosystem level has grown. Given the potential importance of foliar water absorption for many plant species and ecosystems as shown in recent studies, the aim of this review is to first integrate current knowledge on plant surface composition, structure, wettability and physico-chemical interactions with surface-deposited matter. The different mechanisms of foliar absorption of water and electrolytes and experimental procedures for tracing the uptake process are discussed before posing several outstanding questions which should be tackled in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Thomas Eichert
- University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, 99051, Germany
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6
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Jolly AR, Zailaa J, Farah U, Woojuh J, Libifani FM, Arzate D, Caranto CA, Correa Z, Cuba J, Calderon JD, Garcia N, Gastelum L, Gutierrez I, Haro M, Orozco M, Pinlac JL, Miranda A, Nava J, Nguyen C, Pedroza E, Perdomo J, Pezzini S, Yuen H, Scoffoni C. Leaf Venation and Morphology Help Explain Physiological Variation in Yucca brevifolia and Hesperoyucca whipplei Across Microhabitats in the Mojave Desert, CA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578338. [PMID: 33488640 PMCID: PMC7820123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Different microclimates can have significant impact on the physiology of succulents that inhabit arid environments such as the Mojave Desert (California). We investigated variation in leaf physiology, morphology and anatomy of two dominant Mojave Desert monocots, Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree) and Hesperoyucca whipplei, growing along a soil water availability gradient. Stomatal conductance (g s) and leaf thickness were recorded in the field at three different sites (north-western slope, south-eastern slope, and alluvial fan) in March of 2019. We sampled leaves from three individuals per site per species and measured in the lab relative water content at the time of g s measurements, saturated water content, cuticular conductance, leaf morphological traits (leaf area and length, leaf mass per area, % loss of thickness in the field and in dried leaves), and leaf venation. We found species varied in their g s: while Y. brevifolia showed significantly higher g s in the alluvial fan than in the slopes, H. whipplei was highest in the south-eastern slope. The differences in g s did not relate to differences in leaf water content, but rather to variation in number of veins per mm2 in H. whipplei and leaf width in Y. brevifolia. Our results indicate that H. whipplei displays a higher water conservation strategy than Y. brevifolia. We discuss these differences and trends with water availability in relation to species' plasticity in morphology and anatomy and the ecological consequences of differences in 3-dimensional venation architecture in these two species.
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Barbosa MAM, Chitwood DH, Azevedo AA, Araújo WL, Ribeiro DM, Peres LEP, Martins SCV, Zsögön A. Bundle sheath extensions affect leaf structural and physiological plasticity in response to irradiance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1575-1589. [PMID: 30523629 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between structural and physiological traits is key to plants' responses to environmental fluctuations. In heterobaric leaves, bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) increase photosynthetic performance (light-saturated rates of photosynthesis, Amax ) and water transport capacity (leaf hydraulic conductance, Kleaf ). However, it is not clear how BSEs affect these and other leaf developmental and physiological parameters in response to environmental conditions. The obscuravenosa (obv) mutation, found in many commercial tomato varieties, leads to absence of BSEs. We examined structural and physiological traits of tomato heterobaric and homobaric (obv) near-isogenic lines grown at two different irradiance levels. Kleaf , minor vein density, and stomatal pore area index decreased with shading in heterobaric but not in homobaric leaves, which show similarly lower values in both conditions. Homobaric plants, on the other hand, showed increased Amax , leaf intercellular air spaces, and mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular airspace (Smes ) in comparison with heterobaric plants when both were grown in the shade. BSEs further affected carbon isotope discrimination, a proxy for long-term water-use efficiency. BSEs confer plasticity in traits related to leaf structure and function in response to irradiance levels and might act as a hub integrating leaf structure, photosynthetic function, and water supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia M Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aristéa A Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Oguchi R, Onoda Y, Terashima I, Tholen D. Leaf Anatomy and Function. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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9
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Li L, Ma Z, Niinemets Ü, Guo D. Three Key Sub-leaf Modules and the Diversity of Leaf Designs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1542. [PMID: 28932233 PMCID: PMC5592238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth harbors a highly diverse array of plant leaf forms. A well-known pattern linking diverse leaf forms with their photosynthetic function across species is the global leaf economics spectrum (LES). However, within homogeneous plant functional groups such as tropical woody angiosperms or temperate deciduous woody angiosperms, many species can share a similar position in the LES but differ in other vital leaf traits, and thus function differently under the given suite of environmental drivers. How diverse leaves differentiate from each other has yet to be fully explained. Here, we propose a new perspective for linking leaf structure and function by arguing that a leaf may be divided into three key sub-modules, the light capture module, the water-nutrient flow module and the gas exchange module. Each module consists of a set of leaf tissues corresponding to a certain resource acquisition function, and the combination and configuration of different modules may differ depending on overall leaf functioning in a given environment. This modularized-leaf perspective differs from the whole-leaf perspective used in leaf economics theory and may serve as a valuable tool for tracing the evolution of leaf form and function. This perspective also implies that the evolutionary direction of various leaf designs is not to optimize a single critical trait, but to optimize the combination of different traits to better adapt to the historical and current environments. Future studies examining how different modules are synchronized for overall leaf functioning should offer critical insights into the diversity of leaf designs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dali Guo
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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10
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Xiao Y, Tholen D, Zhu XG. The influence of leaf anatomy on the internal light environment and photosynthetic electron transport rate: exploration with a new leaf ray tracing model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6021-6035. [PMID: 27702991 PMCID: PMC5100017 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthesis is determined by biochemical properties and anatomical features. Here we developed a three-dimensional leaf model that can be used to evaluate the internal light environment of a leaf and its implications for whole-leaf electron transport rates (J). This model includes (i) the basic components of a leaf, such as the epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues, as well as the physical dimensions and arrangements of cell walls, vacuoles and chloroplasts; and (ii) an efficient forward ray-tracing algorithm, predicting the internal light environment for light of wavelengths between 400 and 2500nm. We studied the influence of leaf anatomy and ambient light on internal light conditions and J The results show that (i) different chloroplasts can experience drastically different light conditions, even when they are located at the same distance from the leaf surface; (ii) bundle sheath extensions, which are strips of parenchyma, collenchyma or sclerenchyma cells connecting the vascular bundles with the epidermis, can influence photosynthetic light-use efficiency of leaves; and (iii) chloroplast positioning can also influence the light-use efficiency of leaves. Mechanisms underlying leaf internal light heterogeneity and implications of the heterogeneity for photoprotection and for the convexity of the light response curves are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danny Tholen
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, BOKU Vienna, Gregor Mendel-Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Haworth M, Killi D, Materassi A, Raschi A, Centritto M. Impaired Stomatal Control Is Associated with Reduced Photosynthetic Physiology in Crop Species Grown at Elevated [CO 2]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1568. [PMID: 27826305 PMCID: PMC5078776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Physiological control of stomatal conductance (Gs) permits plants to balance CO2-uptake for photosynthesis (PN) against water-loss, so optimizing water use efficiency (WUE). An increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) will result in a stimulation of PN and reduction of Gs in many plants, enhancing carbon gain while reducing water-loss. It has also been hypothesized that the increase in WUE associated with lower Gs at elevated [CO2] would reduce the negative impacts of drought on many crops. Despite the large number of CO2-enrichment studies to date, there is relatively little information regarding the effect of elevated [CO2] on stomatal control. Five crop species with active physiological stomatal behavior were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (2000 ppm) [CO2]. We investigated the relationship between stomatal function, stomatal size, and photosynthetic capacity in the five species, and then assessed the mechanistic effect of elevated [CO2] on photosynthetic physiology, stomatal sensitivity to [CO2] and the effectiveness of stomatal closure to darkness. We observed positive relationships between the speed of stomatal response and the maximum rates of PN and Gs sustained by the plants; indicative of close co-ordination of stomatal behavior and PN. In contrast to previous studies we did not observe a negative relationship between speed of stomatal response and stomatal size. The sensitivity of stomata to [CO2] declined with the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate limited rate of PN at elevated [CO2]. The effectiveness of stomatal closure was also impaired at high [CO2]. Growth at elevated [CO2] did not affect the performance of photosystem II indicating that high [CO2] had not induced damage to the photosynthetic physiology, and suggesting that photosynthetic control of Gs is either directly impaired at high [CO2], sensing/signaling of environmental change is disrupted or elevated [CO2] causes some physical effect that constrains stomatal opening/closing. This study indicates that while elevated [CO2] may improve the WUE of crops under normal growth conditions, impaired stomatal control may increase the vulnerability of plants to water deficit and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council – Tree and Timber InstituteFlorence, Italy
| | - Dilek Killi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Raschi
- National Research Council – Institute of BiometeorologyFlorence, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council – Tree and Timber InstituteFlorence, Italy
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Ichiro T, Hiroki O, Takashi F, Riichi O. Light environment within a leaf. II. Progress in the past one-third century. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:295-8. [PMID: 26961884 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies directly related to light environments within a leaf, conduced mainly in the past one-third century, are reviewed. In particular, studies that revealed the profiles of light absorption and photosynthetic capacity are highlighted. Progress in this research field has been accelerated by devising innovative techniques. Roles of the main photosynthetic tissues, the palisade and spongy tissues, as the light guide and diffuser, respectively, are discussed. When the leaf is illuminated with diffuse light, light is absorbed more by the chloroplasts located near the illuminated surface. The meanings of the occupation of the mesophyll surfaces facing the intercellular spaces by chloroplasts and chloroplast movement are also discussed. The discrepancy between the light absorption profile and that of photosynthetic capacity is examined most intensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terashima Ichiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ooeda Hiroki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fujita Takashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Oguchi Riichi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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13
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Nunes-Nesi A, Nascimento VDL, de Oliveira Silva FM, Zsögön A, Araújo WL, Sulpice R. Natural genetic variation for morphological and molecular determinants of plant growth and yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2989-3001. [PMID: 27012286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rates of increase in yield of the main commercial crops have been steadily falling in many areas worldwide. This generates concerns because there is a growing demand for plant biomass due to the increasing population. Plant yield should thus be improved in the context of climate change and decreasing natural resources. It is a major challenge which could be tackled by improving and/or altering light-use efficiency, CO2 uptake and fixation, primary metabolism, plant architecture and leaf morphology, and developmental plant processes. In this review, we discuss some of the traits which could lead to yield increase, with a focus on how natural genetic variation could be harnessed. Moreover, we provide insights for advancing our understanding of the molecular aspects governing plant growth and yield, and propose future avenues for improvement of crop yield. We also suggest that knowledge accumulated over the last decade in the field of molecular physiology should be integrated into new ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Laia Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franklin Magnum de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland, Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
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14
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Peschiutta ML, Bucci SJ, Scholz FG, Goldstein G. Compensatory responses in plant-herbivore interactions: Impacts of insects on leaf water relations. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Ichiro T, Hiroki O, Takashi F, Riichi O. Light environment within a leaf. II. Progress in the past one-third century. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:353-63. [PMID: 26961884 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies directly related to light environments within a leaf, conduced mainly in the past one-third century, are reviewed. In particular, studies that revealed the profiles of light absorption and photosynthetic capacity are highlighted. Progress in this research field has been accelerated by devising innovative techniques. Roles of the main photosynthetic tissues, the palisade and spongy tissues, as the light guide and diffuser, respectively, are discussed. When the leaf is illuminated with diffuse light, light is absorbed more by the chloroplasts located near the illuminated surface. The meanings of the occupation of the mesophyll surfaces facing the intercellular spaces by chloroplasts and chloroplast movement are also discussed. The discrepancy between the light absorption profile and that of photosynthetic capacity is examined most intensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terashima Ichiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ooeda Hiroki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fujita Takashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Oguchi Riichi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Niinemets U. Is there a species spectrum within the world-wide leaf economics spectrum? Major variations in leaf functional traits in the Mediterranean sclerophyll Quercus ilex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:79-96. [PMID: 25580487 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum is a general concept describing coordinated variation in foliage structural, chemical and physiological traits across resource gradients. Yet, within this concept,the role of within-species variation, including ecotypic and plastic variation components, has been largely neglected. This study hypothesized that there is a within-species economics spectrum within the general spectrum in the evergreen sclerophyll Quercus ilex which dominates low resource ecosystems over an exceptionally wide range. An extensive database of foliage traits covering the full species range was constructed, and improved filtering algorithms were developed. Standardized data filtering was deemed absolutely essential as additional variation sources can result in trait variation of 10–300%,blurring the broad relationships. Strong trait variation, c. two-fold for most traits to up to almost an order of magnitude, was uncovered.Although the Q. ilex spectrum is part of the general spectrum, within-species trait and climatic relationships in this species partly differed from the overall spectrum. Contrary to world-wide trends, Q. ilex does not necessarily have a low nitrogen content per mass and can increase photosynthetic capacity with increasing foliage robustness. This study argues that the within-species economics spectrum needs to be considered in regional- to biome-level analyses.
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Zsögön A, Negrini ACA, Peres LEP, Nguyen HT, Ball MC. A mutation that eliminates bundle sheath extensions reduces leaf hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance and assimilation rates in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:618-26. [PMID: 25267094 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) are key features of leaf structure whose distribution differs among species and ecosystems. The genetic control of BSE development is unknown, so BSE physiological function has not yet been studied through mutant analysis. We screened a population of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutants in the genetic background of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) model Micro-Tom and found a mutant lacking BSEs. The leaf phenotype of the mutant strongly resembled the tomato mutant obscuravenosa (obv). We confirmed that obv lacks BSEs and that it is not allelic to our induced mutant, which we named obv-2. Leaves lacking BSEs had lower leaf hydraulic conductance and operated with lower stomatal conductance and correspondingly lower assimilation rates than wild-type leaves. This lower level of function occurred despite similarities in vein density, midvein vessel diameter and number, stomatal density, and leaf area between wild-type and mutant leaves, the implication being that the lack of BSEs hindered water dispersal within mutant leaves. Our results comparing near-isogenic lines within a single species confirm the hypothesised role of BSEs in leaf hydraulic function. They further pave the way for a genetic model-based analysis of a common leaf structure with deep ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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18
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Fernández V, Sancho-Knapik D, Guzmán P, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil L, Karabourniotis G, Khayet M, Fasseas C, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Gil-Pelegrín E. Wettability, polarity, and water absorption of holm oak leaves: effect of leaf side and age. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:168-80. [PMID: 24913938 PMCID: PMC4149704 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes play important protective functions and may have a major influence on leaf surface wettability. With the aim of gaining insight into trichome structure, composition, and function in relation to water-plant surface interactions, we analyzed the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of holm oak (Quercus ilex) as a model. By measuring the leaf water potential 24 h after the deposition of water drops onto abaxial and adaxial surfaces, evidence for water penetration through the upper leaf side was gained in young and mature leaves. The structure and chemical composition of the abaxial (always present) and adaxial (occurring only in young leaves) trichomes were analyzed by various microscopic and analytical procedures. The adaxial surfaces were wettable and had a high degree of water drop adhesion in contrast to the highly unwettable and water-repellent abaxial holm oak leaf sides. The surface free energy and solubility parameter decreased with leaf age, with higher values determined for the adaxial sides. All holm oak leaf trichomes were covered with a cuticle. The abaxial trichomes were composed of 8% soluble waxes, 49% cutin, and 43% polysaccharides. For the adaxial side, it is concluded that trichomes and the scars after trichome shedding contribute to water uptake, while the abaxial leaf side is highly hydrophobic due to its high degree of pubescence and different trichome structure, composition, and density. Results are interpreted in terms of water-plant surface interactions, plant surface physical chemistry, and plant ecophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Paula Guzmán
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - George Karabourniotis
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Mohamed Khayet
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Costas Fasseas
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - José Alejandro Heredia-Guerrero
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.G., L.G.);Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain (D.S.-K., J.J.P.-P., E.G.-P.);Laboratory of Plant Physiology (G.K.), and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy (C.F.), Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (M.K.);Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.); andMolecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical Mediterránea La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain (A.H.)
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19
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Chen J, Su H, Deng T, Zhang W, Lau WM, Zhang D. Bioinspired Au/N-TiO 2 photocatalyst templated from Zea mays Linn. leaves. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.13.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Zea mays Linn. contain abundant nitrogen source and exhibit an extremely high light-harvesting efficiency due to its hierarchical internal structures. In this study, Z. mays Linn. leaves are used as template to generate Au/N-TiO2 nanocomposites through soakage, calcination and Au-nanoparticle-loading processes. Such nanocomposites replicate the special hierarchical structures of Z. mays Linn. leaves featured with lamellar structures at nanoscale, porous framework at microscale and scraggy-shaped epidermal at macroscale. The nitrogen contained in original leaves is doped into anatase TiO2 crystal lattice during the templating process, and Au nanoparticles (~5-nm dia.) are well dispersed at the surface of N-TiO2 structures. With multi-component composition and unique hierarchical structure, the Au/N-TiO2 nanocomposites present superior photocatalytic activity and stability, which are demonstrated through degradation of rhodamine dye under solar light irradiation. This article contains supporting information, which will be made available online once the issue is published. In the meantime, if you wish to get a copy of the supplementary file please contact the Managing Editor, Sohini Banerjee, at sohini.banerjee@icepublishing.com
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Doctoral student, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilan Su
- Professor, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Professor, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- Assistant researcher, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Woon-Ming Lau
- Professor, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Professor, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Karki S, Rizal G, Quick WP. Improvement of photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by inserting the C4 pathway. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 6:28. [PMID: 24280149 PMCID: PMC4883725 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To boost food production for a rapidly growing global population, crop yields must significantly increase. One of the avenues being recently explored is the improvement of photosynthetic capacity by installing the C4 photosynthetic pathway into C3 crops like rice to drastically increase their yield. Crops with an enhanced photosynthetic mechanism would better utilize the solar radiation that can be translated into yield. This subsequently will help in producing more grain yield, reduce water loss and increase nitrogen use efficiency especially in hot and dry environments. This review provides a summary of the factors that need to be modified in rice so that the C4 pathway can be introduced successfully. It also discusses the differences between the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in terms of anatomy, biochemistry and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Karki
- />C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna Philippines
| | - Govinda Rizal
- />C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna Philippines
| | - William Paul Quick
- />C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna Philippines
- />Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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21
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Sack L, Scoffoni C. Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:983-1000. [PMID: 23600478 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The design and function of leaf venation are important to plant performance, with key implications for the distribution and productivity of ecosystems, and applications in paleobiology, agriculture and technology. We synthesize classical concepts and the recent literature on a wide range of aspects of leaf venation. We describe 10 major structural features that contribute to multiple key functions, and scale up to leaf and plant performance. We describe the development and plasticity of leaf venation and its adaptation across environments globally, and a new global data compilation indicating trends relating vein length per unit area to climate, growth form and habitat worldwide. We synthesize the evolution of vein traits in the major plant lineages throughout paleohistory, highlighting the multiple origins of individual traits. We summarize the strikingly diverse current applications of leaf vein research in multiple fields of science and industry. A unified core understanding will enable an increasing range of plant biologists to incorporate leaf venation into their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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22
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Tholen D, Boom C, Zhu XG. Opinion: prospects for improving photosynthesis by altering leaf anatomy. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 197:92-101. [PMID: 23116676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineering higher photosynthetic efficiency for greater crop yields has gained significant attention among plant biologists and breeders. To achieve this goal, manipulation of metabolic targets and canopy architectural features has been heavily emphasized. Given the substantial variations in leaf anatomical features among and within plant species, there is large potential to engineer leaf anatomy for improved photosynthetic efficiency. Here we review how different leaf anatomical features influence internal light distribution, delivery of CO(2) to Rubisco and water relations, and accordingly recommend features to engineer for increased leaf photosynthesis under different environments. More research is needed on (a) elucidating the genetic mechanisms controlling leaf anatomy, and (b) the development of a three dimensional biochemical and biophysical model of leaf photosynthesis, which can help pinpoint anatomical features required to gain a higher photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Tholen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG (Chinese Academy of Sciences-German Max Planck Society) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Guàrdia M, Fernàndez J, Elena G, Fleck I. Stomatal patchiness in the Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) under water stress in the nursery and in the forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:829-838. [PMID: 22539636 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The evergreen holm oak Quercus ilex L. is the most representative tree in Mediterranean forests. Accurate estimation of the limiting factors of photosynthesis for Q. ilex and the prediction of ecosystem water-use efficiency by mechanistic models can be achieved only by establishing whether this species shows heterogenic stomatal aperture, and, if so, the circumstances in which this occurs. Here, we collected gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence data in Q. ilex leaves from a nursery to measure the effects of stomatal oscillations on PSII quantum yield (Φ(PSII)) under water stress. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) was used as an integrative indicator of the degree of water stress. Images of chlorophyll fluorescence showed heterogeneous Φ(PSII) when g(s) was <50 mmol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1), representative of severe drought and corresponding to a container capacity <45%. Stomatal patchiness was related to a coefficient of variation (CV) of Φ(PSII) values >2.5%. A parallel study in the forest confirmed heterogeneous Φ(PSII) values in leaves in response to declining water availability. Three kinds of Q. ilex individuals were distinguished: those resprouting after a clear-cut (resprouts, R); intact individuals growing in the same clear-cut area as resprouts (controls, C); and intact individuals in a nearby, undisturbed area (forest controls, CF). Patchiness increased in C and CF in response to increasing drought from early May to late July, whereas in R, Φ(PSII) values were maintained as a result of their improved water relations since the pre-existing roots were associated with a smaller aerial biomass. Patchiness was related to a % CV of Φ(PSII) values >4 and associated in the summer with mean g(s) values of 30 mmol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1). Under milder drought in spring, Φ(PSII) patchiness was less strictly related to g(s) variations, pointing to biochemical limitants of photosynthesis. The occurrence of heterogenic photosynthesis caused by patchy stomatal closure in Q. ilex during severe drought should be taken into account in ecosystem modelling in which harsher water stress conditions associated with climate change are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Guàrdia
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Unitat Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou H, Fan T, Zhang D. Biotemplated materials for sustainable energy and environment: current status and challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1344-87. [PMID: 21905237 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Materials science will play a key role in the further development of emerging solutions for the increasing problems of energy and environment. Materials found in nature have many inspiring structures, such as hierarchical organizations, periodic architectures, or nanostructures, that endow them with amazing functions, such as energy harvesting and conversion, antireflection, structural coloration, superhydrophobicity, and biological self-assembly. Biotemplating is an effective strategy to obtain morphology-controllable materials with structural specificity, complexity, and related unique functions. Herein, we highlight the synthesis and application of biotemplated materials for six key areas of energy and environment technologies, namely, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO(2) reduction, solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, photocatalytic degradation, and gas/vapor sensing. Although the applications differ from each other, a common fundamental challenge is to realize optimum structures for improved performances. We highlight the role of four typical structures derived from biological systems exploited to optimize properties: hierarchical (porous) structures, periodic (porous) structures, hollow structures, and nanostructures. We also provide examples of using biogenic elements (e.g., C, Si, N, I, P, S) for the creation of active materials. Finally, we disscuss the challenges of achieving the desired performance for large-scale commercial applications and provide some useful prototypes from nature for the biomimetic design of new materials or systems. The emphasis is mainly focused on the structural effects and compositional utilization of biotemplated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Buckley TN, Sack L, Gilbert ME. The role of bundle sheath extensions and life form in stomatal responses to leaf water status. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:962-73. [PMID: 21459977 PMCID: PMC3177290 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) are key features of leaf structure with currently little-understood functions. To test the hypothesis that BSEs reduce the hydraulic resistance from the bundle sheath to the epidermis (r(be)) and thereby accelerate hydropassive stomatal movements, we compared stomatal responses with reduced humidity and leaf excision among 20 species with heterobaric or homobaric leaves and herbaceous or woody life forms. We hypothesized that low r(be) due to the presence of BSEs would increase the rate of stomatal opening (V) during transient wrong-way responses, but more so during wrong-way responses to excision (V(e)) than humidity (V(h)), thus increasing the ratio of V(e) to V(h). We predicted the same trends for herbaceous relative to woody species given greater hydraulic resistance in woody species. We found that V(e), V(h), and their ratio were 2.3 to 4.4 times greater in heterobaric than homobaric leaves and 2.0 to 3.1 times greater in herbaceous than woody species. To assess possible causes for these differences, we simulated these experiments in a dynamic compartment/resistance model, which predicted larger V(e) and V(e)/V(h) in leaves with smaller r(be). These results support the hypothesis that BSEs reduce r(be). Comparison of our data and simulations suggested that r(be) is approximately 4 to 16 times larger in homobaric than heterobaric leaves. Our study provides new evidence that variations in the distribution of hydraulic resistance within the leaf and plant are central to understanding dynamic stomatal responses to water status and their ecological correlates and that BSEs play several key roles in the functional ecology of heterobaric leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA.
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Zhou H, Fan T, Zhang D. An Insight into Artificial Leaves for Sustainable Energy Inspired by Natural Photosynthesis. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Guha A, Sengupta D, Reddy AR. Physiological optimality, allocation trade-offs and antioxidant protection linked to better leaf yield performance in drought exposed mulberry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2649-2659. [PMID: 20740551 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mulberry (Morus spp. L.), usually linked to silkworm rearing, is now considered as a potential forage for livestock feeding and has great potential in world agriculture. Trait-based investigations for leaf yield stability in mulberry under water stress have not been studied extensively. The present study aims to identify candidate traits conferring leaf yield stability in mulberry under drought. RESULTS Four popular, indigenous mulberry cultivars (Morus indica L. cvs AR-12, K-2, M. Local and V-1) were investigated. Low leaf temperature (T(l)), higher internal/ambient CO(2) ratios (C(i)/C(a)), greater stomatal conductance to CO(2) (g(s)) and stability in photosystem II efficiency were associated with better net photosynthetic rates (P(n)) in V-1, generating maximum leaf yield when compared to other drought-exposed cultivars. Increased accumulation of foliar α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid-glutathione pool, associated with higher carotenoids, proline and glycine betaine, facilitated lower lipid peroxidation and better leaf yield in V-1 under drought. CONCLUSION Minimal plasticity in photosynthetic gas exchange traits and better quantitative growth characteristics were attributed to leaf yield stability under drought. Lower photoinhibition, stabilized photochemistry, effective osmoregulation and enhanced activity of foliar antioxidants extensively contributed to drought tolerance and higher leaf yield in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Guha
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Hassiotou F, Renton M, Ludwig M, Evans JR, Veneklaas EJ. Photosynthesis at an extreme end of the leaf trait spectrum: how does it relate to high leaf dry mass per area and associated structural parameters? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3015-28. [PMID: 20484320 PMCID: PMC2892145 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dry mass per area (LMA) is a composite parameter relating to a suite of structural traits that have the potential to influence photosynthesis. However, the extent to which each of these traits contributes to variation in LMA and photosynthetic rates is not well understood, especially at the high end of the LMA spectrum. In this study, the genus Banksia (Proteaceae) was chosen as a model group, and key structural traits such as LMA, leaf thickness, and density were measured in 49 species. Based on the leaf trait variation obtained, a subset of 18 species displaying a wide range in LMA of 134-507 g m(-2) was selected for analyses of relationships between leaf structural and photosynthetic characteristics. High LMA was associated with more structural tissue, lower mass-based chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations, and therefore lower mass-based photosynthesis. In contrast, area-based photosynthesis did not correlate with LMA, despite mesophyll volume per area increasing with increases in LMA. Photosynthetic rate per unit mesophyll volume declined with increasing LMA, which is possibly associated with structural limitations and, to a lesser extent, with lower nitrogen allocation. Mesophyll cell wall thickness significantly increased with LMA, which would contribute to lower mesophyll conductance at high LMA. Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and the nitrogen allocation to Rubisco and thylakoids tended to decrease at high LMA. The interplay between anatomy and physiology renders area-based photosynthesis independent of LMA in Banksia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Hassiotou
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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Zhou H, Li X, Fan T, Osterloh FE, Ding J, Sabio EM, Zhang D, Guo Q. Artificial inorganic leafs for efficient photochemical hydrogen production inspired by natural photosynthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:951-6. [PMID: 20217818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240, China
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Horn JW, Fisher JB, Tomlinson PB, Lewis CE, Laubengayer K. Evolution of lamina anatomy in the palm family (Arecaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:1462-1486. [PMID: 21628293 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of tree building in Arecaceae strongly constrain their architectural lability. Potentially compensating for this limitation, the extensive diversification of leaf anatomical structure within palms involves many characters whose alternate states may confer disparate mechanical or physiological capabilities. In the context of a recent global palm phylogeny, we analyzed the evolution of 10 such lamina anatomical characters and leaf morphology of 161 genera, conducting parsimony and maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstructions, as well as tests of correlated evolution. Lamina morphology evolves independently from anatomy. Although many characters do optimize as synapomorphic for major clades, anatomical evolution is highly homoplasious. Nevertheless, it is not random: analyses indicate the recurrent evolution of different cohorts of correlated character states. Notable are two surface layer (epidermis and hypodermis) types: (1) a parallel-laminated type of rectangular epidermal cells with sinuous anticlinal walls, with fibers present in the hypodermis and (2) a cross-laminated type of hexagonal cells in both layers. Correlated with the cross-laminated type is a remarkable decrease in the volume fraction of fibers, accompanied by changes in the architecture and sheath cell type of the transverse veins. We discuss these and other major patterns of anatomical evolution in relation to their biomechanical and ecophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Horn
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 11935 Old Cutler Rd., Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
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Liakoura V, Fotelli MN, Rennenberg H, Karabourniotis G. Should structure-function relations be considered separately for homobaric vs. heterobaric leaves? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:612-619. [PMID: 21628217 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tree and shrub species can be differentiated into two major groups based on their substantially different leaf anatomy: heterobaric and homobaric. In contrast to homobaric leaves, heterobaric leaves have bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) that create transparent regions on their lamina. Recent studies have shown that BSEs transfer visible light to internal mesophyll layers, thus affecting the photosynthetic performance of heterobaric leaves. Whether the two leaf types also differ in other functional and structural traits has not been addressed, nor have any structure-function relations. Here, we measured key anatomical and physiological parameters and tested their relationships in 30 species with different leaf types. Heterobaric leaves were thinner with lower leaf mass per area, had higher nitrogen concentration per mass, were (13)C-enriched, and achieved comparable photosynthetic capacity per area but had higher photosynthetic capacity per mass compared to homobaric leaves. Relations between leaf construction cost, nitrogen concentration, and photosynthesis followed the general pattern of the "leaf economic spectrum," but differed between homobaric and heterobaric leaves. We suggest that the mechanisms controlling these relations differ between the two leaf types, presumably due to their distinct anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vally Liakoura
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
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Reidel EJ, Rennie EA, Amiard V, Cheng L, Turgeon R. Phloem loading strategies in three plant species that transport sugar alcohols. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1601-8. [PMID: 19129415 PMCID: PMC2649384 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.134791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plants translocate sugar alcohols in the phloem. However, the mechanism(s) of sugar alcohol loading in the minor veins of leaves are debated. We characterized the loading strategies of two species that transport sorbitol (Plantago major and apple [Malus domestica]), and one that transports mannitol (Asarina scandens). Plasmodesmata are abundant at all interfaces in the minor vein phloem of apple, and in one of two types of phloem in the minor veins of A. scandens. Few plasmodesmata are present in the minor veins of P. major. Apple differs from the other two species in that sugar alcohol and sucrose (Suc) are present in much higher concentrations in leaves. Apple leaf tissue exposed to exogenous [(14)C]sorbitol, [(14)C]Suc, or (14)CO(2) did not accumulate radiolabel in the minor veins, as determined by macroautoradiography. P. major minor veins accumulated radiolabel from [(14)C]Suc, [(14)C]sorbitol, and (14)CO(2). A. scandens minor veins accumulated (14)C from [(14)C]Suc and (14)CO(2), but not from [(14)C]mannitol. We conclude that the movement of sugar alcohol from the mesophyll into the phloem in apple and A. scandens is symplastic and passive, but in P. major it involves an apoplastic step and is energized. We also suggest that apple leaves transport sorbitol in high concentrations to avoid the feedback limitation of photosynthesis that would result from driving passive movement of solute into the phloem with high levels of Suc alone. The loading pathways and the mechanisms by which hydrostatic pressure is maintained in the minor vein phloem of these species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Reidel
- Department of Plant Biology , Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Scoffoni C, Pou A, Aasamaa K, Sack L. The rapid light response of leaf hydraulic conductance: new evidence from two experimental methods. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1803-1812. [PMID: 18771574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a rapid enhancement in leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) from low to high irradiance (from <10 to >1000 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)), using the high-pressure flow meter (HPFM), for 7 of 14 tested woody species. However, theoretical suggestions have been made that this response might arise as an artifact of the HPFM. We tested the K(leaf) light response for six evergreen species using refined versions of the rehydration kinetics method (RKM) and the evaporative flux method (EFM). We found new evidence for a rapid, 60% to 100% increase in K(leaf) from low to high irradiance for three species. In the RKM, the leaf rehydration time constant declined by up to 70% under high irradiance relative to darkness. In the EFM, under higher irradiance, the flow rate increased disproportionately to the water potential gradient. Combining our data with those of previous studies, we found that heterobaric species, i.e. those with bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) showed a twofold greater K(leaf) light response on average than homobaric species, i.e. those without BSEs. We suggest further research to characterize this substantial dynamic at the nexus of plant light- and water-relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Université Bordeaux 1, Bâtiment B8 - RdC, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France
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Sellin A, Ounapuu E, Kupper P. Effects of light intensity and duration on leaf hydraulic conductance and distribution of resistance in shoots of silver birch (Betula pendula). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 134:412-20. [PMID: 18513374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Variation in leaf hydraulic conductance (K(L)) and distribution of resistance in response to light intensity and duration were examined in shoots of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). K(L) was determined on detached shoots using the evaporative flux method (transpiration was measured with a porometer and water potential drop with a pressure chamber). Although K(L) depended on light duration per se, its dynamics was largely determined by leaf temperature (T(L)). Both upper-crown leaves and branches developed in well-illuminated environment exhibited higher hydraulic efficiency compared with the lower crown, accounting for vertical trends of apparent soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance in canopy of silver birch revealed in our previous studies. K(L) varied significantly with light intensity, the highest values for both shade and sun foliage were recorded at photosynthetic photon flux density of 330 micromol m(-2) s(-1). Light responses of K(L) were associated evidently with an irradiance-mediated effect on extravascular tissues involving regulation of cell membrane aquaporins. Effects of irradiance on K(L) resulted in changes of Psi(L), bringing about considerable alteration in partitioning of the resistance between leaves and branch (leafless shoot stem): the contribution of leaves to the shoot total resistance decreased from 94% at -1.0 MPa to 75% at -0.2 MPa. Treatment with HgCl2 decreased hydraulic conductance of both leaves and branches, implying that condition of bordered pit membranes or shoot living tissues may be involved in responses of xylem conductance to Hg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
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Pieruschka R, Chavarría-Krauser A, Cloos K, Scharr H, Schurr U, Jahnke S. Photosynthesis can be enhanced by lateral CO2 diffusion inside leaves over distances of several millimeters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:335-347. [PMID: 18312541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the extent to which lateral gas diffusion can influence intercellular CO(2) concentrations (c(i)) and thus photosynthesis in leaf areas with closed stomata. Leaves were partly greased to close stomata artificially, and effects of laterally diffusing CO(2) into the greased areas were studied by gas-exchange measurement and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Effective quantum yields (Delta F/F(m)') across the greased areas were analysed with an image-processing tool and transposed into c(i) profiles, and lateral CO(2) diffusion coefficients (D(C'lat)), directly proportional to lateral conductivities (), were estimated using a one-dimensional (1D) diffusion model. Effective CO(2) diffusion distances in Vicia faba (homobaric), Commelina vulgaris (homobaric) and Phaseolus vulgaris (heterobaric) leaves clearly differed, and were dependent on D(C'lat), light intensity, [CO(2)], and [O(2)]: largest distances were approx. 7.0 mm for homobaric leaves (with high D(C'lat)) and approx. 1.9 mm for heterobaric leaves (low D(C'lat)). Modeled lateral CO(2) fluxes indicate large support of photosynthesis over submillimeter distances for leaves with low D(C'lat), whereas in leaves with large D(C'lat), photosynthesis can be stimulated over distances of several millimeters. For the plant species investigated, the surplus CO(2) assimilation rates of the greased leaf areas (A(gr)) differed clearly, depending on lateral conductivities of the respective leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pieruschka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), ICG-3: Phytosphäre, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Global Ecology, 260 Panama St, 94305 Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Chavarría-Krauser
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), ICG-3: Phytosphäre, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Im Neuenheimer Feld 294, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Cloos
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), ICG-3: Phytosphäre, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hanno Scharr
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), ICG-3: Phytosphäre, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), ICG-3: Phytosphäre, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Siegfried Jahnke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG), ICG-3: Phytosphäre, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Fachbereich Biologie und Geographie, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Morison JIL, Lawson T, Cornic G. Lateral CO2 diffusion inside dicotyledonous leaves can be substantial: quantification in different light intensities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:680-90. [PMID: 17905868 PMCID: PMC2048780 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Substantial lateral CO(2) diffusion rates into leaf areas where stomata were blocked by grease patches were quantified by gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging in different species across the full range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD). The lateral CO(2) flux rate over short distances was substantial and very similar in five dicotyledonous species with different vascular anatomies (two species with bundle sheath extensions, sunflower [Helianthus annuus] and dwarf bean [Phaseolus vulgaris]; and three species without bundle sheath extensions, faba bean [Vicia faba], petunia [Petunia hybrida], and tobacco [Nicotiana tabacum]). Only in the monocot maize (Zea mays) was there little or no evident lateral CO(2) flux. Lateral diffusion rates were low when PPFD <300 micromol m(-2) s(-1) but approached saturation in moderate PPFD (300 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) when lateral CO(2) diffusion represented 15% to 24% of the normal CO(2) assimilation rate. Smaller patches and higher ambient CO(2) concentration increased lateral CO(2) diffusion rates. Calculations with a two-dimensional diffusion model supported these observations that lateral CO(2) diffusion over short distances inside dicotyledonous leaves can be important to photosynthesis. The results emphasize that supply of CO(2) from nearby stomata usually dominates assimilation, but that lateral supply over distances up to approximately 1 mm can be important if stomata are blocked, particularly when assimilation rate is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I L Morison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom.
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Rodeghiero M, Niinemets U, Cescatti A. Major diffusion leaks of clamp-on leaf cuvettes still unaccounted: how erroneous are the estimates of Farquhar et al. model parameters? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:1006-22. [PMID: 17617828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.001689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of leaf gas-exchange characteristics using standard clamp-on leaf chambers are prone to errors because of diffusion leaks. While some consideration has been given to CO(2) diffusion leaks, potential water vapour diffusion leaks through chamber gaskets have been neglected. We estimated diffusion leaks of two clamp-on Li-Cor LI-6400 (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) leaf chambers with polymer foam gaskets and enclosing either 2 or 6 cm(2) leaf area, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of the diffusion leak effects on Farquhar et al. photosynthesis model parameters - the maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1 x 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (V(cmax)), capacity for photosynthetic electron transport (J(max)) and non-photorespiratory respiration rate in light (R(d)). In addition, net assimilation rate (A(n)) versus intercellular CO(2) (C(i)) responses were measured in leaves of Mediterranean evergreen species Quercus ilex L. enclosing the whole leaf chamber in a polyvinyl fluoride bag flushed with the exhaust air of leaf chamber, thereby effectively reducing the CO(2) and water vapour gradients between ambient air and leaf chamber. For the empty chambers, average diffusion leak for CO(2), K(CO2), (molar flow rate corresponding to unit CO(2) mole fraction difference) was ca. 0.40 micromol s(-1). K(CO2) increased ca. 50% if a dead leaf was clamped between the leaf chamber. Average diffusion leak for H(2)O was ca. 5- to 10-fold larger than the diffusion leak for CO(2). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the consequence of a CO(2) diffusion leak was apparent enhancement of A(n) at high CO(2) mole fraction and reduction at lower CO(2) mole fraction, and overall compression of C(i) range. As the result of these modifications, Farquhar et al. model parameters were overestimated. The degree of overestimation increased in the order of V(cmax) < J(max) < R(d), and was larger for smaller chambers and for leaves with lower photosynthetic capacity, leading to overestimation of all three parameters by 70-290% for 2 cm(2), and by 10-60% for 6 cm(2) chamber. Significant diffusion corrections (5-36%) were even required for leaves with high photosynthetic capacity measured in largest chamber. Water vapour diffusion leaks further enhanced the overestimation of model parameters. For small chambers and low photosynthetic capacities, apparent C(i) was simulated to decrease with increasing A(n) because of simultaneous CO(2) and H(2)O diffusion leaks. Measurements in low photosynthetic capacity Quercus ilex leaves enclosed in 2 cm(2) leaf chamber exhibited negative apparent C(i) values at highest A(n). For the same leaves measured with the entire leaf chamber enclosed in the polyvinyl fluoride bag, C(i) and A(n) increased monotonically. While the measurements without the bag could be corrected for diffusion leaks, the required correction in A(n) and transpiration rates was 100-500%, and there was large uncertainty in Farquhar et al. model parameters derived from 'corrected'A(n)/C(i) response curves because of uncertainties in true diffusion leaks. These data demonstrate that both CO(2) and water vapour diffusion leaks need consideration in measurements with clamp-on leaf cuvettes. As plants in natural environments are often characterized by low photosynthetic capacities, cuvette designs need to be improved for reliable measurements in such species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Rodeghiero
- Centro di Ecologia Alpina, Viote del Monte Bondone, Trento 38070, Italy
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Valladares F, Niinemets Ü. The Architecture of Plant Crowns. FUNCTIONAL PLANT ECOLOGY, SECOND EDITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420007626.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Turnbull TL, Warren CR, Adams MA. Novel mannose-sequestration technique reveals variation in subcellular orthophosphate pools do not explain the effects of phosphorus nutrition on photosynthesis in Eucalyptus globulus seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:849-861. [PMID: 17997766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although only a small proportion of plant phosphorus (P) is used for photosynthesis, the relationships between P and photosynthesis can be strong. It was hypothesized, in this study, that variation in the allocation of orthophosphate (Pi) between active (cytoplasmic) and nonactive (vacuolar) pools would underpin differences in rates of photosynthesis in 4-month-old Eucalyptus globulus seedlings grown with a varying P supply. Photosynthetic biochemistry was assessed by the response of net photosynthesis to increasing intercellular [CO2]. Cytoplasmic Pi was sequestered as mannose 6-phosphate. Total P and the proportion of P as Pi were positively related to P supply. The ratios of active : stored Pi (10-24%) varied little over the range of treatments. Active Pi was positively related to P supply, as was photosynthesis (7 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) with 0 mM P vs. 16 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) with 0.32 mM P). Positive relationships between P supply and photosynthesis were explained best by leaf P content, not by active pools of Pi. The distribution of Pi between the vacuole and the cytoplasm had little impact on the photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency (PPUE), and reductions in cytoplasmic Pi had little effect on photosynthesis. Hence, PPUE is an unsuitable guide for assessing plant responses to increasingly unavailable P in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn L Turnbull
- School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Water Street Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
- Present address) School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Charles R Warren
- School of Biological Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark A Adams
- Present address) School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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