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Ma Y, Sun J, Zhang X, Sadaqat M, Tahir Ul Qamar M, Liu T. Comparative genomics analysis of pheophorbide a oxygenase ( PAO) genes in eight pyrus genomes and their regulatory role in multiple stress responses in Chinese pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri). Front Genet 2024; 15:1396744. [PMID: 38689648 PMCID: PMC11058654 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1396744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrus (pear) is among the most nutritious fruits and contains fibers that have great health benefits to humans. It is mostly cultivated in temperate regions globally and is highly subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses which affect its yield. Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) is an essential component of the chlorophyll degradation system and contributes to the senescence of leaves. It is responsible for opening the pheophorbide a porphyrin macrocycle and forming the main fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite However, this gene family and its members have not been explored in Pyrus genomes. Here we report a pangenome-wide investigation has been conducted on eight Pyrus genomes: Cuiguan, Shanxi Duli, Zhongai 1, Nijisseiki, Yunhong No.1, d'Anjou, Bartlett v2.0, and Dangshansuli v.1.1. The phylogenetic history, their gene structure, conservation patterns of motifs, their distribution on chromosomes, and gene duplication are studied in detail which shows the intraspecific structural conservation as well as evolutionary patterns of Pyrus PAOs. Cis-elements, protein-protein interactions (PPI), and the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses show their potential biological functions. Furthermore, their expression in various tissues, fruit hardening conditions, and drought stress conditions is also studied. Based on phylogenetics, the identified PAOs were divided into four groups. The expansion of this gene family in Pyrus is caused by both tandem and segmental duplication. Moreover, positive and negative selection pressure equally directed the gene's duplication process. The Pyrus PAO genes were enriched in hormones-related, light, development, and stress-related elements. RNA-seq data analysis showed that PAOs have varied levels of expression under diseased and abiotic stress conditions. The 3D structures of PAOs are also predicted to get more insights into functional conservation. Our research can be used further to get a deeper knowledge of the PAO gene family in Pyrus and to guide future research on improving the genetic composition of Pyrus to enhance stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Muhammad Sadaqat
- Integrative Omics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Ul Qamar
- Integrative Omics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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Effects of Atmospheric Cold Plasma Treatment on the Storage Quality and Chlorophyll Metabolism of Postharvest Tomato. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244088. [PMID: 36553830 PMCID: PMC9778118 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is a potential green preservation technology, but its preservation mechanism is still unclear, and the effects of different plasma intensities on postharvest tomatoes are little studied. In this study, the effects of different ACP treatments (0 kV, 40 kV, 60 kV, and 80 kV) on the sensory quality, physiological indexes, key enzyme activities, and gene expression related to the chlorophyll metabolism of postharvest tomatoes were investigated during the storage time. The results showed that compared with the control group, the tomatoes in the plasma treatment group had a higher hardness and total soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acid (TA) contents, a lower respiratory intensity and weight loss rate, a higher brightness, and a lower red transformation rate, especially in the 60 kV treatment group. In addition, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation, and chlorophyllase and pheophorbide a mono-oxygenase (PAO) enzyme activities in the postharvest tomatoes were inhibited in the 60 kV treatment group, and the expressions of three key genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, chlorophyll (CLH1), pheophytinase (PPH), and red chlorophyll catabolic reductase (RCCR) were down-regulated. The results of the correlation analysis also confirmed that the enzyme activity and gene expression of the chlorophyll metabolism were regulated by the ACP treatment, aiming to maintain the greenness of postharvest tomatoes.
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Shen ZJ, Xu SX, Huang QY, Li ZY, Xu YD, Lin CS, Huang YJ. TMT proteomics analysis of a pseudocereal crop, quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), during seed maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975073. [PMID: 36426144 PMCID: PMC9678934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an Andean native crop, is increasingly popular around the world due to its high nutritional content and stress tolerance. The production and the popularity of this strategic global food are greatly restricted by many limiting factors, such as seed pre-harvest sprouting, bitter saponin, etc. To solve these problems, the underlying mechanism of seed maturation in quinoa needs to be investigated. In this study, based on the investigation of morphological characteristics, a quantitative analysis of its global proteome was conducted using the combinational proteomics of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The proteome changes related to quinoa seed maturation conversion were monitored to aid its genetic improvement. Typical changes of morphological characteristics were discovered during seed maturation, including mean grain diameter, mean grain thickness, mean hundred-grain weight, palea, episperm color, etc. With TMT proteomics analysis, 581 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified. Functional classification analysis and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that most DAPs involved in photosynthesis were downregulated, indicating low levels of photosynthesis. DAPs that participated in glycolysis, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, were upregulated to fulfill the increasing requirement of energy consumption during maturation conversion. The storage proteins, such as globulins, legumins, vicilins, and oleosin, were also increased significantly during maturation conversion. Protein-protein interaction analysis and function annotation revealed that the upregulation of oleosin, oil body-associated proteins, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2 resulted in the accumulation of oil in quinoa seeds. The downregulation of β-amyrin 28-oxidase was observed, indicating the decreasing saponin content, during maturation, which makes the quinoa "sweet". By the PRM and qRT-PCR analysis, the expression patterns of most selected DAPs were consistent with the result of TMT proteomics. Our study enhanced the understanding of the maturation conversion in quinoa. This might be the first and most important step toward the genetic improvement of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Su-Xia Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing-Yun Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-Yang Li
- Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ding Xu
- Landscape Architecture and Landscape Research Branch, China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Song Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Jin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wang Z, Li C, Zou D, Ji S, Cheng S, Zhou Q, Zhou X, Li M, Wei B. Chlorine dioxide alleviates the yellowing process of broccoli by regulating chlorophyll degrading enzyme activity and gene expression. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Chenkai Li
- Shenyang Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institution Shenyang City China
| | - Dan Zou
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Shujuan Ji
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Shunchang Cheng
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Meilin Li
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
| | - Baodong Wei
- Post‐harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang City China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural University Ministry of Education China
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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Dai Y, Sun X, Wang C, Li F, Zhang S, Zhang H, Li G, Yuan L, Chen G, Sun R, Zhang S. Gene co-expression network analysis reveals key pathways and hub genes in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) during vernalization. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:236. [PMID: 33823810 PMCID: PMC8022416 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vernalization is a type of low temperature stress used to promote rapid bolting and flowering in plants. Although rapid bolting and flowering promote the reproduction of Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), this process causes their commercial value to decline. Clarifying the mechanisms of vernalization is essential for its further application. We performed RNA sequencing of gradient-vernalization in order to explore the reasons for the different bolting process of two Chinese cabbage accessions during vernalization. RESULTS There was considerable variation in gene expression between different-bolting Chinese cabbage accessions during vernalization. Comparative transcriptome analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed for different-bolting Chinese cabbage during different vernalization periods. The biological function analysis and hub gene annotation of highly relevant modules revealed that shoot system morphogenesis and polysaccharide and sugar metabolism caused early-bolting 'XBJ' to bolt and flower faster; chitin, ABA and ethylene-activated signaling pathways were enriched in late-bolting 'JWW'; and leaf senescence and carbohydrate metabolism enrichment were found in the two Chinese cabbage-related modules, indicating that these pathways may be related to bolting and flowering. The high connectivity of hub genes regulated vernalization, including MTHFR2, CPRD49, AAP8, endoglucanase 10, BXLs, GATLs, and WRKYs. Additionally, five genes related to flower development, BBX32 (binds to the FT promoter), SUS1 (increases FT expression), TSF (the closest homologue of FT), PAO and NAC029 (plays a role in leaf senescence), were expressed in the two Chinese cabbage accessions. CONCLUSION The present work provides a comprehensive overview of vernalization-related gene networks in two different-bolting Chinese cabbages during vernalization. In addition, the candidate pathways and hub genes related to vernalization identified here will serve as a reference for breeders in the regulation of Chinese cabbage production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shifan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rifei Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shujiang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Smolikova G, Shiroglazova O, Vinogradova G, Leppyanen I, Dinastiya E, Yakovleva O, Dolgikh E, Titova G, Frolov A, Medvedev S. Comparative analysis of the plastid conversion, photochemical activity and chlorophyll degradation in developing embryos of green-seeded and yellow-seeded pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:409-424. [PMID: 32209205 DOI: 10.1071/fp19270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing seeds of some higher plants are photosynthetically active and contain chlorophylls (Chl), which are typically destroyed at the late stages of seed maturation. However, in some crop plant cultivars, degradation of embryonic Chl remains incomplete, and mature seeds preserve green colour, as it is known for green-seeded cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The residual Chl compromise seed quality and represent a severe challenge for farmers. Hence, comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms, underlying incomplete Chl degradation is required for maintaining sustainable agriculture. Therefore, here we address dynamics of plastid conversion and photochemical activity alterations, accompanying degradation of Chl in embryos of yellow- and green-seeded cultivars Frisson and Rondo respectively. The yellow-seeded cultivar demonstrated higher rate of Chl degradation at later maturation stage, accompanied with termination of photochemical activity, seed dehydration and conversion of green plastids into amyloplasts. In agreement with this, expression of genes encoding enzymes of Chl degradation was lower in the green seeded cultivar, with the major differences in the levels of Chl b reductase (NYC1) and pheophytinase (PPH) transcripts. Thus, the difference between yellow and green seeds can be attributed to incomplete Chl degradation in the latter at the end of maturation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Smolikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; and Corresponding author.
| | - Olga Shiroglazova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Leppyanen
- Laboratory of Signal Regulation, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Dinastiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; and Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Olga Yakovleva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Dolgikh
- Laboratory of Signal Regulation, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Titova
- Laboratory of Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; and Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Ekhtari S, Razeghi J, Hasanpur K, Kianianmomeni A. Different regulations of cell-type transcription by UV-B in multicellular green alga Volvox carteri. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1657339. [PMID: 31446835 PMCID: PMC6804692 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1657339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of research reports on the effect of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation on genome-wide transcriptional regulation in the multicellular green microalga including Volvox carteri (V. carteri). This microalga possesses only two cell types including mortal and motile somatic cells, as well as immortal and immotile reproductive cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of low-dose UV-B radiation on the cell-type-specific gene expression pattern of reproductive and somatic cells in an asexual life cycle of V. carteri using RNA sequence method. To this end, the separated reproductive and somatic cells were treated for 1 hour at an intensity of 0.056 mW/cm-2 UV-B radiation. Then, a transcriptome analysis was conducted between the UV-B and white light treated groups in either of the cell types. Based on differential gene expression analyses, no differentially expressed genes were found in reproductive cells under the treatment as compared to the control group. This type of cell maintained its steady state. However, treating the somatic cells with UV-B radiation led to at least 126 differentially expressed genes compared to the untreated control group. In addition, the results of a direct comparison demonstrated a restricted and wide response to UV-B radiation in somatic cells as compared to reproductive cells. Based on the results, UV-B radiation could be involved in cell-type-specific regulation of biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ekhtari
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J. Razeghi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - K. Hasanpur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A. Kianianmomeni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Physiological and Proteomic Responses of Mulberry Trees ( Morus alba. L.) to Combined Salt and Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102486. [PMID: 31137512 PMCID: PMC6566768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive investigations have been conducted on the effect of sole drought or salinity stress on the growth of plants. However, there is relatively little knowledge on how plants, particularly woody species, respond to a combination of these two stresses although these stresses can simultaneously occur in the field. In this study, mulberry, an economically important resource for traditional medicine, and the sole food of domesticated silkworms was subjected to a combination of salt and drought stress and analyzed by physiological methods and TMT-based proteomics. Stressed mulberry exhibited significant alteration in physiological parameters, including root/shoot ratio, chlorophyll fluorescence, total carbon, and ion reallocation. A total of 577 and 270 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified from the stressed leaves and roots, respectively. Through KEGG analysis, these DEPs were assigned to multiple pathways, including carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, redox, secondary metabolism, and hormone metabolism. Among these pathways, the sucrose related metabolic pathway was distinctly enriched in both stressed leaves and roots, indicating an important contribution in mulberry under stress condition. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive mechanism of mulberry in response to salt and drought stress, which will facilitate further studies on innovations in terms of crop performance.
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Zhang Y, Shi M, Mao X, Kou Y, Liu J. Time-resolved carotenoid profiling and transcriptomic analysis reveal mechanism of carotenogenesis for astaxanthin synthesis in the oleaginous green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:287. [PMID: 31890015 PMCID: PMC6913025 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromochloris zofingiensis is emerging as an industrially relevant alga given its robust growth for the production of lipids and astaxanthin, a value-added carotenoid with broad applications. Nevertheless, poor understanding of astaxanthin synthesis has limited engineering of this alga for rational improvements. RESULTS To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying astaxanthin accumulation in C. zofingiensis, here we conducted an integrated analysis by combining the time-resolved transcriptomes and carotenoid profiling in response to nitrogen deprivation (ND). A global response was triggered for C. zofingiensis to cope with the ND stress. Albeit the little variation in total carotenoid content, individual carotenoids responded differentially to ND: the primary carotenoids particularly lutein and β-carotene decreased, while the secondary carotenoids increased considerably, with astaxanthin and canthaxanthin being the most increased ones. The carotenogenesis pathways were reconstructed: ND had little effect on the carbon flux to carotenoid precursors, but stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis while repressing lutein biosynthesis, thereby diverting the carotenoid flux from primary carotenoids to secondary carotenoids particularly astaxanthin. Comparison between C. zofingiensis and Haematococcus pluvialis revealed the distinctive mechanism of astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis. Furthermore, potential bottlenecks in astaxanthin synthesis were identified and possible engineering strategies were proposed for the alga. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings shed light on distinctive mechanism of carotenogenesis for astaxanthin biosynthesis in C. zofingiensis, identify key functional enzymes and regulators with engineering potential and will benefit rational manipulation of this alga for improving nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Meicheng Shi
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xuemei Mao
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yaping Kou
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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Kuai B, Chen J, Hörtensteiner S. The biochemistry and molecular biology of chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:751-767. [PMID: 28992212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is one of the most obvious signs of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The resulting yellowing of leaves can be observed every autumn, and the color change of fruits indicates their ripening state. During these processes, chlorophyll is broken down in a multistep pathway, now termed the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway, acknowledging the core enzymatic breakdown step catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase, which determines the basic linear tetrapyrrole structure of the products of breakdown that are now called 'phyllobilins'. This review provides an update on the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, and focuses on recent biochemical and molecular progress in understanding phyllobilin-modifying reactions as the basis for phyllobilin diversity, on the evolutionary diversity of the pathway, and on the transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Tańska M, Ambrosewicz-Walacik M, Jankowski K, Rotkiewicz D. Possibility use of digital image analysis for the estimation of the rapeseed maturity stage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1371188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tańska
- Chair of Food Plant Chemistry and Processing, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Ambrosewicz-Walacik
- Department of Mechatronic, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jankowski
- Department of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Production Management and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Daniela Rotkiewicz
- Chair of Food Plant Chemistry and Processing, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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13
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Smolikova G, Dolgikh E, Vikhnina M, Frolov A, Medvedev S. Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Chlorophyll Degradation during Maturation of Seeds with Green Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1993. [PMID: 28926960 PMCID: PMC5618642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryos of some angiosperms (usually referred to as chloroembryos) contain chlorophylls during the whole period of embryogenesis. Developing embryos have photochemically active chloroplasts and are able to produce assimilates, further converted in reserve biopolymers, whereas at the late steps of embryogenesis, seeds undergo dehydration, degradation of chlorophylls, transformation of chloroplast in storage plastids, and enter the dormancy period. However, in some seeds, the process of chlorophyll degradation remains incomplete. These residual chlorophylls compromise the quality of seed material in terms of viability, nutritional value, and shelf life, and represent a serious challenge for breeders and farmers. The mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation during seed maturation are still not completely understood, and only during the recent decades the main pathways and corresponding enzymes could be characterized. Among the identified players, the enzymes of pheophorbide a oxygenase pathway and the proteins encoded by STAY GREEN (SGR) genes are the principle ones. On the biochemical level, abscisic acid (ABA) is the main regulator of seed chlorophyll degradation, mediating activity of corresponding catabolic enzymes on the transcriptional level. In general, a deep insight in the mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation is required to develop the approaches for production of chlorophyll-free high quality seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Smolikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Elena Dolgikh
- All-Russia Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Maria Vikhnina
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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14
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Guo Y, Wang Z, Guan X, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Zheng J, Lu Y. Proteomic analysis of Potentilla fruticosa L. leaves by iTRAQ reveals responses to heat stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182917. [PMID: 28829780 PMCID: PMC5568749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperature is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth and crop yield. Potentilla fruticosa L. has a developed root system and characteristics of resistance to several stresses (e.g., high temperature, cold, drought) that are shared by native shrubs in the north and west of China. To investigate thermotolerance mechanisms in P. fruticosa, 3-year-old plants were subjected to a high temperature of 42°C for 1, 2, and 3 days respectively before analysis. Then, we studied changes in cell ultrastructure using electron microscopy and investigated physiological changes in the leaves of P. fruticosa. Additionally, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to study proteomic changes in P. fruticosa leaves after 3 d of 42°C heat stress. we found that the cell membrane and structure of chloroplasts, especially the thylakoids in P. fruticosa leaves, was destroyed by a high temperature stress, which might affect the photosynthesis in this species. We identified 35 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated proteins after the heat treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that these 58 differentially abundant proteins were involved mainly in protein synthesis, protein folding and degradation, abiotic stress defense, photosynthesis, RNA process, signal transduction, and other functions. The 58 proteins fell into different categories based on their subcellular localization mainly in the chloroplast envelope, cytoplasm, nucleus, cytosol, chloroplast, mitochondrion and cell membrane. Five proteins were selected for analysis at the mRNA level; this analysis showed that gene transcription levels were not completely consistent with protein abundance. These results provide valuable information for Potentilla thermotolerance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtian Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Guan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zenghui Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Yizeng Lu
- Shandong Forest Germplasm Resources Center, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
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15
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Cultivar-specific high temperature stress responses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) associated with physicochemical traits and defense pathways. Food Chem 2017; 221:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Yan J, Liao X, He R, Zhong M, Feng P, Li X, Tang D, Liu X, Zhao X. Ectopic expression of GA 2-oxidase 6 from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) causes dwarfism, late flowering and enhanced chlorophyll accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:10-19. [PMID: 27886559 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are endogenous hormones that play an important role in higher plant growth and development. GA2-oxidase (GA2ox) promotes catabolism and inactivation of bioactive GAs or their precursors. In this study, we identified the GA2-oxidase gene, BnGA2ox6, and found it to be highly expressed in the silique and flower. Overexpression of BnGA2ox6 in Arabidopsis resulted in GA-deficiency symptoms, including inhibited elongation of the hypocotyl and stem, delayed seed germination, and late flowering. BnGA2ox6 overexpression reduced silique growth, but had no effect on seed development. Additionally, BnGA2ox6 overexpression enhanced chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll accumulation, and downregulated mRNA expression levels of the CHL1 and RCCR genes, which are involved in the chlorophyll degradation. These findings suggest that BnGA2ox6 regulates plant hight, silique development, flowering and chlorophyll accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Yan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoying Liao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Reqing He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Panpan Feng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xinmei Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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17
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Zhu X, Chen J, Qiu K, Kuai B. Phytohormone and Light Regulation of Chlorophyll Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1911. [PMID: 29163624 PMCID: PMC5681529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Degreening, due to the net loss of chlorophyll (Chl), is the most prominent symptom during the processes of leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and seed maturation. Over the last decade or so, extensive identifications of Chl catabolic genes (CCGs) have led to the revelation of the biochemical pathway of Chl degradation. As such, exploration of the regulatory mechanism of the degreening process is greatly facilitated. During the past few years, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the regulation of Chl degradation, particularly via the mediation of major phytohormones' signaling. Intriguingly, ethylene and abscisic acid's signaling have been demonstrated to interweave with light signaling in mediating the regulation of Chl degradation. In this review, we briefly summarize this progress, with an effort on providing a framework for further investigation of multifaceted and hierarchical regulations of Chl degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Benke Kuai
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18
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Zinsmeister J, Lalanne D, Terrasson E, Chatelain E, Vandecasteele C, Vu BL, Dubois-Laurent C, Geoffriau E, Signor CL, Dalmais M, Gutbrod K, Dörmann P, Gallardo K, Bendahmane A, Buitink J, Leprince O. ABI5 Is a Regulator of Seed Maturation and Longevity in Legumes. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2735-2754. [PMID: 27956585 PMCID: PMC5155344 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of our genetic resources and production of high-quality seeds depends on their ability to remain viable and vigorous during storage. In a quantitative trait locus analysis on seed longevity in Medicago truncatula, we identified the bZIP transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5). Characterization of Mt-abi5 insertion mutant seeds revealed that both the acquisition of longevity and dormancy were severely impaired. Using transcriptomes of developing Mt-abi5 seeds, we created a gene coexpression network and revealed ABI5 as a regulator of gene modules with functions related to raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) metabolism, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, and photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). Lower RFO contents in Mt-abi5 seeds were linked to the regulation of SEED IMBIBITION PROTEIN1 Proteomic analysis confirmed that a set of LEA polypeptides was reduced in mature Mt-abi5 seeds, whereas the absence of repression of PhANG in mature Mt-abi5 seeds was accompanied by chlorophyll and carotenoid retention. This resulted in a stress response in Mt-abi5 seeds, evident from an increase in α-tocopherol and upregulation of genes related to programmed cell death and protein folding. Characterization of abi5 mutants in a second legume species, pea (Pisum sativum), confirmed a role for ABI5 in the regulation of longevity, seed degreening, and RFO accumulation, identifying ABI5 as a prominent regulator of late seed maturation in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zinsmeister
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - David Lalanne
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emmanuel Terrasson
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emilie Chatelain
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Céline Vandecasteele
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Benoit Ly Vu
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Cécile Dubois-Laurent
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emmanuel Geoffriau
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Marion Dalmais
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karine Gallardo
- Agroécologie, UMR1347, INRA, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, INRA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Julia Buitink
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Olivier Leprince
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
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19
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Ghandchi FP, Caetano-Anolles G, Clough SJ, Ort DR. Investigating the Control of Chlorophyll Degradation by Genomic Correlation Mining. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162327. [PMID: 27618630 PMCID: PMC5019398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation is an intricate process that is critical in a variety of plant tissues at different times during the plant life cycle. Many of the photoactive chlorophyll degradation intermediates are exceptionally cytotoxic necessitating that the pathway be carefully coordinated and regulated. The primary regulatory step in the chlorophyll degradation pathway involves the enzyme pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), which oxidizes the chlorophyll intermediate pheophorbide a, that is eventually converted to non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites. There is evidence that PAO is differentially regulated across different environmental and developmental conditions with both transcriptional and post-transcriptional components, but the involved regulatory elements are uncertain or unknown. We hypothesized that transcription factors modulate PAO expression across different environmental conditions, such as cold and drought, as well as during developmental transitions to leaf senescence and maturation of green seeds. To test these hypotheses, several sets of Arabidopsis genomic and bioinformatic experiments were investigated and re-analyzed using computational approaches. PAO expression was compared across varied environmental conditions in the three separate datasets using regression modeling and correlation mining to identify gene elements co-expressed with PAO. Their functions were investigated as candidate upstream transcription factors or other regulatory elements that may regulate PAO expression. PAO transcript expression was found to be significantly up-regulated in warm conditions, during leaf senescence, and in drought conditions, and in all three conditions significantly positively correlated with expression of transcription factor Arabidopsis thaliana activating factor 1 (ATAF1), suggesting that ATAF1 is triggered in the plant response to these processes or abiotic stresses and in result up-regulates PAO expression. The proposed regulatory network includes the freezing, senescence, and drought stresses modulating factor ATAF1 and various other transcription factors and pathways, which in turn act to regulate chlorophyll degradation by up-regulating PAO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick P. Ghandchi
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Caetano-Anolles
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Soybean/maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, USDA/ARS, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Ort
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Rosianskey Y, Dahan Y, Yadav S, Freiman ZE, Milo-Cochavi S, Kerem Z, Eyal Y, Flaishman MA. Chlorophyll metabolism in pollinated vs. parthenocarpic fig fruits throughout development and ripening. PLANTA 2016; 244:491-504. [PMID: 27097639 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Expression of 13 genes encoding chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation was evaluated. Chlorophyll degradation was differentially regulated in pollinated and parthenocarpic fig fruits, leading to earlier chlorophyll degradation in parthenocarpic fruits. Varieties of the common fig typically yield a commercial summer crop that requires no pollination, although it can be pollinated. Fig fruit pollination results in larger fruit size, greener skin and darker interior inflorescence color, and slows the ripening process compared to non-pollinated fruits. We evaluated the effect of pollination on chlorophyll content and levels of transcripts encoding enzymes of the chlorophyll metabolism in fruits of the common fig 'Brown Turkey'. We cloned and evaluated the expression of 13 different genes. All 13 genes showed high expression in the fruit skin, inflorescences and leaves, but extremely low expression in roots. Pollination delayed chlorophyll breakdown in the ripening fruit skin and inflorescences. This was correlated with the expression of genes encoding enzymes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation pathways. Expression of pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) was strongly negatively correlated with chlorophyll levels during ripening in pollinated fruits; along with its high expression levels in yellow leaves, this supports a pivotal role for PAO in chlorophyll degradation in figs. Normalizing expression levels of all chlorophyll metabolism genes in the pollinated and parthenocarpic fruit skin and inflorescences showed three synthesis (FcGluTR1, FcGluTR2 and FcCLS1) and three degradation (FcCLH1, FcCLH2 and FcRCCR1) genes with different temporal expression in the pollinated vs. parthenocarpic fruit skin and inflorescences. FcCAO also showed different expressions in the parthenocarpic fruit skin. Thus, chlorophyll degradation is differentially regulated in the pollinated and parthenocarpic fruit skin and inflorescences, leading to earlier and more sustained chlorophyll degradation in the parthenocarpic fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogev Rosianskey
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yardena Dahan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Sharawan Yadav
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Zohar E Freiman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Shira Milo-Cochavi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Zohar Kerem
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Eyal
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Moshe A Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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21
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Teixeira RN, Ligterink W, França-Neto JDB, Hilhorst HWM, da Silva EAA. Gene expression profiling of the green seed problem in Soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:37. [PMID: 26829931 PMCID: PMC4736698 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the climate change of the past few decades, some agricultural areas in the world are now experiencing new climatic extremes. For soybean, high temperatures and drought stress can potentially lead to the "green seed problem", which is characterized by chlorophyll retention in mature seeds and is associated with lower oil and seed quality, thus negatively impacting the production of soybean seeds. RESULTS Here we show that heat and drought stress result in a "mild" stay-green phenotype and impaired expression of the STAY-GREEN 1 and STAY-GREEN 2 (D1, D2), PHEOPHORBIDASE 2 (PPH2) and NON-YELLOW COLORING 1 (NYC1_1) genes in soybean seeds of a susceptible soybean cultivar. We suggest that the higher expression of these genes in fully mature seeds of a tolerant cultivar allows these seeds to cope with stressful conditions and complete chlorophyll degradation. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression results obtained in this study represent a significant advance in understanding chlorophyll retention in mature soybean seeds produced under stressful conditions. This will open new research possibilities towards finding molecular markers for breeding programs to produce cultivars which are less susceptible to chlorophyll retention under the hot and dry climate conditions which are increasingly common in the largest soybean production areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renake N Teixeira
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
- Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18.610-307, Brazil.
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - José de B França-Neto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, EMBRAPA Soja, Caixa-postal 231, Londrina, PR, 86001970, Brazil.
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Edvaldo A A da Silva
- Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18.610-307, Brazil.
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22
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Bell A, Moreau C, Chinoy C, Spanner R, Dalmais M, Le Signor C, Bendahmane A, Klenell M, Domoney C. SGRL can regulate chlorophyll metabolism and contributes to normal plant growth and development in Pisum sativum L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:539-58. [PMID: 26346777 PMCID: PMC4659853 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Among a set of genes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) that were induced under drought-stress growth conditions, one encoded a protein with significant similarity to a regulator of chlorophyll catabolism, SGR. This gene, SGRL, is distinct from SGR in genomic location, encoded carboxy-terminal motif, and expression through plant and seed development. Divergence of the two encoded proteins is associated with a loss of similarity in intron/exon gene structure. Transient expression of SGRL in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana promoted the degradation of chlorophyll, in a manner that was distinct from that shown by SGR. Removal of a predicted transmembrane domain from SGRL reduced its activity in transient expression assays, although variants with and without this domain reduced SGR-induced chlorophyll degradation, indicating that the effects of the two proteins are not additive. The combined data suggest that the function of SGRL during growth and development is in chlorophyll re-cycling, and its mode of action is distinct from that of SGR. Studies of pea sgrL mutants revealed that plants had significantly lower stature and yield, a likely consequence of reduced photosynthetic efficiencies in mutant compared with control plants under conditions of high light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bell
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Carol Moreau
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Spanner
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marion Dalmais
- INRA/CNRS - URGV, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Markus Klenell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Claire Domoney
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Xiao HJ, Liu KK, Li DW, Arisha MH, Chai WG, Gong ZH. Cloning and characterization of the pepper CaPAO gene for defense responses to salt-induced leaf senescence. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:100. [PMID: 26498743 PMCID: PMC4619409 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) is an important enzyme in the chlorophyll catabolism pathway and is involved in leaf senescence. It opens the porphyrin macrocycle of pheophorbide a and finally forms the primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite. Previous studies have demonstrated the function of PAO during cell death. However, the characterizaton of PAO during leaf senescence induced by environmental factors is not well understood. METHODS Homology-based cloning and RACE techniques were used to obtain the full-length cDNA of the CaPAO gene. CaPAO expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Function of CaPAO gene were studied using virus-induced gene silencing and transgenic techniques with tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). RESULTS A novel PAO gene CaPAO was isolated from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The full-length CaPAO cDNA is comprised of 1838 bp, containing an open reading frame of 1614 bp, and encodes a 537 amino acid protein. This deduced protein belongs to the Rieske-type iron-sulfur superfamily, containing a conserved Rieske cluster. CaPAO expression, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR, was higher in leaves than roots, stems and flowers. It was upregulated by abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Moreover, CaPAO was significantly induced by high salinity and osmotic stress treatments and also was regulated by Phytophthora capsici. The virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to silence the CaPAO gene in pepper plants. After 3 days of high salt treatment, the chlorophyll breakdown of CaPAO-silenced pepper plants was retarded. RD29A promoter-inducible expression vector was constructed and transferred into tobacco plant. After 7 days of salt treatment, the leaves of transgenic plants were severely turned into yellow, the lower leaves showed necrotic symptom and chlorophyll content was significantly lower than that in the control plants. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CaPAO gene was induced in natural senescence and various stresses. The CaPAO gene may be related to defense responses to various stresses and play an important role in salt-induced leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Juan Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Ke-Ke Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Mohamed Hamed Arisha
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia P. R. Egypt.
| | - Wei-Guo Chai
- Institute of Vegetables, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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Heinrich S, Valentin K, Frickenhaus S, Wiencke C. Temperature and light interactively modulate gene expression in Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:93-108. [PMID: 26986261 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae of the order Laminariales (kelp) are important components of cold-temperate coastal ecosystems. Major factors influencing their distribution are light (including UV radiation) and temperature. Therefore, future global environmental changes potentially will impact their zonation, distribution patterns, and primary productivity. Many physiological studies were performed on UV radiation and temperature stress in kelp but combinatory effects have not been analyzed and so far no study is available on the molecular processes involved in acclimation to these stresses. Therefore, sporophytes of Saccharina latissima were exposed for 2 weeks to 12 combinations of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), UV radiation and temperature. Subsequently, microarray hybridizations were performed to determine changes in gene expression patterns. Several effects on the transcriptome were observed after exposure experiments. The strongest effect of temperature on gene expression was observed at 2°C. Furthermore, UV radiation had stronger effects on gene expression than high PAR, and caused stronger induction genes correlated with categories such as photosynthetic components and vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Higher temperatures ameliorated the negative effects of UV radiation in S. latissima. Regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging seems to work in a compartment specific way. Gene expression profiles of ROS scavengers indicated a high amount of oxidative stress in response to the 2°C condition as well as to excessive light at 12°C. Interestingly, stress levels that did not lead to physiological alterations already caused by a transcriptomic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heinrich
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Klaus Valentin
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stephan Frickenhaus
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christian Wiencke
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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25
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Wen CH, Lin SS, Chu FH. Transcriptome analysis of a subtropical deciduous tree: autumn leaf senescence gene expression profile of Formosan gum. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:163-74. [PMID: 25392065 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Autumn leaf senescence is a spectacular natural phenomenon; however, the regulation networks controlling autumnal colors and the leaf senescence program remain largely unelucidated. Whether regulation of leaf senescence is similar in subtropical deciduous plants and temperate deciduous plants is also unknown. In this study, the gene expression of a subtropical deciduous tree, Formosan gum (Liquidambar formosana Hance), was profiled. The transcriptomes of April leaves (green leaves, 'G') and December leaves (red leaves, 'R') were investigated by next-generation gene sequencing. Out of 58,402 de novo assembled contigs, 32,637 were annotated as putative genes. Furthermore, the L. formosana-specific microarray designed based on total contigs was used to extend the observation period throughout the growing seasons of 2011-2013. Network analysis from the gene expression profile focused on the genes up-regulated when autumn leaf senescence occurred. LfWRKY70, LfWRKY75, LfWRKY65, LfNAC1, LfSPL14, LfNAC100 and LfMYB113 were shown to be key regulators of leaf senescnece, and the genes regulated by LfWRKY75, LfNAC1 and LfMYB113 are candidates to link chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis to senescence. In summary, the gene expression profiles over the entire year of the developing leaf from subtropical deciduous trees were used for in silico analysis and the putative gene regulation in autumn coloration and leaf senescence is discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiang Wen
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nan-Tou, Taiwan
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26
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Hua S, Chen ZH, Zhang Y, Yu H, Lin B, Zhang D. Chlorophyll and carbohydrate metabolism in developing silique and seed are prerequisite to seed oil content of Brassica napus L. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:34. [PMID: 28510961 PMCID: PMC5432831 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the seed oil content in canola is a crucial quality determining trait, the regulatory mechanisms of its formation are not fully discovered. This study compared the silique and seed physiological characteristics including fresh and dry weight, seed oil content, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate content in a high oil content line (HOCL) and a low oil content line (LOCL) of canola derived from a recombinant inbred line in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The aim of the investigation is to uncover the physiological regulation of silique and seed developmental events on seed oil content in canola. RESULTS On average, 83% and 86% of silique matter while 69% and 63% of seed matter was produced before 30 days after anthesis (DAA) in HOCL and LOCL, respectively, over three years. Furthermore, HOCL exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry matter at most developmental stages of siliques and seeds. From 20 DAA, lipids were deposited in the seed of HOCL significantly faster than that of LOCL, which was validated by transmission electron microscopy, showing that HOCL accumulates considerable more oil bodies in the seed cells. Markedly higher silique chlorophyll content was observed in HOCL consistently over the three consecutive years, implying a higher potential of photosynthetic capacity in siliques of HOCL. As a consequence, HOCL exhibited significantly higher content of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and starch mainly at 20 to 45 DAA, a key stage of seed lipid deposition. Moreover, seed sugar content was usually higher than silique indicating the importance of sugar transportation from siliques to seeds as substrate for lipid biosynthesis. The much lower silique cellulose content in HOCL was beneficial for lipid synthesis rather than consuming excessive carbohydrate for cell wall. CONCLUSIONS Superior physiological characteristics of siliques in HOCL showed advantage to produce more photosynthetic assimilates, which were highly correlated to seed oil contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, 2751NSW Australia
| | - Yaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Huasheng Yu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Baogang Lin
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 P.R. China
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Christ B, Egert A, Süssenbacher I, Kräutler B, Bartels D, Peters S, Hörtensteiner S. Water deficit induces chlorophyll degradation via the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway in leaves of homoio- (Craterostigma pumilum) and poikilochlorophyllous (Xerophyta viscosa) resurrection plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2521-31. [PMID: 24697723 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm resurrection plants exhibit poikilo- or homoiochlorophylly as a response to water deficit. Both strategies are generally considered as effective mechanisms to reduce oxidative stress associated with photosynthetic activity under water deficiency. The mechanism of water deficit-induced chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in resurrection plants is unknown but has previously been suggested to occur as a result of non-enzymatic photooxidation. We investigated Chl degradation during dehydration in both poikilochlorophyllous (Xerophyta viscosa) and homoiochlorophyllous (Craterostigma pumilum) species. We demonstrate an increase in the abundance of PHEOPHORBIDE a OXYGENASE (PAO), a key enzyme of Chl breakdown, together with an accumulation of phyllobilins, that is, products of PAO-dependent Chl breakdown, in both species. Phyllobilins and PAO levels diminished again in leaves from rehydrated plants. We conclude that water deficit-induced poikilochlorophylly occurs via the well-characterized PAO/phyllobilin pathway of Chl breakdown and that this mechanism also appears conserved in a resurrection species displaying homoiochlorophylly. The roles of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway during different plant developmental processes that involve Chl breakdown, such as leaf senescence and desiccation, fruit ripening and seed maturation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Christ
- Institute of Plant Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Woyengo TA, Yánez J, Young MG, Lanz G, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Nutritional value of full-fat green canola seed fed to growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3449-59. [PMID: 24987067 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature green canola seed (full-fat green canola seed [FFGC]) is rejected by canola crushing plants due to chlorophyll staining of oil destined for human consumption. With >35% oil, FFGC can contribute energy to pig diets. The nutritive value of FFGC for growing-finishing pigs was determined in 2 studies. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (46.5 kg BW) were fed 3 diets as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) coefficients of AA and calculate DE and NE values for FFGC. A diet including 40% FFGC replaced wheat in a basal diet and a cornstarch-based N-free diet were fed to determine energy and nutrient digestibility by difference and to estimate basal endogenous AA losses to calculate SID of AA. In Exp. 2, 1,100 pigs (32.9 kg BW), housed in 50 pens of 22 barrows or gilts per pen, were fed 5 diets including 0, 5, 10, and 15% constant or declining amounts (15, 10, 5, 0, and 0%, respectively) of FFGC over 5 phases to determine effects of feeding FFGC on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Phase diets were formulated to provide 4.00, 3.60, 3.25, 2.90, and 2.65 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for d 0 to 21, d 22 to 42, d 43 to 62, d 63 to 74, and d 75 to 123 kg market weight. Carcass characteristics were measured using the Destron grading system. On DM basis, FFGC contained 43% ether extract, 25% CP, 22% NDF, 10 μmol/g glucosinolates, 1.35% Lys, 0.5% Met, 0.9% Thr, and 0.27% Trp. In FFGC, SID coefficients of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 86.9, 87.3, 76.9, and 84.3%, respectively, and calculated DE and NE values were 4.92 and 3.50 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively. Overall, increasing dietary FFGC inclusion from 0 to 15% linearly decreased (P < 0.05) G:F, carcass weight, and dressing percentage (0.392 to 0.381 kg/kg, 96.7 to 95.7 kg, and 78.4 to 77.8%, respectively) and tended to decrease (P = 0.078) ADG. Pigs fed decreasing amounts of FFGC by growth phase compared with controls (0% FFGC) had lower (P = 0.011) overall G:F (0.392 vs. 0.372 kg/kg). Increasing dietary FFGC inclusion did not affect carcass backfat thickness and loin depth. The FFGC was a good source of dietary energy and AA. However, increasing dietary FFGC inclusion for pigs reduced G:F and dressing percentage likely because of the increased dietary fiber content, resulting from increasing FFGC and barley and reducing wheat, soybean meal, and tallow in diets. Inclusion of FFGC in swine diets should, therefore, be based on targeted G:F and relative cost to other feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Woyengo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - J Yánez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, 90500 Tlaxcala, México
| | - M G Young
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta T9W 1N3, Canada
| | - G Lanz
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta T9W 1N3, Canada
| | - E Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - R T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Delmas F, Sankaranarayanan S, Deb S, Widdup E, Bournonville C, Bollier N, Northey JGB, McCourt P, Samuel MA. ABI3 controls embryo degreening through Mendel's I locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3888-94. [PMID: 24043799 PMCID: PMC3791760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll (chl) is essential for light capture and is the starting point that provides the energy for photosynthesis and thus plant growth. Obviously, for this reason, retention of the green chlorophyll pigment is considered a desirable crop trait. However, the presence of chlorophyll in mature seeds can be an undesirable trait that can affect seed maturation, seed oil quality, and meal quality. Occurrence of mature green seeds in oil crops such as canola and soybean due to unfavorable weather conditions during seed maturity is known to cause severe losses in revenue. One recently identified candidate that controls the chlorophyll degradation machinery is the stay-green gene, SGR1 that was mapped to Mendel's I locus responsible for cotyledon color (yellow versus green) in peas. A defect in SGR1 leads to leaf stay-green phenotypes in Arabidopsis and rice, but the role of SGR1 in seed degreening and the signaling machinery that converges on SGR1 have remained elusive. To decipher the gene regulatory network that controls degreening in Arabidopsis, we have used an embryo stay-green mutant to demonstrate that embryo degreening is achieved by the SGR family and that this whole process is regulated by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) through ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3); a B3 domain transcription factor that has a highly conserved and essential role in seed maturation, conferring desiccation tolerance. Misexpression of ABI3 was sufficient to rescue cold-induced green seed phenotype in Arabidopsis. This finding reveals a mechanistic role for ABI3 during seed degreening and thus targeting of this pathway could provide a solution to the green seed problem in various oil-seed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Delmas
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; and
| | | | - Srijani Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Ellen Widdup
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Céline Bournonville
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; and
| | - Norbert Bollier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; and
| | - Julian G. B. Northey
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Peter McCourt
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Marcus A. Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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Hannoufa A, Pillai BVS, Chellamma S. Genetic enhancement of Brassica napus seed quality. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:39-52. [PMID: 23979711 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate value of the Brassica napus (canola) seed is derived from the oil fraction, which has long been recognized for its premium dietary attributes, including its low level of saturated fatty acids, high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, and favorable omega-3 fatty acid profile. However, the protein (meal) portion of the seed has also received favorable attention for its essential amino acids, including abundance of sulfur-containing amino acids, such that B. napus protein is being contemplated for large scale use in livestock and fish feed formulations. Efforts to optimize the composition of B. napus oil and protein fractions are well documented; therefore, this article will review research concerned with optimizing secondary metabolites that affect the quality of seed oil and meal, from undesirable anti-nutritional factors to highl value beneficial products. The biological, agronomic, and economic values attributed to secondary metabolites have brought much needed attention to those in Brassica oilseeds and other crops. This review focuses on increasing levels of beneficial endogenous secondary metabolites (such as carotenoids, choline and tochopherols) and decreasing undesirable antinutritional factors (glucosinolates, sinapine and phytate). Molecular genetic approaches are given emphasis relative to classical breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada,
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31
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Tang C, Wang X, Duan X, Wang X, Huang L, Kang Z. Functions of the lethal leaf-spot 1 gene in wheat cell death and disease tolerance to Puccinia striiformis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2955-69. [PMID: 23811695 PMCID: PMC3697956 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) is a key enzyme in chlorophyll catabolism that is known to suppress cell death in maize and Arabidopsis. The catalytic activity of PaO in chlorophyll degradation has been clearly demonstrated, but the function of PaO in the regulation of cell death and plant-microbe interactions is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a PaO homologue in wheat of the lethal leaf-spot 1 gene, TaLls1, that was induced in leaves infected by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst) and wounding treatment. The TaLls1 protein contains a conserved Rieske [2Fe-2S] motif and a mononuclear iron-binding site typical of PaOs. Silencing of TaLls1 by virus-induced gene silencing in wheat led to leaf cell death without pathogen attacks, possibly due to the accumulation of pheophorbide a (upstream substrate of PaO), indicating a suppressor role of TaLls1, while overexpression of TaLls1 also triggered cell death in both tobacco and wheat leaves, probably owing to the accumulation of the red chlorophyll catabolite (downstream product of PaO). Further deletion mutant analysis showed that the conserved Rieske domain, but not the iron-binding site, was essential for cell death induction. These results thus suggest a threshold for TaLls1 in maintaining cell homeostasis to adapt in various stresses, and shed new light on the role of TaLls1 in cell death regulation. Furthermore, silencing of TaLls1 in wheat did not change the disease symptoms but enhanced tolerance to Pst via an significant increase in H2O2 generation, elevated cell death occurrence, and upregulation of pathogenesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
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Nakajima S, Ito H, Tanaka R, Tanaka A. Chlorophyll b reductase plays an essential role in maturation and storability of Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:261-73. [PMID: 22751379 PMCID: PMC3440204 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although seeds are a sink organ, chlorophyll synthesis and degradation occurs during embryogenesis and in a manner similar to that observed in photosynthetic leaves. Some mutants retain chlorophyll after seed maturation, and they are disturbed in seed storability. To elucidate the effects of chlorophyll retention on the seed storability of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we examined the non-yellow coloring1 (nyc1)/nyc1-like (nol) mutants that do not degrade chlorophyll properly. Approximately 10 times more chlorophyll was retained in the dry seeds of the nyc1/nol mutant than in the wild-type seeds. The germination rates rapidly decreased during storage, with most of the mutant seeds failing to germinate after storage for 23 months, whereas 75% of the wild-type seeds germinated after 42 months. These results indicate that chlorophyll retention in the seeds affects seed longevity. Electron microscopic studies indicated that many small oil bodies appeared in the embryonic cotyledons of the nyc1/nol mutant; this finding indicates that the retention of chlorophyll affects the development of organelles in embryonic cells. A sequence analysis of the NYC1 promoter identified a potential abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the binding of an ABA-responsive transcriptional factor to the NYC1 promoter DNA fragment, thus suggesting that NYC1 expression is regulated by ABA. Furthermore, NYC1 expression was repressed in the ABA-insensitive mutants during embryogenesis. These data indicate that chlorophyll degradation is induced by ABA during seed maturation to produce storable seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nakajima
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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Gomez-Lobato ME, Civello PM, Martínez GA. Effects of ethylene, cytokinin and physical treatments on BoPaO gene expression of harvested broccoli. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:151-8. [PMID: 21732385 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broccoli is a highly perishable vegetable that shows enhanced postharvest senescence and intense de-greening caused by chlorophyll degradation. One of the key steps of chlorophyll catabolism is the opening of chlorophyll tretrapyrrole catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO). In this study the expression of a gene encoding a putative PaO was characterised under several chemical and physical treatments. RESULTS A fragment of a gene encoding a PaO from broccoli (BoPaO) was cloned. The expression of BoPaO showed an important increment during postharvest senescence, in correlation with chlorophyll degradation. Furthermore, broccoli heads were treated with the hormones cytokinin and ethylene. Cytokinin delayed the increment in BoPaO expression, while ethylene accelerated the process. Also, several postharvest treatments were applied in order to evaluate their effect on BoPaO expression. Samples treated with modified atmosphere, hot air, UV-C or white light showed a delay in chlorophyll degradation and de-greening. In most cases the treatments also delayed the increment in BoPaO expression during senescence. CONCLUSION A close correlation between chlorophyll degradation and BoPaO expression was found during broccoli senescence. This relationship was corroborated in samples treated with different hormonal and physical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Gomez-Lobato
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, UNSAM-CONICET, Camino Circunvalación Laguna Km 6, Chascomús (B7130IWA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hörtensteiner S. Stay-green regulates chlorophyll and chlorophyll-binding protein degradation during senescence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:155-62. [PMID: 19237309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stay-green mutants are delayed in leaf senescence and have been identified from different plant species, including many crops. Functional stay-greens have the potential to increase plant productivity. In cosmetic stay-greens, however, retention of chlorophyll during senescence is uncoupled from a decline of photosynthetic capacity in these mutants. For many cosmetic stay-green mutants, including Gregor Mendel's famous green cotyledon pea variety, molecular defects were recently identified in orthologous stay-green genes. Stay-green genes encode members of a new family of chloroplast-located proteins, which are likely to function in dismantling of photosynthetic chlorophyll-apoprotein complexes. Their activity is considered as a prerequisite for both chlorophyll and apoprotein degradation during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cecconi D, Zamò A, Bianchi E, Parisi A, Barbi S, Milli A, Rinalducci S, Rosenwald A, Hartmann E, Zolla L, Chilosi M. Signal transduction pathways of mantle cell lymphoma: A phosphoproteome-based study. Proteomics 2008; 8:4495-506. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tang L, Xu L. The photosensitive effect of chlorophyll derivatives on bacteria. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aubry S, Mani J, Hörtensteiner S. Stay-green protein, defective in Mendel's green cotyledon mutant, acts independent and upstream of pheophorbide a oxygenase in the chlorophyll catabolic pathway. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 67:243-56. [PMID: 18301989 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Type C stay-green mutants are defined as being defective in the pathway of chlorophyll breakdown, which involves pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), required for loss of green color. By analyzing senescence parameters, such as protein degradation, expression of senescence-associated genes and loss of photosynthetic capacity, we demonstrate that JI2775, the green cotyledon (i) pea line used by Gregor Mendel to establish the law of genetics, is a true type C stay-green mutant. STAY-GREEN (SGR) had earlier been shown to map to the I locus. The defect in JI2775 is due to both reduced expression of SGR and loss of SGR protein function. Regulation of PAO through SGR had been proposed. By determining PAO protein abundance and activity, we show that PAO is unaffected in JI2775. Furthermore we show that pheophorbide a accumulation in the mutant is independent of PAO. When silencing SGR expression in Arabidopsis pao1 mutant, both pheophorbide a accumulation and cell death phenotype, typical features of pao1, are lost. These results confirm that SGR function within the chlorophyll catabolic pathway is independent and upstream of PAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wu G, Ortiz-Flores G, Ortiz-Lopez A, Ort DR. A Point Mutation in atpC1 Raises the Redox Potential of the Arabidopsis Chloroplast ATP Synthase γ-Subunit Regulatory Disulfide above the Range of Thioredoxin Modulation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36782-9. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Grennan AK, Ort DR. Cool temperatures interfere with D1 synthesis in tomato by causing ribosomal pausing. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 94:375-85. [PMID: 17479355 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodamage occurs when leaves are exposed to light in excess of what can be used for photosynthesis and in excess of the capacity of ancillary photoprotective as well as repair mechanisms. An important site of photodamage is the chloroplast encoded D1 protein, a component of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. Even under optimal growth irradiance, D1 is photodamaged necessitating rapid turnover to prevent the accumulation of photodamaged PSII reaction centers and consequent inhibition of photosynthesis. However, this on-going process of D1 turnover and replacement was impeded in the chilling-sensitive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants when exposed to high-growth light at cool temperature. The decrease in D1 turnover and replacement was found not to be due to changes in the steady-state level of the psbA message. While the recruitment of ribosomes to psbA transcript, initiation of D1 translation, and the association of polysomes with the thylakoid membrane occurred normally, chilling temperatures caused ribosomal pausing during D1 peptide elongation in tomato. The pause locations were non-randomly located on the D1 transcript. The interference with translation caused by ribosomal pausing allowed photodamaged PSII centers to accumulate leading to the consequent inhibition of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleel K Grennan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., 1407 IGB, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Ren G, An K, Liao Y, Zhou X, Cao Y, Zhao H, Ge X, Kuai B. Identification of a novel chloroplast protein AtNYE1 regulating chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:1429-41. [PMID: 17468209 PMCID: PMC1914121 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A dramatic increase of chlorophyll (Chl) degradation occurs during senescence of vegetative plant organs and fruit ripening. Although the biochemical pathway of Chl degradation has long been proposed, little is known about its regulatory mechanism. Identification of Chl degradation-disturbed mutants and subsequently isolation of responsible genes would greatly facilitate the elucidation of the regulation of Chl degradation. Here, we describe a nonyellowing mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nye1-1, in which 50% Chl was retained, compared to less than 10% in the wild type (Columbia-0), at the end of a 6-d dark incubation. Nevertheless, neither photosynthesis- nor senescence-associated process was significantly affected in nye1-1. Characteristically, a significant reduction in pheophorbide a oxygenase activity was detected in nye1-1. However, no detectable accumulation of either chlorophyllide a or pheophorbide a was observed. Reciprocal crossings revealed that the mutant phenotype was caused by a monogenic semidominant nuclear mutation. We have identified AtNYE1 by positional cloning. Dozens of its putative orthologs, predominantly appearing in higher plant species, were identified, some of which have been associated with Chl degradation in a few crop species. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that AtNYE1 was drastically induced by senescence signals. Constitutive overexpression of AtNYE1 could result in either pale-yellow true leaves or even albino seedlings. These results collectively indicate that NYE1 plays an important regulatory role in Chl degradation during senescence by modulating pheophorbide a oxygenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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