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Baltzi E, Papaloukas C, Spandidos DA, Michalopoulos I. Genes encoding γ‑glutamyl‑transpeptidases in the allicin biosynthetic pathway in garlic ( Allium sativum). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:45. [PMID: 38357244 PMCID: PMC10865298 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Allicin is a thiosulphate molecule produced in garlic (Allium sativum) and has a wide range of biological actions and pharmaceutical applications. Its precursor molecule is the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulphoxide). The alliin biosynthetic pathway in garlic involves a group of enzymes, members of which are the γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase isoenzymes, Allium sativum γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase AsGGT1, AsGGT2 and AsGGT3, which catalyze the removal of the γ-glutamyl group from γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine to produce S-allyl-L-cysteine. This removal is followed by an S-oxygenation, which leads to the biosynthesis of alliin. The aim of the present study is to annotate previously discovered genes of garlic γ-glutamyl-transpeptidases, as well as a fourth candidate gene (AsGGT4) that has yet not been described. The annotation includes identifying the loci of the genes in the garlic genome, revealing the overall structure and conserved regions of these genes, and elucidating the evolutionary history of these enzymes through their phylogenetic analysis. The genomic structure of γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase genes is conserved; each gene consists of seven exons, and these genes are located on different chromosomes. AsGGT3 and AsGGT4 enzymes contain a signal peptide. To that end, the AsGGT3 protein sequence was corrected; four indel events occurring in AsGGT3 coding regions suggested that at least in the garlic variety Ershuizao, AsGGT3 may be a pseudogene. Finally, the use of protein structure prediction tools allowed the visualization of the tertiary structure of the candidate peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Baltzi
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Costas Papaloukas
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Zhang H, Hu L, Du X, Shah AA, Ahmad B, Yang L, Mu Z. Response and Tolerance of Macleaya cordata to Excess Zinc Based on Transcriptome and Proteome Patterns. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2275. [PMID: 37375899 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Macleaya cordata is a dominant plant of mine tailings and a zinc (Zn) accumulator with high Zn tolerance. In this study, M. cordata seedlings cultured in Hoagland solution were treated with 200 μmol·L-1 of Zn for 1 day or 7 days, and then, their leaves were taken for a comparative analysis of the transcriptomes and proteomes between the leaves of the control and Zn treatments. Differentially expressed genes included those that were iron (Fe)-deficiency-induced, such as vacuolar iron transporter VIT, ABC transporter ABCI17 and ferric reduction oxidase FRO. Those genes were significantly upregulated by Zn and could be responsible for Zn transport in the leaves of M. cordata. Differentially expressed proteins, such as chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, ATP-dependent protease, and vacuolar-type ATPase located on the tonoplast, were significantly upregulated by Zn and, thus, could be important in chlorophyll biosynthesis and cytoplasm pH stabilization. Moreover, the changes in Zn accumulation, the production of hydrogen peroxide, and the numbers of mesophyll cells in the leaves of M. cordata were consistent with the expression of the genes and proteins. Thus, the proteins involved in the homeostasis of Zn and Fe are hypothesized to be the keys to the tolerance and accumulation of Zn in M. cordata. Such mechanisms in M. cordata can suggest novel approaches to genetically engineering and biofortifying crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiao Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinlong Du
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Assar Ali Shah
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liming Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhiying Mu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Ito T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Degradation of glutathione and glutathione conjugates in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3313-3327. [PMID: 36651789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, abundant, and indispensable thiol for plants that participates in various biological processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, storage and transport of sulfur, detoxification of harmful substances, and metabolism of several compounds. Therefore knowledge of GSH metabolism is essential for plant science. Nevertheless, GSH degradation has been insufficiently elucidated, and this has hampered our understanding of plant life. Over the last five decades, the γ-glutamyl cycle has been dominant in GSH studies, and the exoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been regarded as the major GSH degradation enzyme. However, recent studies have shown that GSH is degraded in cells by cytosolic enzymes such as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase or γ-glutamyl peptidase. Meanwhile, a portion of GSH is degraded after conjugation with other molecules, which has also been found to be carried out by vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl peptidase, or phytochelatin synthase. These findings highlight the need to re-assess previous assumptions concerning the γ-glutamyl cycle, and a novel overview of the plant GSH degradation pathway is essential. This review aims to build a foundation for future studies by summarizing current understanding of GSH/glutathione conjugate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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4
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Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Treder K, Király L. Glutathione Contribution in Interactions between Turnip mosaic virus and Arabidopsis thaliana Mutants Lacking Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs D and F. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087128. [PMID: 37108292 PMCID: PMC10138990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (Rbohs) play crucial and diverse roles in plant tissue-mediated production of reactive oxygen species during the development, growth, and response of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. Many studies have demonstrated the contribution of RbohD and RbohF in stress signaling in pathogen response differentially modulating the immune response, but the potential role of the Rbohs-mediated response in plant-virus interactions remains unknown. The present study analyzed, for the first time, the metabolism of glutathione in rbohD-, rbohF-, and rbohD/F-transposon-knockout mutants in response to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection. rbohD-TuMV and Col-0-TuMV interactions were characterized by susceptible reaction to TuMV, associated with significant activity of GPXLs (glutathione peroxidase-like enzymes) and induction of lipid peroxidation in comparison to mock-inoculated plants, with reduced total cellular and apoplastic glutathione content observed at 7-14 dpi and dynamic induction of apoplast GSSG (oxidized glutathione) at 1-14 dpi. Systemic virus infection resulted in the induction of AtGSTU1 and AtGSTU24, which was highly correlated with significant downregulation of GSTs (glutathione transferases) and cellular and apoplastic GGT (γ-glutamyl transferase) with GR (glutathione reductase) activities. On the contrary, resistant rbohF-TuMV reactions, and especially enhanced rbohD/F-TuMV reactions, were characterized by a highly dynamic increase in total cellular and apoplastic glutathione content, with induction of relative expression of AtGGT1, AtGSTU13, and AtGSTU19 genes. Moreover, virus limitation was highly correlated with the upregulation of GSTs, as well as cellular and apoplastic GGT with GR activities. These findings clearly indicate that glutathione can act as a key signaling factor in not only susceptible rbohD reaction but also the resistance reaction presented by rbohF and rbohD/F mutants during TuMV interaction. Furthermore, by actively reducing the pool of glutathione in the apoplast, GGT and GR enzymes acted as a cell first line in the Arabidopsis-TuMV pathosystem response, protecting the cell from oxidative stress in resistant interactions. These dynamically changed signal transductions involved symplast and apoplast in mediated response to TuMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Treder
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic and Biochemistry, Bonin Research Center, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, 76-009 Bonin, Poland
| | - Lóránt Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 15 Herman Ottó Str., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Inoue R, Nakamura N, Matsumoto C, Takase H, Sekiya J, Prieto R. Characterization of γ-glutamyltransferase- and phytochelatin synthase-mediated catabolism of glutathione and glutathione S-conjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:381-389. [PMID: 37283618 PMCID: PMC10240914 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) has been implicated in a multitude of cellular functions, such as protection of cells against oxidative stress, detoxification of xenobiotics via degradation of GSH S-conjugates, and disease resistance. Glutathione also serves as a precursor of phytochelatins, and thereby plays an essential role in heavy metal detoxification. The Arabidopsis genome encodes three functional γ-glutamyltransferase genes (AtGGT1, AtGGT2, AtGGT4) and two phytochelatin synthase genes (AtPCS1, AtPCS2). The function of plant GGT has not yet been clearly defined, although it is thought to be involved in GSH and GSH S-conjugate catabolism. On the other hand, besides its role in heavy metal detoxification, PCS has also been involved in GSH S-conjugate catabolism. Herein we describe the HPLC characterization of GSH and GSH S-conjugate catabolism in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in GSH biosynthesis (pad2-1/gsh1), atggt and atpcs1 T-DNA insertion mutants, atggt pad2-1, atggt atpcs1 double mutants, and the atggt1 atggt4 atpcs1 triple mutant. The results of our HPLC analysis confirm that AtGGT and AtPCS play important roles in two different pathways related with GSH and GSH S-conjugate (GS-bimane) catabolism in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Inoue
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Hisabumi Takase
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Jiro Sekiya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Rafael Prieto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
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Ito T, Kitaiwa T, Nishizono K, Umahashi M, Miyaji S, Agake S, Kuwahara K, Yokoyama T, Fushinobu S, Maruyama‐Nakashita A, Sugiyama R, Sato M, Inaba J, Hirai MY, Ohkama‐Ohtsu N. Glutathione degradation activity of γ-glutamyl peptidase 1 manifests its dual roles in primary and secondary sulfur metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1626-1642. [PMID: 35932489 PMCID: PMC9804317 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) functions as a major sulfur repository and hence occupies an important position in primary sulfur metabolism. GSH degradation results in sulfur reallocation and is believed to be carried out mainly by γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases (GGCT2;1, GGCT2;2, and GGCT2;3), which, however, do not fully explain the rapid GSH turnover. Here, we discovered that γ-glutamyl peptidase 1 (GGP1) contributes to GSH degradation through a yeast complementation assay. Recombinant proteins of GGP1, as well as GGP3, showed high degradation activity of GSH, but not of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), in vitro. Notably, the GGP1 transcripts were highly abundant in rosette leaves, in agreement with the ggp1 mutants constantly accumulating more GSH regardless of nutritional conditions. Given the lower energy requirements of the GGP- than the GGCT-mediated pathway, the GGP-mediated pathway could be a more efficient route for GSH degradation than the GGCT-mediated pathway. Therefore, we propose a model wherein cytosolic GSH is degraded chiefly by GGP1 and likely also by GGP3. Another noteworthy fact is that GGPs are known to process GSH conjugates in glucosinolate and camalexin synthesis; indeed, we confirmed that the ggp1 mutant contained higher levels of O-acetyl-l-Ser, a signaling molecule for sulfur starvation, and lower levels of glucosinolates and their degradation products. The predicted structure of GGP1 further provided a rationale for this hypothesis. In conclusion, we suggest that GGP1 and possibly GGP3 play vital roles in both primary and secondary sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitaiwa
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishizono
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Minori Umahashi
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Shin‐ichiro Agake
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Kana Kuwahara
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural SciencesFukushima UniversityKanayagawa 1Fukushima‐shiFukushima960‐1296Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of BiotechnologyThe University of Tokyo1‐1‐1 YayoiBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8657Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative MicrobiologyThe University of Tokyo1‐1‐1 YayoiBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8657Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama‐Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental ScienceKyushu University744 MotookaNishi‐kuFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
- Department of PharmacyNational University of Singapore4 Science Drive 2117544SingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University1‐8‐1, Inohana, Chuo‐kuChiba260‐8675Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Jun Inaba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoyaAichi464‐8601Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama‐Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
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Ghosh A, Islam MS, Alam NB, Mustafiz A, Islam T. Transcript profiling of glutathione metabolizing genes reveals abiotic stress and glutathione-specific alteration in Arabidopsis and rice. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1375-1390. [PMID: 36051227 PMCID: PMC9424389 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Homoeostasis of glutathione (GSH) is crucial for plant survival and adaptability against stress. Despite the presence of complete Arabidopsis and rice genome sequence, the comprehensive analysis of the GSH metabolizing genes is still missing. This research concentrated on the comprehensive understanding of GSH metabolizing genes in two model plants-Arabidopsis and rice in terms of their subcellular localization, exon-intron distribution, protein domain structure, and transcript abundance. Expression profiling using the microarray data provided significant evidence of their participation in response to various abiotic stress conditions. Besides, some of these GSH metabolizing genes revealed their expression alteration in several developmental changes and tissue diversification. The presence of various stress-specific cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of GSH metabolizing genes could be directly correlated with their stress-specific transcript alteration. Moreover, the application of exogenous GSH significantly downregulated GSH synthesizing genes and upregulated GSH metabolizing genes in Arabidopsis with few exceptions indicating a product-dependent regulation of GSH metabolizing genes. Interestingly, validation of rice GSH metabolizing genes in response to drought and salinity showed an almost similar pattern of expression in quantitative real-time as observed by microarray data. Altogether, GSH metabolizing members are a promising and underutilized genetic source for plant improvement that could be used to enhance stress tolerance in plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01220-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sifatul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Nazmir Binta Alam
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tahmina Islam
- Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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Gao Y, Li H, Song Y, Zhang F, Yang Z, Yang Y, Grohmann T. Response of glutathione pools to cadmium stress and the strategy to translocate cadmium from roots to leaves (Daucus carota L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153575. [PMID: 35114244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carrots are one of the most highly consumed vegetables in the world. Due to the large area of cadmium (Cd) contaminated farmland, to abate the impact of Cd contamination on carrot quality and safety, a novel strategy is required to drive Cd translocation from the soil to the overground leafy tissues of carrots to protect the edible roots and thus ensure food security. To this end, this article presents an experimental study with mathematical models to assess the tolerance and accumulation capacity of Cd in inedible carrot leaves, as well as the regulatory factors affecting Cd distribution in carrots. The glutathione (GSH) pools were examined in carrot leaves in response to the oxidation stress induced by Cd exposures, and it was found that under low Cd stress (1 and 3 mg/L) the changes of GSH pools were dominated by the variation of GSH, showing higher GSH content and low levels of oxidized GSH content (GSSG). In contrast, both of these two indicator variables as well as the GSH/GSSG ratio all decreased under high Cd stress (5 and 9 mg/L). Combining this information with Cd concentrations in leaves, a model was established to predict the Cd accumulation capacity of leaves. The data showed that the potential Cd accumulation in carrot leaves could be as high as 514 μg/kg dry weight. Furthermore, the factors and primary physiological indicators affecting and regulating GSH pools by multiple stepwise regression were analyzed. The results showed that increasing chlorophyll a/b ratio and γ-glutamylcyclotransferase activity while inhibiting phytochelatin synthase activity could expand the tolerance of carrot leaves to Cd. These findings suggest a possible strategy for regulating the distribution of toxic metals in plants through a molecular-based approach and provide some important information that could be conducive to achieving food safety and phytoremediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Ying Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Teresa Grohmann
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Li D, Mou W, Van de Poel B, Chang C. Something old, something new: Conservation of the ethylene precursor 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as a signaling molecule. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102116. [PMID: 34653952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is the well-known precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. In nonseed plants, the current view is that ACC is produced but is inefficiently converted to ethylene. Distinct responses to ACC that are uncoupled from ethylene biosynthesis have been discovered in diverse aspects of growth and development in liverworts and angiosperms, indicating that ACC itself can function as a signal. Evolutionarily, ACC may have served as a signal before acquiring its role as the ethylene precursor in seed plants. These findings pave the way for unraveling a potentially conserved ACC signaling pathway in plants and have ramifications for the use of ACC as a substitute for ethylene treatment in seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wangshu Mou
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Caren Chang
- Dept of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.
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Strom SA, Hager AG, Concepcion JCT, Seiter NJ, Davis AS, Morris JA, Kaundun SS, Riechers DE. Metabolic Pathways for S-Metolachlor Detoxification Differ Between Tolerant Corn and Multiple-Resistant Waterhemp. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1770-1785. [PMID: 34453831 PMCID: PMC8664635 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance in weeds can be conferred by target-site and/or non-target-site mechanisms, such as rapid metabolic detoxification. Resistance to the very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicide, S-metolachlor, in multiple herbicide-resistant populations (CHR and SIR) of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is conferred by rapid metabolism compared with sensitive populations. However, enzymatic pathways for S-metolachlor metabolism in waterhemp are unknown. Enzyme assays using S-metolachlor were developed to determine the specific activities of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) from CHR and SIR seedlings to compare with tolerant corn and sensitive waterhemp (WUS). GST activities were greater (∼2-fold) in CHR and SIR compared to WUS but much less than corn. In contrast, P450s in microsomal extracts from CHR and SIR formed O-demethylated S-metolachlor, and their NADPH-dependent specific activities were greater (>20-fold) than corn or WUS. Metabolite profiles of S-metolachlor generated via untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from CHR and SIR differed from WUS, with greater relative abundances of O-demethylated S-metolachlor and O-demethylated S-metolachlor-glutathione conjugates formed by CHR and SIR. In summary, our results demonstrate that S-metolachlor metabolism in resistant waterhemp involves Phase I and Phase II metabolic activities acting in concert, but the initial O-demethylation reaction confers resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron G Hager
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Seiter
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam S Davis
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - James A Morris
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta UK Ltd, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42, UK
| | - Shiv S Kaundun
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta UK Ltd, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42, UK
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11
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Garneau MG, Lu MZ, Grant J, Tegeder M. Role of source-to-sink transport of methionine in establishing seed protein quantity and quality in legumes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2134-2155. [PMID: 34618032 PMCID: PMC8644406 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes such as pea (Pisum sativum L.) are highly valued as a staple source of protein for human and animal nutrition. However, their seeds often contain limited amounts of high-quality, sulfur (S) rich proteins, caused by a shortage of the S-amino acids cysteine and methionine. It was hypothesized that legume seed quality is directly linked to the amount of organic S transported from leaves to seeds, and imported into the growing embryo. We expressed a high-affinity yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) methionine/cysteine transporter (Methionine UPtake 1) in both the pea leaf phloem and seed cotyledons and found source-to-sink transport of methionine but not cysteine increased. Changes in methionine phloem loading triggered improvements in S uptake and assimilation and long-distance transport of the S compounds, S-methylmethionine and glutathione. In addition, nitrogen and carbon assimilation and source-to-sink allocation were upregulated, together resulting in increased plant biomass and seed yield. Further, methionine and amino acid delivery to individual seeds and uptake by the cotyledons improved, leading to increased accumulation of storage proteins by up to 23%, due to both higher levels of S-poor and, most importantly, S-rich proteins. Sulfate delivery to the embryo and S assimilation in the cotyledons were also upregulated, further contributing to the improved S-rich storage protein pools and seed quality. Overall, this work demonstrates that methionine transporter function in source and sink tissues presents a bottleneck in S allocation to seeds and that its targeted manipulation is essential for overcoming limitations in the accumulation of high-quality seed storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Garneau
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Ming-Zhu Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Jan Grant
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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12
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Concepcion JCT, Kaundun SS, Morris JA, Hutchings S, Strom SA, Lygin AV, Riechers DE. Resistance to a nonselective 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicide via novel reduction-dehydration-glutathione conjugation in Amaranthus tuberculatus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2089-2105. [PMID: 34480751 PMCID: PMC9292532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides is a threat in controlling waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) in the USA. We investigated resistance mechanisms to syncarpic acid-3 (SA3), a nonselective, noncommercial HPPD-inhibiting herbicide metabolically robust to Phase I oxidation, in multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp populations (SIR and NEB) and HPPD inhibitor-sensitive populations (ACR and SEN). Dose-response experiments with SA3 provided ED50 -based resistant : sensitive ratios of at least 18-fold. Metabolism experiments quantifying parent SA3 remaining in excised leaves during a time course indicated MHR populations displayed faster rates of SA3 metabolism compared to HPPD inhibitor-sensitive populations. SA3 metabolites were identified via LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics in whole plants. A Phase I metabolite, likely generated by cytochrome P450-mediated alkyl hydroxylation, was detected but was not associated with resistance. A Phase I metabolite consistent with ketone reduction followed by water elimination was detected, creating a putative α,β-unsaturated carbonyl resembling a Michael acceptor site. A Phase II glutathione-SA3 conjugate was associated with resistance. Our results revealed a novel reduction-dehydration-GSH conjugation detoxification mechanism. SA3 metabolism in MHR waterhemp is thus atypical compared to commercial HPPD-inhibiting herbicides. This previously uncharacterized detoxification mechanism presents a unique opportunity for future biorational design by blocking known sites of herbicide metabolism in weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv S. Kaundun
- Herbicide BioscienceSyngentaJealott’s Hill International Research CentreBracknell,RG42 6EYUK
| | - James A. Morris
- Herbicide BioscienceSyngentaJealott’s Hill International Research CentreBracknell,RG42 6EYUK
| | - Sarah‐Jane Hutchings
- Herbicide BioscienceSyngentaJealott’s Hill International Research CentreBracknell,RG42 6EYUK
| | - Seth A. Strom
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Anatoli V. Lygin
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Dean E. Riechers
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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13
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Sharma P, Gayen D. Plant protease as regulator and signaling molecule for enhancing environmental stress-tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2081-2095. [PMID: 34173047 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Plant proteases are key regulators of various physiological processes, including protein homeostasis, organelle development, senescence, seed germination, protein processing, environmental stress response, and programmed cell death. Proteases are involved in the breakdown of peptide bonds resulting in irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein. Proteases act as signaling molecules that specifically regulate cellular function by cleaving and triggering receptor molecules. Peptides derived from proteolysis regulate ROS signaling under oxidative stress in the plant. It degrades misfolded and abnormal proteins into amino acids to repair the cell damage and regulates the biological process in response to environmental stress. Proteases modulate the biogenesis of phytohormones which control plant growth, development, and environmental stresses. Protein homeostasis, the overall balance between protein synthesis and proteolysis, is required for plant growth and development. Abiotic and biotic stresses are major factors that negatively impact cellular survivability, biomass production, and reduced crop yield potentials. Therefore, the identification of various stress-responsive proteases and their molecular functions may elucidate valuable information for the development of stress-resilient crops with higher yield potentials. However, the understanding of molecular mechanisms of plant protease remains unexplored. This review provides an overview of proteases related to development, signaling, and growth regulation to acclimatize environmental stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dipak Gayen
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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14
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Dorion S, Ouellet JC, Rivoal J. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Stress: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090641. [PMID: 34564457 PMCID: PMC8464934 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an essential metabolite for plant life best known for its role in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) which, much like ROS, is produced at low levels by aerobic metabolism under normal conditions. While several physiological processes depend on ROS and MG, a variety of stresses can dramatically increase their concentration leading to potentially deleterious effects. In this review, we examine the structure and the stress regulation of the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis and degradation. We provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway responsible for MG detoxification. We present recent developments on the organization of the glyoxalase pathway in which alternative splicing generate a number of isoforms targeted to various subcellular compartments. Stress regulation of enzymes involved in MG detoxification occurs at multiple levels. A growing number of studies show that oxidative stress promotes the covalent modification of proteins by glutathione. This post-translational modification is called S-glutathionylation. It affects the function of several target proteins and is relevant to stress adaptation. We address this regulatory function in an analysis of the enzymes and pathways targeted by S-glutathionylation.
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15
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Kempthorne CJ, Nielsen AJ, Wilson DC, McNulty J, Cameron RK, Liscombe DK. Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112747. [PMID: 33823457 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf intercellular space is a site of plant-microbe interactions where pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae grow. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the biosynthesis of tryptophan-derived indolic metabolites is induced by P. syringae infection. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based profiling and biosynthetic mutants, we investigated the role of indolic compounds and other small molecules in the response of mature Arabidopsis to P. syringae. We observed dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA), the precursor to the defense-related compound camalexin, accumulating in intercellular washing fluids (IWFs) without further conversion to camalexin. The indolic biosynthesis mutant cyp71a12/cyp71a13 was more susceptible to P. syringae compared to mature wild-type plants displaying age-related resistance (ARR). DHCA and structural analogs inhibit P. syringae growth (MIC ~ 500 μg/mL), but not at concentrations found in IWFs, and DHCA did not inhibit biofilm formation in vitro. However, infiltration of exogenous DHCA enhanced resistance in mature cyp71a12/cyp71a13. These results provide evidence that DHCA derived from CYP71A12 and CYP71A13 activity accumulates in the intercellular space and contributes to the resistance of mature Arabidopsis to P. syringae without directly inhibiting bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Kempthorne
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Ave North Box 4000, Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada; McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada; Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | | | - Daniel C Wilson
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - James McNulty
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Robin K Cameron
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - David K Liscombe
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Ave North Box 4000, Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada; Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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16
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Panpetch P, Sirikantaramas S. Fruit ripening-associated leucylaminopeptidase with cysteinylglycine dipeptidase activity from durian suggests its involvement in glutathione recycling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:69. [PMID: 33526024 PMCID: PMC7852106 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a highly popular fruit in Thailand and several other Southeast Asian countries. It is abundant in essential nutrients and sulphur-containing compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC). Cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly) is produced by GSH catabolism and occurs in durian fruit pulp. Cysteine (Cys) is a precursor of sulphur-containing volatiles generated during fruit ripening. The aforementioned substances contribute to the strong odour and flavour of the ripe fruit. However, the genes encoding plant Cys-Gly dipeptidases are unknown. The aim of this study was to measure leucylaminopeptidase (LAP) activity in durian fruit pulp. RESULTS We identified DzLAP1 and DzLAP2, which the former was highly expressed in the fruit pulp. DzLAP1 was expressed at various ripening stages and in response to ethephon/1-MCP treatment. Hence, DzLAP1 is active at the early stages of fruit ripening. DzLAP1 is a metalloenzyme ~ 63 kDa in size. It is activated by Mg2+ or Mn2+ and, like other LAPs, its optimal alkaline pH is 9.5. Kinetic studies revealed that DzLAP1 has Km = 1.62 mM for its preferred substrate Cys-Gly. DzLAP1-GFP was localised to the cytosol and targeted the plastids. In planta Cys-Gly hydrolysis was confirmed for Nicotiana benthamiana leaves co-infiltrated with Cys-Gly and expressing DzLAP1. CONCLUSIONS DzLAP1 has Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity in the γ-glutamyl cycle. The present study revealed that the LAPs account for the high sulphur-containing compound levels identified in fully ripened durian fruit pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Panpetch
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Centre, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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17
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Pattyn J, Vaughan‐Hirsch J, Van de Poel B. The regulation of ethylene biosynthesis: a complex multilevel control circuitry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:770-782. [PMID: 32790878 PMCID: PMC7820975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is produced by a fairly simple two-step biosynthesis route. Despite this pathway's simplicity, recent molecular and genetic studies have revealed that the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is far more complex and occurs at different layers. Ethylene production is intimately linked with the homeostasis of its general precursor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), which experiences transcriptional and posttranslational control of its synthesising enzymes (SAM synthetase), as well as the metabolic flux through the adjacent Yang cycle. Ethylene biosynthesis continues from SAM by two dedicated enzymes: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). Although the transcriptional dynamics of ACS and ACO have been well documented, the first transcription factors that control ACS and ACO expression have only recently been discovered. Both ACS and ACO display a type-specific posttranslational regulation that controls protein stability and activity. The nonproteinogenic amino acid ACC also shows a tight level of control through conjugation and translocation. Different players in ACC conjugation and transport have been identified over the years, however their molecular regulation and biological significance is unclear, yet relevant, as ACC can also signal independently of ethylene. In this review, we bring together historical reports and the latest findings on the complex regulation of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Pattyn
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology LaboratoryDivision of Crop BiotechnicsDepartment of BiosystemsUniversity of LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42Leuven3001Belgium
| | - John Vaughan‐Hirsch
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology LaboratoryDivision of Crop BiotechnicsDepartment of BiosystemsUniversity of LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42Leuven3001Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology LaboratoryDivision of Crop BiotechnicsDepartment of BiosystemsUniversity of LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42Leuven3001Belgium
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18
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Gao Y, Li H, Song Y, Zhang F, Lu Y, Peng F, Yang Z. Decisive Enzymes and Prediction Models for the Glutathione Content in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) Exposed to Cadmium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11855-11862. [PMID: 32986429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, glutathione (GSH) is crucial for the detoxification and tolerance of heavy metals. However, the change characteristics and decisive enzymes involved in GSH metabolism under heavy metal exposure are still unclear. Based on long-term exposure cultivation of spinach and monitoring of the change trends of enzyme activity and GSH contents in response to cadmium (Cd) stress, these issues were clarified. Spinach goes through three statuses in sequence in response to Cd stress, that is, perception status (PS), response status (RS), and new stable status. With the increase in the Cd concentration, the durations of the PS and RS and the time to reach the peaks in the roots were shorter. However, the durations of the PS and the time to reach the peaks in the leaves were longer. The enzyme activities changed significantly in response to diverse Cd stress in RS. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was vital to the GSH content in roots. Glutathione synthase was important for the GSH content in leaves. The results of this study provide valuable information to find an efficient way to perform GSH adjustments to fulfill the goal of ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, China
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Strom SA, Hager AG, Seiter NJ, Davis AS, Riechers DE. Metabolic resistance to S-metolachlor in two waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) populations from Illinois, USA. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3139-3148. [PMID: 32309896 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) populations from Illinois demonstrating multiple-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, and photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides (designated CHR and SIR) also displayed reduced sensitivity to very-long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides, including S-metolachlor. We hypothesized that a physiological mechanism, such as enhanced metabolism, could be responsible for the reduced efficacy of S-metolachlor. RESULTS Metabolism experiments indicated that resistant populations degraded S-metolachlor more rapidly than sensitive populations and equally as rapidly as corn 2-24 h after treatment (HAT). Resistant waterhemp and corn metabolized 90% (DT90 ) of absorbed S-metolachlor in less than 3.2 h whereas DT90 values for sensitive waterhemp exceeded 6 h. The glutathione S-transferase inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazon and cytochrome P450-inhibitor malathion decreased the amount of S-metolachlor metabolized in resistant waterhemp at 4 HAT but not in sensitive waterhemp or corn, and altered the abundance of certain metabolites in resistant waterhemp. CONCLUSION Results from this research demonstrate that resistance to S-metolachlor in these waterhemp populations is due to enhanced herbicide metabolism relative to sensitive populations. In addition, our results indicate that resistant waterhemp might utilize metabolic pathway(s) more intricate than either sensitive waterhemp or corn based on their metabolite profiles. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Strom
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aaron G Hager
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Seiter
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Adam S Davis
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dean E Riechers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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20
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Bhuiyan NH, Rowland E, Friso G, Ponnala L, Michel EJS, van Wijk KJ. Autocatalytic Processing and Substrate Specificity of Arabidopsis Chloroplast Glutamyl Peptidase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:110-129. [PMID: 32663165 PMCID: PMC7479906 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast proteostasis is governed by a network of peptidases. As a part of this network, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplast glutamyl peptidase (CGEP) is a homo-oligomeric stromal Ser-type (S9D) peptidase with both exo- and endo-peptidase activity. Arabidopsis CGEP null mutant alleles (cgep) had no visible phenotype but showed strong genetic interactions with stromal CLP protease system mutants, resulting in reduced growth. Loss of CGEP upregulated the chloroplast protein chaperone machinery and 70S ribosomal proteins, but other parts of the proteostasis network were unaffected. Both comparative proteomics and mRNA-based coexpression analyses strongly suggested that the function of CGEP is at least partly involved in starch metabolism regulation. Recombinant CGEP degraded peptides and proteins smaller than ∼25 kD. CGEP specifically cleaved substrates on the C-terminal side of Glu irrespective of neighboring residues, as shown using peptide libraries incubated with recombinant CGEP and mass spectrometry. CGEP was shown to undergo autocatalytic C-terminal cleavage at E946, removing 15 residues, both in vitro and in vivo. A conserved motif (A[S/T]GGG[N/G]PE946) immediately upstream of E946 was identified in dicotyledons, but not monocotyledons. Structural modeling suggested that C-terminal processing increases the upper substrate size limit by improving catalytic cavity access. In vivo complementation with catalytically inactive CGEP-S781R or a CGEP variant with an unprocessed C-terminus in a cgep clpr2-1 background was used to demonstrate the physiological importance of both CGEP peptidase activity and its autocatalytic processing. CGEP homologs of photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria lack the C-terminal prosequence, suggesting it is a recent functional adaptation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Elden Rowland
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Giulia Friso
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Elena J S Michel
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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21
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Identifying the Pressure Points of Acute Cadmium Stress Prior to Acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176232. [PMID: 32872315 PMCID: PMC7503646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic metal cadmium (Cd) is a major soil pollutant. Knowledge on the acute Cd-induced stress response is required to better understand the triggers and sequence of events that precede plant acclimation. Therefore, we aimed to identify the pressure points of Cd stress using a short-term exposure set-up ranging from 0 h to 24 h. Acute responses related to glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), ethylene and the oxidative challenge were studied at metabolite and/or transcript level in roots and leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana either exposed or not to 5 µM Cd. Cadmium rapidly induced root GSH depletion, which might serve as an alert response and modulator of H2O2 signalling. Concomitantly, a stimulation of root ACC levels was observed. Leaf responses were delayed and did not involve GSH depletion. After 24 h, a defined oxidative challenge became apparent, which was most pronounced in the leaves and concerted with a strong induction of leaf ACC synthesis. We suggest that root GSH depletion is required for a proper alert response rather than being a merely adverse effect. Furthermore, we propose that roots serve as command centre via a.o. root-derived ACC/ethylene to engage the leaves in a proper stress response.
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Nguyen YTK, Park JS, Jang JY, Kim KR, Vo TTL, Kim KW, Han BW. Structural and Functional Analyses of Human ChaC2 in Glutathione Metabolism. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010031. [PMID: 31878259 PMCID: PMC7022552 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) degradation plays an essential role in GSH homeostasis, which regulates cell survival, especially in cancer cells. Among human GSH degradation enzymes, the ChaC2 enzyme acts on GSH to form 5-l-oxoproline and Cys-Gly specifically in the cytosol. Here, we report the crystal structures of ChaC2 in two different conformations and compare the structural features with other known γ-glutamylcyclotransferase enzymes. The unique flexible loop of ChaC2 seems to function as a gate to achieve specificity for GSH binding and regulate the constant GSH degradation rate. Structural and biochemical analyses of ChaC2 revealed that Glu74 and Glu83 play crucial roles in directing the conformation of the enzyme and in modulating the enzyme activity. Based on a docking study of GSH to ChaC2 and binding assays, we propose a substrate-binding mode and catalytic mechanism. We also found that overexpression of ChaC2, but not mutants that inhibit activity of ChaC2, significantly promoted breast cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that the GSH degradation by ChaC2 affects the growth of breast cancer cells. Our structural and functional analyses of ChaC2 will contribute to the development of inhibitors for the ChaC family, which could effectively regulate the progression of GSH degradation-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T. K. Nguyen
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.T.K.N.); (J.S.P.); (J.Y.J.); (K.R.K.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Joon Sung Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.T.K.N.); (J.S.P.); (J.Y.J.); (K.R.K.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Jun Young Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.T.K.N.); (J.S.P.); (J.Y.J.); (K.R.K.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Kyung Rok Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.T.K.N.); (J.S.P.); (J.Y.J.); (K.R.K.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Tam T. L. Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.T.K.N.); (J.S.P.); (J.Y.J.); (K.R.K.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.T.K.N.); (J.S.P.); (J.Y.J.); (K.R.K.); (K.-W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-8807898
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23
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Philips JG, Dumin W, Winefield C. Functional Characterization of the Grapevine γ-Glutamyl Transferase/Transpeptidase (E.C. 2.3.2.2) Gene Family Reveals a Single Functional Gene Whose Encoded Protein Product Is Not Located in Either the Vacuole or Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1402. [PMID: 31749820 PMCID: PMC6843540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-glutamyl transferases/transpeptidases (E.C. 2.3.2.2, GGTs) are involved in the catabolism of many compounds that are conjugated to glutathione (GSH), which have a variety of roles. GSH can act as storage and transport vehicle for reduced sulfur; it is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and also acts as a redox buffer by utilizing its thiol residue to protect against reactive oxygen species, which accumulate in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, many distinctive flavor and aroma compounds in Sauvignon blanc wines originate from odorless C5- and C6-GSH conjugates or their GGT catabolized derivatives. These precursors are then processed into their volatile forms by yeast during fermentation. In many plant species, two or more isoforms of GGTs exist that target GSH-conjugates to either the apoplast or the vacuole. A bioinformatics approach identified multiple GGT candidates in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). However, only a single candidate, VvGGT3, has all the conserved residues needed for GGT activity. This is intriguing given the variety of roles of GSH and GGTs in plant cells. Characterization of VvGGT3 from cv. Sauvignon blanc was then undertaken. The VvGGT3 transcript is present in roots, leaves, inflorescences, and tendril and at equal abundance in the skin, pulp, and seed of mature berries and shows steady accumulation over the course of whole berry development. In addition, the VvGGT3 transcript in whole berries is upregulated upon Botrytis cinerea infection as well as mechanical damage to leaf tissue. VvGGT3-GFP fusion proteins transiently over-expressed in onion cells were used to study subcellular localization. To confirm VvGGT3 activity and localization in vivo, the fluorescent γ-glutamyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin substrate was added to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently over-expressing VvGGT3. In combination, these results suggest that the functional VvGGT3 is associated with membrane-like structures. This is not consistent with its closely related functionally characterized GGTs from Arabidopsis, radish and garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Winefield
- Department of Wine Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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24
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Yoshimoto N, Saito K. S-Alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides in the genus Allium: proposed biosynthesis, chemical conversion, and bioactivities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4123-4137. [PMID: 31106832 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
S-Alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are sulfur-containing natural products characteristic of the genus Allium. Both the flavor and medicinal properties of Allium plants are attributed to a wide variety of sulfur-containing compounds that are generated from S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides. Previous radiotracer experiments proposed that S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are biosynthesized from glutathione. The recent identification of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases and a flavin-containing S-oxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of S-allylcysteine sulfoxide (alliin) in garlic (Allium sativum) provided insights into the reaction order of deglutamylation and S-oxygenation together with the localization of the biosynthesis, although the rest of the enzymes in the pathway still await discovery. In intact plants, S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are stored in the cytosol of storage mesophyll cells. During tissue damage, the vacuolar enzyme alliinase contacts and hydrolyzes S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides to produce the corresponding sulfenic acids, which are further converted into various sulfur-containing bioactive compounds mainly via spontaneous reactions. The formed sulfur-containing compounds exhibit bioactivities related to pathogen defense, the prevention and alleviation of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and neuroprotection. This review summarizes the current understanding of the occurrence, biosynthesis, and alliinase-triggered chemical conversion of S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides in Allium plants as well as the impact of S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides and their derivatives on medicinal, food, and agricultural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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25
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Mrazkova B, Dzijak R, Imrichova T, Kyjacova L, Barath P, Dzubak P, Holub D, Hajduch M, Nahacka Z, Andera L, Holicek P, Vasicova P, Sapega O, Bartek J, Hodny Z. Induction, regulation and roles of neural adhesion molecule L1CAM in cellular senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:434-462. [PMID: 29615539 PMCID: PMC5892697 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging involves tissue accumulation of senescent cells (SC) whose elimination through senolytic approaches may evoke organismal rejuvenation. SC also contribute to aging-associated pathologies including cancer, hence it is imperative to better identify and target SC. Here, we aimed to identify new cell-surface proteins differentially expressed on human SC. Besides previously reported proteins enriched on SC, we identified 78 proteins enriched and 73 proteins underrepresented in replicatively senescent BJ fibroblasts, including L1CAM, whose expression is normally restricted to the neural system and kidneys. L1CAM was: 1) induced in premature forms of cellular senescence triggered chemically and by gamma-radiation, but not in Ras-induced senescence; 2) induced upon inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by p16INK4a; 3) induced by TGFbeta and suppressed by RAS/MAPK(Erk) signaling (the latter explaining the lack of L1CAM induction in RAS-induced senescence); and 4) induced upon downregulation of growth-associated gene ANT2, growth in low-glucose medium or inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. These data indicate that L1CAM is controlled by a number of cell growth- and metabolism-related pathways during SC development. Functionally, SC with enhanced surface L1CAM showed increased adhesion to extracellular matrix and migrated faster. Our results provide mechanistic insights into senescence of human cells, with implications for future senolytic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Mrazkova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Dzijak
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Imrichova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kyjacova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Barath
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84538, Slovakia
| | - Petr Dzubak
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77147, Czech Republic
| | - Dusan Holub
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77147, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77147, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Nahacka
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Andera
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holicek
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vasicova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Sapega
- Laboratory of Immunological and Tumour Models, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.,Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zdenek Hodny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
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26
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Tornkvist A, Liu C, Moschou PN. Proteolysis and nitrogen: emerging insights. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2009-2019. [PMID: 30715465 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a core component of fertilizers used in modern agriculture to increase yields and thus to help feed a growing global population. However, this comes at a cost to the environment, through run-off of excess N as a result of poor N-use efficiency (NUE) by crops. An obvious remedy to this problem would therefore be the improvement of NUE, which requires advancing our understanding on N homeostasis, sensing, and uptake. Proteolytic pathways are linked to N homeostasis as they recycle proteins that contain N and carbon; however, emerging data suggest that their functions extend beyond this simple recycling. Here, we highlight roles of proteolytic pathways in non-symbiotic and symbiotic N uptake and in systemic N sensing. We also offer a novel view in which we suggest that proteolytic pathways have roles in N homeostasis that differ from their accepted function in recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tornkvist
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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27
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Tuzet A, Rahantaniaina MS, Noctor G. Analyzing the Function of Catalase and the Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in H 2O 2 Processing: Insights from an Experimentally Constrained Kinetic Model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1238-1268. [PMID: 30044135 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Plant stress involves redox signaling linked to reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be generated at high rates in photosynthetic cells. The systems that process H2O2 include catalase (CAT) and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, but interactions between them remain unclear. Modeling can aid interpretation and pinpoint areas for investigation. Recent Advances: Based on emerging data and concepts, we introduce a new experimentally constrained kinetic model to analyze interactions between H2O2, CAT, ascorbate, glutathione, and NADPH. The sensitivity points required for accurate simulation of experimental observations are analyzed, and the implications for H2O2-linked redox signaling are discussed. CRITICAL ISSUES We discuss several implications of the modeled results, in particular the following. (i) CAT and ascorbate peroxidase can share the load in H2O2 processing even in optimal conditions. (ii) Intracellular H2O2 concentrations more than the low μM range may rarely occur. (iii) Ascorbate redox turnover is largely independent of glutathione until ascorbate peroxidation exceeds a certain value. (iv) NADPH availability may determine glutathione redox status through its influence on monodehydroascorbate reduction. (v) The sensitivity of glutathione status to oxidative stress emphasizes its potential suitability as a sensor of increased H2O2. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Important future questions include the roles of other antioxidative systems in interacting with CAT and the ascorbate-glutathione pathway as well as the nature and significance of processes that achieve redox exchange between different subcellular compartments. Progress in these areas is likely to be favored by integrating kinetic modeling analyses into experimentally based programs, allowing each approach to inform the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Tuzet
- 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, INRA-AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marie-Sylviane Rahantaniaina
- 1 Unité Mixte de Recherche ECOSYS/Pôle BIOCLIMATOLOGIE, INRA-AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France.,2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- 2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
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28
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Joshi NC, Meyer AJ, Bangash SAK, Zheng ZL, Leustek T. Arabidopsis γ-glutamylcyclotransferase affects glutathione content and root system architecture during sulfur starvation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1387-1397. [PMID: 30368820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase initiates glutathione degradation to component amino acids l-glutamate, l-cysteine and l-glycine. The enzyme is encoded by three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, one of which (GGCT2;1) is transcriptionally upregulated by starvation for the essential macronutrient sulfur (S). Regulation by S-starvation suggests that GGCT2;1 mobilizes l-cysteine from glutathione when there is insufficient sulfate for de novo l-cysteine synthesis. The response of wild-type seedlings to S-starvation was compared to ggct2;1 null mutants. S-starvation causes glutathione depletion in S-starved wild-type seedlings, but higher glutathione is maintained in the primary root tip than in other seedling tissues. Although GGCT2;1 is induced throughout seedlings, its expression is concentrated in the primary root tip where it activates the γ-glutamyl cycle. S-starved wild-type plants also produce longer primary roots, and lateral root growth is suppressed. While glutathione is also rapidly depleted in ggct2;1 null seedlings, much higher glutathione is maintained in the primary root tip compared to the wild-type. S-starved ggct2;1 primary roots grow longer than the wild-type, and lateral root growth is not suppressed. These results point to a role for GGCT2;1 in S-starvation-response changes to root system architecture through activity of the γ-glutamyl cycle in the primary root tip. l-Cysteine mobilization from glutathione is not solely a function of GGCT2;1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen C Joshi
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zhi-Liang Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Thomas Leustek
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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29
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Chen Y, Zheng Q, Jia X, Chen K, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu X, Han Z, Zhang Z, Zhang X. MdGGT1 Impacts Apple miR156 Precursor Levels via Ontogenetic Changes in Subcellular Glutathione Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:994. [PMID: 31417600 PMCID: PMC6684775 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The vegetative phase change in flowering plants is controlled by microRNA156 (miR156) under transcriptional regulation. However, the developmental signals upstream of miR156 are not well understood. The glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratios and GSH levels decline significantly during phase change, which is consistent with miR156 expression in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Here, we found that the content of protein conjugated glutathione was remarkably higher in chloroplasts and nuclei of adult than juvenile phase apple hybrids. The decrease in miR156 expression was most relevant to the activities of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and soluble γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and the expressions of MdGGT1 or MdSATs. Transgenic apples over-expressing MdMIR156 or miR156-mimetic (MIM156) did not alter MdGGT1 expression or the soluble GGT activity. Inhibition of GGT activity with serine-borate complex or acivicin led to significant reduction in GSH content, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the expressions of MdMIR156a5, MdMIR156a12, and miR156. Depletion of GSH with diethyl maleate without altering GGT activity caused a dramatic decrease in the expression of MdMIR156a5, MdMIR156a12, and miR156. Manipulating GGT activity and GSH homeostasis by transgenic over-expressing or RNAi MdGGT1 increased or decreased MdMIR156a5 and MdMIR156a12 levels, respectively. These data provided novel evidence that MdGGT1 participates in transcriptional level of transcription regulation of miR156 precursors during ontogenesis. HIGHLIGHTS - MdGGT1 affects thiol redox status and indirectly participates in the regulation of miR156 expression during vegetative phase change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqin Chen
- Horticulture College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Horticulture College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Zhang,
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xinzhong Zhang,
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30
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Polko JK, Kieber JJ. 1-Aminocyclopropane 1-Carboxylic Acid and Its Emerging Role as an Ethylene-Independent Growth Regulator. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1602. [PMID: 31921251 PMCID: PMC6915048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
1-Aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is the direct precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. ACC is synthesized from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by ACC synthases (ACSs) and subsequently oxidized to ethylene by ACC oxidases (ACOs). Exogenous ACC application has been used as a proxy for ethylene in numerous studies as it is readily converted by nearly all plant tissues to ethylene. However, in recent years, a growing body of evidence suggests that ACC plays a signaling role independent of the biosynthesis. In this review, we briefly summarize our current knowledge of ACC as an ethylene precursor, and present new findings with regards to the post-translational modifications of ACS proteins and to ACC transport. We also summarize the role of ACC in regulating plant development, and its involvement in cell wall signaling, guard mother cell division, and pathogen virulence.
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31
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophilic xenobiotics and some endogenous compounds are detoxified by conversion to the corresponding glutathione S-conjugate, which is metabolized to the N-acetylcysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate) and excreted. Some mercapturate pathway components, however, are toxic. Bioactivation (toxification) may occur when the glutathione S-conjugate (or mercapturate) is converted to a cysteine S-conjugate that undergoes a β-lyase reaction. If the sulfhydryl-containing fragment produced in this reaction is reactive, toxicity may ensue. Some drugs and halogenated workplace/environmental contaminants are bioactivated by this mechanism. On the other hand, cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases occur in nature as a means of generating some biologically useful sulfhydryl-containing compounds.
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32
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Jia XL, Chen YK, Xu XZ, Shen F, Zheng QB, Du Z, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu XF, Han ZH, Zhang XZ. miR156 switches on vegetative phase change under the regulation of redox signals in apple seedlings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14223. [PMID: 29079841 PMCID: PMC5660156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, miR156 regulates the vegetative phase change via the target SBP/SPL genes. The regulation of miR156 during ontogenetic processes is not fully understood. In the apple genome, of 31 putative MdMIR156 genes that encode pre-miR156, seven were dominantly expressed. However, the transcript levels of only MdMIR156a5 and MdMIR156a12 decreased significantly during the vegetative phase change, which was consistent with the mature miR156 level, indicating that miR156 is under transcriptional regulation. Leaf H2O2 content was higher in the adult phase than in the juvenile phase because of excess H2O2 accumulation in chloroplasts. When in vitro shoots were treated with menadione, diphenyleneiodonium, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or buthionine sulphoximine, the expressions of MdMIR156a5, MdMIR156a12, and as well miR156 were coordinated with reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio but not H2O2 contents. Alteration of miR156 expression level by MdMIR156a6-overexpressing or miR156-mimetic transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana did not cause a corresponding change in reactive oxygen species or GSH status. Collectively, the results indicate that the vegetative phase change in apple is controlled by the MdMIR156a5 and MdMIR156a12 transcriptional regulatory network in response to the plastid–nucleus redox signals, such as GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin Jia
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ya Kun Chen
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao Zhao Xu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Bo Zheng
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Du
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Feng Xu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Hai Han
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhong Zhang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Giaretta S, Prasad D, Forieri I, Vamerali T, Trentin AR, Wirtz M, Hell R, Masi A. Apoplastic gamma-glutamyl transferase activity encoded by GGT1 and GGT2 is important for vegetative and generative development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:44-56. [PMID: 28319794 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) is the only enzyme capable of degrading glutathione (GSH) in extra-cytosolic spaces. In plant cells, the GGT1 and GGT2 isoforms are located in the apoplast, bound respectively to the cell wall and the plasma membrane. GGT1 is expressed throughout plants, mainly in the leaves and vascular system, while GGT2 is more specifically expressed in seeds and trichomes, and weakly in roots. Their role in plant physiology remains to be clarified, however. Obtaining the ggt1/ggt2 double mutant can offer more clues than the corresponding single mutants, and to prevent any compensatory expression between the two isoforms. In this work, ggt1/ggt2 RNAi (RNA interference) lines were generated and characterized in the tissues where both isoforms are expressed. The seed yield was lower in the ggt1/ggt2 RNAi plants due to the siliques being fewer in number and shorter in length, with no changes in thiols and sulfur compounds. Proline accumulation and delayed seed germination were seen in one line. There were also fewer trichomes (which contain high levels of GSH) in the RNAi lines than in the wild type, and the root elongation rate was slower. In conclusion, apoplastic GGT silencing induces a decrease in the number of organs with a high GSH demand (seeds and trichomes) as a result of resource reallocation to preserve integrity and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giaretta
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Dinesh Prasad
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
| | - Ilaria Forieri
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
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Whole-transcriptome sequence analysis of differentially expressed genes in Phormium tenax under drought stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41700. [PMID: 28134322 PMCID: PMC5278365 DOI: 10.1038/srep41700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phormium tenax is a kind of drought resistant garden plant with its rich and colorful leaves. To clarify the molecular mechanism of drought resistance in Phormium tenax, transcriptome was sequenced by the Illumina sequencing technology under normal and drought stress, respectively. A large number of contigs, transcripts and unigenes were obtained. Among them, only 30,814 unigenes were annotated by comparing with the protein databases. A total of 4,380 genes were differentially expressed, 2,698 of which were finally annotated under drought stress. Differentially expression analysis was also performed upon drought treatment. In KEGG pathway, the mechanism of drought resistance in Phormium tenax was explained from three aspects of metabolism and signaling of hormones, osmotic adjustment and reactive oxygen species metabolism. These results are helpful to understand the drought tolerance mechanism of Phormium tenax and will provide a precious genetic resource for drought-resistant vegetation breeding and research.
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Kerchev P, De Smet B, Waszczak C, Messens J, Van Breusegem F. Redox Strategies for Crop Improvement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1186-205. [PMID: 26062101 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Recently, the agro-biotech industry has been driven by overcoming the limitations imposed by fluctuating environmental stress conditions on crop productivity. A common theme among (a)biotic stresses is the perturbation of the redox homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES As a strategy to engineer stress-tolerant crops, many approaches have been centered on restricting the negative impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. CRITICAL ISSUES In this study, we discuss the scientific background of the existing redox-based strategies to improve crop performance and quality. In this respect, a special focus goes to summarizing the current patent landscape because this aspect is very often ignored, despite constituting the forefront of applied research. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The current increased understanding of ROS acting as signaling molecules has opened new avenues to exploit redox biology for crop improvement required for sustainable food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kerchev
- 1 Department of Plant Systems Biology , VIB, Ghent, Belgium .,2 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Smet
- 1 Department of Plant Systems Biology , VIB, Ghent, Belgium .,2 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium .,3 Structural Biology Research Center , VIB, Brussels, Belgium .,4 Brussels Center for Redox Biology , Brussel, Belgium .,5 Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel, Belgium
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- 1 Department of Plant Systems Biology , VIB, Ghent, Belgium .,2 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium .,3 Structural Biology Research Center , VIB, Brussels, Belgium .,4 Brussels Center for Redox Biology , Brussel, Belgium .,5 Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- 3 Structural Biology Research Center , VIB, Brussels, Belgium .,4 Brussels Center for Redox Biology , Brussel, Belgium .,5 Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- 1 Department of Plant Systems Biology , VIB, Ghent, Belgium .,2 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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Noctor G, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Mhamdi A. The metabolomics of oxidative stress. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:33-53. [PMID: 25306398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from increased availability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key component of many responses of plants to challenging environmental conditions. The consequences for plant metabolism are complex and manifold. We review data on small compounds involved in oxidative stress, including ROS themselves and antioxidants and redox buffers in the membrane and soluble phases, and we discuss the wider consequences for plant primary and secondary metabolism. While metabolomics has been exploited in many studies on stress, there have been relatively few non-targeted studies focused on how metabolite signatures respond specifically to oxidative stress. As part of the discussion, we present results and reanalyze published datasets on metabolite profiles in catalase-deficient plants, which can be considered to be model oxidative stress systems. We emphasize the roles of ROS-triggered changes in metabolites as potential oxidative signals, and discuss responses that might be useful as markers for oxidative stress. Particular attention is paid to lipid-derived compounds, the status of antioxidants and antioxidant breakdown products, altered metabolism of amino acids, and the roles of phytohormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | | | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Trentin AR, Pivato M, Mehdi SMM, Barnabas LE, Giaretta S, Fabrega-Prats M, Prasad D, Arrigoni G, Masi A. Proteome readjustments in the apoplastic space of Arabidopsis thaliana ggt1 mutant leaves exposed to UV-B radiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:128. [PMID: 25852701 PMCID: PMC4371699 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation acts as an environmental stimulus, but in high doses it has detrimental effects on plant metabolism. Plasma membranes represent a major target for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generated by this harmful radiation. Oxidative reactions occurring in the apoplastic space are counteracted by antioxidative systems mainly involving ascorbate and, to some extent, glutathione. The occurrence of the latter and its exact role in the extracellular space are not well documented, however. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the gamma-glutamyl transferase isoform (GGT1) bound to the cell wall takes part in the so-called gamma-glutamyl cycle for extracellular glutathione degradation and recovery, and may be implicated in redox sensing and balance. In this work, oxidative conditions were imposed with Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) and studied in redox altered ggt1 mutants. The response of ggt1 knockout Arabidopsis leaves to UV-B radiation was assessed by investigating changes in extracellular glutathione and ascorbate content and their redox state, and in apoplastic protein composition. Our results show that, on UV-B exposure, soluble antioxidants respond to the oxidative conditions in both genotypes. Rearrangements occur in their apoplastic protein composition, suggesting an involvement of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), which may ultimately act as a signal. Other important changes relating to hormonal effects, cell wall remodeling, and redox activities are discussed. We argue that oxidative stress conditions imposed by UV-B and disruption of the gamma-glutamyl cycle result in similar stress-induced responses, to some degree at least. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Micaela Pivato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- Proteomics Center of Padova UniversityPadova, Italy
| | - Syed M. M. Mehdi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Giaretta
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Marta Fabrega-Prats
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Dinesh Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of TechnologyRanchi, India
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Proteomics Center of Padova UniversityPadova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonio Masi, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
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Masi A, Trentin AR, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R. Gamma-glutamyl cycle in plants: a bridge connecting the environment to the plant cell? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:252. [PMID: 25932030 PMCID: PMC4399211 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Masi
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), University of PadovaLegnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonio Masi,
| | - Anna R. Trentin
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), University of PadovaLegnaro, Italy
| | - Ganesh K. Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and BiochemistryKathmandu, Nepal
- GRADE (Global Research Arch for Developing Education) Academy Private LimitedBirgunj, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and BiochemistryKathmandu, Nepal
- GRADE (Global Research Arch for Developing Education) Academy Private LimitedBirgunj, Nepal
- Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of MedicineShinagawa, Japan
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Xiang X, Pan G, Rong T, Zheng ZL, Leustek T. A luciferase-based method for assay of 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase. Anal Biochem 2014; 460:22-8. [PMID: 24857786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A luciferase-based method was developed for measurement of 5'-adenylylsulfate (APS) reductase (APR), an enzyme of the reductive sulfate assimilation pathway in prokaryotes and plants. APR catalyzes the two-electron reduction of APS and forms sulfite and adenosine 5'-monophospahate (AMP). The luciferase-based assay measures AMP production using an enzyme-coupled system that generates luminescence. The method is shown to provide an accurate measurement of APR kinetic properties and can be used for both endpoint and continuous assays. APR activity can be measured from pure enzyme preparations as well as from crude protein extracts of tissues. In addition, the assay is ideally suited to high-throughput sample analysis of APR activity in a microtiter dish format. The method adds new capability to the study of the biochemistry and physiology of APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xiang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Institute of Maize Research, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in the Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangtang Pan
- Institute of Maize Research, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in the Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingzhao Rong
- Institute of Maize Research, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in the Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Thomas Leustek
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Yoshimoto N, Yabe A, Sugino Y, Murakami S, Sai-ngam N, Sumi SI, Tsuneyoshi T, Saito K. Garlic γ-glutamyl transpeptidases that catalyze deglutamylation of biosynthetic intermediate of alliin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:758. [PMID: 25620969 PMCID: PMC4288057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
S-Alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides are pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites produced by plants that belong to the genus Allium. Biosynthesis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides is initiated by S-alk(en)ylation of glutathione, which is followed by the removal of glycyl and γ-glutamyl groups and S-oxygenation. However, most of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides in Allium plants have not been identified. In this study, we identified three genes, AsGGT1, AsGGT2, and AsGGT3, from garlic (Allium sativum) that encode γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) catalyzing the removal of the γ-glutamyl moiety from a putative biosynthetic intermediate of S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin). The recombinant proteins of AsGGT1, AsGGT2, and AsGGT3 exhibited considerable deglutamylation activity toward a putative alliin biosynthetic intermediate, γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine, whereas these proteins showed very low deglutamylation activity toward another possible alliin biosynthetic intermediate, γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. The deglutamylation activities of AsGGT1, AsGGT2, and AsGGT3 toward γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine were elevated in the presence of the dipeptide glycylglycine as a γ-glutamyl acceptor substrate, although these proteins can act as hydrolases in the absence of a proper acceptor substrate, except water. The apparent K m values of AsGGT1, AsGGT2, and AsGGT3 for γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine were 86 μM, 1.1 mM, and 9.4 mM, respectively. Subcellular distribution of GFP-fusion proteins transiently expressed in onion cells suggested that AsGGT2 localizes in the vacuole, whereas AsGGT1 and AsGGT3 possess no apparent transit peptide for localization to intracellular organelles. The different kinetic properties and subcellular localizations of AsGGT1, AsGGT2, and AsGGT3 suggest that these three GGTs may contribute differently to the biosynthesis of alliin in garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Ayami Yabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Niti Sai-ngam
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Sumi
- Research Planning Department, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical CompanyAkitakata, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuki Saito, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan e-mail:
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Gläser K, Kanawati B, Kubo T, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Grill E. Exploring the Arabidopsis sulfur metabolome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:31-45. [PMID: 24147819 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a crucial role in protein structure and function, redox status and plant biotic stress responses. However, our understanding of sulfur metabolism is limited to identified pathways. In this study, we used a high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometric approach in combination with stable isotope labeling to describe the sulfur metabolome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Databases contain roughly 300 sulfur compounds assigned to Arabidopsis. In comparative analyses, we showed that the overlap of the expected sulfur metabolome and the mass spectrometric data was surprisingly low, and we were able to assign only 37 of the 300 predicted compounds. By contrast, we identified approximately 140 sulfur metabolites that have not been assigned to the databases to date. We used our method to characterize the γ-glutamyl transferase mutant ggt4-1, which is involved in the vacuolar breakdown of glutathione conjugates in detoxification reactions. Although xenobiotic substrates are well known, only a few endogenous substrates have been described. Among the specifically altered sulfur-containing masses in the ggt4-1 mutant, we characterized one endogenous glutathione conjugate and a number of further candidates for endogenous substrates. The small percentage of predicted compounds and the high proportion of unassigned sulfur compounds identified in this study emphasize the need to re-evaluate our understanding of the sulfur metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gläser
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann Straße 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Van de Poel B, Van Der Straeten D. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in plants: more than just the precursor of ethylene! FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:640. [PMID: 25426135 PMCID: PMC4227472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a simple two carbon atom molecule with profound effects on plants. There are quite a few review papers covering all aspects of ethylene biology in plants, including its biosynthesis, signaling and physiology. This is merely a logical consequence of the fascinating and pleiotropic nature of this gaseous plant hormone. Its biochemical precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is also a fairly simple molecule, but perhaps its role in plant biology is seriously underestimated. This triangularly shaped amino acid has many more features than just being the precursor of the lead-role player ethylene. For example, ACC can be conjugated to three different derivatives, but their biological role remains vague. ACC can also be metabolized by bacteria using ACC-deaminase, favoring plant growth and lowering stress susceptibility. ACC is also subjected to a sophisticated transport mechanism to ensure local and long-distance ethylene responses. Last but not least, there are now a few exciting studies where ACC has been reported to function as a signal itself, independently from ethylene. This review puts ACC in the spotlight, not to give it the lead-role, but to create a picture of the stunning co-production of the hormone and its precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van de Poel
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College ParkMD, USA
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Dominique Van Der Straeten, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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Paulose B, Chhikara S, Coomey J, Jung HI, Vatamaniuk O, Dhankher OP. A γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase protects Arabidopsis plants from heavy metal toxicity by recycling glutamate to maintain glutathione homeostasis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4580-95. [PMID: 24214398 PMCID: PMC3875737 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants detoxify toxic metals through a GSH-dependent pathway. GSH homeostasis is maintained by the γ-glutamyl cycle, which involves GSH synthesis and degradation and the recycling of component amino acids. The enzyme γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT) is involved in Glu recycling, but the gene(s) encoding GGCT has not been identified in plants. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis thaliana protein with a cation transport regulator-like domain, hereafter referred to as GGCT2;1, functions as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase. Heterologous expression of GGCT2;1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced phenotypes that were consistent with decreased GSH content attributable to either GSH degradation or the diversion of γ-glutamyl peptides to produce 5-oxoproline (5-OP). 5-OP levels were further increased by the addition of arsenite and GSH to the medium, indicating that GGCT2;1 participates in the cellular response to arsenic (As) via GSH degradation. Recombinant GGCT2;1 converted both GSH and γ-glutamyl Ala to 5-OP in vitro. GGCT2;1 transcripts were upregulated in As-treated Arabidopsis, and ggct2;1 knockout mutants were more tolerant to As and cadmium than the wild type. Overexpression of GGCT2;1 in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of 5-OP. Under As toxicity, the overexpression lines showed minimal changes in de novo Glu synthesis, while the ggct2;1 mutant increased nitrogen assimilation by severalfold, resulting in a very low As/N ratio in tissue. Thus, our results suggest that GGCT2;1 ensures sufficient GSH turnover during abiotic stress by recycling Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibin Paulose
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Sudesh Chhikara
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Joshua Coomey
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ha-il Jung
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Olena Vatamaniuk
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Address correspondence to
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Møldrup ME, Salomonsen B, Geu-Flores F, Olsen CE, Halkier BA. De novo genetic engineering of the camalexin biosynthetic pathway. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:296-301. [PMID: 23830903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Camalexin is a tryptophan-derived phytoalexin that is induced in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana upon pathogen attack. Only few genes in the biosynthetic pathway of camalexin remain unidentified, however, investigation of candidate genes for these steps has proven particularly difficult partly because of redundancy in the genome of Arabidopsis. Here we describe metabolic engineering of the camalexin biosynthetic pathway in the transient Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. Camalexin accumulated in levels corresponding to what is seen in induced Arabidopsis thaliana. We have used this system to evaluate candidate genes suggested to be involved in the camalexin pathway. This has provided biochemical evidence for CYP71A12 conducting same reaction as CYP71A13 in the pathway. We discuss the prospects of using metabolic engineering of camalexin, both with respect to engineering plant defense and as a tool for screening yet unidentified candidate genes in the camalexin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten E Møldrup
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tolin S, Arrigoni G, Trentin AR, Veljovic-Jovanovic S, Pivato M, Zechman B, Masi A. Biochemical and quantitative proteomics investigations in Arabidopsisggt1mutant leaves reveal a role for the gamma-glutamyl cycle in plant's adaptation to environment. Proteomics 2013; 13:2031-45. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Tolin
- DAFNAE, University of Padova; Legnaro Italy
- Proteomics Center of Padova University; VIMM, Padova University Hospital; Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Proteomics Center of Padova University; VIMM, Padova University Hospital; Padova Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | | | | | | | - Bernd Zechman
- Karl-Franzens-University of Graz; Institute of Plant Sciences; Graz Austria
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Revue bibliographique sur les adduits cystéinés et glutathionés de la vigne en vue de leur investigation dans le houblon et la bière. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cervis.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bello MH, Epstein L. Clades of γ-glutamyltransferases (GGTs) in the ascomycota and heterologous expression of Colletotrichum graminicola CgGGT1, a member of the pezizomycotina-only GGT clade. J Microbiol 2013; 51:88-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Møldrup ME, Geu-Flores F, Halkier BA. Assigning gene function in biosynthetic pathways: camalexin and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:360-7. [PMID: 23449503 PMCID: PMC3608764 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Hosseinpour B, HajiHoseini V, Kashfi R, Ebrahimie E, Hemmatzadeh F. Protein interaction network of Arabidopsis thaliana female gametophyte development identifies novel proteins and relations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49931. [PMID: 23239973 PMCID: PMC3519845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the female gametophyte in angiosperms consists of just seven cells, it has a complex biological network. In this study, female gametophyte microarray data from Arabidopsis thaliana were integrated into the Arabidopsis interactome database to generate a putative interaction map of the female gametophyte development including proteome map based on biological processes and molecular functions of proteins. Biological and functional groups as well as topological characteristics of the network were investigated by analyzing phytohormones, plant defense, cell death, transporters, regulatory factors, and hydrolases. This approach led to the prediction of critical members and bottlenecks of the network. Seventy-four and 24 upregulated genes as well as 171 and 3 downregulated genes were identified in subtracted networks based on biological processes and molecular function respectively, including novel genes such as the pathogenesis-related protein 4, ER type Ca(2+) ATPase 3, dihydroflavonol reductase, and ATP disulfate isomerase. Biologically important relationships between genes, critical nodes, and new essential proteins such as AT1G26830, AT5G20850, CYP74A, AT1G42396, PR4 and MEA were found in the interactome's network. The positions of novel genes, both upregulated and downregulated, and their relationships with biological pathways, in particular phytohormones, were highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Hosseinpour
- Institute of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid HajiHoseini
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Kashfi
- Department of Crop Production & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Department of Crop Production & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (EE); (FH)
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (EE); (FH)
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