1
|
Liu XY, Cai XY, Wu HJ, Wan Y, Wei SF, Xu HJ. Salivary proteins NlSP5 and NlSP7 are required for optimal feeding and fitness of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4297-4305. [PMID: 38629775 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva has a crucial role in determining the compatibility between piercing-sucking insects and their hosts. The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a notorious pest of rice in East and Southeast Asia, secretes gelling and watery saliva when feeding on rice sap. Nlsalivap-5 (NlSP5) and Nlsalivap-7 (NlSP7) were identified as potential planthopper-specific gelling saliva components, but their biological functions remain unknown. RESULTS Here, we showed by transcriptomic analyses that NlSP5 and NlSP7 were biasedly expressed in the salivary glands of BPHs. Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated genome-editing system, we constructed NlSP5 and NlSP7 homozygous mutants (NlSP5-/- and NlSP7-/-). Electrical penetration graph assay showed that NlSP5-/- and NlSP7-/- mutants exhibited abnormal probing and feeding behaviors. Bioassays revealed that the loss-of-function of NlSP5 and NlSP7 significantly reduced the fitness of BPHs, with extended developmental duration, shortened lifespan, reduced weight, and impaired fecundity and hatching rates. CONCLUSION These findings deepen our understanding of the BPH-host interaction and may provide potential targets for the management of rice planthoppers. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Fei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mori BA, Coutu C, Erlandson MA, Hegedus DD. Exploring the contribution of the salivary gland and midgut to digestion in the swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii) through a genomics-guided approach. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22135. [PMID: 39038196 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The larvae of Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the swede midge, targets the meristem of brassica crops where they induce the formation of galls and disrupt seed and vegetable production. Previously, we examined the salivary gland transcriptome of newly-hatched first instar larvae as they penetrated the host and initiated gall formation. Here we examine the salivary gland and midgut transcriptome of third instar larvae and provide evidence for cooperative nutrient acquisition beginning with secretion of enzymes and feeding facilitators followed by gastrointestinal digestion. Sucrose, presumably obtained from the phloem, appeared to be a major nutrient source as several α-glucosidases (sucrases, maltases) and β-fructofuranosidases (invertases) were identified. Genes encoding β-fructofuranosidases/invertases were among the most highly expressed in both tissues and represented two distinct gene families that may have originated via horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. The importance of the phloem as a nutrient source is underscored by the expression of genes encoding regucalcin and ARMET (arginine-rich mutated in early stages of tumor) which interfere with calcium signalling and prevent sieve tube occlusion. Lipids, proteins, and starch appear to serve as a secondary nutrient sources. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the detoxification of glucosinolates (myrosinases, arylsulfatases, and glutathione-S-transferases) were expressed indicative of Brassicaceae host specialization. The midgut expressed simple peritrophins and mucins typical of those found in Type II peritrophic matrices, the first such description for a gall midge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyd A Mori
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin A Erlandson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park Y, Min J, Kim B, Park W. Pedobacter faecalis sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of eland, Taurotragus oryx. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 39016544 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Strain ELA7T, a novel Gram-negative, non-motile bacterium with a white pigment and rod-shaped morphology, was isolated from the faeces of an eland at Seoul Grand Park, a zoo in the Republic of Korea. The novel bacterial strain grew optimally in R2A medium under the following conditions: 0 % (w/v) NaCl, pH 8.0, and 34 °C. Based on phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain ELA7T was found to have the closest relatedness to Pedobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 104T (97.8 %), P. frigoris RP-3-15T (97.2 %), P. humi THG S15-2T (97.0 %), P. seoulensis THG-G12T (97.0 %), and P. foliorum LMG 31463T (96.9 %). The genome size and genomic DNA G+C content of strain ELA7T were 3.63 Mbp and 46.5 %, respectively. A whole genome-level comparison of strain ELA7T with P. ginsengisoli Gsoil 104T, P. frigoris RP-3-15T, P. africanus DSM 12126T, and P. psychroterrae RP-1-14T revealed average nucleotide identity values of 72.0, 71.8, 71.9, and 71.6 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain ELA7T were phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipid, unidentified aminolipid, unidentified phosphoglycolipid, unidentified glycolipid, and eight unidentified lipids. Considering our chemotaxonomic, genotypic, and phenotypic findings, strain ELA7T (=KACC 23137T=JCM 36003T) is identified as representing a novel species within the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter faecalis sp. nov. is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yerim Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Min
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bitnara Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chi Y, Zhang H, Chen S, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Jia D, Chen Q, Chen H, Wei T. Leafhopper salivary carboxylesterase suppresses JA-Ile synthesis to facilitate initial arbovirus transmission in rice phloem. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100939. [PMID: 38725245 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Plant jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a major defense signal against insect feeding, but whether or how insect salivary effectors suppress JA-Ile synthesis and thus facilitate viral transmission in the plant phloem remains elusive. Insect carboxylesterases (CarEs) are the third major family of detoxification enzymes. Here, we identify a new leafhopper CarE, CarE10, that is specifically expressed in salivary glands and is secreted into the rice phloem as a saliva component. Leafhopper CarE10 directly binds to rice jasmonate resistant 1 (JAR1) and promotes its degradation by the proteasome system. Moreover, the direct association of CarE10 with JAR1 clearly impairs JAR1 enzyme activity for conversion of JA to JA-Ile in an in vitro JA-Ile synthesis system. A devastating rice reovirus activates and promotes the co-secretion of virions and CarE10 via virus-induced vesicles into the saliva-storing salivary cavities of the leafhopper vector and ultimately into the rice phloem to establish initial infection. Furthermore, a virus-mediated increase in CarE10 secretion or overexpression of CarE10 in transgenic rice plants causes reduced levels of JAR1 and thus suppresses JA-Ile synthesis, promoting host attractiveness to insect vectors and facilitating initial viral transmission. Our findings provide insight into how the insect salivary protein CarE10 suppresses host JA-Ile synthesis to promote initial virus transmission in the rice phloem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chi
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balakrishnan D, Bateman N, Kariyat RR. Rice physical defenses and their role against insect herbivores. PLANTA 2024; 259:110. [PMID: 38565704 PMCID: PMC10987372 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Understanding surface defenses, a relatively unexplored area in rice can provide valuable insight into constitutive and induced defenses against herbivores. Plants have evolved a multi-layered defense system against the wide range of pests that constantly attack them. Physical defenses comprised of trichomes, wax, silica, callose, and lignin, and are considered as the first line of defense against herbivory that can directly affect herbivores by restricting or deterring them. Most studies on physical defenses against insect herbivores have been focused on dicots compared to monocots, although monocots include one of the most important crops, rice, which half of the global population is dependent on as their staple food. In rice, Silica is an important element stimulating plant growth, although Silica has also been found to impart resistance against herbivores. However, other physical defenses in rice including wax, trichomes, callose, and lignin are less explored. A detailed exploration of the morphological structures and functional consequences of physical defense structures in rice can assist in incorporating these resistance traits in plant breeding and genetic improvement programs, and thereby potentially reduce the use of chemicals in the field. This mini review addresses these points with a closer look at current literature and prospects on rice physical defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devi Balakrishnan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Nick Bateman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Rupesh R Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu B, Geng M, Xue Y, Yu Q, Lu B, Liu M, Shao Y, Li C, Xu J, Li J, Hu W, Tang H, Li P, Liu Q, Jing S. Combined miRNA and mRNA sequencing reveals the defensive strategies of resistant YHY15 rice against differentially virulent brown planthoppers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1366515. [PMID: 38562566 PMCID: PMC10982320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1366515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The brown planthopper (BPH) poses a significant threat to rice production in Asia. The use of resistant rice varieties has been effective in managing this pest. However, the adaptability of BPH to resistant rice varieties has led to the emergence of virulent populations, such as biotype Y BPH. YHY15 rice, which carries the BPH resistance gene Bph15, exhibits notable resistance to biotype 1 BPH but is susceptible to biotype Y BPH. Limited information exists regarding how resistant rice plants defend against BPH populations with varying levels of virulence. Methods In this study, we integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling analyses to study the differential responses of YHY15 rice to both avirulent (biotype 1) and virulent (biotype Y) BPH. Results YHY15 rice demonstrated a rapid response to biotype Y BPH infestation, with significant transcriptional changes occurring within 6 hours. The biotype Y-responsive genes were notably enriched in photosynthetic processes. Accordingly, biotype Y BPH infestation induced more intense transcriptional responses, affecting miRNA expression, defenserelated metabolic pathways, phytohormone signaling, and multiple transcription factors. Additionally, callose deposition was enhanced in biotype Y BPH-infested rice seedlings. Discussion These findings provide comprehensive insights into the defense mechanisms of resistant rice plants against virulent BPH, and may potentially guide the development of insect-resistant rice varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Mengjia Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yu Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Bojie Lu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yuhan Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jingang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jintao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengmin Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shengli Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang J, Yan SY, Li GC, Guo H, Tang R, Ma R, Cai QN. The brown planthopper NlDHRS11 is involved in the detoxification of rice secondary compounds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4828-4838. [PMID: 37489868 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) is the most destructive serious pest in rice production. Resistant varieties are effective means to defend against BPH, but the impact of the ingestion of resistant rice on BPH transcriptional regulation is still unclear. Here, we explore the molecular basis of the regulation by BPH feeding on resistant rice. RESULTS BPH nymphs preferentially selected susceptible rice TN1 at 24 h after release in a choice test. Feeding on resistant rice IR56 under nonselective conditions increased mortality, decreased growth rate, and prolonged the molting time of BPH. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed 38 dysregulated genes, including 31 down-regulated and seven up-regulated genes in BPH feeding on resistant rice for 7 days compared with feeding on susceptible rice TN1. These genes were mainly involved in the pathways of growth and development, metabolism, energy synthesis, and transport. Finally, we showed that the toxicities of rice defensive compounds to BPH were dose-dependent, and silencing of the BPH gene dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 (NlDHRS11) increased sensibility to the rice secondary compounds ferulic acid and resorcinol. CONCLUSION The adaption of BPH feeding on resistant rice is orchestrated by dynamically regulating gene expressions, and NlDHRS11 is a gene involved in the detoxification of plant defensive chemicals. The current work provides new insights into the interaction between insects and plants, and will help to develop novel BPH control strategies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shu-Ying Yan
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qing-Nian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao H, Lin X, Yuan X, Zou J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu Z. The salivary chaperone protein NlDNAJB9 of Nilaparvata lugens activates plant immune responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6874-6888. [PMID: 37103882 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a main pest on rice. It secretes saliva to regulate plant defense responses, when penetrating rice plant and sucking phloem sap through its stylet. However, the molecular mechanisms of BPH salivary proteins regulating plant defense responses remain poorly understood. A N. lugens DNAJ protein (NlDNAJB9) gene was highly expressed in salivary glands, and the knock down of NlDNAJB9 significantly enhanced honeydew excretion and fecundity of the BPH. NlDNAJB9 could induce plant cell death, and the overexpression of NlDNAJB9 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana induced calcium signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signaling and callose deposition. The results from different NlDNAJB9 deletion mutants indicated that the nuclear localization of NlDNAJB9 was not necessary to induce cell death. The DNAJ domain was the key region to induce cell death, and the overexpression of DNAJ domain in N. benthamiana significantly inhibited insect feeding and pathogenic infection. NlDNAJB9 might interact indirectly with NlHSC70-3 to regulate plant defense responses. NlDNAJB9 and its orthologs were highly conserved in three planthopper species, and could induce ROS burst and cell death in plants. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of insect-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Gao
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xumin Lin
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianzheng Zou
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rout P, Ravindranath N, Gaikwad D, Nanda S. Unveiling Nilaparvata lugens Stål Genes Defining Compatible and Incompatible Interactions with Rice through Transcriptome Analysis and Gene Silencing. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6790-6803. [PMID: 37623248 PMCID: PMC10453277 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is a major pest of rice (Oryza sativa L.), causing severe crop loss. Multiple biotypes and emerging populations of BPH pose a bigger challenge for the infestations control. Although several studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of rice-BPH interactions, there are few studies dedicated to the Indian sub-continent BPH biotype (biotype 4). Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic, physiological, and gene-silencing responses of the BPH biotype 4 during the compatible (fed on susceptible Taichung Native 1, TN1 rice) and incompatible (fed on resistant PTB33 rice) rice-BPH interactions. In the incompatible interaction, a significant reduction in the honeydew production and negative weight gain were observed in the BPH. Similarly, the trehalose and glucose contents were found to be significantly high and low, respectively, during the incompatible rice-BPH interaction. The comparative BPH transcriptome analysis identified 1875 differentially expressive genes (DEGs) between the compatible and incompatible interactions from which many were annotated to be involved in vital BPH physiological processes, including cuticle development, sugar metabolism, detoxification, molting, and xenobiotics metabolism. The RNA interference-mediated independent silencing of three selected genes, including NlCP1, NlCYP320a1, and NlTret1, revealed that these genes are important for BPH physiology and survival. Moreover, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the rice-BPH interactions involving the BPH biotype 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satyabrata Nanda
- MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, India; (P.R.); (N.R.); (D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen J, Liu Q, Yuan L, Shen W, Shi Q, Qi G, Chen T, Zhang Z. Osa-miR162a Enhances the Resistance to the Brown Planthopper via α-Linolenic Acid Metabolism in Rice ( Oryza sativa). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11847-11859. [PMID: 37493591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most serious pest causing yield losses in rice. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key modulators of plant-pest interactions. In the study, we found that osa-miR162a is induced in response to BPH attack in the seedling stage and tunes rice resistance to the BPH via the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway as indicated by gas chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Overexpression of osa-miR162a inhibited the development and growth of the BPH and simultaneously reduced the release of 3-hexenal and 3-hexen-1-ol to block host recognition in the BPH. Moreover, knockdown of OsDCL1, which is targeted by osa-miR162a, inhibited α-linolenic acid metabolism to enhance the resistance to the BPH, which was similar to that in miR162a-overexpressing plants. Our study revealed a novel defense mechanism mediated by plant miRNAs developed during the long-term evolution of plant-host interaction, provided new ideas for the identification of rice resistance resources, and promoted a better understanding of pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MARA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research Institute, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingxing Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Guojun Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenfei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu L, Yang D, Wang H, Du X, Zhang Y, Niu L, Wan B, Xia M, Qi H, Mou T, You A, Li J. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in rice functionally associated with brown planthopper defense in near isogenic lines pyramiding BPH14 and BPH15. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1250590. [PMID: 37615020 PMCID: PMC10442831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1250590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Although rice has many pests, brown planthopper (BPH) in particular is known to cause substantial damage. The pyramiding application of BPH-resistance genes BPH14 and BPH15 has proven effective in enhancing rice defense against BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPH14/BPH15-conferred resistance remain unexplained. In this investigation, we analyzed the transcriptomes of near isogenic lines (NILs) containing either BPH14 (B14), BPH15 (B15), or BPH14/BPH15 (B1415), as well as their recurrent parent (RP) 'Wushansimiao'. In total, we detected 14,492 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across 12 mRNA profiles of resistant NILs and RP at different feeding stages. In the transcriptomic analysis, 531 DEGs appeared to be common among the resistant NILs compared to RP before and after BPH feeding. These common DEGs were enriched in defense response, phosphorylation, and salt stress response. In addition, 258 DEGs shared only in resistant NILs were obtained among the different feeding stages, which were enriched in oxidative stress response, karrikin response, and chloroplast organization. Considering the expression patterns and relevant research reports associated with these DEGs, 21 were chosen as BPH resistance candidates. In rice protoplasts, the candidate DEG OsPOX8.1 was confirmed to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by chemiluminescence measurement. Our results provide valuable information to further explore the defense mechanism of insect-resistant gene pyramiding lines and develop robust strategies for insect control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dabing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueshu Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingliang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaxiong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongmin Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aiqing You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mori BA, Coutu C, Erlandson MA, Hegedus DD. Characterization of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, first instar larval salivary gland transcriptome. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 4:100064. [PMID: 37575317 PMCID: PMC10415697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in saliva of gall-forming insect larvae govern insect-host plant interactions. Contarinia nasturtii, the swede midge, is a pest of brassicaceous vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli) and canola. We examined the salivary gland (SG) transcriptome of first instar larvae reared on Brassica napus and catalogued genes encoding secreted proteins that may contribute to the initial stages of larval establishment, the synthesis of plant growth hormones, extra-oral digestion and evasion of host defenses. A significant portion of the secreted proteins with unknown functions were unique to C. nasturtii and were often members of larger gene families organized in genomic clusters with conservation patterns suggesting that they are undergoing selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyd A. Mori
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0×2, Canada
| | - Martin A. Erlandson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0×2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D. Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0×2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang J, Zhang H, Chen H, Sun Z, Ke H, Wang G, Meng C, Wu L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ma Z. Genome-wide association study reveals novel SNPs and genes in Gossypium hirsutum underlying Aphis gossypii resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:171. [PMID: 37420143 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
A. gossypii resistance showed great variability in G. hirsutum varieties. One hundred and seventy-six SNPs associated with A. gossypii resistance were identified using GWAS. Four candidate resistance genes were functionally validated. Aphis gossypii is an economically important sap-feeding pest and is widely distributed in the world's cotton-producing regions. Identification of cotton genotypes and developing cultivars with improved A. gossypii resistance (AGR) is essential and desirable for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, A. gossypii was offered no choice but to propagate on 200 Gossypium hirsutum accessions. A relative aphid reproduction index (RARI) was used to evaluate the AGR, which showed large variability in cotton accessions and was classified into 6 grades. A significantly positive correlation was found between AGR and Verticillium wilt resistance. A total of 176 SNPs significantly associated with the RARI were identified using GWAS. Of these, 21 SNPs could be repeatedly detected in three replicates. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, a restriction digestion-based genotyping assay, was developed using SNP1 with the highest observed -log10(P-value). Four genes within the 650 kb region of SNP1 were further identified, including GhRem (remorin-like), GhLAF1 (long after far-red light 1), GhCFIm25 (pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im 25 kDa subunit) and GhPMEI (plant invertase/pectin methylesterase inhibitor superfamily protein). The aphid infection could induce their expression and showed a significant difference between resistant and susceptible cotton varieties. Silencing of GhRem, GhLAF1 or GhCFIm25 could significantly increase aphid reproduction on cotton seedlings. Silencing of GhRem significantly reduced callose deposition, which is reasonably believed to be the cause for the higher AGR. Our results provide insights into understanding the genetic regulation of AGR in cotton and suggest candidate germplasms, SNPs and genes for developing cultivars with improved AGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Haonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Chengsheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang H, Shi S, Hua W. Advances of herbivore-secreted elicitors and effectors in plant-insect interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1176048. [PMID: 37404545 PMCID: PMC10317074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants. When plants are exposed to insects, elicitors induce plant defenses, and complex physiological and biochemical processes are triggered, such as the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, Ca2+ flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and other responses. For better adaptation, insects secrete a large number of effectors to interfere with plant defenses on multiple levels. In plants, resistance (R) proteins have evolved to recognize effectors and trigger stronger defense responses. However, only a few effectors recognized by R proteins have been identified until now. Multi-omics approaches for high-throughput elicitor/effector identification and functional characterization have been developed. In this review, we mainly highlight the recent advances in the identification of the elicitors and effectors secreted by insects and their target proteins in plants and discuss their underlying molecular mechanisms, which will provide new inspiration for controlling these insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo J, Wang H, Guan W, Guo Q, Wang J, Yang J, Peng Y, Shan J, Gao M, Shi S, Shangguan X, Liu B, Jing S, Zhang J, Xu C, Huang J, Rao W, Zheng X, Wu D, Zhou C, Du B, Chen R, Zhu L, Zhu Y, Walling LL, Zhang Q, He G. A tripartite rheostat controls self-regulated host plant resistance to insects. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06197-z. [PMID: 37316670 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy receptor-like kinases and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors to confer host plant resistance (HPR) to herbivores1. These gene-for-gene interactions between insects and their hosts have been proposed for more than 50 years2. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie HPR have been elusive, as the identity and sensing mechanisms of insect avirulence effectors have remained unknown. Here we identify an insect salivary protein perceived by a plant immune receptor. The BPH14-interacting salivary protein (BISP) from the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is secreted into rice (Oryza sativa) during feeding. In susceptible plants, BISP targets O. satvia RLCK185 (OsRLCK185; hereafter Os is used to denote O. satvia-related proteins or genes) to suppress basal defences. In resistant plants, the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor BPH14 directly binds BISP to activate HPR. Constitutive activation of Bph14-mediated immunity is detrimental to plant growth and productivity. The fine-tuning of Bph14-mediated HPR is achieved through direct binding of BISP and BPH14 to the selective autophagy cargo receptor OsNBR1, which delivers BISP to OsATG8 for degradation. Autophagy therefore controls BISP levels. In Bph14 plants, autophagy restores cellular homeostasis by downregulating HPR when feeding by brown planthoppers ceases. We identify an insect saliva protein sensed by a plant immune receptor and discover a three-way interaction system that offers opportunities for developing high-yield, insect-resistant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qifa Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malviya D, Singh P, Singh UB, Paul S, Kumar Bisen P, Rai JP, Verma RL, Fiyaz RA, Kumar A, Kumari P, Dei S, Ahmed MR, Bagyaraj DJ, Singh HV. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses in direct seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1104490. [PMID: 37200920 PMCID: PMC10185796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere is the battlefield of beneficial and harmful (so called phytopathogens) microorganisms. Moreover, these microbial communities are struggling for their existence in the soil and playing key roles in plant growth, mineralization, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. In the last few decades, some consistent pattern have been detected so far that link soil community composition and functions with plant growth and development; however, it has not been studied in detail. AM fungi are model organisms, besides potential role in nutrient cycling; they modulate biochemical pathways directly or indirectly which lead to better plant growth under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In the present investigations, we have elucidated the AM fungi-mediated activation of plant defense responses against Meloidogyne graminicola causing root-knot disease in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study describes the multifarious effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, and Rhizophagus intraradices inoculated individually or in combination under glasshouse conditions in rice plants. It was found that F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices when applied individually or in combination modulated the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice. AM inoculation significantly increased various plant growth attributes in plants with simultaneous decrease in the root-knot intensity. Among these, the combined application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus, and R. intraradices was found to enhance the accumulation and activities of biomolecules and enzymes related to defense priming as well as antioxidation in the susceptible and resistant inbred lines of rice pre-challenged with M. graminicola. The application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, induced the key genes involved in plant defense and signaling and it has been demonstrated for the first time. Results of the present investigation advocated that the application of F. mosseae, R. fasciculatus and R. intraradices, particularly a combination of all three, not only helped in the control of root-knot nematodes but also increased plant growth as well as enhances the gene expression in rice. Thus, it proved to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth-promoting agent in rice even when the crop is under biotic stress of the root-knot nematode, M. graminicola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Malviya
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Prakash Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Bihar Agricultural University, Dumraon, India
| | - Udai B Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Surinder Paul
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | | | - Jai P Rai
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ram Lakhan Verma
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - R Abdul Fiyaz
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Kumar
- Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | | | - Mohd Reyaz Ahmed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Bihar Agricultural University, Dumraon, India
| | - D J Bagyaraj
- Centre for Natural Biological Resources and Community Development, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harsh V Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Li W, Yan J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Tan X, Chen J. Developmental, Reproduction, and Feeding Preferences of the Sitobion avenae Mediated by Soil Silicon Application. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:989. [PMID: 36903850 PMCID: PMC10004824 DOI: 10.3390/plants12050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon occupies an important position in the nutrient requirements of wheat. It has been reported that silicon enhances plant resistance to phytophagous insects. However, only limited research has been carried out on the effects of silicon application to wheat and Sitobion avenae populations. In this study, three silicon fertilizer concentrations were treated for potted wheat seedlings, including 0 g/L, 1 g/L, and 2 g/L of water-soluble silicon fertilizer solution. The effect of silicon application on the developmental period, longevity, reproduction, wing pattern differentiation, and other vital life table parameters of the S. avenae were determined. The cage method and the Petri dish isolated leaf method were used to determine the effect of silicon application on the feeding preference of the winged and wingless aphid. The results showed silicon application had no significant effect on the aphid instar of 1-4; although, 2 g/L silicon fertilizer prolonged the nymph stage and 1 and 2 g/L of silicon application all shortened the adult stage and reduced the longevity and fertility of the aphid. Two instances of silicon application reduced the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the aphid. A 2 g/L silicon application prolonged the population doubling time (td), significantly reduced the mean generation time (T), and increased the proportion of winged aphids. The results also demonstrated that the selection ratio of winged aphids in wheat leaves treated with 1 g/L and 2 g/L silicon was reduced by 8.61% and 17.88%, respectively. The number of aphids on leaves treated with 2 g/L silicon was significantly reduced at 48 and 72 h of aphids released, and the application of silicon to wheat was detrimental to the feeding preference of S. avenae. Therefore, the application of silicon at 2 g/L to wheat has an inhibitory effect on the life parameters and feeding preference of S. avenae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoling Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deng QQ, Ye M, Wu XB, Song J, Wang J, Chen LN, Zhu ZY, Xie J. Damage of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens and rice leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in parent plants lead to distinct resistance in ratoon rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2096790. [PMID: 35876337 PMCID: PMC9318313 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2096790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced defense responses are often specific, whereas plants could induce distinct defense responses corresponding to infestation by different herbivorous insects. Brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a phloem-feeding insect, and rice leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a chewing insect, are both specialist herbivores on rice. To characterize the distinct resistance primed by prior damage to these two specialist herbivores, we challenged rice plants with two herbivores during vegetative growth of parent plants and assessed plant resistance in subsequent ratoons. Here, we show that LF and BPH induce different suites of defense responses in parent rice plants, LF induced higher level of JA accumulation and OsAOS, OsCOI1 transcripts, while BPH induced higher accumulation of SA and OsPAL1 transcripts. Moreover, an apparent loss of LF resistance was observed in OsAOS, OsCOI1 RNAi lines. Ratoon plants generated from parents receiving prior LF infestation exhibited higher jasmonic acid (JA) levels and elevated levels of transcripts of defense-related genes associated with JA signaling, while ratoon generated from parents receiving prior BPH infestation exhibited higher salicylic acid (SA) levels and elevated levels of transcripts of defense-related genes associated with SA signaling. Moreover, previous LF infestation obviously elevated ratoons resistance to LF, while previous infestation by BPH led to enhanced resistance in ratoons to BPH. Pre-priming of ratoons defense to LF was significantly reduced in OsAOS and OsCOI1 RNAi plant, but silencing OsAOS and OsCOI1 did not attenuate ratoons resistance to BPH. These results suggest that infestation of two specialist herbivores with different feeding styles in parent crop led to distinct defense responses in subsequent rations, and the acquired resistance to LF in ratoons is associated with priming of jasmonic acid-dependent defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Deng
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao Ye
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Wu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Zhu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Xie
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gao H, Zou J, Lin X, Zhang H, Yu N, Liu Z. Nilaparvata lugens salivary protein NlG14 triggers defense response in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7477-7487. [PMID: 36056768 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a serious insect pest on rice. It uses its stylet to collect sap by penetrating the phloem and at the same time it delivers saliva into the host plant, which can trigger a reaction. The molecular mechanisms by which BPH salivary proteins result in plant responses are poorly understood. In this study, we screened transcriptomic data from different BPH tissues and found a protein specific to the salivary gland, NlG14, that could induce cell death in plants. We determined that NlG14 is uniquely found in the insect family Delphacidae. Detailed examination of N. lugens showed that NlG14 was mainly localized in the A-follicle of the principal gland of the salivary gland, and that it was secreted into rice plants during feeding. Knockdown of NlG14 resulted in significant nymph mortality when BPH was fed on either rice plants or on an artificial diet. Further analysis showed that NlG14 triggered accumulation of reactive oxygen species, cell death, callose deposition, and activation of jasmonic acid signaling pathways in plants. Transient expression of NlG14 in Nicotiana benthamiana decreased insect feeding and suppressed plant pathogen infection. Thus, NlG14, an essential salivary protein of N. lugens, acted as a potential herbivore-associated molecular pattern to enhance plant resistance to both insects and plant pathogens by inducing multiple plant defense responses. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of insect-plant interactions and offer a potential target for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Gao
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianzheng Zou
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xumin Lin
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Roy D, Biswas A, Sarkar S, Chakraborty G, Gaber A, Kobeasy MI, Hossain A. Evaluation and characterization of indigenous rice ( Oryza sativa L.) landraces resistant to brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (St ål.) biotype 4. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14360. [PMID: 36353600 PMCID: PMC9639428 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation and identification of resistant donors for brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.), an economically important insect pest of rice, is a continuous process to develop new resistant rice varieties. However, several rice landraces of north-eastern India are not yet characterized for BPH resistance. In the present study, a set of 218 rice landraces were screened in both greenhouse and open-field conditions for three consecutive years, and thereafter forty selected promising entries were explored to evaluate their phenotypic and genotypic reactions against BPH biotype 4. Based on phenotypic evaluations, five landraces were identified as resistant, while 31 were moderately resistant, and grouped under the major cluster I and II, respectively, in a circular dendrogram. Antixenosis and antibiosis studies of these landraces divulged that, compared to the susceptible check variety, resistant landraces exhibited the lowest feeding rate, survival, and nymphal and adult settling, but higher frequency of unhatched eggs of BPH. Un-infested resistant landraces registered higher levels of ascorbic acid, oxalic acid and crude silica, however, elevated levels of total free amino acid, potassium and crude silica were observed under BPH herbivory. The present study focuses on identifying new donors having BPH resistance resources which could be useful in genomic studies for the development of BPH biotype 4 resistant rice varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Roy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India
- Plant Protection, Dhaanya Ganga Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhisek Biswas
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sukamal Sarkar
- School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Narendrapur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gautam Chakraborty
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed I. Kobeasy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akbar Hossain
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Harner AD, Leach HL, Briggs L, Centinari M. Prolonged phloem feeding by the spotted lanternfly, an invasive planthopper, alters resource allocation and inhibits gas exchange in grapevines. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e452. [PMID: 36226305 PMCID: PMC9533444 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula White; SLF) is a phloem-feeding planthopper invasive to the Eastern United States that can feed on a range of wild and cultivated plant species. Since its 2014 introduction in the United States, large infestations and subsequent economic damage have been reported in cultivated grapevines, but no studies have detailed grapevine physiological responses to SLF phloem feeding. This study investigated grapevine-SLF interactions, detailing how different infestation densities affect leaf gas exchange and end-season concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates and nitrogen in vegetative and perennial tissues of two Vitis species. Effects on fruit ripeness parameters and dormant bud freeze tolerance were examined, in addition to other year-after effects. Phloem feeding by low densities (≤4 SLF shoot-1) had minimal effects, whereas greater densities (5-15 SLF shoot-1) increasingly affected carbohydrate and nitrogen dynamics in both Vitis species. Phloem feeding substantially affected starch and, to a lesser extent, total nitrogen concentrations of woody roots. Prolonged exposure strongly reduced leaf gas exchange. We conclude that intensive late-season phloem feeding by large adult SLF population densities (≥8 SLF shoot-1) can induce carbon limitation, with the potential for negative year-after effects in cases of severe belowground carbon depletion. This work presents novel insights into SLF-grapevine interactions, identifies avenues of future SLF-plant research, and assists the development of action thresholds for SLF management in vineyards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Harner
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Heather L. Leach
- Department of EntomologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lauren Briggs
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Michela Centinari
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li C, Xiong Z, Fang C, Liu K. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal the responses of brown planthoppers to RH resistant rice cultivar. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1018470. [PMID: 36187783 PMCID: PMC9523508 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1018470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia. The application of insect-resistant rice cultivars is currently one of the principal means of controlling BPH. Understanding the physiological response mechanisms of BPH feeding on insect-resistant rice is the key for maintaining rice yield. Here, we measured the ecological fitness and analyzed the whole-body transcriptome and metabolome of BPH reared on susceptible cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and resistant cultivar Rathu Heenati (RH). Our results showed that RH significantly decreased the survival rate, female adult weight, honeydew secretion, the number of eggs laid per female and fat content of BPH. We identified 333 upregulated and 486 downregulated genes in BPH feeding on RH. These genes were mainly involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, hormone synthesis and vitamin metabolism pathways. We also detected 145 differentially accumulated metabolites in BPH reared on RH plants compared to BPH reared on TN1 plants, including multiple carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and some nucleosides. Combined analyses of transcriptome and metabolome showed that five pathways, including starch, sucrose, and galactose metabolism, were altered. The network for these pathways was subsequently visualized. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of metabolite accumulation in BPH feeding on the RH rice variety. The results could help us better understand how insect-resistant rice cultivars combat BPH infestation, which is important for the comprehensive management of BPH.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiao Y, Ren J, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhou S, Li M, Gao F, Liang L, Wang D, Ren G, Wang L. De novo profiling of insect-resistant proteins of rice via nanopore peptide differentiation. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 212:114415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
Although the phloem is a highly specialized tissue, certain pathogens, including phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and viruses, have evolved to access and live in this sequestered and protected environment, causing substantial economic harm. In particular, Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are devastating citrus in many parts of the world. Given that most phloem pathogens are vectored, they are not exposed to applied chemicals and are therefore difficult to control. Furthermore, pathogens use the phloem network to escape mounted defenses. Our review summarizes the current knowledge of phloem anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry relevant to phloem/pathogen interactions. We focus on aspects of anatomy specific to pathogen movement, including sieve plate structure and phloem-specific proteins. Phloem sampling techniques are discussed. Finally, pathogens that cause particular harm to the phloem of crop species are considered in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Lewis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gupta A, Nair S. Heritable Epigenomic Modifications Influence Stress Resilience and Rapid Adaptations in the Brown Planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8728. [PMID: 35955860 PMCID: PMC9368798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation in insects is integral to cellular differentiation, development, gene regulation, genome integrity, and phenotypic plasticity. However, its evolutionary potential and involvement in facilitating rapid adaptations in insects are enigmatic. Moreover, our understanding of these mechanisms is limited to a few insect species, of which none are pests of crops. Hence, we studied methylation patterns in the brown planthopper (BPH), a major rice pest, under pesticide and nutritional stress, across its life stages. Moreover, as the inheritance of epigenetic changes is fundamentally essential for acclimation, adaptability, and evolution, we determined the heritability and persistence of stress-induced methylation marks in BPH across generations. Our results revealed that DNA methylation pattern(s) in BPH varies/vary with environmental cues and is/are insect life-stage specific. Further, our findings provide novel insights into the heritability of stress-induced methylation marks in BPH. However, it was observed that, though heritable, these marks eventually fade in the absence of the stressors, thereby suggesting the existence of fitness cost(s) associated with the maintenance of the stressed epigenotype. Furthermore, we demonstrate how 5-azacytidine-mediated disruption of BPH methylome influences expression levels of stress-responsive genes and, thereby, highlight demethylation/methylation as a phenomenon underlying stress resilience of BPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Nair
- Plant-Insect Interaction Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zeng L, Jin S, Xu YQ, Granato D, Fu YQ, Sun WJ, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Exogenous stimulation-induced biosynthesis of volatile compounds: Aroma formation of oolong tea at postharvest stage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:76-86. [PMID: 35900156 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by plants responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. According to their biosynthetic sources, induced VOCs are divided into three major classes: terpenoids, phenylpropanoid/benzenoid, and fatty acid derivatives. These compounds with specific aroma characteristics importantly contribute to the aroma quality of oolong tea. Shaking and rocking is the crucial procedure for the aroma formation of oolong tea by exerting mechanical damage to fresh tea leaves. Abundant studies have been carried out to investigate the formation mechanisms of VOCs during oolong tea processing in recent years. This review systematically introduces the biosynthesis of VOCs in plants, and the volatile changes due to biotic and abiotic stresses are summarized and expatiated, using oolong tea as an example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tea Industry, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Qun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Yan-Qing Fu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tea Industry, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tea Industry, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tea Industry, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sogatella furcifera Saliva Mucin-like Protein Is Required for Feeding and Induces Rice Defences. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158239. [PMID: 35897828 PMCID: PMC9332473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, is one of the most important piercing-sucking pests of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia. Mucin-like salivary protein (SFMLP) is highly expressed in the salivary glands of WBPH, which plays an important role in WBPH feeding. In this study, WBPH injected with dsSFMLP had difficulty in sucking phloem sap from rice plants, which significantly reduced their food intake, weight, and survival. In contrast, the knockdown of the SFMLP gene had only a marginal effect on the survival of WBPH fed an artificial diet. Further studies showed that silencing SFMLP resulted in the short and single-branched salivary sheaths secretion and less formation of salivary flanges in rice. These data suggest that SFMLP is involved in the formation of the salivary sheath and is essential for feeding in WBPH. Overexpression of the SFMLP gene in rice plants promoted the feeding of WBPH, whereas silencing the gene in rice plants significantly decreased WBPH performance. Additionally, it was found that overexpression of SFMLP in rice plants elicited the signalling pathway of SA (salicylic acid) while suppressing JA (jasmonic acid); in contrast, silencing of the SFMLP gene in rice plants showed the opposite results. This study clarified the function of SFMLP in WBPH feeding as well as mediating rice defences.
Collapse
|
28
|
Mbiza NIT, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Luo X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Li J, Wang X, Zhang J, Yu Y. GhCalS5 is involved in cotton response to aphid attack through mediating callose formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892630. [PMID: 35937318 PMCID: PMC9350506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Callose synthase plays an essential role in plant growth and development and in response to all sorts of stresses through regulating callose formation. However, few research about the function and mechanism of the insect resistance of callose synthase genes have been reported in cotton. In this study, a cotton callose synthase gene GhCalS5 was cloned, and its function and mechanism of resistance to cotton aphids were analyzed. The expression of GhCalS5 was significantly upregulated in both, leaves and stems of cotton plants at 48 h after cotton aphid infestation and in the leaves of cotton plants at 24 h after salicylic acid treatment. The overexpression of GhCalS5 enhanced cotton resistance to cotton aphids. Expectedly silencing of GhCalS5 reduced cotton resistance to cotton aphids. Overexpression of GhCalS5 enhanced callose formation in cotton leaves. Our results suggest that GhCalS5 is involved in cotton resistance against cotton aphids by influencing callose formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zongwei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mustafa AS, Ssenku JE, Ssemanda P, Ntambi S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Tugume AK. Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantification of Callose. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:54. [PMID: 35893580 PMCID: PMC9326611 DOI: 10.3390/mps5040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing methods of callose quantification include epifluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry of aniline blue-stained callose particles, immuno-fluorescence microscopy and indirect assessment of both callose synthase and β-(1,3)-glucanase enzyme activities. Some of these methods are laborious, time consuming, not callose-specific, biased and require high technical skills. Here, we describe a method of callose quantification based on Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (S-ELISA). Tissue culture-derived banana plantlets were inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) bacteria as a biotic stress factor inducing callose production. Banana leaf, pseudostem and corm tissue samples were collected at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) for callose quantification. Callose levels were significantly different in banana tissues of Xcm-inoculated and control groups except in the pseudostems of both banana genotypes. The method described here could be applied for the quantification of callose in different plant species with satisfactory level of specificity to callose, and reproducibility. Additionally, the use of 96-well plate makes this method suitable for high throughput callose quantification studies with minimal sampling and analysis biases. We provide step-by-step detailed descriptions of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar S. Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Jamilu E. Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Paul Ssemanda
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Saidi Ntambi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Arthur K. Tugume
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ren X, Wang J, Zhu F, Wang Z, Mei J, Xie Y, Liu T, Ye X. β-aminobutyric acid (BABA)-induced resistance to tobacco black shank in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267960. [PMID: 35679273 PMCID: PMC9182692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco black shank is a kind of soil-borne disease caused by the Oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. This disease is one of the most destructive diseases to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) growth worldwide. At present, various measures have been taken to control this disease, but they still have different challenges and limitations. Studies have shown that β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a nonprotein amino acid, can enhance disease resistance in plants against different varieties of pathogens. However, it is unclear whether BABA can induce plants to resist Phytophthora parasitica infection. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect and related mechanism of BABA against tobacco black shank. Our results showed that 5 mmol.L-1 BABA had an obvious anti-inducing effect on the pathogenic fungus and could effectively inhibit the formation of dark spots in the stems. The results also showed that a large amount of callose deposition was observed in BABA-treated tobacco. Furthermore, the application of BABA induced the accumulation of H2O2 in tobacco and effectively regulated the homeostasis of reactive oxygen in tobacco plants, reducing the toxicity of H2O2 to plants while activating the defense system. In addition, BABA spray treatment could induce an increase in the concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) in tobacco, and the gene expression results confirmed that BABA upregulated the expression of SA-related genes (PR1, PR2 and PR5), JA-related genes (PDF1.2) and ET-related genes (EFE26 and ACC oxidase) in tobacco plants. Taken together, BABA could activate tobacco resistance to black shank disease by increasing H2O2 accumulation, callose deposition, plant hormone (SA and JA-Ile) production, and SA-, JA-, and ET- signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Ren
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Yunnan Tobacco Co., Ltd., Kunming Branch, Kunming, China
| | - Zhijiang Wang
- Yunnan Tobacco Co., Ltd., Kunming Branch, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Mei
- Yunnan Tobacco Co., Ltd., Kunming Branch, Kunming, China
| | - Yonghui Xie
- Yunnan Tobacco Co., Ltd., Kunming Branch, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianwen Ye
- Yunnan Tobacco Co., Ltd., Kunming Branch, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang J, Liu N, Yan A, Sun T, Sun X, Yao G, Xiao D, Li W, Hou C, Yang C, Wang D. Callose deposited at soybean sieve element inhibits long-distance transport of Soybean mosaic virus. AMB Express 2022; 12:66. [PMID: 35660979 PMCID: PMC9167352 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of callose and its deposition characteristics at phloem in the resistance to the long-distance transportation of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) through phloem was studied. Two different methods of SMV inoculation were used in the study, one was direct friction of the virus on seedling leaves and the other was based on grafting scion and rootstock to create different resistance and sensitivity combinations. Veins, petioles of inoculated leaves and rootstock stems were stained with callose specific dye. Results from fluorescence microscope observation, pharmacological test, and PCR detection of SMV coat protein gene (SMV-CP) showed the role of callose in long-distance transportation of SMV through phloem during infection of soybean seedlings. When the inhibitor of callose synthesis 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DDG) was used, the accumulation of callose fluorescence could hardly be detected in the resistant rootstocks. These results indicate that callose deposition in phloem restricts the long-distance transport of SMV, and that the accumulation of callose in phloem is a main contributing factor for resistance to this virus in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Aihua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Tianjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Guibin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Dongqiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Chunyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Twayana M, Girija AM, Mohan V, Shah J. Phloem: At the center of action in plant defense against aphids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153695. [PMID: 35468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The location of the phloem deep inside the plant, the high hydrostatic pressure in the phloem, and the composition of phloem sap, which is rich in sugar with a high C:N ratio, allows phloem sap feeding insects to occupy a unique ecological niche. The anatomy and physiology of aphids, a large group of phytophagous insects that use their mouthparts, which are modified into stylets, to consume large amounts of phloem sap, has allowed aphids to successfully exploit this niche, however, to the detriment of agriculture and horticulture. The ability to reproduce asexually, a short generation time, the development of resistance to commonly used insecticides, and their ability to vector viral diseases makes aphids among the most damaging pests of plants. Here we review how plants utilize their ability to occlude sieve elements and accumulate antibiotic and antinutritive factors in the phloem sap to limit aphid infestation. In addition, we summarize progress on understanding how plants perceive aphids to activate defenses in the phloem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Twayana
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Anil M Girija
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Peters WS, Knoblauch M. How Münch's adaptation of Pfeffer's circulating water flow became the pressure-flow theory, and the resulting problems - A historical perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 272:153672. [PMID: 35366573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance transport of photoassimilates in the phloem of vascular plants occurs as bulk flow in sieve tubes. These tubes are arrays of cells that lose nuclei, cytoskeleton, and some organelles when they differentiate into mature sieve elements. Symplasmic continuity is achieved by perforations that turn the cell walls between adjoining sieve elements into sieve plates. These structural features are interpreted as adaptations that reduce the resistance sieve tubes offer to cytoplasmic bulk flow. According to the common reading of Ernst Münch's pressure-flow theory, the driving forces for these flows are osmotically generated gradients of hydrostatic pressure along the sieve tubes. However, the significance of pressure gradients in the flow direction has also been questioned. Münch himself stated that no detectable pressure gradients existed between the linked osmotic cells that he used to demonstrate the validity of his ideas, and the earliest explanation of osmotically driven flows by Wilhelm Pfeffer, on which Münch based his theory, explicitly claimed the absence of pressure gradients. To resolve the apparent contradiction, we here reconstruct the history of the idea that osmotically driven transport processes in organisms necessarily require steps or gradients of hydrostatic pressure along the transport route. Our analysis leads us to conclude that some defects of overly simplifying interpretations of Münch's ideas (such as the sieve plate fallacy) could be avoided if our descriptions of his theory in textbooks and the scientific literature would follow the logics of the theory's earliest formulations more closely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA.
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang Q, Li T, Gao M, Ye M, Lin M, Wu D, Guo J, Guan W, Wang J, Yang K, Zhu L, Cheng Y, Du B, He G. Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling Reveal the Resistance Mechanisms of Rice against Brown Planthopper. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4083. [PMID: 35456901 PMCID: PMC9031479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is one of the most destructive insects affecting rice production. To better understand the physiological mechanisms of how rice responds to BPH feeding, we analyzed BPH-induced transcriptomic and metabolic changes in leaf sheaths of both BPH-susceptible and -resistant rice varieties. Our results demonstrated that the resistant rice reduced the settling, feeding and growth of BPH. Metabolic analyses indicated that BPH infestation caused more drastic overall metabolic changes in the susceptible variety than the resistant rice. Differently accumulated metabolites (DAMs) belonging to flavonoids were downregulated in the susceptible rice but upregulated in resistant variety. Transcriptomic analyses revealed more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in susceptible rice than resistant rice, and DEGs related to stimulus were significantly upregulated in resistant rice but downregulated in susceptible rice. Combined analyses of transcriptome and metabolome showed that many DEGs and DAMs were enriched in phenylpropane biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. We conducted correlation analyses of DEGs and DAMs in these pathways and found a high correlation between DEGs and DAMs. Then, we found that the contents of endogenous indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) in resistant rice was lower than that of susceptible rice after BPH feeding, while the salicylic acid (SA) content was the opposite. For functional analysis, an exogenous application of IAA decreased rice resistance to BPH, but the exogenous application of SA increased resistance. In addition, biochemical assessment and quantitative PCR analysis showed that the lignin content of resistant accession was constitutively higher than in susceptible accession. By adding epigallocatechin, the substrate of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), to the artificial diet decreased the performance of BPH. We first combined a transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS) on rice resistance to BPH in this study. We demonstrated that rice promoted resistance to BPH by inducing epigallocatechin and decreasing IAA. These findings provided useful transcriptomic and metabolic information for understanding the rice-BPH interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Q.Z.); (T.L.); (M.G.); (M.Y.); (M.L.); (D.W.); (J.G.); (W.G.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Q.Z.); (T.L.); (M.G.); (M.Y.); (M.L.); (D.W.); (J.G.); (W.G.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A leafhopper saliva protein mediates horizontal transmission of viral pathogens from insect vectors into rice phloem. Commun Biol 2022; 5:204. [PMID: 35246603 PMCID: PMC8897447 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous insects transmit viruses together with saliva to plant phloem, but the roles of saliva components remain elusive. Here, we report that calcium-binding protein (CBP), a universal insect saliva protein, is modified to benefit horizontal transmission of a devastating rice reovirus into plant phloem. CBP effectively competes with virus-induced filaments to target and traverse actin-based apical plasmalemma into saliva-stored cavities in salivary glands of leafhopper vector. Thus, the inhibition of CBP expression by viral infection facilitates filament-mediated viral secretion into salivary cavities and then into plant phloem. Furthermore, virus-mediated reduction of CBP secretion causes an increase of cytosolic Ca2+ levels in rice, triggering substantial callose deposition and H2O2 production. Thus, viruliferous vectors encounter stronger feeding barriers, probe more frequently, and secrete more saliva into plants, ultimately enhancing viral transmission. We thus conclude that the inhibition of CBP secretion facilitates viral secretion and increases host defense response to benefit viral transmission. CBP, a calcium binding protein found in insect saliva, allows for the transmission of the devastating rice gall dwarf virus into plant phloem. This interaction with CBP is compounded by stronger feeding barriers, more frequent probing behavior, and increased saliva secretion into plants by insect vectors, all increasing the likelihood of viral transmission.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fu J, Shi Y, Wang L, Tian T, Li J, Gong L, Zheng Z, Jing M, Fang J, Ji R. Planthopper-Secreted Salivary Calmodulin Acts as an Effector for Defense Responses in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841378. [PMID: 35295635 PMCID: PMC8918949 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) and small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are major pests of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia. These piercing-sucking insects secrete saliva into the host during feeding. Nevertheless, it is largely unknown how planthoppers use salivary effectors to enable continuous feeding on rice. Here, we screened their salivary proteomes and selected eight salivary proteins conserved between SBPH and BPH as candidate effectors. Silencing calmodulin (CaM) impeded BPH and SBPH from penetrating the phloem. Hence, their food intake, survival, and fecundity on rice plants were reduced. By contrast, CaM silencing had a small effect on the survival rate of BPH and SBPH raised on artificial diet. The CaM amino acid sequences were the same for both BPH and SBPH. CaM was highly expressed in their salivary glands and secreted into the rice plants during feeding. Bacterially expressed recombinant CaM protein exhibited calcium-binding activity. In planta expression disclosed that CaM was localized to the plant cytoplasms and nuclei and suppressed plant defenses such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and callose deposition. CaM-silenced BPH and SBPH nymphs elicited relatively high levels of H2O2 and callose accumulation in rice plants. The foregoing results reveal that CaM is an effector as it enables the planthopper to reach the phloem by suppressing callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhouting Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salivary protein 7 of the brown planthopper functions as an effector for mediating tricin metabolism in rice plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3205. [PMID: 35217680 PMCID: PMC8881502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is an important pest that affects rice (Oryza sativa) production in Asia. The flavone tricin (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxy flavone) is a valuable secondary metabolite commonly found in rice plants that can defend rice plants against infestation by BPH. BPH damage can reduce the metabolic level of tricin in rice. Our preliminary transcriptome research results showed that BPH salivary protein 7 (NlSP7), is highly responsive to tricin stimuli. However, the function of NlSP7 in mediating the interaction between the rice plant and the BPH is unknown. In this study, we cloned the NlSP7 gene in N. lugens and found that its mRNA level was greater in the presence of high tricin content than low tricin content, regardless of whether the BPHs were fed a rice plant diet or an artificial diet containing 100 mg/L tricin. Knocking down NlSP7 resulted in BPH individuals spending more time in the non-penetration and pathway phase, and less time feeding on the phloem of rice plants. These changes decreased BPH food intake, feeding behavior, and fitness, as well as the tricin content of the rice plants. These findings demonstrate that the salivary protein 7 of BPH functions as an effector for tricin metabolism in rice.
Collapse
|
38
|
Stanfield RC, Bartlett MK. Coordination Between Phloem Loading and Structure Maintains Carbon Transport Under Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:787837. [PMID: 35251074 PMCID: PMC8891486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.787837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining phloem transport under water stress is expected to be crucial to whole-plant drought tolerance, but the traits that benefit phloem function under drought are poorly understood. Nearly half of surveyed angiosperm species, including important crops, use sucrose transporter proteins to actively load sugar into the phloem. Plants can alter transporter abundance in response to stress, providing a potential mechanism for active-loading species to closely regulate phloem loading rates to avoid drought-induced reductions or failures in phloem transport. We developed an integrated xylem-phloem-stomatal model to test this hypothesis by quantifying the joint impacts of transporter kinetics, phloem anatomy, and plant water status on sucrose export to sinks. We parameterized the model with phloem hydraulic resistances and sucrose transporter kinetic parameters compiled from the literature, and simulated loading regulation by allowing loading rates to decline exponentially with phloem pressure to prevent excessive sucrose concentrations from inducing viscosity limitations. In the absence of loading regulation, where loading rates were independent of phloem pressure, most resistance values produced unrealistic phloem pressures owing to viscosity effects, even under well-watered conditions. Conversely, pressure-regulated loading helped to control viscosity buildup and improved export to sinks for both lower and higher resistant phloem pathways, while maintaining realistic phloem pressures. Regulation also allowed for rapid loading and export in wet conditions while maintaining export and viable phloem pressures during drought. Therefore, we expect feedbacks between phloem pressure and loading to be critical to carbon transport in active-loading species, especially under drought, and for transporter kinetics to be strongly coordinated with phloem architecture and plant water status. This work provides an important and underexplored physiological framework to understand the ecophysiology of phloem transport under drought and to enhance the genetic engineering of crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Stanfield
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Walker GP. Sieve element occlusion: Interactions with phloem sap-feeding insects. A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153582. [PMID: 34953413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem sieve element (SE) occlusion has been hypothesized for decades to be a mechanism of resistance against phloem sap-feeding insects. Few studies have tested this hypothesis although it is likely a widespread phenomenon. This review focuses on SE occlusion by callose and P-proteins. Both are reversible, which would allow the plant to defend itself against phloem sap-feeders when SEs are penetrated and resume normal function when the insects give up and withdraw their stylets. Callose (β-1,3 glucans with some β-1,6 branches) serves many roles in plant physiology in many different tissues, each being under the control of different callose synthase genes; only callose deposited in SE sieve pores is relevant to SE occlusion. The amount of callose in sieve pores (and consequently how much it impedes sap flow) is determined by the balance in activity between callose synthase and β-1,3 glucanase. Sieve pore callose deposition has been shown to provide resistance to some phloem sap-feeders in a few studies, and in one, the difference in resistance between a susceptible and resistant rice variety was due to the ability or inability of the insect to upregulate the plants' β-1,3 glucanase that degrades the callose deposition. P-proteins occur only in dicotyledons and include a variety of proteins, not all of which are involved in SE occlusion. In some plants, P-proteins form distinct bodies in mature functional SEs. In papilionid legumes, these discrete bodies, called forisomes can expand and contract. In their expanded state, they effectively plug SEs and stop the flow of sap while in their contracted state, they provide negligible resistance to sap flow. Expansion of forisomes is triggered by an influx of Ca2+ into the SE. Penetration of a legume (Vicia faba) SE by a generalist aphid not adapted to legumes triggers forisome expansion which occludes the SE and prevents the aphid from ingesting sap. In contrast, a legume specialist aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, does not trigger forisome expansion and readily ingests sap from V. faba. P-protein bodies in SEs of non-legumes do not appear to be involved in SE occlusion. In most dicotyledons, P-proteins do not form discrete bodies, but rather occur as filamentous aggregations adhering to the parietal margins of the SE and in response to damage, are released into the lumen where they are carried by the flow of sap to the downstream sieve plate where they back up and clog the sieve pores. Their effectiveness at actually stopping the flow of sap is controversial. In one study, they seemed to provide little resistance to the flow of sap while in other studies, they provided considerable resistance. In response to injury in melon, they completely stop the flow of sap, and in an aphid-resistant melon, penetration of SEs by the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, triggers P-protein occlusion which prevents the aphids from ingesting sap. The first P-protein described, PP1, occurs only in the genus Cucurbita, and although it has been often cited to function as a SE occlusion protein, experimental evidence suggests it does not play a significant role in SE occlusion. The most common strategy for phloem sap-feeders to mitigate P-protein occlusion seems to be avoid triggering it. A widely cited in vitro study suggested that aphid saliva can reverse P-protein occlusion, but a subsequent study demonstrated that saliva was ineffective at reversing P-protein occlusion in vivo. Lastly, SE callose deposition in wheat triggered by Russian wheat aphid has been hypothesized to create an artificial sink that benefits the aphid, but additional studies are needed to test that hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Walker
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Poosapati S, Poretsky E, Dressano K, Ruiz M, Vazquez A, Sandoval E, Estrada-Cardenas A, Duggal S, Lim JH, Morris G, Szczepaniec A, Walse SS, Ni X, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A. A sorghum genome-wide association study (GWAS) identifies a WRKY transcription factor as a candidate gene underlying sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) resistance. PLANTA 2022; 255:37. [PMID: 35020066 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A WRKY transcription factor identified through forward genetics is associated with sorghum resistance to the sugarcane aphid and through heterologous expression reduces aphid populations in multiple plant species. Crop plant resistance to insect pests is based on genetically encoded traits which often display variability across diverse germplasm. In a comparatively recent event, a predominant sugarcane aphid (SCA: Melanaphis sacchari) biotype has become a significant agronomic pest of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). To uncover candidate genes underlying SCA resistance, we used a forward genetics approach combining the genetic diversity present in the Sorghum Association Panel (SAP) and the Bioenergy Association Panel (BAP) for a genome-wide association study, employing an established SCA damage rating. One major association was found on Chromosome 9 within the WRKY transcription factor 86 (SbWRKY86). Transcripts encoding SbWRKY86 were previously identified as upregulated in SCA-resistant germplasm and the syntenic ortholog in maize accumulates following Rhopalosiphum maidis infestation. Analyses of SbWRKY86 transcripts displayed patterns of increased SCA-elicited accumulation in additional SCA-resistant sorghum lines. Heterologous expression of SbWRKY86 in both tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and Arabidopsis resulted in reduced population growth of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of Arabidopsis lines expressing 35S:SbWRKY86-YFP identified changes in expression for a small network of genes associated with carbon-nitrogen metabolism and callose deposition, both contributing factors to defense against aphids. As a test of altered plant responses, 35S:SbWRKY86-YFP Arabidopsis lines were activated using the flagellin epitope elicitor, flg22, and displayed significant increases in callose deposition. Our findings indicate that both heterologous and increased native expression of the transcription factor SbWRKY86 contributes to reduced aphid levels in diverse plant models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Poosapati
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Keini Dressano
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Armando Vazquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Evan Sandoval
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Adelaida Estrada-Cardenas
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Sarthak Duggal
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Jia-Hui Lim
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Geoffrey Morris
- Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 307 University Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA
| | - Adrianna Szczepaniec
- Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 307 University Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA
| | - Spencer S Walse
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen R, Deng Y, Ding Y, Guo J, Qiu J, Wang B, Wang C, Xie Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Chen L, Chu C, He G, He Z, Huang X, Xing Y, Yang S, Xie D, Liu Y, Li J. Rice functional genomics: decades' efforts and roads ahead. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 34881420 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2024-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms on various rice traits and dissecting the underlying regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the research progress of rice biology over past decades, including omics, genome-wide association study, phytohormone action, nutrient use, biotic and abiotic responses, photoperiodic flowering, and reproductive development (fertility and sterility). For the roads ahead, cutting-edge technologies such as new genomics methods, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, precise genome-editing tools, environmental microbiome optimization, and synthetic methods will further extend our understanding of unsolved molecular biology questions in rice, and facilitate integrations of the knowledge for agricultural applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- National Center for Gene Research, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yongyao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rice functional genomics: decades' efforts and roads ahead. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:33-92. [PMID: 34881420 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms on various rice traits and dissecting the underlying regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the research progress of rice biology over past decades, including omics, genome-wide association study, phytohormone action, nutrient use, biotic and abiotic responses, photoperiodic flowering, and reproductive development (fertility and sterility). For the roads ahead, cutting-edge technologies such as new genomics methods, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, precise genome-editing tools, environmental microbiome optimization, and synthetic methods will further extend our understanding of unsolved molecular biology questions in rice, and facilitate integrations of the knowledge for agricultural applications.
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang Y, Chen M, Zhou S, Lou Y, Lu J. Silencing an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene OsJMJ715 Enhances the Resistance of Rice to a Piercing-Sucking Herbivore by Activating ABA and JA Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13020. [PMID: 34884830 PMCID: PMC8657654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases play an important role in plant growth, development, and defense responses to abiotic stresses and pathogens. However, their roles in the resistance of plants to herbivorous insects remain largely unknown. In this study, we isolated the rice gene OsJMJ715, which encodes a RING-domain containing protein, and investigated its role in rice resistance to brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). OsJMJ715 is a nucleus-localized E3 ligase whose mRNA levels were upregulated by the infestation of gravid BPH females, mechanical wounding, and treatment with JA or ABA. Silencing OsJMJ715 enhanced BPH-elicited levels of ABA, JA, and JA-Ile as well as the amount of callose deposition in plants, which in turn increased the resistance of rice to BPH by reducing the feeding of BPH and the hatching rate of BPH eggs. These findings suggest that OsJMJ715 negative regulates the BPH-induced biosynthesis of ABA, JA, and JA-Ile and that BPH benefits by enhancing the expression of OsJMJ715.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuebai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuxing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Satturu V, Kudapa HB, Muthuramalingam P, Nadimpalli RGV, Vattikuti JL, Anjali C, Satish L, Ramesh M, Mulinti S. RNA-Seq based global transcriptome analysis of rice unravels the key players associated with brown planthopper resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:118-128. [PMID: 34534586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rice production is adversely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, brown planthopper (BPH) majorly affects the rice yield. Comprehending the genome and candidate players is essential for the resistance to BPH. This holistic study aimed to dissect the complex BPH resistance mechanism of the host against pathogen. Transcriptome analysis of six samples comprising of two-resistant (PTB33, BM71) and one-sensitive (TN1) genotypes under control and stress conditions was carried-out. A total of 148 million filtered reads were generated after quality check. Among these, 127 million filtered reads were aligned to the rice genome. These aligned reads were taken for further analysis. A total of 14,358 DEGs across the genotypes under stress were identified. Of which, 4820 DEGs were functionally annotated from 9266 uniquely mapped DEGs. Fifty-five potential BPH stress players were selected from the in-silico analysis of DEGs. qRT-PCR results revealed key players were differentially regulated in both resistant and sensitive genotypes. Spatio-temporal and hormone level expression signature of 55 BPH associated players were analyzed and noted their differential expression in tissues and hormones, respectively. This study inferred the significant differences in gene expression signatures may contribute to the process of BPH resistance mechanism in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanisri Satturu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Hima Bindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pandiyan Muthuramalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rama Gopal Varma Nadimpalli
- Rice Research Center, ARI, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - C Anjali
- Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lakkakula Satish
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Manikandan Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreedhar Mulinti
- RS&RRS, Rudrur, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shi S, Wang H, Nie L, Tan D, Zhou C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Du B, Guo J, Huang J, Wu D, Zheng X, Guan W, Shan J, Zhu L, Chen R, Xue L, Walling LL, He G. Bph30 confers resistance to brown planthopper by fortifying sclerenchyma in rice leaf sheaths. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1714-1732. [PMID: 34246801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-feeding insects cause massive losses in agriculture and horticulture. Host plant resistance to phloem-feeding insects is often mediated by changes in phloem composition, which deter insect settling and feeding and decrease viability. Here, we report that rice plant resistance to the phloem-feeding brown planthopper (BPH) is associated with fortification of the sclerenchyma tissue, which is located just beneath the epidermis and a cell layer or two away from the vascular bundle in the rice leaf sheath. We found that BPHs prefer to feed on the smooth and soft region on the surface of rice leaf sheaths called the long-cell block. We identified Bph30 as a rice BPH resistance gene that prevents BPH stylets from reaching the phloem due to the fortified sclerenchyma. Bph30 is strongly expressed in sclerenchyma cells and enhances cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis, making the cell walls stiffer and sclerenchyma thicker. The structurally fortified sclerenchyma is a formidable barrier preventing BPH stylets from penetrating the leaf sheath tissues and arriving at the phloem to feed. Bph30 belongs to a novel gene family, encoding a protein with two leucine-rich domains. Another member of the family, Bph40, also conferred resistance to BPH. Collectively, the fortified sclerenchyma-mediated resistance mechanism revealed in this study expands our understanding of plant-insect interactions and opens a new path for controlling planthoppers in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lingyun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Di Tan
- The Institute of Technological Science, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junhan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Longjian Xue
- The Institute of Technological Science, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaA, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang J, Song J, Wu XB, Deng QQ, Zhu ZY, Ren MJ, Ye M, Zeng RS. Seed priming with calcium chloride enhances wheat resistance against wheat aphid Schizaphis graminum Rondani. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4709-4718. [PMID: 34146457 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. Although it has been shown that exogenous Ca application can increase plant resistance to abiotic stress, little is known about its potential to enhance plant tolerance to biotic stress. Here, we investigated whether pretreatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds with calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) improves plant resistance against wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rondani). The developmental time, population size, feeding behavior of aphids on plants grown from CaCl2 - and water-pretreated seeds, and plant defense responses to aphid attack were investigated. RESULTS Seed pretreatment with CaCl2 extended aphid development time and reduced aphid population size and feeding efficiency. In addition, the pretreatment significantly increased the concentration of Ca2+ in wheat leaves, and upregulated expression levels of TaCaM genes and callose synthase genes (TaGSL2, TaGSL8, TaGSL10, TaGSL12, TaGSL19, TaGSL22 and TaGSL23). Callose concentration in the leaves of plants grown from CaCl2 -pretreated seeds increased significantly upon aphid attack. Further, callose deposition was observed mainly in the phloem. CONCLUSION These results suggest that seed pretreatment with CaCl2 primes the plant response against wheat aphid attack, leading to modulation of callose deposition in the phloem in response to aphid attack. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Song
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Wu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian-Qian Deng
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Zhu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Jian Ren
- Guizhou Branch of the National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| | - Ren-Sen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding, and Multiple Uses of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Miller AE, Stanfield RC, Hacke UG. Seasonal patterns of callose deposition and xylem embolism in five boreal deciduous tree species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1568-1575. [PMID: 34449081 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Phloem tissue allows for sugar transport along the entirety of a plant and, thus, is one of the most important anatomical structures related to growth. It is thought that the sugar-conducting sieve tube may overwinter and that its cells persist multiple seasons in deciduous trees. One possible overwintering strategy is to build up callose on phloem sieve plates to temporarily cease their function. We tested the hypothesis that five deciduous tree species produce callose on their sieve plates on a seasonal basis. METHODS Young shoots of five deciduous tree species were sampled periodically between April 2019 and February 2020 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. After enzymatic digestion of cytoplasmic constituents, cross sections were imaged using scanning electron microscopy to observe and quantify the level of callose deposition at monthly intervals, and sieve plate pore size was measured. Using a conductivity apparatus, we measured xylem native embolism during these sampling periods. RESULTS Contrary to past work on some of the same species, we found little evidence that sieve tubes overwinter by becoming occluded with callose. Instead, we found that most sieve plates remain open. Xylem embolism was minimal during the peak growing season, but increased over winter. CONCLUSIONS Many species had been assumed to deposit callose on sieve plates over winter, though anatomical and phenological phloem data were sparse. Our data do not support this notion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Miller
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan C Stanfield
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li Y, Cheah BH, Fang YF, Kuang YH, Lin SC, Liao CT, Huang SH, Lin YF, Chuang WP. Transcriptomics identifies key defense mechanisms in rice resistant to both leaf-feeding and phloem feeding herbivores. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:306. [PMID: 34193042 PMCID: PMC8243607 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of insect pests in paddy fields cause heavy losses in global rice yield annually, a threat projected to be aggravated by ongoing climate warming. Although significant progress has been made in the screening and cloning of insect resistance genes in rice germplasm and their introgression into modern cultivars, improved rice resistance is only effective against either chewing or phloem-feeding insects. RESULTS In this study, the results from standard and modified seedbox screening, settlement preference and honeydew excretion tests consistently showed that Qingliu, a previously known leaffolder-resistant rice variety, is also moderately resistant to brown planthopper (BPH). High-throughput RNA sequencing showed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the infestation site, with 2720 DEGs in leaves vs 181 DEGs in sheaths for leaffolder herbivory and 450 DEGs in sheaths vs 212 DEGs in leaves for BPH infestation. The leaf-specific transcriptome revealed that Qingliu responds to leaffolder feeding by activating jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes and genes regulating the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways that are essential for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid, melatonin, flavonoids and lignin defensive compounds. The sheath-specific transcriptome revealed that Qingliu responds to BPH infestation by inducing salicylic acid-responsive genes and those controlling cellular signaling cascades. Taken together these genes could play a role in triggering defense mechanisms such as cell wall modifications and cuticular wax formation. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the key defensive responses of a rarely observed rice variety Qingliu that has resistance to attacks by two different feeding guilds of herbivores. The leaffolders are leaf-feeder while the BPHs are phloem feeders, consequently Qingliu is considered to have dual resistance. Although the defense responses of Qingliu to both insect pest types appear largely dissimilar, the phenylpropanoid pathway (or more specifically phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes) could be a convergent upstream pathway. However, this possibility requires further studies. This information is valuable for breeding programs aiming to generate broad spectrum insect resistance in rice cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Boon Huat Cheah
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fu Fang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hung Kuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ching Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Liao
- Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, COA, Changhua Country, 51544, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Horng Huang
- Department of Plant Protection, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Chiayi, 60044, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wei X, Mira A, Yu Q, Gmitter FG. The Mechanism of Citrus Host Defense Response Repression at Early Stages of Infection by Feeding of Diaphorina citri Transmitting Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635153. [PMID: 34168662 PMCID: PMC8218908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating disease of citrus, presumably caused by "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CaLas). Although transcriptomic profiling of HLB-affected citrus plants has been studied extensively, the initial steps in pathogenesis have not been fully understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to compare very early transcriptional changes in the response of Valencia sweet orange (VAL) to CaLas after being fed by the vector, Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid, or ACP). The results suggest the existence of a delayed defense reaction against the infective vector in VAL, while the attack by the healthy vector prompted immediate and substantial transcriptomic changes that led to the rapid erection of active defenses. Moreover, in the presence of CaLas-infected psyllids, several downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified on the pathways, such as signaling, transcription factor, hormone, defense, and photosynthesis-related pathways at 1 day post-infestation (dpi). Surprisingly, a burst of DEGs (6,055) was detected at 5 dpi, including both upregulated and downregulated DEGs on the defense-related and secondary metabolic pathways, and severely downregulated DEGs on the photosynthesis-related pathways. Very interestingly, a significant number of those downregulated DEGs required ATP binding for the activation of phosphate as substrate; meanwhile, abundant highly upregulated DEGs were detected on the ATP biosynthetic and glycolytic pathways. These findings highlight the energy requirement of CaLas virulence processes. The emerging picture is that CaLas not only employs virulence strategies to subvert the host cell immunity, but the fast-replicating CaLas also actively rewires host cellular metabolic pathways to obtain the necessary energy and molecular building blocks to support virulence and the replication process. Taken together, the very early response of citrus to the CaLas, vectored by infective ACP, was evaluated for the first time, thus allowing the changes in gene expression relating to the primary mechanisms of susceptibility and host-pathogen interactions to be studied, and without the secondary effects caused by the development of complex whole plant symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wei
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Amany Mira
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fred G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zheng X, Zhu L, He G. Genetic and molecular understanding of host rice resistance and Nilaparvata lugens adaptation. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:14-20. [PMID: 33227482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The variability of brown planthopper (BPH) populations and diversity of the host rice germplasm provide an ideal model for exploring the genetic and molecular basis of insect-plant interactions. During the long-term evolutionary arms race, complicated feeding and defense strategies have developed in BPH and rice. Nine major BPH resistance genes have been cloned and the exploration of BPH resistance genes medicated mechanism against BPH shed a light on the molecular basis of the rice-BPH interaction. This short review provides an update on our current understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanism for rice resistance and BPH adaptation. Understanding the interactions between BPH and rice will provide novel insights for sustainable control of this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|