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Yao X, Taheri A, Liu H, Zhang Y, Li L, Shao J, Wu K, Miao Q, He W, Hu X, Tang K. Improvement and application of vacuum-infiltration system in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae197. [PMID: 39257545 PMCID: PMC11387009 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system has been developed and applied to various plants as an alternative to stable transformation. However, its application in tomatoes is still limited due to low expression efficiency. In this study, we describe an improved vacuum-infiltration system that can be used in both tomato fruits and leaves. Notably, this study is the first report of vacuum infiltration in attached tomato fruits. The feasibility of the improved vacuum-infiltration system in Micro-Tom tomato was confirmed by various assays, including multiple fluorescent protein expression analysis, β-glucuronidase activity analysis, and RUBY reporter visualization. Subsequently, the improved vacuum-infiltration system was successfully applied to tomato biotechnology research. Herein, a trichome-specific promoter in tomato was identified that can drive the directional synthesis of specific plant natural products (PNPs). Additionally, based on the assessment results of the improved vacuum-infiltration system, we obtained a flavonoid-rich tomato variety through the stable transformation of AmRosea and AmDelila. In a significant practical application, we successfully synthesized the high-value scutellarin in tomato, which provides an alternative route for the production of PNPs from plants. In addition, the improved vacuum-infiltration system has been demonstrated to be suitable for commercial tomato varieties ('Emerald' and 'Provence') as well. The improved vacuum-infiltration system not only speeds up fundamental and applied research in tomato but also offers an additional powerful tool for advancing tomato synthetic biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ayat Taheri
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaojie Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jin Shao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weizhi He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Xie J, He C, Li Z, Li M, He S, Qian J, Tan B, Zheng X, Cheng J, Wang W, Li J, Feng J, Ye X. A rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation system in grape berries. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:819-830. [PMID: 38418654 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Transient transformation is extremely useful for rapid in vivo assessment of gene function, especially for fruit-related genes. Grape berry, while an important fruit crop, is recalcitrant to transient transformation, due to the high turgor pressure in its mesocarp cells that limits the ability of Agrobacterium to penetrate into the tissue. It is urgent to establish a simple transient transformation system for rapid analysis of gene function. In this study, different injection methods, grape genotypes, and developmental stages were tested in order to develop a rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation methodology for grape berries. Two injection methods, namely punch injection and direct injection, were evaluated using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and by x-gluc tissue staining and 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide fluorescence analysis. The results indicated that there were no significant differences on transformation effects between the two methods, but the latter was more suitable because of its simplicity and convenience. Six grape cultivars ('Hanxiangmi', 'Moldova', 'Zijixin', 'Jumeigui', 'Shine-Muscat', and 'A17') were tested for transient transformation. 'Hanxiangmi', 'Moldova', and 'Zijixin' grape berries were not suitable for agroinfiltration due to frequently fruit cracking, browning, and formation of scar skin. The fruit integrity rates of 'Jumeigui', 'Shine-Muscat', and 'A17' berries were all above 80%, and GUS activity was detected in the berries of the three cultivars 3-14 days after injection with the Agrobacterium culture, while higher GUS activities were observed in the 'Jumeigui' berries. The levels of GUS activity in injected berries at 7-8 weeks after full blooming (WAFB) were more than twice at 6 WAFB. In subsequent assays, the over-expression of MYB transcription factor VvMYB44 via transient transformation accelerated the anthocyanin accumulation and fruit coloring through raising the expression levels of VvLAR1, VvUFGT, VvLDOX, VvANS, and VvDFR, which verified the effectiveness of this transformation system. These experiments finally identified the reliable grape cultivars and suitable operational approach for transient transformation and further indicated that this Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation system was efficient and suitable for the elucidation of gene function in grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Xie
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang He
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakang Qian
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancan Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Ye
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop Biology, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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Chen H, Ji H, Huang W, Zhang Z, Zhu K, Zhu S, Chai L, Ye J, Deng X. Transcription factor CrWRKY42 coregulates chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis in citrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:728-744. [PMID: 38394457 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, which occur almost simultaneously during fruit ripening, are essential for the coloration and nutritional value of fruits. However, the synergistic regulation of these 2 processes at the transcriptional level remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, CrWRKY42, from the transcriptome data of the yellowish bud mutant "Jinlegan" ([Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis] × C. reticulata) tangor and its wild-type "Shiranui" tangor, which was involved in the transcriptional regulation of both chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. CrWRKY42 directly bound to the promoter of β-carotene hydroxylase 1 (CrBCH1) and activated its expression. The overexpression and interference of CrWRKY42 in citrus calli demonstrated that CrWRKY42 promoted carotenoid accumulation by inducing the expression of multiple carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Further assays confirmed that CrWRKY42 also directly bound to and activated the promoters of the genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene desaturase (CrPDS) and lycopene β-cyclase 2 (CrLCYB2). In addition, CrWRKY42 could bind to the promoters of NONYELLOW COLORING (CrNYC) and STAY-GREEN (CrSGR) and activate their expression, thus promoting chlorophyll degradation. The overexpression and silencing of CrWRKY42 in citrus fruits indicated that CrWRKY42 positively regulated chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis by synergistically activating the expression of genes involved in both pathways. Our data revealed that CrWRKY42 acts as a positive regulator of chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis to alter the conversion of citrus fruit color. Our findings provide insight into the complex transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huiyu Ji
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhehui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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4
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Gong J, Sun X. Transient Expression Assay and Microscopic Observation in Kumquat Fruit. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4968. [PMID: 38618180 PMCID: PMC11006802 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits encompass a diverse family, including oranges, mandarins, grapefruits, limes, kumquats, lemons, and others. In citrus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of Hongkong kumquat (Fortunella hindsii Swingle) has been widely employed for gene function analysis. However, the perennial nature of woody plants results in the generation of transgenic fruits taking several years. Here, we show the procedures of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation and live-cell imaging in kumquat (F. crassifolia Swingle) fruit, using the actin filament marker GFP-Lifeact as an example. Fluorescence detection, western blot analysis, and live-cell imaging with confocal microscopy demonstrate the high transformation efficiency and an extended expression window of this system. Overall, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of kumquat fruits provides a rapid and effective method for studying gene function in fruit, enabling the effective observation of diverse cellular processes in fruit biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Fang H, Zuo J, Ma Q, Zhang X, Xu Y, Ding S, Wang J, Luo Q, Li Y, Wu C, Lv J, Yu J, Shi K. Phytosulfokine promotes fruit ripening and quality via phosphorylation of transcription factor DREB2F in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2739-2754. [PMID: 38214105 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK), a plant peptide hormone with a wide range of biological functions, is recognized by its receptor PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1). Previous studies have reported that PSK plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the involvement of PSK in fruit development and quality formation remains largely unknown. Here, using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a research model, we show that exogenous application of PSK promotes the initiation of fruit ripening and quality formation, while these processes are delayed in pskr1 mutant fruits. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that molecular events and metabolic pathways associated with fruit ripening and quality formation are affected in pskr1 mutant lines and transcription factors are involved in PSKR1-mediated ripening. Yeast screening further identified that DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2F (DREB2F) interacts with PSKR1. Silencing of DREB2F delayed the initiation of fruit ripening and inhibited the promoting effect of PSK on fruit ripening. Moreover, the interaction between PSKR1 and DREB2F led to phosphorylation of DREB2F. PSK improved the efficiency of DREB2F phosphorylation by PSKR1 at the tyrosine-30 site, and the phosphorylation of this site increased the transcription level of potential target genes related to the ripening process and functioned in promoting fruit ripening and quality formation. These findings shed light on the involvement of PSK and its downstream signaling molecule DREB2F in controlling climacteric fruit ripening, offering insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing ripening processes in fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuanbo Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanrui Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuting Ding
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changqi Wu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianrong Lv
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Buriev ZT, Shermatov SE, Usmanov DE, Mirzakhmedov MK, Ubaydullaeva KA, Kamburova VS, Rakhmanov BK, Ayubov MS, Abdullaev AN, Eshmurzaev JB, Mamajonov BO, Tulanov AA, Ismailova AA, Petrova TA, Rozumbetov RJ, Aripova TU, Muminov MI, Ermatova KY, Dalimova DA, Turdikulova SU, Abdukarimov A, Abdurakhmonov IY. Tomato-made edible COVID-19 vaccine TOMAVAC induces neutralizing IgGs in the blood sera of mice and humans. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1275307. [PMID: 38260078 PMCID: PMC10800535 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1275307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-based edible vaccines that provide two-layered protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outweigh the currently used parenteral types of vaccines, which predominantly cause a systemic immune response. Here, we engineered and selected a transgenic tomato genotype (TOMAVAC) that stably synthesized an antigenic S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. Two-course spaced force-feeding of mice with ≈5.4 μg/ml TOMAVAC increased up to 16-fold the synthesis of RBD-specific NAbs in blood serum and the significant induction of S-IgA in intestinal lavage fluid. In a surrogate virus neutralization test, TOMAVAC-induced NAbs had 15-25% viral neutralizing activity. The results suggested early evidence of the immunogenicity and protectivity of TOMAVAC against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Furthermore, we observed a positive trend of statistically significant 1.2-fold (average of +42.28 BAU/ml) weekly increase in NAbs in the volunteers' serum relative to the initial day. No severe side effects were observed, preliminarily supporting the safety of TOMAVAC. With the completion of future large-scale studies, higher-generation TOMAVAC should be a cost-effective, ecologically friendly, and widely applicable novel-generation COVID-19 vaccine, providing two-layered protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabardast T Buriev
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Shukhrat E Shermatov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilshod E Usmanov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | - Venera S Kamburova
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Bakhtiyor K Rakhmanov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Mirzakamol S Ayubov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Adkham N Abdullaev
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Jakhongir B Eshmurzaev
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Behzod O Mamajonov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Akmal A Tulanov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Adolat A Ismailova
- Institute of Immunology and Human Genomics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Tatyana A Petrova
- Institute of Immunology and Human Genomics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ramazan J Rozumbetov
- Institute of Immunology and Human Genomics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Tamara U Aripova
- Institute of Immunology and Human Genomics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Muzaffar I Muminov
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovations of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Khusnora Y Ermatova
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovations of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilbar A Dalimova
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovations of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Shahlo U Turdikulova
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovations of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Abdusattor Abdukarimov
- Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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7
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Zhuge Y, Sheng H, Zhang M, Fang J, Lu S. Grape phytochrome-interacting factor VvPIF1 negatively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by repressing VvPSY expression. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111693. [PMID: 37001696 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play important roles in light-mediated secondary metabolism; however, the roles of PIFs in grape fruit carotenogenesis remain unclear. Here, by identifying the PIF family genes in grapes, we focused on the role of VvPIF1 in carotenoid metabolism. During grape berry development, VvPIF1 expression was negatively correlated with carotenoid accumulation and the transcription of phytoene synthase 1/2 (VvPSY1/2), which encodes the major flux-controlling enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis. Light significantly repressed VvPIF1 expression, but induced the expression of carotenogenic genes including VvPSY1/2. VvPIF1 functioned as a nucleus-localized protein and interacted with the light photoreceptor VvphyB. Overexpression of VvPIF1 resulted in the downregulation of the endogenous PIF1 gene, which may unexpectedly induce carotenoid accumulation and PSY expression in tobacco leaves. The transgenic grape leaves and tomato fruits with high VvPIF1 expression produced a significant decrease in carotenoid concentrations, with suppressed transcription of PSY and other carotenogenic genes. Further biochemical assays demonstrated that VvPIF1 bound directly to the promoters of VvPSY1/2 to inhibit their transcription. Collectively, we conclude that VvPIF1 negatively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by repressing VvPSY expression in grapes. These findings shed light on the role and mode of action of PIFs in the carotenoid regulatory network of grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Zhuge
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Sheng
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Jagram N, Dasgupta I. Principles and practice of virus induced gene silencing for functional genomics in plants. Virus Genes 2023; 59:173-187. [PMID: 36266497 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) has, of late, emerged as an important tool for transient silencing of genes in plants. This is now being increasingly used to determine functions of novel genes in a wide variety of plants, many of which are important crops yielding food and fiber or are sources of products having pharmaceutical uses. The technology for VIGS comprises the development of vectors derived from viruses, choosing the optimal orientation and size of the gene to be targeted and adopting the most suitable method of inoculation. This review gives a brief overview of the main aspects of VIGS technology as is being practiced. It also discusses the challenges the technology faces and the possible way ahead to improve its robustness, so that the technology finds wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Jagram
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Menconi J, Perata P, Gonzali S. Novel R2R3 MYB transcription factors regulate anthocyanin synthesis in Aubergine tomato plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:148. [PMID: 36935480 PMCID: PMC10026432 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high content in anthocyanins, for their health beneficial properties, represents an added value for fruits and vegetables. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most consumed vegetables worldwide and is rich in vitamins and carotenoids. In recent years, purple-skinned tomatoes, enriched of anthocyanins, were produced recovering allelic variants from wild Solanum species. The molecular basis of the Anthocyanin fruit (Aft) locus, exploited by breeders to activate the anthocyanin synthesis in tomato epicarp, has been recently identified in the correct splicing of the R2R3 MYB gene AN2like. Aubergine (Abg) is a tomato accession which introgressed from Solanum lycopersicoides a locus activating the synthesis of anthocyanins in the fruit. The Abg locus was mapped in the region of chromosome 10 containing Aft and the possibility that Abg and Aft represented alleles of the same gene was hypothesized. RESULTS We dissected the R2R3 MYB gene cluster located in the Abg genomic introgression and demonstrated that AN2like is correctly spliced in Abg plants and is expressed in the fruit epicarp. Moreover, its silencing specifically inhibits the anthocyanin synthesis. The Abg allele of AN2like undergoes alternative splicing and produces two proteins with different activities. Furthermore, in Abg the master regulator of the anthocyanin synthesis in tomato vegetative tissues, AN2, is very poorly expressed. Finally, a novel R2R3 MYB gene was identified: it encodes another positive regulator of the pathway, whose activity was lost in tomato and in its closest relatives. CONCLUSION In this study, we propose that AN2like is responsible of the anthocyanin production in Abg fruits. Unlike wild type tomato, the Abg allele of AN2like is active and able to regulate its targets. Furthermore, in Abg alternative splicing leads to two forms of AN2like with different activities, likely representing a novel type of regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Menconi
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Silvia Gonzali
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
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Li Z, Hu J, Sun Q, Zhang X, Chang R, Wang Y. A novel elicitor protein phosphopentomutase from Bacillus velezensis LJ02 enhances tomato resistance to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064589. [PMID: 36523612 PMCID: PMC9746712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The loss of tomatoes caused by Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) is one of the crucial issues restricting the tomato yield. This study screened the elicitor protein phosphopentomutase from Bacillus velezensis LJ02 (BvEP) which improves the tomato resistance to B. cinerea. Phosphatemutase was reported to play a crucial role in the nucleoside synthesis of various microorganisms. However, there is no report on improving plant resistance by phosphopentomutase, and the related signaling pathway in the immune response has not been elucidated. High purity recombinant BvEP protein have no direct inhibitory effect on B. cinerea in vitro,and but induce the hypersensitivity response (HR) in Nicotiana tabacum. Tomato leaves overexpressing BvEP were found to be significantly more resistant to B. cinerea by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Several defense genes, including WRKY28 and PTI5 of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), UDP and UDP1 of effector-triggered immunity (ETI), Hin1 and HSR203J of HR, PR1a of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and the SAR related gene NPR1 were all up-regulated in transgenic tomato leaves overexpressing BvEP. In addition, it was found that transient overexpression of BvEP reduced the rotting rate and lesion diameter of tomato fruits caused by B. cinerea, and increased the expression of PTI, ETI, SAR-related genes, ROS content, SOD and POD activities in tomato fruits, while there was no significant effect on the weight loss and TSS, TA and Vc contents of tomato fruits. This study provides new insights into innovative breeding of tomato disease resistance and has great significance for loss reduction and income enhancement in the tomato industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianan Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruokui Chang
- College of Engineering and Technology Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Li F, Fu M, Zhou S, Xie Q, Chen G, Chen X, Hu Z. A tomato HD-zip I transcription factor, VAHOX1, acts as a negative regulator of fruit ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac236. [PMID: 36643762 PMCID: PMC9832867 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are only present in higher plants and are involved in plant development and stress responses. However, our understanding of their participation in the fruit ripening of economical plants, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), remains largely unclear. Here, we report that VAHOX1, a member of the tomato HD-Zip I subfamily, was expressed in all tissues, was highly expressed in breaker+4 fruits, and could be induced by ethylene. RNAi repression of VAHOX1 (VAHOX1-RNAi) resulted in accelerated fruit ripening, enhanced sensitivity to ethylene, and increased total carotenoid content and ethylene production. Conversely, VAHOX1 overexpression (VAHOX1-OE) in tomato had the opposite effect. RNA-Seq results showed that altering VAHOX1 expression affected the transcript accumulation of a series of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction and cell wall modification. Additionally, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, histochemical analysis of GUS activity and a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay revealed that VAHOX1 could activate the expression of AP2a. Our findings may expand our knowledge about the physiological functions of HD-Zip transcription factors in tomato and highlight the diversities of transcriptional regulation during the fruit ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengen Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Co-corresponding author: Zongli Hu: Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China, E-mail: ; Xuqing Chen: Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 11 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100097, China, E-mail:
| | - Zongli Hu
- Co-corresponding author: Zongli Hu: Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, China, E-mail: ; Xuqing Chen: Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 11 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100097, China, E-mail:
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12
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Rustgi S, Naveed S, Windham J, Zhang H, Demirer GS. Plant biomacromolecule delivery methods in the 21st century. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:1011934. [PMID: 36311974 PMCID: PMC9614364 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.1011934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 21st century witnessed a boom in plant genomics and gene characterization studies through RNA interference and site-directed mutagenesis. Specifically, the last 15 years marked a rapid increase in discovering and implementing different genome editing techniques. Methods to deliver gene editing reagents have also attempted to keep pace with the discovery and implementation of gene editing tools in plants. As a result, various transient/stable, quick/lengthy, expensive (requiring specialized equipment)/inexpensive, and versatile/specific (species, developmental stage, or tissue) methods were developed. A brief account of these methods with emphasis on recent developments is provided in this review article. Additionally, the strengths and limitations of each method are listed to allow the reader to select the most appropriate method for their specific studies. Finally, a perspective for future developments and needs in this research area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Salman Naveed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Jonathan Windham
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gözde S. Demirer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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13
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Irfan M, Kumar P, Kumar V, Datta A. Fruit ripening specific expression of β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Hex) gene in tomato is transcriptionally regulated by ethylene response factor SlERF.E4. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111380. [PMID: 35842058 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans and N-glycan processing enzymes are key players in regulating the ripening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits, a model for fleshy fruit ripening. β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Hex) is a N-glycan processing enzyme involved in fruit ripening. The suppression of β-Hex results in enhanced fruit shelf life and firmness in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Previously, we have shown that ripening specific expression of β-Hex is regulated by RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), ABSCISIC ACID STRESS RIPENING 1 (SlASR1) and ethylene. However, the precise mechanism of ethylene-mediated regulation of β-Hex remains elusive. To gain insights into this, we have performed 5' deletion mapping of tomato β-Hex promoter and a shorter promoter fragment (pD-200, 200 bp upstream to translational start site) is identified, which was found critical for spatio-temporal transcriptional regulation of β-Hex. Further, site specific mutagenesis in RIN and ASR1 binding sites in pD-200 provides key insights into ripening specific promoter activity. Furthermore, induction of GUS activity by ethylene, yeast one hybrid assay and EMSA identify Ethylene Response Factor SlERF.E4 as a positive regulator of β-Hex. Taken together, our study suggest that SlERF.E4 together with RIN and SlASR1 transcriptionally regulates β-Hex and all these three proteins are essential for fruit ripening specific expression of β-Hex in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irfan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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14
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Zhu F, Jadhav SS, Tohge T, Salem MA, Lee JM, Giovannoni JJ, Cheng Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR. A comparative transcriptomics and eQTL approach identifies SlWD40 as a tomato fruit ripening regulator. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:250-266. [PMID: 35512210 PMCID: PMC9434188 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple vital genes with strong effects on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ripening process have been identified via the positional cloning of ripening mutants and cloning of ripening-related transcription factors (TFs), recent studies suggest that it is unlikely that we have fully characterized the gene regulatory networks underpinning this process. Here, combining comparative transcriptomics and expression QTLs, we identified 16 candidate genes involved in tomato fruit ripening and validated them through virus-induced gene silencing analysis. To further confirm the accuracy of the approach, one potential ripening regulator, SlWD40 (WD-40 repeats), was chosen for in-depth analysis. Co-expression network analysis indicated that master regulators such as RIN (ripening inhibitor) and NOR (nonripening) as well as vital TFs including FUL1 (FRUITFUL1), SlNAC4 (NAM, ATAF1,2, and CUC2 4), and AP2a (Activating enhancer binding Protein 2 alpha) strongly co-expressed with SlWD40. Furthermore, SlWD40 overexpression and RNAi lines exhibited substantially accelerated and delayed ripening phenotypes compared with the wild type, respectively. Moreover, transcriptome analysis of these transgenics revealed that expression patterns of ethylene biosynthesis genes, phytoene synthase, pectate lyase, and branched chain amino transferase 2, in SlWD40-RNAi lines were similar to those of rin and nor fruits, which further demonstrated that SlWD40 may act as an important ripening regulator in conjunction with RIN and NOR. These results are discussed in the context of current models of ripening and in terms of the use of comparative genomics and transcriptomics as an effective route for isolating causal genes underlying differences in genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | | | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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15
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Wang P, Yu A, Ji X, Mu Q, Salman Haider M, Wei R, Leng X, Fang J. Transcriptome and metabolite integrated analysis reveals that exogenous ethylene controls berry ripening processes in grapevine. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111084. [PMID: 35400460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is generally classified as a non-climacteric fruit, the regulatory mechanisms of ethylene in the ripening of non-climacteric fruit are still poorly understood. In this study, exogenous ethephon (ETH) strongly stimulated fruit color and anthocyanin accumulation, which was consistent with the increased expression of anthocyanin structural, regulatory, and transport genes. ETH application increased ABA content and decreased IAA content by coordinating ABA and auxin biosynthesis regulatory network. ETH treatment also accelerated sugar (glucose and fructose) accumulation by enhancing the gene expression involved in sugar transport and sucrose cleavage. ETH treatment blocked the synthesis of cellulose and accelerated the degradation of pectin, which was strongly associated with berry softening. To further confirm the function of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes, transient overexpression of VvACO4 and VvEIL3 were performed in both in tomato and strawberry fruits. These findings of the ethylene cascade add to our understanding of ethylene in non-climacteric berry ripening regulation and revealed a complex involvement of ethylene and its interplay with phytohormones during grapevine berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aishui Yu
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinglong Ji
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qian Mu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250110, China
| | | | - Ruonan Wei
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangpeng Leng
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Guo H, Mao M, Deng Y, Sun L, Chen R, Cao P, Lai J, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li C, Li Y, Bai Q, Tan T, Yang J, Wang S. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals That SlERF.D6 Synergistically Regulates SGAs and Fruit Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860577. [PMID: 35463452 PMCID: PMC9024245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that contribute to the pathogen defense in tomato but are toxic and considered to be antinutritional compounds to humans. APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors (TFs) play an indispensable role in various biological processes, such as plant growth and development, fruit ripening, biotic and abiotic stresses responses, and SGA biosynthesis. In this study, we identified 176 AP2/ERF genes that were domesticated or improved SlAP2/ERF in the tomato variome (Solanum lycopersicum) within either domestication or improvement sweeps, respectively. According to the RNA-sequencing data, 93 of the ERF genes with high transcriptional level (Transcripts Per Million, TPM > 1) belong to six clusters. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and metabolite-based genome-wide association study (mGWAS) analyses revealed that the expression level of the Solyc04g071770 (SlERF.D6) gene in the cluster six gradually increased as the fruit matured. Transient transformation verified that the overexpression of SlERF.D6 significantly promoted fruit ripening and regulated the expression of multiple genes in the SGA synthesis pathway, thereby affecting the SGA content of the fruit. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that the silencing of SlERF.D6 delayed fruit ripening and influenced the content of SGAs. Our data provide new insights into AP2/ERF TFs in tomato, offer a candidate TF for fruit development and steroidal glycoalkaloids, and provide new resources for tomato breeding and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengdi Mao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Lisong Sun
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Ridong Chen
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jun Lai
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yueran Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiran Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qunhang Bai
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingting Tan
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
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17
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Hu J, Cai J, Umme A, Chen Y, Xu T, Kang H. Unique features of mRNA m6A methylomes during expansion of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2215-2227. [PMID: 34730815 PMCID: PMC8968293 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Although the role of m6A has been demonstrated in many biological processes, including embryonic development, flowering time control, microspore generation, fruit ripening, and stress responses, its contribution to other aspects of plant development still needs to be explored. Herein, we show the potential link between m6A deposition and the expansion of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits through parallel m6A-immunoprecipitation-sequencing (m6A-seq) and RNA-seq analyses. We found that global m6A levels increased during tomato fruit expansion from immature green to mature green stage. m6A-seq revealed that thousands of protein-coding genes are m6A-modified mainly in the 3'-untranslated regions. m6A-seq and RNA-seq analyses showed a positive association between m6A methylation and mRNA abundance. In particular, a large number of fruit expansion-related genes involved in hormone responses and endoreduplication were m6A modified and expressed more actively than the non-m6A-modified genes, suggesting a potential role of m6A modification in tomato fruit expansion. Importantly, altering m6A levels by direct injection of 3-deazaneplanocin A (DA; m6A writer inhibitor) or meclofenamic acid (MA; m6A eraser inhibitor) into tomato fruits suppressed fruit expansion; however, injection of exogenous DA or MA accelerated or delayed fruit ripening, respectively. Collectively, these results suggest a dynamic role of m6A methylation in the expansion and ripening of tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Amara Umme
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Yao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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18
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Kaur M, Manchanda P, Kalia A, Ahmed FK, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Abd-Elsalam KA. Agroinfiltration Mediated Scalable Transient Gene Expression in Genome Edited Crop Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10882. [PMID: 34639221 PMCID: PMC8509792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is one of the most commonly used genetic transformation method that involves transfer of foreign genes into target plants. Agroinfiltration, an Agrobacterium-based transient approach and the breakthrough discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 holds trending stature to perform targeted and efficient genome editing (GE). The predominant feature of agroinfiltration is the abolishment of Transfer-DNA (T-DNA) integration event to ensure fewer biosafety and regulatory issues besides showcasing the capability to perform transcription and translation efficiently, hence providing a large picture through pilot-scale experiment via transient approach. The direct delivery of recombinant agrobacteria through this approach carrying CRISPR/Cas cassette to knockout the expression of the target gene in the intercellular tissue spaces by physical or vacuum infiltration can simplify the targeted site modification. This review aims to provide information on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and implementation of agroinfiltration with GE to widen the horizon of targeted genome editing before a stable genome editing approach. This will ease the screening of numerous functions of genes in different plant species with wider applicability in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Kaur
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India;
| | - Pooja Manchanda
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India;
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India;
| | - Farah K. Ahmed
- Biotechnology English Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 9-Gamaa St., Giza 12619, Egypt;
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19
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Gong J, Tian Z, Qu X, Meng Q, Guan Y, Liu P, Chen C, Deng X, Guo W, Cheng Y, Wang P. Illuminating the cells: transient transformation of citrus to study gene functions and organelle activities related to fruit quality. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:175. [PMID: 34333523 PMCID: PMC8325690 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple microscopic techniques have been applied to horticultural research, few studies of individual organelles in living fruit cells have been reported to date. In this paper, we established an efficient system for the transient transformation of citrus fruits using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) was used; it exhibits higher transformation efficiency than all citrus fruits that have been tested and a prolonged-expression window. Fruits were transformed with fluorescent reporters, and confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging were used to study their localization and dynamics. Moreover, various pH sensors targeting different subcellular compartments were expressed, and the local pH environments in cells from different plant tissues were compared. The results indicated that vacuoles are most likely the main organelles that contribute to the low pH of citrus fruits. In summary, our method is effective for studying various membrane trafficking events, protein localization, and cell physiology in fruit and can provide new insight into fruit biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiunan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Liu G, Li H, Fu D. Applications of virus-induced gene silencing for identification of gene function in fruit. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the development of bioinformatics, it is easy to obtain information and data about thousands of genes, but the determination of the functions of these genes depends on methods for rapid and effective functional identification. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a mature method of gene functional identification developed over the last 20 years, which has been widely used in many research fields involving many species. Fruit quality formation is a complex biological process, which is closely related to ripening. Here, we review the progress and contribution of VIGS to our understanding of fruit biology and its advantages and disadvantages in determining gene function.
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21
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Gutensohn M, Henry LK, Gentry SA, Lynch JH, Nguyen TTH, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. Overcoming Bottlenecks for Metabolic Engineering of Sesquiterpene Production in Tomato Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691754. [PMID: 34220915 PMCID: PMC8248349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of plant metabolites that also includes volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes which are involved in biotic interactions of plants. Due to the limited natural availability of these terpenes and the tight regulation of their biosynthesis, there is strong interest to introduce or enhance their production in crop plants by metabolic engineering for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. While engineering of monoterpenes has been quite successful, expression of sesquiterpene synthases in engineered plants frequently resulted in production of only minor amounts of sesquiterpenes. To identify bottlenecks for sesquiterpene engineering in plants, we have used two nearly identical terpene synthases, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) nerolidol/linalool synthase-1 and -2 (AmNES/LIS-1/-2), that are localized in the cytosol and plastids, respectively. Since these two bifunctional terpene synthases have very similar catalytic properties with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), their expression in target tissues allows indirect determination of the availability of these substrates in both subcellular compartments. Both terpene synthases were expressed under control of the ripening specific PG promoter in tomato fruits, which are characterized by a highly active terpenoid metabolism providing precursors for carotenoid biosynthesis. As AmNES/LIS-2 fruits produced the monoterpene linalool, AmNES/LIS-1 fruits were found to exclusively produce the sesquiterpene nerolidol. While nerolidol emission in AmNES/LIS-1 fruits was 60- to 584-fold lower compared to linalool emission in AmNES/LIS-2 fruits, accumulation of nerolidol-glucosides in AmNES/LIS-1 fruits was 4- to 14-fold lower than that of linalool-glucosides in AmNES/LIS-2 fruits. These results suggest that only a relatively small pool of FPP is available for sesquiterpene formation in the cytosol. To potentially overcome limitations in sesquiterpene production, we transiently co-expressed the key pathway-enzymes hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), as well as the regulator isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK). While HMGR and IPK expression increased metabolic flux toward nerolidol formation 5.7- and 2.9-fold, respectively, DXS expression only resulted in a 2.5-fold increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Laura K. Henry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Scott A. Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph H. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Thuong T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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22
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Shi G, Hao M, Tian B, Cao G, Wei F, Xie Z. A Methodological Advance of Tobacco Rattle Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Functional Genomics in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671091. [PMID: 34149770 PMCID: PMC8212136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As a promising high-throughput reverse genetic tool in plants, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has already begun to fulfill some of this promise in diverse aspects. However, review of the technological advancements about widely used VIGS system, tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing, needs timely updates. Hence, this article mainly reviews viral vector construction, inoculation method advances, important influential factors, and summarizes the recent applications in diverse plant species, thus providing a better understanding and advice for functional gene analysis related to crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyao Shi
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Hao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Cao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Xie
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Zhao W, Li Y, Fan S, Wen T, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhao L. The transcription factor WRKY32 affects tomato fruit colour by regulating YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1, a core component of ethylene signal transduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4269-4282. [PMID: 33773493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruit quality in most fleshy fruit crops is fundamentally linked to ripening-associated traits, including changes in colour. In many climacteric fruits, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the phytohormone ethylene plays a key role in regulating ripening. Previous map-based cloning of YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1 (YFT1) revealed that it encodes the EIN2 protein, a core component in ethylene signal transduction. A YFT1 allele with a genetic lesion was found to be down-regulated in the yft1 tomato mutant that has a yellow fruit phenotype and perturbed ethylene signalling. Based on bioinformatic analysis, yeast one hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we report that transcription factor WRKY32 regulates tomato fruit colour formation. WRKY32 binds to W-box and W-box-like motifs in the regulatory region of the YFT1 promoter and induces its expression. In tomato fruits of WRKY32-RNAi generated lines, ethylene signalling was reduced, leading to a suppression in ethylene emission, a delay in chromoplast development, decreased carotenoid accumulation, and a yellow fruit phenotype. These results provide new insights into the regulatory networks that govern tomato fruit colour formation via ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaozhu Fan
- Branch Institute of Horticulture, Harbin Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin, China
| | - Tengjian Wen
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lida Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Zheng L, Yang J, Chen Y, Ding L, Wei J, Wang H. An improved and efficient method of Agrobacterium syringe infiltration for transient transformation and its application in the elucidation of gene function in poplar. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 33478390 PMCID: PMC7818742 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forest trees have important economic and ecological value. As a model tree, poplar has played a significant role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying tree biology. However, a lack of mutant libraries and time-consuming stable genetic transformation processes severely limit progress into the functional characterization of poplar genes. A convenient and fast transient transformation method is therefore needed to enhance progress on functional genomics in poplar. METHODS A total of 11 poplar clones were screened for amenability to syringe infiltration. Syringe infiltration was performed on the lower side of the leaves of young soil-grown plants. Transient expression was evaluated by visualizing the reporters β-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). The experimental parameters of the syringe agroinfiltration were optimized based on the expression levels of the reporter luciferase (LUC). Stably transformed plants were regenerated from transiently transformed leaf explants through callus-induced organogenesis. The functions of Populus genes in secondary cell wall-thickening were characterized by visualizing lignin deposition therein after staining with basic fuchsin. RESULTS We greatly improved the transient transformation efficiency of syringe Agrobacterium infiltration in poplar through screening for a suitable poplar clone from a variety of clones and optimizing the syringe infiltration procedure. The selected poplar clone, Populus davidiana × P. bolleana, is amenable to Agrobacterium syringe infiltration, as indicated by the easy diffusion of the bacterial suspension inside the leaf tissues. Using this technique, we localized a variety of poplar proteins in specific intracellular organelles and illustrated the protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The transiently transformed leaves could be used to generate stably transformed plants with high efficiency through callus induction and differentiation processes. Furthermore, transdifferentiation of the protoxylem-like vessel element and ectopic secondary wall thickening were induced in the agroinfiltrated leaves via the transient overexpression of genes associated with secondary wall formation. CONCLUSIONS The application of P. davidiana × P. bolleana in Agrobacterium syringe infiltration provides a foundation for the rapid and high-throughput functional characterization of Populus genes in intact poplar plants, including those involved in wood formation, and provides an effective alternative to Populus stable genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, No. 9, Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiu Yang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, No. 9, Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7, Beinong Road, Huilongguan, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, No. 9, Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Ding
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, No. 9, Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, No. 9, Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, No. 9, Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Zhao W, Gao L, Li Y, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhao L. Yellow-fruited phenotype is caused by 573 bp insertion at 5' UTR of YFT1 allele in yft1 mutant tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110637. [PMID: 33180715 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The yft1 tomato mutant has a yellow-fruited phenotype controlled by a recessive gene of YFT1 allele, which has been shown by map-based cloning to be a homolog of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2). Genetic lesion of YFT1 allele in yft1 is attributed to a 573 bp DNA fragment (IF573) insertion at 1,200 bp downstream of the transcription start site. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that YFT1 lesion resulted in 5,053 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in yft1 pericarp compared with the M82 wild type cultivar. These were annotated as being involved in ethylene synthesis, chromoplast development, and carotenoid synthesis. The YFT1 lesion caused a reduction in its own transcript levels in yft1 and impaired ethylene emission and signal transduction, delayed chromoplast development and decreased carotenoid accumulation. The molecular mechanism underlying the downregulated YFT1 allele in yft1 was examined at both RNA and DNA levels. The IF573 event appeared to introduce two negative regulatory sequences located at -272 to -173 bp and -172 to -73 bp in the YFT1 allele promoter, causing alterative splicing due to introduction of aberrant splicing sites, and breaking upstream open reading frames (uORF) structure in the 5'-UTR. Those results a new provided insight into molecular regulation of color formation in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lida Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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26
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Zhang N, Zhao H, Shi J, Wu Y, Jiang J. Functional characterization of class I SlHSP17.7 gene responsible for tomato cold-stress tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110568. [PMID: 32771169 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) increase stress tolerance in a wide variety of organisms and enable them to endure changes in their environment. However, the molecular mechanism by which sHSPs protect plants against cold stress is unknown. Here, the sHSP of tomato named SlHSP17.7 (Solyc06g076540.1.1) has the characteristic of low temperature induced expression in BL21(DE3) E. coli and a molecular chaperone function in vitro. Overexpression of SlHSP17.7 showed a tolerant response to cold stress treatment due to an induce intracellular sucrose and less accumulation of ROS. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that SlHSP17.7 is a binding partner of the cation/Ca2+ exchanger (SlCCX1-like; Solyc07g006370.1.1). This interaction was confirmed by pull down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. High SlHSP17.7 and low SlCCX1-like levels alleviated programed cell death (PCD) under cold stress. Thus, SlHSP17.7 might be a cofactor of SlCCX1-like targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proteins, retaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and decreasing cold stress sensitivity. These findings provide a sound basis for genetic engineering of cold stress tolerance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China; College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science Technology, Changli, Hebei, 066600, China
| | - Huaiyin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Jiewei Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China; Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.
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27
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Forlani S, Cozzi C, Rosa S, Tadini L, Masiero S, Mizzotti C. HEBE, a novel positive regulator of senescence in Solanum lycopersicum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11021. [PMID: 32620827 PMCID: PMC7335192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence and plant aging are traits of great interest for breeders. Senescing cells undergo important physiological and biochemical changes, while cellular structures such as chloroplasts are degraded with dramatic metabolic consequences for the whole plant. The possibility of prolonging the photosynthetic ability of leaves could positively impact the plant's life span with benefits for biomass production and metabolite accumulation; plants with these characteristics display a stay-green phenotype. A group of plant transcription factors known as NAC play a pivotal role in controlling senescence: here we describe the involvement of the tomato NAC transcription factor Solyc12g036480, which transcript is present in leaves and floral buds. Since its silencing delays leaf senescence and prevents plants from ageing, we renamed Solyc12g0364 HḖBĒ, for the Greek goddess of youth. In this manuscript we describe how HEB downregulation negatively affects the progression of senescence, resulting in changes in transcription of senescence-promoting genes, as well as the activity of enzymes involved in chlorophyll degradation, thereby explaining the stay-green phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Cozzi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rosa
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Tadini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Upadhyay RK, Tucker ML, Mattoo AK. Ethylene and RIPENING INHIBITOR Modulate Expression of SlHSP17.7A, B Class I Small Heat Shock Protein Genes During Tomato Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:975. [PMID: 32714357 PMCID: PMC7344320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and highly conserved in nature. Heat stress upregulates their gene expression and now it is known that they are also developmentally regulated. We have studied regulation of small HSP genes during ripening of tomato fruit. In this study, we identify two small HSP genes, SlHSP17.7A and SlHSP17.7B, localized on tomato Chr.6 and Chr.9, respectively. Each gene encodes proteins constituting 154 amino acids and has characteristic domains as in other sHSP genes. We found that SlHSP17.7A and SlHSP17.7B gene expression is low in the vegetative tissues as compared to that in the fruit. These sHSP genes are characteristically expressed in a fruit-ripening fashion, being upregulated during the ripening transition of mature green to breaker stage. Their expression patterns mirror that of the rate-limiting ethylene biosynthesis gene ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) synthase, SlACS2, and its regulator SlMADS-RIN. Exogenous application of ethylene to either mature green tomato fruit or tomato leaves suppressed the expression of both the SlHSP17.7A, B genes. Notably and characteristically, a transgenic tomato line silenced for SlACS2 gene and whose fruits produce ~50% less ethylene in vivo, had higher expression of both the sHSP genes at the fruit ripening transition stages [breaker (BR) and BR+3] than the control fruit. Moreover, differential gene expression of SlHSP17.7A versus SlHSP17.7B gene was apparent in the tomato ripening mutants-rin/rin, nor/nor, and Nr/Nr, with the expression of SlHSP17.7A being significantly reduced but that of SlHSP17.7B significantly upregulated as compared to the wild type (WT). These data indicate that ethylene negatively regulates transcriptional abundance of both these sHSPs. Transient overexpression of the ripening regulator SlMADS-RIN in WT and ACS2-AS mature green tomato fruits suppressed the expression of SlHSP17.7A but not that of SlHSP17.7B. Thus, ethylene directly or in tune with SlMADS-RIN regulates the transcript abundance of both these sHSP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Upadhyay
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Mark L. Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Sánchez-Álvarez A, Ruíz-López N, Moreno-Pérez AJ, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R, Salas JJ. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Gene Expression in Developing Ricinus communis Seeds: A First Step in Making the Castor Oil Plant a Chemical Biofactory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1410. [PMID: 31737023 PMCID: PMC6831639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The castor oil plant represents a promising platform to produce oils with industrial applications. However, its use in biotechnology is limited by the absence of a well-established procedure to transform it, and a poor understanding of gene regulation and promoter use in this species. As such, a method has been developed to express proteins or hairpin-RNA in this plant, a method based on the direct injection of Agrobacterium into the developing endosperm of castor oil fruit, enabling different constructs and promoters to be tested. This method produces a high rate of transformation and a good proportion of viable seeds that express reporter genes for up to 20 days after infiltration (DAI). Gene expression under the control of different promoters was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and by directly assaying the activity of the galactouronidase reporter gene, which proved to be strongest when driven by the glycinin promoter. Constructs expressing a fatty acid elongase from Lesquerella fendleri were tested, the expression of which provoked an important increase in the lesquerolic acid in the castor oil endosperm at 5 and 10 DAI, although this fatty acid did not accumulate significantly in the final mature seeds. The nature of this response could reflect the poor availability of substrates for this enzyme. In the light of this data, the potential of this technique to test promoters and different constructs in castor oil plants and other oilseeds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Sánchez-Álvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Javier Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Force
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Garcés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín J. Salas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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Naing AH, Kyu SY, Pe PPW, Park KI, Lee JM, Lim KB, Kim CK. Silencing of the phytoene desaturase ( PDS) gene affects the expression of fruit-ripening genes in tomatoes. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:110. [PMID: 31592162 PMCID: PMC6777038 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research has shown that virus-induced phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene silencing via agroinjection in the attached and detached fruit of tomato plants results in a pale-yellow fruit phenotype. Although the PDS gene is often used as a marker for gene silencing in tomatoes, little is known about the role of PDS in fruit ripening. In this study, we investigated whether the pepper PDS gene silenced endogenous PDS genes in the fruit of two tomato cultivars, Dotaerang Plus and Legend Summer. RESULTS We found that the pepper PDS gene successfully silenced endogenous PDS in tomato fruit at a silencing frequency of 100% for both cultivars. A pale-yellow silenced area was observed over virtually the entire surface of individual fruit due to the transcriptional reduction in phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene (ZDS), prolycopene isomerase (CrtlSO), and beta-carotene hydroxylase (CrtR-b2), which are the carotenoid biosynthesis genes responsible for the red coloration in tomatoes. PDS silencing also affected the expression levels of the fruit-ripening genes Tomato AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (TAGL1), RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), pectin esterase gene (PE), lipoxygenase (LOX), FRUITFULL1/FRUITFUL2 (FUL1/FUL2), and the ethylene biosynthesis and response genes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1 and 3 (ACO1 and ACO3) and ethylene-responsive genes (E4 and E8). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDS is a positive regulator of ripening in tomato fruit, which must be considered when using it as a marker for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments in order to avoid fruit-ripening side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Swum Yi Kyu
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Phyo Phyo Win Pe
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Kyeung Il Park
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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31
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Gramegna G, Rosado D, Sánchez Carranza AP, Cruz AB, Simon-Moya M, Llorente B, Rodríguez-Concepcíon M, Freschi L, Rossi M. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3 mediates light-dependent induction of tocopherol biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1328-1339. [PMID: 30362122 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols are important antioxidants exclusively produced in plastids that protect the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative stress. These compounds with vitamin E activity are also essential dietary nutrients for humans. Although the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated, the mechanisms that regulate tocopherol production and accumulation remain elusive. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism underlying tocopherol biosynthesis during ripening in tomato fruits, which are an important source of vitamin E. Our results show that ripening under light conditions increases tocopherol fruit content in a phytochrome-dependent manner by the transcriptional regulation of biosynthetic genes. Moreover, we show that light-controlled expression of the GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (SlGGDR) gene, responsible for the synthesis of the central tocopherol precursor phytyl diphosphate, is mediated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3 (SlPIF3). In the absence of light, SlPIF3 physically interacts with the promoter of SlGGDR, down-regulating its expression. By contrast, light activation of phytochromes prevents the interaction between SlPIF3 and the SlGGDR promoter, leading to transcriptional derepression and higher availability of the PDP precursor for tocopherol biosynthesis. The unraveled mechanism provides a new strategy to manipulate fruit metabolism towards improving tomato nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Gramegna
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Rosado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sánchez Carranza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Bertinatto Cruz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel Simon-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepcíon
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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Gerasymenko I, Sheludko Y, Fräbel S, Staniek A, Warzecha H. Combinatorial biosynthesis of small molecules in plants: Engineering strategies and tools. Methods Enzymol 2019; 617:413-442. [PMID: 30784411 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic capacity of plants, rooted in a near inexhaustible supply of photosynthetic energy and founded upon an intricate matrix of metabolic networks, makes them versatile chemists producing myriad specialized compounds. Along with tremendous success in elucidation of several plant biosynthetic routes, their reestablishment in heterologous hosts has been a hallmark of recent bioengineering endeavors. However, current efforts in the field are, in the main, aimed at grafting the pathways to fermentable recipient organisms, like bacteria or yeast. Conversely, while harboring orthologous metabolic trails, select plant species now emerge as viable vehicles for mobilization and engineering of complex biosynthetic pathways. Their distinctive features, like intricate cell compartmentalization and formation of specialized production and storage structures on tissue and organ level, make plants an especially promising chassis for the manufacture of considerable amounts of high-value natural small molecules. Inspired by the fundamental tenets of synthetic biology, capitalizing on the versatility of the transient plant transformation system, and drawing on the unique compartmentation of plant cells, we explore combinatorial approaches affording production of natural and new-to-nature, bespoke chemicals of potential importance. Here, we focus on the transient engineering of P450 monooxygenases, alone or in concert with other orthogonal catalysts, like tryptophan halogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Gerasymenko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yuriy Sheludko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabine Fräbel
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Agata Staniek
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Hoshikawa K, Fujita S, Renhu N, Ezura K, Yamamoto T, Nonaka S, Ezura H, Miura K. Efficient transient protein expression in tomato cultivars and wild species using agroinfiltration-mediated high expression system. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:75-84. [PMID: 30328507 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The new transient protein expression system using the pBYR2HS vector is applicable to several tomato cultivars and wild species with high level of protein expression. Innovation and improvement of effective tools for transient protein expression in plant cells is critical for the development of plant biotechnology. We have created the new transient protein expression system using the pBYR2HS vector that led to about 4 mg/g fresh weight of protein expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, we validated the adaptability of this transient protein expression system by agroinfiltration to leaves and fruits of several tomato cultivars and wild species. Although the GFP protein was transiently expressed in the leaves and fruits of all tomato cultivars and wild species, we observed species-specific differences in protein expression. In particular, GFP protein expression was higher in the leaves and fruits of Micro-Tom, Solanum pimpinellifolium (0043) and S. pimpinellifolium (0049-w1) than in those of cultivars and wild species. Furthermore, Agrobacterium with GABA transaminase enhanced transient expression in tomato fruits of Micro-Tom. Taken together with these results, our system is applicable to several tomato cultivars and species as well as a model tomato, even though characteristics are often different among tomato cultivars or species. Thus, the system is an effective, simple, and valuable tool to achieve rapid transgene expression to examine gene function in tomato plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hoshikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Na Renhu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Wahyudi A, Ariyani D, Ma G, Inaba R, Fukasawa C, Nakano R, Motohashi R. Functional analyses of lipocalin proteins in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:303-312. [PMID: 31892817 PMCID: PMC6905218 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two temperature-induced lipocalin genes SlTIL1 and SlTIL2, and a chloroplastic lipocalin gene SlCHL were isolated from 'Micro-Tom' tomato. The coding sequences of SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL were 558, 558, and 1002 bp, respectively. By TargetP analysis, no characteristic transit peptides were predicted in the proteins of SlTIL1 and SlTIL2, while a chloroplastic transit peptide was predicted in the protein of SlCHL. The subcellular localization results indicated that SlTIL1 and SlTIL2 proteins were major localized in the plasma membrane, while SlCHL was localized in chloroplast. To understand the function of lipocalins, transgenic tomato over-expressed SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL and their virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants were generated. The phenotypes were significantly affected when the SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL were over-expressed or silenced by VIGS, which suggested that the three lipocalins played important roles in regulating the growth and development of tomato. In addition, the level of ROS (O2 - and H2O2) was low in SlTIL1, SlTIL2 and SlCHL over-expressed plants, while it was high in their silenced plants. The changes in the expression of SODs were consistent with the accumulations of ROS, which indicated that lipocalins might have an important role in abiotic oxidative stress tolerance in tomato plants. Especially SlTIL1 and SlTIL2 are localized around their membranes and protect them from ROS. The results will contribute to elucidating the functions of lipocalin in plants, and provide new strategies to improve the tolerance to abiotic stress in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anung Wahyudi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Politeknik Negeri Lampung-Indonesia, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta no.10 Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung-Indonesia
| | - Dinni Ariyani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Gang Ma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Inaba
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Chikako Fukasawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakano
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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35
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Mou W, Li D, Luo Z, Li L, Mao L, Ying T. SlAREB1 transcriptional activation of NOR is involved in abscisic acid-modulated ethylene biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:239-249. [PMID: 30348324 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that abscisic acid (ABA) regulates climacteric fruits ripening by inducing ethylene production. Nevertheless, the key components involved in the crosstalk between these two phytohormones in controlling fruit ripening remain unknown. SlAREB1, a downstream transcription factor in ABA signaling pathway, has been reported to mediate ABA signaling that regulates tomato ripening through induction of ethylene biosynthetic genes. NOR, a member of NAC domain family, was proved to act upstream of ethylene and essential for ripening- and ethylene-associated genes expression. Here, we found that the expression of SlAREB1 and NOR are both ABA-inducible, and SlAREB1 transcription reaches the peak level prior to NOR during the ripening process. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual luciferase assay indicated NOR as a novel direct target of SlAREB1. Transient over-expression of SlAREB1 in tomato fruits results in elevated expression of NOR as well as a number of downstream ethylene biosynthetic genes including SlACS2, SlACS4 and SlACO1, suggesting that SlAREB1 can mediate ABA signal to activate NOR transcription and ultimately promote ethylene synthesis. Based on these data, we present a model suggesting that the SlAREB1-NOR regulation is a crucial node modulating ABA-regulated ethylene biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Mou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Postharvest Handling of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Postharvest Handling of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Postharvest Handling of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Postharvest Handling of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Postharvest Handling of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry for Postharvest Handling of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Shammai A, Petreikov M, Yeselson Y, Faigenboim A, Moy-Komemi M, Cohen S, Cohen D, Besaulov E, Efrati A, Houminer N, Bar M, Ast T, Schuldiner M, Klemens PAW, Neuhaus E, Baxter CJ, Rickett D, Bonnet J, White R, Giovannoni JJ, Levin I, Schaffer A. Natural genetic variation for expression of a SWEET transporter among wild species of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) determines the hexose composition of ripening tomato fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:343-357. [PMID: 30044900 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The sugar content of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) fruit is a primary determinant of taste and quality. Cultivated tomato fruit are characterized by near-equimolar levels of the hexoses glucose and fructose, derived from the hydrolysis of translocated sucrose. As fructose is perceived as approximately twice as sweet as glucose, increasing its concentration at the expense of glucose can improve tomato fruit taste. Introgressions of the FgrH allele from the wild species Solanum habrochaites (LA1777) into cultivated tomato increased the fructose-to-glucose ratio of the ripe fruit by reducing glucose levels and concomitantly increasing fructose levels. In order to identify the function of the Fgr gene, we combined a fine-mapping strategy with RNAseq differential expression analysis of near-isogenic tomato lines. The results indicated that a SWEET protein was strongly upregulated in the lines with a high fructose-to-glucose ratio. Overexpressing the SWEET protein in transgenic tomato plants dramatically reduced the glucose levels and increased the fructose : glucose ratio in the developing fruit, thereby proving the function of the protein. The SWEET protein was localized to the plasma membrane and expression of the SlFgr gene in a yeast line lacking native hexose transporters complemented growth with glucose, but not with fructose. These results indicate that the SlFgr gene encodes a plasma membrane-localized glucose efflux transporter of the SWEET family, the overexpression of which reduces glucose levels and may allow for increased fructose levels. This article identifies the function of the tomato Fgr gene as a SWEET transporter, the upregulation of which leads to a modified sugar accumulation pattern in the fleshy fruit. The results point to the potential of the inedible wild species to improve fruit sugar accumulation via sugar transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Shammai
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Moy-Komemi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shahar Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dvir Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Besaulov
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ari Efrati
- Zeraim-Syngenta Seed Co., Gedera, Israel
| | | | - Moshe Bar
- Zeraim-Syngenta Seed Co., Gedera, Israel
| | - Tslil Ast
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P A W Klemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Charles J Baxter
- Syngenta Seed Co., Jeallott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Dan Rickett
- Syngenta Seed Co., Jeallott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Julien Bonnet
- Syngenta Seed Co., Toulouse Innovation Center, Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Ruth White
- USDA-ARS and Boyce-Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Ilan Levin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Hu J, Israeli A, Ori N, Sun TP. The Interaction between DELLA and ARF/IAA Mediates Crosstalk between Gibberellin and Auxin Signaling to Control Fruit Initiation in Tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1710-1728. [PMID: 30008445 PMCID: PMC6139683 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit initiation following fertilization in angiosperms is strictly regulated by phytohormones. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), auxin and gibberellin (GA) play central roles in promoting fruit initiation. Without fertilization, elevated GA or auxin signaling can induce parthenocarpy (seedless fruit production). The GA-signaling repressor SlDELLA and auxin-signaling components SlIAA9 and SlARF7 repress parthenocarpy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that SlDELLA and the SlARF7/SlIAA9 complex mediate crosstalk between GA and auxin pathways to regulate fruit initiation. Yeast-two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that SlARF7 and additional activator SlARFs interact with SlDELLA and SlIAA9 through distinct domains. SlARF7/SlIAA9 and SlDELLA antagonistically modulate the expression of feedback-regulated genes involved in GA and auxin metabolism, whereas SlARF7/SlIAA9 and SlDELLA coregulate the expression of fruit growth-related genes. Analysis of procera (della), SlARF7 RNAi (with downregulated expression of multiple activator SlARFs), and entire (iaa9) single and double mutants indicated that these genes additively affect parthenocarpy, supporting the notion that the SlARFs/SlIAA9 and SlDELLA interaction plays an important role in regulating fruit initiation. Analysis of the GA-deficient mutant gib1 showed that active GA biosynthesis and signaling are required for auxin-induced fruit initiation. Our study reveals how direct crosstalk between auxin- and GA-signaling components is critical for tomato fruit initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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38
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RNAi mediated silencing of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductases (HMGR) in Centella asiatica. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Transitory gene expression systems in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, in combination with the use of gene silencing suppressors as the p19 or HC-pro proteins that allow for elevated levels of gene expression, have proven to be a highly versatile tool to analyze transcriptional function of DNA binding factors in the activated or repressed expression of their gene targets. This experimental setup uses Agrobacterium-mediated infection to deliver the various DNA constructs into the cell, and offers the advantage with respect to mesophyll protoplast transfection procedures that it entails a much easier protocol, in addition to preserving the intact leaf tissue, thus being more amenable to the study of wound and stress signaling pathways or to the functional analyses of regulators that respond to Ca+2 signatures. Furthermore, by using reporter constructs based on the LUCIFERASE (LUC) gene, which does not require a destructive determination assay, this expression system can be used to test for changes in gene activity over time or in response to various treatments, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of the signaling pathways that modulate activity of the expressed regulators and therefore their in vivo function in the control of the analyzed promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Lasierra
- Dpto. Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salomé Prat
- Dpto. Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Yang L, Huang W, Xiong F, Xian Z, Su D, Ren M, Li Z. Silencing of SlPL, which encodes a pectate lyase in tomato, confers enhanced fruit firmness, prolonged shelf-life and reduced susceptibility to grey mould. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1544-1555. [PMID: 28371176 PMCID: PMC5698048 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectate lyase genes have been documented as excellent candidates for improvement of fruit firmness. However, implementation of pectate lyase in regulating fruit postharvest deterioration has not been fully explored. In this report, 22 individual pectate lyase genes in tomato were identified, and one pectate lyase gene SlPL (Solyc03g111690) showed dominant expression during fruit maturation. RNA interference of SlPL resulted in enhanced fruit firmness and changes in pericarp cells. More importantly, the SlPL-RNAi fruit demonstrated greater antirotting and pathogen-resisting ability. Compared to wild-type, SlPL-RNAi fruit had higher levels of cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas the level of water-soluble pectin was lower. Consistent with this, the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in SlPL-RNAi fruit, and the malondialdehyde concentration was lower. RNA-Seq results showed large amounts of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone signalling, cell wall modification, oxidative stress and pathogen resistance. Collectively, these data demonstrate that pectate lyase plays an important role in both fruit softening and pathogen resistance. This may advance knowledge of postharvest fruit preservation in tomato and other fleshy fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fangjie Xiong
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xian
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Deding Su
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
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41
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Wang L, Zhang XL, Wang L, Tian Y, Jia N, Chen S, Shi NB, Huang X, Zhou C, Yu Y, Zhang ZQ, Pang XQ. Regulation of ethylene-responsive SlWRKYs involved in color change during tomato fruit ripening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16674. [PMID: 29192231 PMCID: PMC5709409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in stress responses in planta. However, the function of WRKY TFs in the regulation of fruit ripening is unclear. Here, 23 tomato SlWRKYs that are similar to ethylene-responsive WRKY genes from other plant species, or show up-regulation during fruit ripening in previous genome-wide study, were selected, and their function in fruit ripening was investigated. Twelve SlWRKYs were found to be responsive to ethylene (SlER-WRKYs), showing expression patterns similar to those of genes related to fruit ripening. Eight SlER-WRKYs—SlWRKY16, 17, 22, 25, 31, 33, 53, and 54, detected in the nuclei—interacted with and activated the promoters of 4 genes related to color change: Pheophytin Pheophorbide Hydrolase (SlPPH), Pheophorbide a Oxygenase (SlPAO), Phytoene Synthase 1 (SlPSY1) and Phytoene Desaturase (SlPDS). Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complement (BiFC) assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts indicated that protein interactions occurred between SlWRKY17 and SlRIN, SlERF2b or SlERF7; SlWRKY33 and SlERF7; SlWRKY54 and SlERF2b; and SlWRKY16 and SlWRKY17. Suppression of SlWRKY 16, 17, 53 or 54 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) retarded the red coloration of the fruit. Our study provides comprehensive molecular evidence that WRKY TFs function in fruit ripening, particularly in color change, and are linked to the intricate regulatory network of other ripening regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ning Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ning-Bo Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xue-Qun Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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42
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Transient GUS Gene Expression in Date Palm Fruit Using Agroinjection Transformation Technique. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28755354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7156-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Transient expression of foreign genes in plant tissue is a valuable tool for testing the efficacy of transformation methods. In this work, we present, for the first time, the utilization of agroinjection as an efficient transformation system for gene delivery in date palm fruit. The research utilized Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pRI201-AN-GUS carrying the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, under the control of a CaMV 35S and kanamycin (NPTII) as an antibiotic gene under the control of a NOS promoter. Based on histochemical assay of agroinjected fruit for the GUS gene expressions, this protocol has proved to be an efficient and reliable tool for transgene expression in date palm. PCR for plasmid DNA, extracted from the transformed Agrobacterium, demonstrated the generation of the expected amplicon, corresponding to the GUS gene using GUS primers.
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43
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Deshpande AB, Chidley HG, Oak PS, Pujari KH, Giri AP, Gupta VS. Isolation and characterization of 9-lipoxygenase and epoxide hydrolase 2 genes: Insight into lactone biosynthesis in mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 138:65-75. [PMID: 28291596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Uniqueness and diversity of mango flavour across various cultivars are well known. Among various flavour metabolites lactones form an important class of aroma volatiles in certain mango varieties due to their ripening specific appearance and lower odour detection threshold. In spite of their biological and biochemical importance, lactone biosynthetic pathway in plants remains elusive. Present study encompasses quantitative real-time analysis of 9-lipoxygenase (Mi9LOX), epoxide hydrolase 2 (MiEH2), peroxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase and acyl-CoA-oxidase genes during various developmental and ripening stages in fruit of Alphonso, Pairi and Kent cultivars with high, low and no lactone content and explains their variable lactone content. Study also covers isolation, recombinant protein characterization and transient over-expression of Mi9LOX and MiEH2 genes in mango fruits. Recombinant Mi9LOX utilized linoleic and linolenic acids, while MiEH2 utilized aromatic and fatty acid epoxides as their respective substrates depicting their role in fatty acid metabolism. Significant increase in concentration of δ-valerolactone and δ-decalactone upon Mi9LOX over-expression and that of δ-valerolactone, γ-hexalactone and δ-hexalactone upon MiEH2 over-expression further suggested probable involvement of these genes in lactone biosynthesis in mango.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish B Deshpande
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Hemangi G Chidley
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Pranjali S Oak
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Keshav H Pujari
- Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Agriculture University, Dapoli, 415712, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India.
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44
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Yang L, Hu G, Li N, Habib S, Huang W, Li Z. Functional Characterization of SlSAHH2 in Tomato Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1312. [PMID: 28798762 PMCID: PMC5526918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) functions as an enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. In the present work we have investigated its role in the ripening process of tomato fruit. Among the three SlSAHH genes we demonstrated that SlSAHH2 was highly accumulated during fruit ripening and strongly responded to ethylene treatment. Over-expression of SlSAHH2 enhanced SAHH enzymatic activity in tomato fruit development and ripening stages and resulted in a major phenotypic change of reduced ripening time from anthesis to breaker. Consistent with this, the content of lycopene was higher in SlSAHH2 over-expression lines than in wild-type at the same developmental stage. The expression of two ethylene inducible genes (E4 and E8) and three ethylene biosynthesis genes (SlACO1, SlACO3 and SlACS2) increased to a higher level in SlSAHH2 over-expression lines at breaker stage, and one transgenic line even produced much more ethylene than wild-type. Although inconsistency in gene expression and ethylene production existed between the two transgenic lines, the transcriptional changes of several important ripening regulators such as RIN, AP2a, TAGL1, CNR and NOR showed a consistent pattern. It was speculated that the influence of SlSAHH2 on ethylene production was downstream of the regulation of SlSAHH2 on these ripening regulator genes. The over-expressing lines displayed higher sensitivity to ethylene in both fruit and non-fruit tissues. Ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) treatment accelerated ripening faster in SlSAHH2 over-expressing fruit than in wild-type. Additionally, seedlings of transgenic lines displayed shorter hypocotyls and roots in ethylene triple response assay. In conclusion, SlSAHH2 played an important role in tomato fruit ripening.
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45
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Ben-Amar A, Daldoul S, Reustle GM, Krczal G, Mliki A. Reverse Genetics and High Throughput Sequencing Methodologies for Plant Functional Genomics. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:460-475. [PMID: 28217003 PMCID: PMC5282599 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160520102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, increasingly sophisticated genetic tools are being developed with the long-term goal of understanding how the coordinated activity of genes gives rise to a complex organism. With the advent of the next generation sequencing associated with effective computational approaches, wide variety of plant species have been fully sequenced giving a wealth of data sequence information on structure and organization of plant genomes. Since thousands of gene sequences are already known, recently developed functional genomics approaches provide powerful tools to analyze plant gene functions through various gene manipulation technologies. Integration of different omics platforms along with gene annotation and computational analysis may elucidate a complete view in a system biology level. Extensive investigations on reverse genetics methodologies were deployed for assigning biological function to a specific gene or gene product. We provide here an updated overview of these high throughout strategies highlighting recent advances in the knowledge of functional genomics in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben-Amar
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Tunisia
- AgroScience.GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Samia Daldoul
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Götz M. Reustle
- AgroScience.GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Gabriele Krczal
- AgroScience.GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Tunisia
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46
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Thagun C, Imanishi S, Kudo T, Nakabayashi R, Ohyama K, Mori T, Kawamoto K, Nakamura Y, Katayama M, Nonaka S, Matsukura C, Yano K, Ezura H, Saito K, Hashimoto T, Shoji T. Jasmonate-Responsive ERF Transcription Factors Regulate Steroidal Glycoalkaloid Biosynthesis in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:961-75. [PMID: 27084593 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived specialized metabolites produced in species of the Solanaceae. Here, we report that a group of jasmonate-responsive transcription factors of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) family (JREs) are close homologs of alkaloid regulators in Cathranthus roseus and tobacco, and regulate production of SGAs in tomato. In transgenic tomato, overexpression and dominant suppression of JRE genes caused drastic changes in SGA accumulation and in the expression of genes for metabolic enzymes involved in the multistep pathway leading to SGA biosynthesis, including the upstream mevalonate pathway. Transactivation and DNA-protein binding assays demonstrate that JRE4 activates the transcription of SGA biosynthetic genes by binding to GCC box-like elements in their promoters. These JRE-binding elements occur at significantly higher frequencies in proximal promoter regions of the genes regulated by JRE genes, supporting the conclusion that JREs mediate transcriptional co-ordination of a series of metabolic genes involved in SGA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonprakun Thagun
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Imanishi
- Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, 514-2392 Japan
| | - Toru Kudo
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, 152-8551 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Yukino Nakamura
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Minami Katayama
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Chiaki Matsukura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shoji
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
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Abstract
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of plant metabolites including mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. They have numerous functions in basic physiological processes as well as the interaction of plants with their biotic and abiotic environment. Due to the tight regulation of biosynthetic pathways and the resulting limited natural availability of terpenes, there is a strong interest in increasing their production in plants by metabolic engineering for agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. The tomato fruit system was developed as a platform for metabolic engineering of terpenes to overcome detrimental effects on overall plant growth and photosynthesis traits, which are affected when terpenoid engineering is performed in vegetative tissues. Here we describe how the use of fruit-specific promoters for transgene expression can avoid these unwanted effects. In addition, targeting the expression of the introduced terpene biosynthetic gene to fruit tissue can take advantage of the large precursor pool provided by the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which is highly active during tomato fruit ripening to facilitate the accumulation of carotenoids. We also discuss how the production of high levels of target terpene compounds can be achieved in fruits by the expression of individual or a combination of (i) the MEP or mevalonic acid pathway enzymes, (ii) prenyltransferases, and/or (iii) terpene synthases. Finally, we provide a brief outline of how the emitted as well as internal pools of terpenes can be analyzed in transgenic tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gutensohn
- Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - N Dudareva
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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48
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Irfan M, Ghosh S, Meli VS, Kumar A, Kumar V, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S, Datta A. Fruit Ripening Regulation of α-Mannosidase Expression by the MADS Box Transcription Factor RIPENING INHIBITOR and Ethylene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26834776 PMCID: PMC4720780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Mannosidase (α-Man), a fruit ripening-specific N-glycan processing enzyme, is involved in ripening-associated fruit softening process. However, the regulation of fruit-ripening specific expression of α-Man is not well understood. We have identified and functionally characterized the promoter of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) α-Man to provide molecular insights into its transcriptional regulation during fruit ripening. Fruit ripening-specific activation of the α-Man promoter was revealed by analysing promoter driven expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter in transgenic tomato. We found that RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), a MADS box family transcription factor acts as positive transcriptional regulator of α-Man during fruit ripening. RIN directly bound to the α-Man promoter sequence and promoter activation/α-Man expression was compromised in rin mutant fruit. Deletion analysis revealed that a promoter fragment (567 bp upstream of translational start site) that contained three CArG boxes (binding sites for RIN) was sufficient to drive GUS expression in fruits. In addition, α-Man expression was down-regulated in fruits of Nr mutant which is impaired in ethylene perception and promoter activation/α-Man expression was induced in wild type following treatment with a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Although, α-Man expression was induced in rin mutant after ACC treatment, the transcript level was less as compared to ACC-treated wild type. Taken together, these results suggest RIN-mediated direct transcriptional regulation of α-Man during fruit ripening and ethylene may acts in RIN-dependent and -independent ways to regulate α-Man expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irfan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Vijaykumar S. Meli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research New Delhi, India
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Li S, Li K, Ju Z, Cao D, Fu D, Zhu H, Zhu B, Luo Y. Genome-wide analysis of tomato NF-Y factors and their role in fruit ripening. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:36. [PMID: 26742635 PMCID: PMC4705811 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process that depends on a coordinated regulation of numerous genes, including ripening-related transcription factors (TFs), fruit-related microRNAs, DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling. It is known that various TFs, such as MADS-domain, MYB, AP2/ERF and SBP/SPL family proteins play key roles in modulating ripening. However, little attention has been given to members of the large NF-Y TF family in this regard, although genes in this family are known to have important functions in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic or biotic stress responses. Results In this study, the evolutionary relationship between Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) NF-Y genes was examined to predict similarities in function. Furthermore, through gene expression analysis, 13 tomato NF-Y genes were identified as candidate regulators of fruit ripening. Functional studies involving suppression of NF-Y gene expression using virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) indicated that five NF-Y genes, including two members of the NF-YB subgroup (Solyc06g069310, Solyc07g065500) and three members of the NF-YA subgroup (Solyc01g087240, Solyc08g062210, Solyc11g065700), influence ripening. In addition, subcellular localization analyses using NF-Y proteins fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter showed that the three NF-YA proteins accumulated in the nucleus, while the two NF-YB proteins were observed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Conclusions In this study, we identified tomato NF-Y genes by analyzing the tomato genome sequence using bioinformatics approaches, and characterized their chromosomal distribution, gene structures, phylogenetic relationship and expression patterns. We also examined their biological functions in regulating tomato fruit via VIGS and subcellular localization analyses. The results indicated that five NF-Y transcription factors play roles in tomato fruit ripening. This information provides a platform for further investigation of their biological functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2334-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Ka Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Ju
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Dongyan Cao
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Daqi Fu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Yunbo Luo
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, Peoples Republic of China.
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Lu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhu K, Xu Q, Deng X. Isolation and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-cyclase Gene Promoter from Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1367. [PMID: 27679644 PMCID: PMC5020073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene β-cyclases are key enzymes located at the branch point of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of LCYb1 in citrus with abundant carotenoid accumulation are still unclear. To understand the molecular basis of CsLCYb1 expression, we isolated and functionally characterized the 5' upstream sequences of CsLCYb1 from citrus. The full-length CsLCYb1 promoter and a series of its 5' deletions were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transferred into different plants (tomato, Arabidopsis and citrus callus) to test the promoter activities. The results of all transgenic species showed that the 1584 bp upstream region from the translational start site displayed maximal promoter activity, and the minimal promoter containing 746 bp upstream sequences was sufficient for strong basal promoter activity. Furthermore, the CsLCYb1 promoter activity was developmentally and tissue-specially regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis, and it was affected by multiple hormones and environmental cues in transgenic citrus callus under various treatments. Finer deletion analysis identified an enhancer element existing as a tandem repeat in the promoter region between -574 to -513 bp and conferring strong promoter activity. The copy numbers of the enhancer element differed among various citrus species, leading to the development of a derived simple sequence repeat marker to distinguish different species. In conclusion, this study elucidates the expression characteristics of the LCYb1 promoter from citrus and further identifies a novel enhancer element required for the promoter activity. The characterized promoter fragment would be an ideal candidate for genetic engineering and seeking of upstream trans-acting elements.
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