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Li S, Hui L, Li J, Xi Y, Xu J, Wang L, Yin L. OsMGD1-Mediated Membrane Lipid Remodeling Improves Salt Tolerance in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1474. [PMID: 38891283 PMCID: PMC11174947 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress severely reduces photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in adverse effects on crop growth and yield production. Two key thylakoid membrane lipid components, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), were perturbed under salt stress. MGDG synthase 1 (MGD1) is one of the key enzymes for the synthesis of these galactolipids. To investigate the function of OsMGD1 in response to salt stress, the OsMGD1 overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (Ri) rice lines, and a wild type (WT), were used. Compared with WT, the OE lines showed higher chlorophyll content and biomass under salt stress. Besides this, the OE plants showed improved photosynthetic performance, including light absorption, energy transfer, and carbon fixation. Notably, the net photosynthetic rate and effective quantum yield of photosystem II in the OE lines increased by 27.5% and 25.8%, respectively, compared to the WT. Further analysis showed that the overexpression of OsMGD1 alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on photosynthetic membranes and oxidative defense by adjusting membrane lipid composition and fatty acid levels. In summary, OsMGD1-mediated membrane lipid remodeling enhanced salt tolerance in rice by maintaining membrane stability and optimizing photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Y.X.); (J.X.)
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Lei Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Y.X.); (J.X.)
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jingchong Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yuan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Y.X.); (J.X.)
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Y.X.); (J.X.)
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Linglong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Lina Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Y.X.); (J.X.)
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
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Mueller-Schuessele SJ, Leterme S, Michaud M. Plastid Transient and Stable Interactions with Other Cell Compartments. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:107-134. [PMID: 38502500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastids are organelles delineated by two envelopes playing important roles in different cellular processes such as energy production or lipid biosynthesis. To regulate their biogenesis and their function, plastids have to communicate with other cellular compartments. This communication can be mediated by metabolites, signaling molecules, and by the establishment of direct contacts between the plastid envelope and other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, plasma membrane, and the nucleus. These interactions are highly dynamic and respond to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms involved in the formation of plastid-organelle contact sites and their functions are still far from being understood. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge about plastid contact sites and their role in the regulation of plastid biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Leterme
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRIG, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
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Shimojo M, Nakamura M, Kitaura G, Ihara Y, Shimizu S, Hori K, Iwai M, Ohta H, Ishizaki K, Shimojima M. Phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase modulates glycerolipid synthesis in Marchantia polymorpha and is crucial for growth under both nutrient-replete and -deficient conditions. PLANTA 2023; 258:92. [PMID: 37792042 PMCID: PMC10550880 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase of Marchantia polymorpha modulates plastid glycolipid synthesis through the ER pathway and is essential for normal plant development regardless of nutrient availability. Membrane lipid remodeling is one of the strategies plant cells use to secure inorganic phosphate (Pi) for plant growth, but many aspects of the molecular mechanism and its regulation remain unclear. Here we analyzed membrane lipid remodeling using a non-vascular plant, Marchantia polymorpha. The lipid composition and fatty acid profile during Pi starvation in M. polymorpha revealed a decrease in phospholipids and an increase in both galactolipids and betaine lipids. In Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAH) is involved in phospholipid degradation and is crucial for tolerance to both Pi and nitrogen starvation. We produced two M. polymorpha PAH (MpPAH) knockout mutants (Mppah-1 and Mppah-2) and found that, unlike Arabidopsis mutants, Mppah impaired plant growth with shorter rhizoids compared with wild-type plants even under nutrient-replete conditions. Mutation of MpPAH did not significantly affect the mole percent of each glycerolipid among total membrane glycerolipids from whole plants under both Pi-replete and Pi-deficient conditions. However, the fatty acid composition of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol indicated that the amount of plastid glycolipids produced through the endoplasmic reticulum pathway was suppressed in Mppah mutants. Phospholipids accumulated in the mutants under N starvation. These results reveal that MpPAH modulates plastid glycolipid synthesis through the endoplasmic reticulum pathway more so than what has been observed for Arabidopsis PAH; moreover, unlike Arabidopsis, MpPAH is crucial for M. polymorpha growth regardless of nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misao Shimojo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ginga Kitaura
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Ihara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shimizu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Hori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masako Iwai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | | | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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Yoshitake Y, Yoshimoto K. Intracellular phosphate recycling systems for survival during phosphate starvation in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1088211. [PMID: 36733584 PMCID: PMC9888252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1088211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and plants use inorganic phosphate (Pi) as their P source, but its bioavailable form, orthophosphate, is often limited in soils. Hence, plants have several mechanisms for adaptation to Pi starvation. One of the most common response strategies is "Pi recycling" in which catabolic enzymes degrade intracellular constituents, such as phosphoesters, nucleic acids and glycerophospholipids to salvage Pi. Recently, several other intracellular degradation systems have been discovered that salvage Pi from organelles. Also, one of sphingolipids has recently been identified as a degradation target for Pi recycling. So, in this mini-review we summarize the current state of knowledge, including research findings, about the targets and degradation processes for Pi recycling under Pi starvation, in order to further our knowledge of the whole mechanism of Pi recycling.
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Sun Y, Qin Q, Song K, Sun L, Jiang T, Yang S, Li Z, Xu G, Sun S, Xue Y. Does Sulfoquinovosyl Diacylglycerol Synthase OsSQD1 Affect the Composition of Lipids in Rice Phosphate-Deprived Root? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010114. [PMID: 36613553 PMCID: PMC9820689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are the essential components of the cell intracellular and plasma membranes. Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) is a glycolipid; glycolipids can replace phospholipids in maintaining phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in plants which are undergoing Pi starvation. Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol synthase 1 (OsSQD1) is a critical enzyme in the first step of catalyzation in the formation of SQDG in rice. In this study, the expression pattern of different zones in roots of OsSQD1 in response to different Pi conditions is examined, and it is found that OsSQD1 is highly expressed in lateral roots under Pi-sufficient and -deficient conditions. The root phenotype observation of different OsSQD1 transgenic lines suggests that the knockout/down of OsSQD1 inhibits the formation and growth of lateral roots under different Pi conditions. Additionally, the lipid concentrations in OsSQD1 transgenic line roots indicate that OsSQD1 knockout/down decreases the concentration of phospholipids and glycolipids in Pi-starved roots. The OsSQD1 mutation also changes the composition of different lipid species with different acyl chain lengths, mainly under Pi-deprived conditions. The relative transcript expression of genes relating to glycolipid synthesis and phospholipid degradation is estimated to help study the mechanism by which OsSQD1 exerts an influence on the alteration of lipid composition and concentration in Pi-starved roots. Moreover, in Pi-starved roots, the knockout of OsSQD1 decreases the unsaturated fatty acid content of phospholipids and glycolipids. To summarize, the present study demonstrates that OsSQD1 plays a key role in the maintenance of phospholipid and glycolipid composition in Pi-deprived rice roots, which may influence root growth and development under Pi-deprived conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Sun
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ke Song
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shiyan Yang
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhouwen Li
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yong Xue
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (Y.X.)
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Advances in Plant Lipid Metabolism Responses to Phosphate Scarcity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172238. [PMID: 36079619 PMCID: PMC9460063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low phosphate (Pi) availability in soils severely limits crop growth and production. Plants have evolved to have numerous physiological and molecular adaptive mechanisms to cope with Pi starvation. The release of Pi from membrane phospholipids is considered to improve plant phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency in response to Pi starvation and accompanies membrane lipid remodeling. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries related to this topic and the molecular basis of membrane phospholipid alteration and triacylglycerol metabolism in response to Pi depletion in plants at different subcellular levels. These findings will help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to Pi starvation and thus help to develop crop cultivars with high P utilization efficiency.
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Lee JW, Lee MW, Jin CZ, Oh HM, Jin E, Lee HG. Inhibition of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis by down-regulation of MGD1 leads to membrane lipid remodeling and enhanced triacylglycerol biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:88. [PMID: 36030272 PMCID: PMC9419350 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Membrane lipid remodeling involves regulating the physiochemical modification of cellular membranes against abiotic stress or senescence, and it could be a trigger to increase neutral lipid content. In algae and higher plants, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) constitutes the highest proportion of total membrane lipids and is highly reduced as part of the membrane lipid remodeling response under several abiotic stresses. However, genetic regulation of MGDG synthesis and its influence on lipid synthesis has not been studied in microalgae. For development of an industrial microalgae strain showing high accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) by promoting membrane lipid remodeling, MGDG synthase 1 (MGD1) down-regulated mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr-mgd1) was generated and evaluated for its suitability for biodiesel feedstock.
Results
The Cr-mgd1 showed a 65% decrease in CrMGD1 gene expression level, 22% reduction in MGDG content, and 1.39 and 5.40 times increase in diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines (DGTS) and TAG, respectively. The expression levels of most genes related to the decomposition of MGDG (plastid galactoglycerolipid degradation1) and TAG metabolism (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase1, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and major lipid droplet protein) were increased. The imbalance of DGDG/MGDG ratio in Cr-mgd1 caused reduced photosynthetic electron transport, resulting in less light energy utilization and increased reactive oxygen species levels. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum stress was induced by increased DGTS levels. Thus, accelerated TAG accumulation in Cr-mgd1 was stimulated by increased cellular stress as well as lipid remodeling. Under high light (HL) intensity (400 µmol photons/m2/s), TAG productivity in Cr-mgd1–HL (1.99 mg/L/d) was 2.71 times higher than that in wild type (WT–HL). Moreover, under both nitrogen starvation and high light intensity, the lipid (124.55 mg/L/d), TAG (20.03 mg/L/d), and maximum neutral lipid (56.13 mg/L/d) productivity were the highest.
Conclusions
By inducing lipid remodeling through the mgd1 gene expression regulation, the mutant not only showed high neutral lipid content but also reached the maximum neutral lipid productivity through cultivation under high light and nitrogen starvation conditions, thereby possessing improved biomass properties that are the most suitable for high quality biodiesel production. Thus, this mutant may help understand the role of MGD1 in lipid synthesis in Chlamydomonas and may be used to produce high amounts of TAG.
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Verma L, Bhadouria J, Bhunia RK, Singh S, Panchal P, Bhatia C, Eastmond PJ, Giri J. Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthase 3 affects phosphate utilization and acquisition in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5033-5051. [PMID: 35526193 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids are essential to compensate for the loss of phospholipids by 'membrane lipid remodelling' in plants under phosphorus (P) deficiency conditions. Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) synthases catalyse the synthesis of MGDG which is further converted into digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG), later replacing phospholipids in the extraplastidial membranes. However, the roles of these enzymes are not well explored in rice. In this study, the rice MGDG synthase 3 gene (OsMGD3) was identified and functionally characterized. We showed that the plant phosphate (Pi) status and the transcription factor PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 2 (OsPHR2) are involved in the transcriptional regulation of OsMGD3. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and overexpression lines of OsMGD3 were generated to explore its potential role in rice adaptation to Pi deficiency. Compared with the wild type, OsMGD3 knockout lines displayed a reduced Pi acquisition and utilization while overexpression lines showed an enhancement of the same. Further, OsMGD3 showed a predominant role in roots, altering lateral root growth. Our comprehensive lipidomic analysis revealed a role of OsMGD3 in membrane lipid remodelling, in addition to a role in regulating diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid contents that affected the expression of Pi transporters. Our study highlights the role of OsMGD3 in affecting both internal P utilization and P acquisition in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Bhadouria
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Shweta Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Panchal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Peter J Eastmond
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Wu BS, Zhang J, Huang WL, Yang LT, Huang ZR, Guo J, Wu J, Chen LS. Molecular mechanisms for pH-mediated amelioration of aluminum-toxicity revealed by conjoint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome in Citrus sinensis roots. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134335. [PMID: 35339530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of pH-aluminum (Al) interactions on gene expression and/or metabolite profiles in plants. Eleven-week-old seedlings of Citrus sinensis were fertilized with nutrient solution at an Al level of 0 or 1 mM and a pH of 3.0 or 4.0 for 18 weeks. Increased pH mitigated Al-toxicity-induced accumulation of callose, an Al-sensitive marker. In this study, we identified more differentially expressed genes and differentially abundant metabolites in pH 4.0 + 1 mM Al-treated roots (P4AR) vs pH 4.0 + 0 mM Al-treated roots (P4R) than in pH 3.0 + 1 mM Al-treated roots (P3AR) vs pH 3.0 + 0 mM Al-treated roots (P3R), suggesting that increased pH enhanced root metabolic adaptations to Al-toxicity. Further analysis indicated that increased pH-mediated mitigation of root Al-toxicity might be related to several factors, including: enhanced capacity to maintain the homeostasis of phosphate and energy and the balance between generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species and aldehydes; and elevated accumulation of secondary metabolites such as polyphenol, proanthocyanidins and phenolamides and adaptations of cell wall and plasma membrane to Al-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Sha Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiuxin Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jincheng Wu
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Ngo AH, Angkawijaya AE, Lin YC, Liu YC, Nakamura Y. The phospho-base N-methyltransferases PMT1 and PMT2 produce phosphocholine for leaf growth in phosphorus-starved Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2985-2994. [PMID: 35560207 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants. Membrane lipid remodeling is an adaptive mechanism for P-starved plants that replaces membrane phospholipids with non-P galactolipids, presumably to retrieve scarce P sources and maintain membrane integrity. Whereas metabolic pathways to convert phospholipids to galactolipids are well-established, the mechanism by which phospholipid biosynthesis is involved in this process remains elusive. Here, we report that phospho-base N-methyltransferases 1 and 2 (PMT1 and PMT2), which convert phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine (PCho), are transcriptionally induced by P starvation. Shoots of seedlings of pmt1 pmt2 double mutant showed defective growth upon P starvation; however, membrane lipid profiles were unaffected. We found that P-starved pmt1 pmt2 with defective leaf growth had reduced PCho content, and the growth defect was rescued by exogenous supplementation of PCho. We propose that PMT1 and PMT2 are induced by P starvation to produce PCho mainly for leaf growth maintenance, rather than for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, in membrane lipid remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H Ngo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Japan
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One AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Positively Regulates Pi Uptake and Drought Tolerance in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095241. [PMID: 35563632 PMCID: PMC9099566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought decreases the inorganic phosphate (Pi) supply of soil, resulting in Pi starvation of plants, but the molecular mechanism of how plants, especially the perennial trees, are tolerant to drought stress and Pi starvation, is still elusive. In this study, we identified an AP2/ERF transcription factor gene, PalERF2, from Populus alba var. pyramidalis, and it was induced by both mannitol treatment and Pi starvation. Overexpressing and knocking-down of PalERF2 both enhanced and attenuated tolerance to drought stress and Pi deficiency compared to WT, respectively. Moreover, the overexpression of PalERF2 up-regulated the expression levels of Pi starvation-induced (PSI) genes and increased Pi uptake under drought conditions; however, its RNAi poplar showed the opposite phenotypes. Subsequent analysis indicated that PalERF2 directly modulated expressions of drought-responsive genes PalRD20 and PalSAG113, as well as PSI genes PalPHL2 and PalPHT1;4, through binding to the DRE motifs on their promoters. These results clearly indicate that poplars can recruit PalERF2 to increase the tolerance to drought and also elevate Pi uptake under drought stress.
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Iwai M, Yamada-Oshima Y, Asami K, Kanamori T, Yuasa H, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Recycling of the major thylakoid lipid MGDG and its role in lipid homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1341-1356. [PMID: 34618048 PMCID: PMC8566231 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), the most abundant lipid in thylakoid membranes, is involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast development. MGDG lipase has an important role in lipid remodeling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the process related to turnover of the lysogalactolipid that results from MGDG degradation, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG), remains to be clarified. Here we identified a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) and characterized two independent knockdown (KD) alleles in C. reinhardtii. The enzyme designated as C. reinhardtiiLysolipid Acyltransferase 1 (CrLAT1) has a conserved membrane-bound O-acyl transferase domain. LPCAT from Arabidopsis has a key role in deacylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, however, lacks PC, and thus we hypothesized that CrLAT1 has some other important function in major lipid flow in this organism. In the CrLAT1 KD mutants, the amount of MGMG was increased, but triacylglycerols (TAGs) were decreased. The proportion of more saturated 18:1 (9) MGDG was lower in the KD mutants than in their parental strain, CC-4533. In contrast, the proportion of MGMG has decreased in the CrLAT1 overexpression (OE) mutants, and the proportion of 18:1 (9) MGDG was higher in the OE mutants than in the empty vector control cells. Thus, CrLAT1 is involved in the recycling of MGDG in the chloroplast and maintains lipid homeostasis in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Iwai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yui Yamada-Oshima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kota Asami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanamori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideya Yuasa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Yoshitake Y, Nakamura S, Shinozaki D, Izumi M, Yoshimoto K, Ohta H, Shimojima M. RCB-mediated chlorophagy caused by oversupply of nitrogen suppresses phosphate-starvation stress in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:318-330. [PMID: 33721901 PMCID: PMC8133631 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients for plant growth. We found that a five-fold oversupply of nitrate rescues Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants from Pi-starvation stress. Analyses of transgenic plants that overexpressed GFP-AUTOPHAGY8 showed that an oversupply of nitrate induced autophagy flux under Pi-depleted conditions. Expression of DIN6 and DIN10, the carbon (C) starvation-responsive genes, was upregulated when nitrate was oversupplied under Pi starvation, which suggested that the plants recognized the oversupply of nitrate as C starvation stress because of the reduction in the C/N ratio. Indeed, formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs), which contain chloroplast stroma and are induced by C starvation, was enhanced when nitrate was oversupplied under Pi starvation. Moreover, autophagy-deficient mutants did not release Pi (unlike wild-type plants), exhibited no RCB accumulation inside vacuoles, and were hypersensitive to Pi starvation, indicating that RCB-mediated chlorophagy is involved in Pi starvation tolerance. Thus, our results showed that the Arabidopsis response to Pi starvation is closely linked with N and C availability and that autophagy is a key factor that controls plant growth under Pi starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yoshitake
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Sakuya Nakamura
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daiki Shinozaki
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- Life Science Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masanori Izumi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- Life Science Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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14
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Liu C, Liu Y, Wang S, Ke Q, Yin L, Deng X, Feng B. Arabidopsis mgd mutants with reduced monogalactosyldiacylglycerol contents are hypersensitive to aluminium stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:110999. [PMID: 32888604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is a key element that plays a major role in inhibiting plant growth and productivity under acidic soils. While lipids may be involved in plant tolerance/sensitivity to Al, the role of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) in Al response remains unknown. In this study, Arabidopsis MGDG synthase (AtMGD) mutants (mgd1, mgd2 and mgd3) and wild-type (Col-0) plants were treated with AlCl3; the effect of aluminium on root growth, aluminium distribution, plasma membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide content and membrane lipid compositions were analysed. Under Al stress, mgd mutants exhibited a more severe root growth inhibition, plasma membrane integrity damage and lipid peroxidation compared to Col-0. Al accumulation in root tips showed no difference between Col-0 and mutants under Al stress. Lipid analysis demonstrated that under Al treatment the MGDG content in all plants and MGDG/DGDG (digalactosyldiacylglycerol) remarkably reduced, especially in mutants impairing the stability and permeability of the plasma membrane. These results indicate that the Arabidopsis mgd mutants are hypersensitive to Al stress due to the reduction in MGDG content, and this is of great significance in the discovery of effective measures for plants to inhibit aluminium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qingbo Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lina Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiping Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Pfaff J, Denton AK, Usadel B, Pfaff C. Phosphate starvation causes different stress responses in the lipid metabolism of tomato leaves and roots. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sahaka M, Amara S, Wattanakul J, Gedi MA, Aldai N, Parsiegla G, Lecomte J, Christeller JT, Gray D, Gontero B, Villeneuve P, Carrière F. The digestion of galactolipids and its ubiquitous function in Nature for the uptake of the essential α-linolenic acid. Food Funct 2020; 11:6710-6744. [PMID: 32687132 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids, mainly monogalactosyl diglycerides and digalactosyl diglycerides are the main lipids found in the membranes of plants, algae and photosynthetic microorganisms like microalgae and cyanobacteria. As such, they are the main lipids present at the surface of earth. They may represent up to 80% of the fatty acid stocks, including a large proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA). Nevertheless, the interest in these lipids for nutrition and other applications remains overlooked, probably because they are dispersed in the biomass and are not as easy to extract as vegetable oils from oleaginous fruit and oil seeds. Another reason is that galactolipids only represent a small fraction of the acylglycerolipids present in modern human diet. In herbivores such as horses, fish and folivorous insects, galactolipids may however represent the main source of dietary fatty acids due to their dietary habits and digestion physiology. The development of galactolipase assays has led to the identification and characterization of the enzymes involved in the digestion of galactolipids in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as by microorganisms. Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) has been identified as an important factor of galactolipid digestion in humans, together with pancreatic carboxyl ester hydrolase (CEH). The levels of PLRP2 are particularly high in monogastric herbivores thus highlighting the peculiar role of PLRP2 in the digestion of plant lipids. Similarly, pancreatic lipase homologs are found to be expressed in the midgut of folivorous insects, in which a high galactolipase activity can be measured. In fish, however, CEH is the main galactolipase involved. This review discusses the origins and fatty acid composition of galactolipids and the physiological contribution of galactolipid digestion in various species. This overlooked aspect of lipid digestion ensures not only the intake of ALA from its main natural source, but also the main lipid source of energy for growth of some herbivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay Sahaka
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Sawsan Amara
- Lipolytech, Zone Luminy Biotech, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jutarat Wattanakul
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mohamed A Gedi
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Goetz Parsiegla
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | - John T Christeller
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Gray
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Mazur R, Mostowska A, Szach J, Gieczewska K, Wójtowicz J, Bednarska K, Garstka M, Kowalewska Ł. Galactolipid deficiency disturbs spatial arrangement of the thylakoid network in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4689-4704. [PMID: 31087066 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast thylakoid network is a dynamic structure which, through possible rearrangements, plays a crucial role in regulation of photosynthesis. Although the importance of the main components of the thylakoid membrane matrix, galactolipids, in the formation of the network of internal plastid membrane was found before, the structural role of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosylidacylglycerol (DGDG) is still largely unknown. We elucidated detailed structural modifications of the thylakoid membrane system in Arabidopsis thaliana MGDG- and DGDG-deficient mutants. An altered MGDG/DGDG ratio was structurally reflected by formation of smaller grana, local changes in grana stacking repeat distance, and significant changes in the spatial organization of the thylakoid network compared with wild-type plants. The decrease of the MGDG level impaired the formation of the typical helical grana structure and resulted in a 'helical-dichotomic' arrangement. DGDG deficiency did not affect spatial grana organization but changed the shape of the thylakoid membrane network in situ from lens like into a flattened shape. Such structural disturbances were accompanied by altered composition of carotenoid and chlorophyll-protein complexes, which eventually led to the decreased photosynthetic efficiency of MGDG- and DGDG-deficient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szach
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wójtowicz
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednarska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
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Basnet R, Hussain N, Shu Q. OsDGD2β is the Sole Digalactosyldiacylglycerol Synthase Gene Highly Expressed in Anther, and its Mutation Confers Male Sterility in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:66. [PMID: 31414258 PMCID: PMC6694320 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is one of the major lipids found predominantly in the photosynthetic membrane of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and higher plants. DGDG, along with MGDG (Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol), forms the matrix in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast, providing the site for photochemical and electron transport reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. RESULTS In silico analysis reveals that rice (Oryza sativa L.) genome has 5 genes encoding DGDG synthase, which are differentially expressed in different tissues, and OsDGD2β was identified to be the sole DGDG synthase gene expressed in anther. We then developed osdgd2β mutants by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and elucidate its role, especially in the development of anther and pollen. The loss of function of OsDGD2β resulted in male sterility in rice characterized by pale yellow and shrunken anther, devoid of starch granules in pollen, and delayed degeneration of tapetal cells. The total fatty acid and DGDG content in the anther was reduced by 18.66% and 22.72% in osdgd2β, affirming the importance of DGDG in the development of anther. The mutants had no notable differences in the vegetative phenotype, as corroborated by relative gene expression of DGDG synthase genes in leaves, chlorophyll measurements, and analysis of photosynthetic parameters, implying the specificity of OsDGD2β in anther. CONCLUSION Overall, we showed the importance of DGDG in pollen development and loss of function of OsDGD2β results in male sterility. Here, we have also proposed the use of OsDGD2β in hybrid rice breeding using the nuclear male sterility system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasbin Basnet
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Lavell AA, Benning C. Cellular Organization and Regulation of Plant Glycerolipid Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1176-1183. [PMID: 30690552 PMCID: PMC6553661 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in understanding how membranes and lipid droplets are formed and maintained in land plants, yet much more is to be learned given the complexity of plant lipid metabolism. A complicating factor is the multi-organellar presence of biosynthetic enzymes and unique compositional requirements of different membrane systems. This necessitates a rich network of transporters and transport mechanisms that supply fatty acids, membrane lipids and storage lipids to their final cellular destination. Though we know a large number of the biosynthetic enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis and a few transport proteins, the regulatory mechanisms, in particular, coordinating expression and/or activity of the majority remain yet to be described. Plants undergoing stress alter their membranes' compositions, and lipids such as phosphatidic acid have been implicated in stress signaling. Additionally, lipid metabolism in chloroplasts supplies precursors for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and perturbations in lipid homeostasis has consequences on JA signaling. In this review, several aspects of plant lipid metabolism are discussed that are currently under investigation: cellular transport of lipids, regulation of lipid biosynthesis, roles of lipids in stress signaling, and lastly the structural and oligomeric states of lipid enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lavell
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Benning
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, 517-353-9168
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Laggoun F, Dardelle F, Dehors J, Falconet D, Driouich A, Rochais C, Dallemagne P, Lehner A, Mollet JC. A chemical screen identifies two novel small compounds that alter Arabidopsis thaliana pollen tube growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:152. [PMID: 31010418 PMCID: PMC6475968 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During sexual reproduction, pollen grains land on the stigma, rehydrate and produce pollen tubes that grow through the female transmitting-tract tissue allowing the delivery of the two sperm cells to the ovule and the production of healthy seeds. Because pollen tubes are single cells that expand by tip-polarized growth, they represent a good model to study the growth dynamics, cell wall deposition and intracellular machineries. Aiming to understand this complex machinery, we used a low throughput chemical screen approach in order to isolate new tip-growth disruptors. The effect of a chemical inhibitor of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases, galvestine-1, was also investigated. The present work further characterizes their effects on the tip-growth and intracellular dynamics of pollen tubes. RESULTS Two small compounds among 258 were isolated based on their abilities to perturb pollen tube growth. They were found to disrupt in vitro pollen tube growth of tobacco, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that these 3 compounds induced abnormal phenotypes (bulging and/or enlarged pollen tubes) and reduced pollen tube length in a dose dependent manner. Pollen germination was significantly reduced after treatment with the two compounds isolated from the screen. They also affected cell wall material deposition in pollen tubes. The compounds decreased anion superoxide accumulation, disorganized actin filaments and RIC4 dynamics suggesting that they may affect vesicular trafficking at the pollen tube tip. CONCLUSION These molecules may alter directly or indirectly ROP1 activity, a key regulator of pollen tube growth and vesicular trafficking and therefore represent good tools to further study cellular dynamics during polarized-cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdousse Laggoun
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Flavien Dardelle
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
- Present Address: LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 409, Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jérémy Dehors
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, CEA Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, cedex 9 France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, CNRS 3038 INC3M, SFR ICORE, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, CNRS 3038 INC3M, SFR ICORE, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
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21
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Basnet R, Zhang J, Hussain N, Shu Q. Characterization and Mutational Analysis of a Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Synthase Gene OsMGD2 in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:992. [PMID: 31428115 PMCID: PMC6688468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) are the two predominant galactolipids present in the photosynthetic membrane in many photosynthetic organisms, including algae and higher plants. These galactolipids are the main constituents of thylakoid membrane and are essential for chloroplast biogenesis and photoautotrophic growth. In silico analysis revealed that rice (Oryza sativa L.) genome has three genes encoding MGDG synthase (OsMGD1, 2, and 3). Although subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that OsMGD2 is localized to chloroplast, its expression was observed mainly in anther and endosperm, suggesting that MGDG might have an important role in the development of flower and grain in rice. Knock-out mutants of OsMGD2 were generated employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their morphology, yield and grain quality related traits were studied. The leaf of osmgd2 mutants showed reduced MGDG (∼11.6%) and DGDG (∼9.5%) content with chlorophyll a content decreased by ∼23%, consequently affecting the photosynthesis. The mutants also exhibited poor agronomic performance with plant height and panicle length decreased by ∼12.2 and ∼7.3%, respectively. Similarly, the number of filled grains per panicle was reduced by 43.8%, while the 1000 grain weight was increased by ∼6.3% in the mutants. The milled rice of mutants also had altered pasting properties and decreased linoleic acid content (∼26.6%). Put together, the present study demonstrated that OsMGD2 is the predominantly expressed gene encoding MGDG synthase in anther and grain and plays important roles in plant growth and development, as well as in grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasbin Basnet
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiarun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyao Shu,
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Du ZY, Lucker BF, Zienkiewicz K, Miller TE, Zienkiewicz A, Sears BB, Kramer DM, Benning C. Galactoglycerolipid Lipase PGD1 Is Involved in Thylakoid Membrane Remodeling in Response to Adverse Environmental Conditions in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:447-465. [PMID: 29437989 PMCID: PMC5868692 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membrane, where the predominant lipid is monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). As environmental conditions change, photosynthetic membranes have to adjust. In this study, we used a loss-of-function Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant deficient in the MGDG-specific lipase PGD1 (PLASTID GALACTOGLYCEROLIPID DEGRADATION1) to investigate the link between MGDG turnover, chloroplast ultrastructure, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to different adverse environmental conditions. The pgd1 mutant showed altered MGDG abundance and acyl composition and altered abundance of photosynthesis complexes, with an increased PSII/PSI ratio. Transmission electron microscopy showed hyperstacking of the thylakoid grana in the pgd1 mutant. The mutant also exhibited increased ROS production during N deprivation and high light exposure. Supplementation with bicarbonate or treatment with the photosynthetic electron transport blocker DCMU protected the cells against oxidative stress in the light and reverted chlorosis of pgd1 cells during N deprivation. Furthermore, exposure to stress conditions such as cold and high osmolarity induced the expression of PGD1, and loss of PGD1 in the mutant led to increased ROS production and inhibited cell growth. These findings suggest that PGD1 plays essential roles in maintaining appropriate thylakoid membrane composition and structure, thereby affecting growth and stress tolerance when cells are challenged under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan Du
- U.S. Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ben F Lucker
- U.S. Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tarryn E Miller
- U.S. Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Barbara B Sears
- U.S. Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David M Kramer
- U.S. Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Christoph Benning
- U.S. Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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23
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Mueller-Schuessele SJ, Michaud M. Plastid Transient and Stable Interactions with Other Cell Compartments. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1829:87-109. [PMID: 29987716 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8654-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plastids are organelles delineated by two envelopes that play important roles in different cellular processes such as energy production or lipid biosynthesis. To regulate their biogenesis and their function, plastids have to communicate with other cellular compartments. This communication can be mediated by signaling molecules and by the establishment of direct contacts between the plastid envelope and other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, the plasma membrane, the peroxisomes and the nucleus. These interactions are highly dynamic and respond to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms involved in the formation of plastid-organelle contact sites and their functions are still enigmatic. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge about plastid contact sites and their role in the regulation of plastid biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CEA Grenoble, UMR5168, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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24
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Angkawijaya AE, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis PECP1 and PS2 are phosphate starvation-inducible phosphocholine phosphatases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:397-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Angkawijaya AE, Nguyen VC, Nakamura Y. Enhanced root growth in phosphate-starved Arabidopsis by stimulating de novo phospholipid biosynthesis through the overexpression of LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID ACYLTRANSFERASE 2 (LPAT2). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1807-1818. [PMID: 28548242 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon phosphate starvation, plants retard shoot growth but promote root development presumably to enhance phosphate assimilation from the ground. Membrane lipid remodelling is a metabolic adaptation that replaces membrane phospholipids by non-phosphorous galactolipids, thereby allowing plants to obtain scarce phosphate yet maintain the membrane structure. However, stoichiometry of this phospholipid-to-galactolipid conversion may not account for the massive demand of membrane lipids that enables active growth of roots under phosphate starvation, thereby suggesting the involvement of de novo phospholipid biosynthesis, which is not represented in the current model. We overexpressed an endoplasmic reticulum-localized lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAT2, a key enzyme that catalyses the last step of de novo phospholipid biosynthesis. Two independent LPAT2 overexpression lines showed no visible phenotype under normal conditions but showed increased root length under phosphate starvation, with no effect on phosphate starvation response including marker gene expression, root hair development and anthocyanin accumulation. Accompanying membrane glycerolipid profiling of LPAT2-overexpressing plants revealed an increased content of major phospholipid classes and distinct responses to phosphate starvation between shoot and root. The findings propose a revised model of membrane lipid remodelling, in which de novo phospholipid biosynthesis mediated by LPAT2 contributes significantly to root development under phosphate starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artik Elisa Angkawijaya
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Van Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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26
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Hsueh YC, Ehmann C, Flinner N, Ladig R, Schleiff E. The plastid outer membrane localized LPTD1 is important for glycerolipid remodelling under phosphate starvation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1643-1657. [PMID: 28433003 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis in plants is coordinated between plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A central step within the glycerolipid synthesis is the transport of phosphatidic acid from ER to chloroplasts. The chloroplast outer envelope protein TGD4 belongs to the LptD family conserved in bacteria and plants and selectively binds and may transport phosphatidic acid. We describe a second LptD-family protein in A. thaliana (atLPTD1; At2g44640) characterized by a barrel domain with an amino-acid signature typical for cyanobacterial LptDs. It forms a cation selective channel in vitro with a diameter of about 9 Å. atLPTD1 levels are induced under phosphate starvation. Plants expressing an RNAi construct against atLPTD1 show a growth phenotype under normal conditions. Expressing the RNAi against atLPTD1 in the tgd4-1 background renders the plants more sensitive to light stress or phosphate limitation than the individual mutants. Moreover, lipid analysis revealed that digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol levels remain constant in the RNAi mutants under phosphate starvation, while these two lipids are enhanced in wild-type. Based on our results, we propose a function of atLPTD1 in the transport of lipids from ER to chloroplast under phosphate starvation, which is combinatory with the function of TGD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Hsueh
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Bldg., Syracuse, New York, NY, 13244-1130, USA
| | - Christian Ehmann
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Flinner
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman Ladig
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchman Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ye ZW, Xu J, Shi J, Zhang D, Chye ML. Kelch-motif containing acyl-CoA binding proteins AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 are differentially expressed and function in floral lipid metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:209-225. [PMID: 27826761 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We herein demonstrated two of the Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), AtACBP4 and AtACBP5, both function in floral lipid metabolism and they may possibly play complementary roles in Arabidopsis microspore-to-pollen development. Histological analysis on transgenic Arabidopsis expressing β-glucuronidase driven from the AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 promoters, as well as, qRTPCR analysis revealed that AtACBP4 was expressed at stages 11-14 in the mature pollen, while AtACBP5 was expressed at stages 7-10 in the microspores and tapetal cells. Immunoelectron microscopy using AtACBP4- or AtACBP5-specific antibodies further showed that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 were localized in the cytoplasm. Chemical analysis of bud wax and cutin using gas chromatographyflame ionization detector and GC-mass spectrometry analyses revealed the accumulation of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers in acbp4, acbp5 and acbp4acbp5 buds in comparison to the wild type (Col-0). Fatty acid profiling demonstrated a decline in stearic acid and an increase in linolenic acid in acbp4 and acbp4acbp5 buds, respectively, over Col-0. Analysis of inflorescences from acbp4 and acbp5 revealed that there was an increase of AtACBP5 expression in acbp4, and an increase of AtACBP4 expression in acbp5. Deletion analysis of the AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 5'-flanking regions indicated the minimal promoter activity for AtACBP4 (-145/+103) and AtACBP5 (-181/+81). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a pollen-specific cis-acting element POLLEN1 (AGAAA) mapped at AtACBP4 (-157/-153) which interacted with nuclear proteins from flower and this was substantiated by DNase I footprinting. In Arabidopsis thaliana, six acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), designated as AtACBP1 to AtACBP6, have been identified to function in plant stress and development. AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 represent the two largest proteins in the AtACBP family. Despite having kelch-motifs and sharing a common cytosolic subcellular localization, AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 differ in spatial and temporal expression. Histological analysis on transgenic Arabidopsis expressing β-glucuronidase driven from the respective AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 promoters, as well as, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that AtACBP4 was expressed at stages 11-14 in mature pollen, while AtACBP5 was expressed at stages 7-10 in the microspores and tapetal cells. Immunoelectron microscopy using AtACBP4- or AtACBP5-specific antibodies further showed that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 were localized in the cytoplasm. Chemical analysis of bud wax and cutin using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and GC-mass spectrometry analyses revealed the accumulation of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers in acbp4, acbp5 and acbp4acbp5 buds, in comparison to the wild type. Analysis of inflorescences from acbp4 and acbp5 revealed that there was an increase of AtACBP5 expression in acbp4, and an increase of AtACBP4 expression in acbp5. Deletion analysis of the AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 5'-flanking regions indicated the minimal promoter region for AtACBP4 (-145/+103) and AtACBP5 (-181/+81). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a pollen-specific cis-acting element POLLEN1 (AGAAA) within AtACBP4 (-157/-153) which interacted with nuclear proteins from flower and this was substantiated by DNase I footprinting. These results suggest that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 both function in floral lipidic metabolism and they may play complementary roles in Arabidopsis microspore-to-pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Ye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Kobayashi K. Role of membrane glycerolipids in photosynthesis, thylakoid biogenesis and chloroplast development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:565-580. [PMID: 27114097 PMCID: PMC5897459 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane in plant chloroplasts and cyanobacterial cells is predominantly composed of four unique lipid classes; monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). MGDG and DGDG are uncharged galactolipids that constitute the bulk of thylakoid membrane lipids and provide a lipid bilayer matrix for photosynthetic complexes as the main constituents. The glycolipid SQDG and phospholipid PG are anionic lipids with a negative charge on their head groups. SQDG and PG substitute for each other to maintain the amount of total anionic lipids in the thylakoid membrane, with PG having indispensable functions in photosynthesis. In addition to biochemical studies, extensive analyses of mutants deficient in thylakoid lipids have revealed important roles of these lipids in photosynthesis and thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Moreover, recent studies of Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that thylakoid lipid biosynthesis triggers the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes in both the nucleus and plastids and activates the formation of photosynthetic machineries and chloroplast development. Meanwhile, galactolipid biosynthesis is regulated in response to chloroplast functionality and lipid metabolism at transcriptional and post-translational levels. This review summarizes the roles of thylakoid lipids with their biosynthetic pathways in plants and discusses the coordinated regulation of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis with the development of photosynthetic machinery during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Lipids in pollen - They are different. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1315-1328. [PMID: 27033152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the male gametophyte of Angiosperms has been severely reduced to the pollen grain, consisting of a vegetative cell containing two sperm cells. This vegetative cell has to deliver the sperm cells from the stigma through the style to the ovule. It does so by producing a pollen tube and elongating it to many centimeters in length in some species, requiring vast amounts of fatty acid and membrane lipid synthesis. In order to optimize this polar tip growth, a unique lipid composition in the pollen has evolved. Pollen tubes produce extraplastidial galactolipids and store triacylglycerols in lipid droplets, probably needed as precursors of glycerolipids or for acyl editing. They also possess special sterol and sphingolipid moieties that might together form microdomains in the membranes. The individual lipid classes, the proteins involved in their synthesis as well as the corresponding Arabidopsis knockout mutant phenotypes are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Abstract
Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacterial cells and chloroplasts of algae and higher plants are the sites of oxygenic photosynthesis. The lipid composition of the thylakoid membrane is unique and highly conserved among oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Major lipids in thylakoid membranes are glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol. The identification of almost all genes involved in the biosynthesis of each lipid class over the past decade has allowed the generation and isolation of mutants of various photosynthetic organisms incapable of synthesizing specific lipids. Numerous studies using such mutants have revealed that these lipids play important roles not only in the formation of the lipid bilayers of thylakoid membranes but also in the folding and assembly of the protein subunits in photosynthetic complexes. In addition to the studies with the mutants, recent X-ray crystallography studies of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes have also provided critical information on the association of lipids with photosynthetic complexes and their activities. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding about the structural and functional involvement of thylakoid lipids in oxygenic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Endo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Abstract
Photosynthetic organelles in plants and algae are characterized by the high abundance of glycolipids, including the galactolipids mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG, DGDG) and the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Glycolipids are crucial to maintain an optimal efficiency of photosynthesis. During phosphate limitation, the amounts of DGDG and SQDG increase in the plastids of plants, and DGDG is exported to extraplastidial membranes to replace phospholipids. Algae often use betaine lipids as surrogate for phospholipids. Glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG) is a further glycolipid that accumulates under phosphate deprived conditions. In contrast to plants, a number of eukaryotic algae contain very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of 20 or more carbon atoms in their glycolipids. The pathways and genes for galactolipid and sulfolipid synthesis are largely conserved between plants, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and algae with complex plastids derived from secondary or tertiary endosymbiosis. However, the relative contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum- and plastid-derived lipid pathways for glycolipid synthesis varies between plants and algae. The genes for glycolipid synthesis encode precursor proteins imported into the photosynthetic organelles. While most eukaryotic algae contain the plant-like galactolipid (MGD1, DGD1) and sulfolipid (SQD1, SQD2) synthases, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon harbors a cyanobacterium-type DGDG synthase (DgdA), and the amoeba Paulinella, derived from a more recent endosymbiosis event, contains cyanobacterium-type enzymes for MGDG and DGDG synthesis (MgdA, MgdE, DgdA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kalisch
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Chemical genetics has emerged as a powerful approach to dissect biological processes, based on the utilization of small molecules disturbing the function of specific target proteins. By analogy with classical genetics, 'reverse chemical genetics' refers to the utilization of drugs acting on a known target, enabling its functional characterization at the levels of the cells, tissues and organisms. Likewise, 'direct chemical genetics' refers to the utilization of a drug of unknown mode of action, but triggering a phenotype of interest. In that case, one has to identify the target(s) possibly blocked (or possibly activated) by the small molecule. This chapter illustrates both approaches, like the analysis of the elongation of fatty acids, the biosynthesis of galactoglycerolipids or the catabolism of phosphoglycerolipids by reverse chemical genetics or the study of the membrane glycerolipid remodeling triggered upon phosphate starvation, by direct chemical genetics.
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33
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Nakamura Y. Function of polar glycerolipids in flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shimojima M, Madoka Y, Fujiwara R, Murakawa M, Yoshitake Y, Ikeda K, Koizumi R, Endo K, Ozaki K, Ohta H. An engineered lipid remodeling system using a galactolipid synthase promoter during phosphate starvation enhances oil accumulation in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:664. [PMID: 26379690 PMCID: PMC4553410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) depletion is a serious problem for plant growth. Membrane lipid remodeling is a defense mechanism that plants use to survive Pi-depleted conditions. During Pi starvation, phospholipids are degraded to supply Pi for other essential biological processes, whereas galactolipid synthesis in plastids is up-regulated via the transcriptional activation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 3 (MGD3). Thus, the produced galactolipids are transferred to extraplastidial membranes to substitute for phospholipids. We found that, Pi starvation induced oil accumulation in the vegetative tissues of various seed plants without activating the transcription of enzymes involved in the later steps of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. Moreover, the Arabidopsis starchless phosphoglucomutase mutant, pgm-1, accumulated higher TAG levels than did wild-type plants under Pi-depleted conditions. We generated transgenic plants that expressed a key gene involved in TAG synthesis using the Pi deficiency-responsive MGD3 promoter in wild-type and pgm-1 backgrounds. During Pi starvation, the transgenic plants accumulated higher TAG amounts compared with the non-transgenic plants, suggesting that the Pi deficiency-responsive promoter of galactolipid synthase in plastids may be useful for producing transgenic plants that accumulate more oil under Pi-depleted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Shimojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Yuka Madoka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Ryota Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Murakawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Yushi Yoshitake
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Technical Department, Biomaterial Analysis Center, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Ryota Koizumi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Keiji Endo
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao CorporationTochigi, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ozaki
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao CorporationTochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
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35
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Kobayashi K, Fujii S, Sato M, Toyooka K, Wada H. Specific role of phosphatidylglycerol and functional overlaps with other thylakoid lipids in Arabidopsis chloroplast biogenesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:631-42. [PMID: 25477206 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With phosphate deficiency, the role of phosphatidylglycerol is compensated by increased glycolipid content in thylakoid membrane biogenesis but not photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. In plants and cyanobacteria, anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only major phospholipid in thylakoid membranes, where neutral galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) are predominant. In addition to provide a lipid bilayer matrix, PG plays a specific role in photosynthetic electron transport. Non-phosphorous sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) is another anionic lipid in thylakoids; it substitutes for PG under phosphate (Pi) deficiency to maintain proper balance of anionic charge in thylakoid membranes. Although the crucial role of PG in photosynthesis has been deeply analyzed in cyanobacteria, its physiological function in seed plants other than photosynthesis remains unclear. To reveal specific roles of PG and functional overlaps with other thylakoid lipids, we characterized a PG-deficient Arabidopsis mutant (pgp1-2) under Pi-controlled conditions. Under Pi-sufficient conditions, the proportion of PG and other thylakoid lipids was decreased in pgp1-2, which led to severe disruption of thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Under Pi-deficient conditions, the proportion of all glycolipids in the mutant was greatly increased, with that of PG further decreased. In Pi-deficient pgp1-2, thylakoid membranes remarkably developed, which was accompanied by a change in nucleoid morphology and restored expression of nuclear- and plastid-encoded photosynthesis genes. Increase in glycolipid content with Pi deficiency may compensate for the loss of PG in terms of thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Although Pi deficiency increased chlorophyll and photosynthesis protein content in pgp1-2, it critically decreased photochemical activity in PSII. Further deprivation of PG in photosynthesis complexes may abolish the PSII activity in Pi-deficient pgp1-2, which suggests that glycolipids cannot replace PG in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Fujii S, Kobayashi K, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Inducible knockdown of MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE1 reveals roles of galactolipids in organelle differentiation in Arabidopsis cotyledons. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1436-49. [PMID: 25253888 PMCID: PMC4226381 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is the major lipid constituent of thylakoid membranes and is essential for chloroplast biogenesis in plants. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), MGDG is predominantly synthesized by inner envelope-localized MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE1 (MGD1); its knockout causes albino seedlings. Because of the lethal phenotype of the null MGD1 mutant, functional details of MGDG synthesis at seedling development have remained elusive. In this study, we used an inducible gene-suppression system to investigate the impact of MGDG synthesis on cotyledon development. We created transgenic Arabidopsis lines that express an artificial microRNA targeting MGD1 (amiR-MGD1) under the control of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter. The induction of amiR-MGD1 resulted in up to 75% suppression of MGD1 expression, although the resulting phenotypes related to chloroplast development were diverse, even within a line. The strong MGD1 suppression by continuous dexamethasone treatment caused substantial decreases in galactolipid content in cotyledons, leading to severe defects in the formation of thylakoid membranes and impaired photosynthetic electron transport. Time-course analyses of the MGD1 suppression during seedling germination revealed that MGDG synthesis at the very early germination stage is particularly important for chloroplast biogenesis. The MGD1 suppression down-regulated genes associated with the photorespiratory pathway in peroxisomes and mitochondria as well as those responsible for photosynthesis in chloroplasts and caused high expression of genes for the glyoxylate cycle. MGD1 function may link galactolipid synthesis with the coordinated transcriptional regulation of chloroplasts and other organelles during cotyledon greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Fujii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
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Nakamura Y, Teo NZW, Shui G, Chua CHL, Cheong WF, Parameswaran S, Koizumi R, Ohta H, Wenk MR, Ito T. Transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles of glycerolipids during Arabidopsis flower development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:310-322. [PMID: 24684726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower glycerolipids are the yet-to-be discovered frontier of the lipidome. Although ample evidence suggests important roles for glycerolipids in flower development, stage-specific lipid profiling in tiny Arabidopsis flowers is challenging. Here, we utilized a transgenic system to synchronize flower development in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant PAP1::AP1-GR ap1-1 cal-5 showed synchronized flower development upon dexamethasone treatment, which enabled massive harvesting of floral samples of homogenous developmental stages for glycerolipid profiling. Glycerolipid profiling revealed a decrease in concentrations of phospholipids involved in signaling during the early development stages, such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, and a marked increase in concentrations of nonphosphorous galactolipids during the late stage. Moreover, in the midstage, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration was increased transiently, which suggests the stimulation of the phosphoinositide metabolism. Accompanying transcriptomic profiling of relevant glycerolipid metabolic genes revealed simultaneous induction of multiple phosphoinositide biosynthetic genes associated with the increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration, with a high degree of differential expression patterns for genes encoding other glycerolipid-metabolic genes. The phosphatidic acid phosphatase mutant pah1 pah2 showed flower developmental defect, suggesting a role for phosphatidic acid in flower development. Our concurrent profiling of glycerolipids and relevant metabolic gene expression revealed distinct metabolic pathways stimulated at different stages of flower development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, A-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore city, 117456, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, 117604, Singapore
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Wang S, Uddin MI, Tanaka K, Yin L, Shi Z, Qi Y, Mano J, Matsui K, Shimomura N, Sakaki T, Deng X, Zhang S. Maintenance of Chloroplast Structure and Function by Overexpression of the Rice MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE Gene Leads to Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1144-1155. [PMID: 24843077 PMCID: PMC4081328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactodiacylglycerol (DGDG) are major constituents of photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. One of the key enzymes for the biosynthesis of these galactolipids is MGDG synthase (MGD). To investigate the role of MGD in the plant's response to salt stress, we cloned an MGD gene from rice (Oryza sativa) and generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing OsMGD. The MGD activity in OsMGD transgenic plants was confirmed to be higher than that in the wild-type tobacco cultivar SR1. Immunoblot analysis indicated that OsMGD was enriched in the outer envelope membrane of the tobacco chloroplast. Under salt stress, the transgenic plants exhibited rapid shoot growth and high photosynthetic rate as compared with the wild type. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the chloroplasts from salt-stressed transgenic plants had well-developed thylakoid membranes and properly stacked grana lamellae, whereas the chloroplasts from salt-stressed wild-type plants were fairly disorganized and had large membrane-free areas. Under salt stress, the transgenic plants also maintained higher chlorophyll levels. Lipid composition analysis showed that leaves of transgenic plants consistently contained significantly higher MGDG (including 18:3-16:3 and 18:3-18:3 species) and DGDG (including 18:3-16:3, 18:3-16:0, and 18:3-18:3 species) contents and higher DGDG-MGDG ratios than the wild type did under both control and salt stress conditions. These results show that overexpression of OsMGD improves salt tolerance in tobacco and that the galactolipids MGDG and DGDG play an important role in the regulation of chloroplast structure and function in the plant salt stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - M Imtiaz Uddin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Lina Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Zhonghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Yanhua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Jun'ichi Mano
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Kenji Matsui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Norihiro Shimomura
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Takeshi Sakaki
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Xiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Suiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., Z.S., X.D., S.Z.);Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (S.W., L.Y., X.D., S.Z.);Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8533, Japan (M.I.U., K.T., L.Y., N.S.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.Q.);Science Research Center (J.M.) and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine (K.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; andDepartment of Biology, School of Biological Science, Tokai University, Minami-ku, Sapporo 005-8601, Japan (T.S.)
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Nakamura Y, Liu YC, Lin YC. Floral glycerolipid profiles in homeotic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1272-5. [PMID: 24984150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flowers have distinct glycerolipid composition, yet its floral organ-specific profile remains elusive in Arabidopsis whose flowers are too tiny to dissect different floral organs. Here, we employed known floral homeotic mutants agamous-1 (ag-1) and apetala3-3 (ap3-3) to facilitate sample preparation enriched in different floral organs. The result of analysis on different polar glycerolipid classes and their fatty acid composition demonstrated that flowers of ap3-3 and ag-1 have distinct glycerolipid composition from that of wild type. Moreover, distinct set of glycerolipid biosynthetic genes is expressed in these mutants by qRT-PCR gene expression analysis. These data suggest that glycerolipid profile is distinct among different floral organs of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Murakawa M, Shimojima M, Shimomura Y, Kobayashi K, Awai K, Ohta H. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts is required for enhanced growth under sucrose supplementation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:280. [PMID: 25002864 PMCID: PMC4066442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant galactolipid synthesis on the outer envelope membranes of chloroplasts is an important biosynthetic pathway for sustained growth under conditions of phosphate (Pi) depletion. During Pi starvation, the amount of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is increased to substitute for the phospholipids that are degraded for supplying Pi. An increase in DGDG concentration depends on an adequate supply of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), which is a substrate for DGDG synthesis and is synthesized by a type-B MGDG synthase, MGD3. Recently, sucrose was suggested to be a global regulator of plant responses to Pi starvation. Thus, we analyzed expression levels of several genes involved in lipid remodeling during Pi starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that the abundance of MGD3 mRNA increased when sucrose was exogenously supplied to the growth medium. Sucrose supplementation retarded the growth of the Arabidopsis MGD3 knockout mutant mgd3 but enhanced the growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MGD3 compared with wild type, indicating the involvement of MGD3 in plant growth under sucrose-replete conditions. Although most features such as chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, and Pi content were comparable between wild-type and the transgenic plants overexpressing MGD3, sucrose content in shoot tissues decreased and incorporation of exogenously supplied carbon to DGDG was enhanced in the MGD3-overexpressing plants compared with wild type. Our results suggest that MGD3 plays an important role in supplying DGDG as a component of extraplastidial membranes to support enhanced plant growth under conditions of carbon excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Murakawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimomura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Awai
- Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
- JST PRESTTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
- JST CRESTTokyo, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Fujii S, Sasaki D, Baba S, Ohta H, Masuda T, Wada H. Transcriptional regulation of thylakoid galactolipid biosynthesis coordinated with chlorophyll biosynthesis during the development of chloroplasts in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:272. [PMID: 24966866 PMCID: PMC4052731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts requires the coordinated synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthetic proteins with the galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), which constitute the bulk of the thylakoid lipid matrix. MGD1 and DGD1 are the key enzymes of MGDG and DGDG synthesis, respectively. We investigated the expression profiles of MGD1 and DGD1 in Arabidopsis to identify the transcriptional regulation that coordinates galactolipid synthesis with the synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthetic proteins during chloroplast biogenesis. The expression of both MGD1 and DGD1 was repressed in response to defects in chlorophyll synthesis. Moreover, these genes were downregulated by norflurazon-induced chloroplast malfunction via the GENOMES-UNCOUPLED1-mediated plastid signaling pathway. Similar to other photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes, the expression of MGD1 and DGD1 was induced by light, in which both cytokinin signaling and LONG HYPOCOTYL5-mediated light signaling played crucial roles. The expression of these galactolipid-synthesis genes, and particularly that of DGD1 under continuous light, was strongly affected by the activities of the GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors, which are potent regulators of chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast biogenesis. These results suggest tight transcriptional coordination of galactolipid synthesis with the formation of the photosynthetic chlorophyll-protein complexes during leaf development. Meanwhile, unlike the photosynthetic genes, the galactolipid synthesis genes were not upregulated during chloroplast biogenesis in the roots, even though the galactolipids accumulated with chlorophylls, indicating the importance of post-transcriptional regulation of galactolipid synthesis during root greening. Our data suggest that plants utilize complex regulatory mechanisms to modify galactolipid synthesis with chloroplast development during plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Fujii
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Baba
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
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Petroutsos D, Amiar S, Abida H, Dolch LJ, Bastien O, Rébeillé F, Jouhet J, Falconet D, Block MA, McFadden GI, Bowler C, Botté C, Maréchal E. Evolution of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic pathways – From cyanobacteria to primary plastids and from primary to secondary plastids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Nigam D, Kavita P, Tripathi RK, Ranjan A, Goel R, Asif M, Shukla A, Singh G, Rana D, Sawant SV. Transcriptome dynamics during fibre development in contrasting genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:204-218. [PMID: 24119257 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of genetic background in fibre quality traits is important for the development of future cotton varieties with superior fibre quality. We used Affymetrix microarray (Santa Clara, CA) and Roche 454 GSFLX (Branford, CT) for comparative transcriptome analysis between two superior and three inferior genotypes at six fibre developmental stages. Microarray-based analysis of variance (ANOVA) for 89 microarrays encompassing five contrasting genotypes and six developmental stages suggests that the stages of the fibre development have a more pronounced effect on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than the genetic background of genotypes. Superior genotypes showed enriched activity of cell wall enzymes, such as pectin methyl esterase, at early elongation stage, enriched metabolic activities such as lipid, amino acid and ribosomal protein subunits at peak elongation, and prolonged combinatorial regulation of brassinosteroid and auxin at later stages. Our efforts on transcriptome sequencing were focused on changes in gene expression at 25 DPA. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in the generation of 475 658 and 429 408 high-quality reads from superior and inferior genotypes, respectively. A total of 24 609 novel transcripts were identified manually for Gossypium hirsutum with no hits in NCBI 'nr' database. Gene ontology analyses showed that the genes for ribosome biogenesis, protein transport and fatty acid biosynthesis were over-represented in superior genotype, whereas salt stress, abscisic acid stimuli and water deprivation leading to the increased proteolytic activity were more pronounced in inferior genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nigam
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
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Botté CY, Maréchal E. Plastids with or without galactoglycerolipids. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:71-78. [PMID: 24231068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In structural, functional, and evolutionary terms, galactoglycerolipids are signature lipids of chloroplasts. Their presence in nongreen plastids has been demonstrated in angiosperms and diatoms. Thus, galactoglycerolipids are considered as a landmark of green and nongreen plastids, deriving from either a primary or secondary endosymbiosis. The discovery of a plastid in Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, fueled the search for galactoglycerolipids as possible targets for treatments. However, recent data have provided evidence that the Plasmodium plastid does not contain any galactoglycerolipids. In this opinion article, we discuss questions raised by the loss of galactoglycerolipids during evolution: how have galactoglycerolipids been lost? How does the Plasmodium plastid maintain four membranes without these lipids? What are the main constituents instead of galactoglycerolipids?
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Y Botté
- ApicoLipid Group, Laboratoire Adapation et Pathogenie des Microorganismes; CNRS, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, UMR 5163, Institut Jean Roget, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale; CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, UMR 5168, Institut de Recherches en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, CEA Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
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45
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NPC: Nonspecific Phospholipase Cs in Plant Functions. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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46
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Nakamura Y. Galactolipid biosynthesis in flowers. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2013; 54:29. [PMID: 28510864 PMCID: PMC5432751 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids represent the highly conserved structural basis of biological membranes from bacteria to humans. However, plants and other photoautotrophic organisms are unique in using non-phosphorus galactolipids as primary components of their photosynthetic membranes. In light of the biomass of green tissues as compared with that of the overall plant body and the highly stacked thylakoid membrane structures in chloroplasts, galactolipids are the most abundant membrane lipids on the earth. Historically, the roles of galactolipids have been studied mainly in relation to photosynthesis, and recent advances in molecular biology with Arabidopsis and other model organisms have revealed an essential role of galactolipids in photosynthesis. However, these galactolipids are also abundant in non-photosynthetic organs, especially flowers, which suggests their distinct role apart from photosynthesis. The aim of this mini-review is to describe distinct biochemical properties of flower galactolipids and possible new roles, with a summary of the current understanding of galactolipid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan.
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Boudière L, Michaud M, Petroutsos D, Rébeillé F, Falconet D, Bastien O, Roy S, Finazzi G, Rolland N, Jouhet J, Block MA, Maréchal E. Glycerolipids in photosynthesis: composition, synthesis and trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:470-80. [PMID: 24051056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycerolipids constituting the matrix of photosynthetic membranes, from cyanobacteria to chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells, comprise monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. This review covers our current knowledge on the structural and functional features of these lipids in various cellular models, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Their relative proportions in thylakoid membranes result from highly regulated and compartmentalized metabolic pathways, with a cooperation, in the case of eukaryotes, of non-plastidic compartments. This review also focuses on the role of each of these thylakoid glycerolipids in stabilizing protein complexes of the photosynthetic machinery, which might be one of the reasons for their fascinating conservation in the course of evolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic and ultrastructure of bioenergetic membranes and their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Boudière
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvaine Roy
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Ha S, Tran LS. Understanding plant responses to phosphorus starvation for improvement of plant tolerance to phosphorus deficiency by biotechnological approaches. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:16-30. [PMID: 23586682 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.783549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including plants, phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient that is involved in various biochemical processes, such as lipid metabolism and the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and cell membranes. P also contributes to cellular signaling cascades by function as mediators of signal transduction and it also serves as a vital energy source for a wide range of biological functions. Due to its intensive use in agriculture, P resources have become limited. Therefore, it is critically important in the future to develop scientific strategies that aim to increase P use efficiency and P recycling. In addition, the biologically available soluble form of P for uptake (phosphate; Pi) is readily washed out of topsoil layers, resulting in serious environmental pollution. In addition to this environmental concern, the wash out of Pi from topsoil necessitates a continuous Pi supply to maintain adequate levels of fertilization, making the situation worse. As a coping mechanism to P stress, plants are known to undergo drastic cellular changes in metabolism, physiology, hormonal balance and gene expression. Understanding these molecular, physiological and biochemical responses developed by plants will play a vital role in improving agronomic practices, resource conservation and environmental protection as well as serving as a foundation for the development of biotechnological strategies, which aim to improve P use efficiency in crops. In this review, we will discuss a variety of plant responses to low P conditions and various molecular mechanisms that regulate these responses. In addition, we also discuss the implication of this knowledge for the development of plant biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukbong Ha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University , Buk-Gu, Gwangju , Korea and
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49
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0161. [PMID: 23505340 PMCID: PMC3563272 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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50
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, Debono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013. [PMID: 23505340 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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