1
|
Zhang Y, Ru Y, Shi Z, Wang H, Zhang J, Wu J, Pang H, Feng H. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220732. [PMID: 37854318 PMCID: PMC10579877 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the process of the production of recombinant proteins by using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression system, the effectiveness of the control of light conditions pre- and post-agroinfiltration on efficiency of transient expression is worth being evaluated. In this study, Nicotiana benthamiana plants were used as a bioreactor to investigate the effects of different light conditions pre- and post-agroinfiltration on the transient expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The results showed that the plants grown under light condition for 5 weeks had the highest level of transient expression among those grown for 4-8 weeks. In the pre-agroinfiltration, the level of transient expression of GFP was obviously decreased by the increase in light intensity or by the shortening of the photoperiod. Although the shortening of the photoperiod post-agroinfiltration also decreased the level of transient expression, moderate light intensity post-agroinfiltration was needed for higher level of transient expression efficiency. However, there was no strong correlation between the transient expression efficiency and plant growth. The results suggested that light condition was an important factor affecting the level of transient expression in plants. Hence, light conditions should be optimized to obtain higher productivity of recombinant protein from transient expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Hailong Pang
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Hanqing Feng
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agho CA, Kaurilind E, Tähtjärv T, Runno-Paurson E, Niinemets Ü. Comparative transcriptome profiling of potato cultivars infected by late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans: Diversity of quantitative and qualitative responses. Genomics 2023; 115:110678. [PMID: 37406973 PMCID: PMC10548088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The Estonia potato cultivar Ando has shown elevated field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, even after being widely grown for over 40 years. A comprehensive transcriptional analysis was performed using RNA-seq from plant leaf tissues to gain insight into the mechanisms activated for the defense after infection. Pathogen infection in Ando resulted in about 5927 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to 1161 DEGs in the susceptible cultivar Arielle. The expression levels of genes related to plant disease resistance such as serine/threonine kinase activity, signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, endocytosis, autophagy, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and others were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs in Ando, whereas in the susceptible cultivar, only the pathway related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was enriched in the upregulated DEGs. However, in response to infection, photosynthesis was deregulated in Ando. Multi-signaling pathways of the salicylic-jasmonic-ethylene biosynthesis pathway were also activated in response to Phytophthora infestans infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Agho
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - E Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - T Tähtjärv
- Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - E Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren X, Zhang G, Jin M, Wan F, Day MD, Qian W, Liu B. Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Response Mechanisms of Mikania micrantha to Puccinia spegazzinii Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030678. [PMID: 36985252 PMCID: PMC10057677 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mikania micrantha is one of the 100 worst invasive species globally and can cause significant negative impacts on agricultural and forestry economics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific region. The rust Puccinia spegazzinii has been used successfully as a biological control agent in several countries to help manage M. micrantha. However, the response mechanisms of M. micrantha to P. spegazzinii infection have never been studied. To investigate the response of M. micrantha to infection by P. spegazzinii, an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics was performed. The levels of 74 metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites in M. micrantha infected with P. spegazzinii, were significantly different compared to those in plants that were not infected. After P. spegazzinii infection, the expression of the TCA cycle gene was significantly induced to participate in energy biosynthesis and produce more ATP. The content of most amino acids, such as L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan and L-citrulline, increased. In addition, phytoalexins, such as maackiain, nobiletin, vasicin, arachidonic acid, and JA-Ile, accumulated in M. micrantha. A total of 4978 differentially expressed genes were identified in M. micrantha infected by P. spegazzinii. Many key genes of M. micrantha in the PTI (pattern-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity) pathways showed significantly higher expression under P. spegazzinii infection. Through these reactions, M. micrantha is able to resist the infection of P. spegazzinii and maintain its growth. These results are helpful for us to understand the changes in metabolites and gene expression in M. micrantha after being infected by P. spegazzinii. Our results can provide a theoretical basis for weakening the defense response of M. micrantha to P. spegazzinii, and for P. spegazzinii as a long-term biological control agent of M. micrantha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Ren
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangzhong Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Mengjiao Jin
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Michael D. Day
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (B.L.)
| | - Bo Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Sun M, Wang X, Zhang YJ, Da XW, Jia LY, Pang HL, Feng HQ. Effects of plant growth regulators on transient expression of foreign gene in Nicotiana benthamiana L. leaves. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:124. [PMID: 38650281 PMCID: PMC10992099 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades, replicating expression vectors based on plant geminivirus have been widely used for enhancing the efficiency of plant transient expression. By using the replicating expression vector derived from bean yellow dwarf virus and green fluorescent protein as a reporter, we investigated the effects of α-naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellins3, and 6-benzyladenine, as three common plant growth regulators, on the plant biomass and efficiency of transient expression during the process of transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana L. leaves. RESULTS With the increase of the concentration of α-naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellins3, and 6-benzyladenine (from 0.1 to 1.6 mg/L), the fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area of the seedlings increased first and then returned to the levels similar to the controls (without chemical treatment). The treatment with α-naphthalene acetic acid at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/L can enhance the level of transient expression of green fluorescent protein, which peaked at 0.4 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid and was increased about by 19%, compared to the controls. Gibberellins3 at 0.1-0.4 mg/L can enhance the level of transient expression of green fluorescent protein, which peaked at 0.2 mg/L gibberellins3 and was increased by 25%. However, the application of 6-benzyladenine led to decrease in the level of transient expression of green fluorescent protein. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate plant growth regulators at moderate concentration could be beneficial to the expression of foreign genes from the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in plants. Thus, appropriate plant growth regulators could be considered as exogenous components that are applied for the production of recombinant protein by plant-based transient expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Min Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yue-Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Da
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ling-Yun Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hai-Long Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Han-Qing Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perchepied L, Chevreau E, Ravon E, Gaillard S, Pelletier S, Bahut M, Berthelot P, Cournol R, Schouten HJ, Vergne E. Successful intergeneric transfer of a major apple scab resistance gene (Rvi6) from apple to pear and precise comparison of the downstream molecular mechanisms of this resistance in both species. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:843. [PMID: 34802418 PMCID: PMC8607633 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scab is the most important fungal disease of apple and pear. Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and European pear (Pyrus communis L.) are genetically related but they are hosts of two different fungal species: Venturia inaequalis for apple and V. pyrina for European pear. The apple/V. inaequalis pathosystem is quite well known, whereas knowledge about the pear/V. pyrina pathosystem is still limited. The aim of our study was to analyse the mode of action of a major resistance gene of apple (Rvi6) in transgenic apple and pear plants interacting with the two scab species (V. inaequalis and V. pyrina), in order to determine the degree of functional transferability between the two pathosystems. Results Transgenic pear clones constitutively expressing the Rvi6 gene from apple were compared to a scab transgenic apple clone carrying the same construct. After inoculation in greenhouse with V. pyrina, strong defense reactions and very limited sporulation were observed on all transgenic pear clones tested. Microscopic observations revealed frequent aborted conidiophores in the Rvi6 transgenic pear / V. pyrina interaction. The macro- and microscopic observations were very comparable to the Rvi6 apple / V. inaequalis interaction. However, this resistance in pear proved variable according to the strain of V. pyrina, and one of the strains tested overcame the resistance of most of the transgenic pear clones. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of apple and pear resistant interactions with V. inaequalis and V. pyrina, respectively, revealed different cascades of molecular mechanisms downstream of the pathogen recognition by Rvi6 in the two species. Signal transduction was triggered in both species with calcium (and G-proteins in pear) and interconnected hormonal signaling (jasmonic acid in pear, auxins in apple and brassinosteroids in both species), without involvement of salicylic acid. This led to the induction of defense responses such as a remodeling of primary and secondary cell wall, lipids biosynthesis (galactolipids in apple and cutin and cuticular waxes in pear), systemic acquired resistance signal generation (in apple) or perception in distal tissues (in pear), and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids (flavonoids in apple but also lignin in pear). Conclusion This study is the first example of a successful intergeneric transfer of a resistance gene among Rosaceae, with a resistance gene functioning towards another species of pathogen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08157-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Perchepied
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - E Chevreau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - E Ravon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - S Gaillard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - S Pelletier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - M Bahut
- Univ Angers, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - P Berthelot
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - R Cournol
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - H J Schouten
- Wageningen Univ & Res, Plant Breeding, NL-6700, Wageningen, AJ, Netherlands
| | - E Vergne
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De la Torre LI, Vergara Meza JG, Cabarca S, Costa-Martins AG, Balan A. Comparison of carbohydrate ABC importers from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:841. [PMID: 34798821 PMCID: PMC8603345 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, has at least four ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters dedicated to carbohydrate uptake: LpqY/SugABC, UspABC, Rv2038c-41c, and UgpAEBC. LpqY/SugABC transporter is essential for M. tuberculosis survival in vivo and potentially involved in the recycling of cell wall components. The three-dimensional structures of substrate-binding proteins (SBPs) LpqY, UspC, and UgpB were described, however, questions about how these proteins interact with the cognate transporter are still being explored. Components of these transporters, such as SBPs, show high immunogenicity and could be used for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this work, we used a phylogenetic and structural bioinformatics approach to compare the four systems, in an attempt to predict functionally important regions. RESULTS Through the analysis of the putative orthologs of the carbohydrate ABC importers in species of Mycobacterium genus it was shown that Rv2038c-41c and UgpAEBC systems are restricted to pathogenic species. We showed that the components of the four ABC importers are phylogenetically separated into four groups defined by structural differences in regions that modulate the functional activity or the interaction with domain partners. The regulatory region in nucleotide-binding domains, the periplasmic interface in transmembrane domains and the ligand-binding pocket of the substrate-binding proteins define their substrates and segregation in different branches. The interface between transmembrane domains and nucleotide-binding domains show conservation of residues and charge. CONCLUSIONS The presence of four ABC transporters in M. tuberculosis dedicated to uptake and transport of different carbohydrate sources, and the exclusivity of at least two of them being present only in pathogenic species of Mycobacterium genus, highlights their relevance in virulence and pathogenesis. The significant differences in the SBPs, not present in eukaryotes, and in the regulatory region of NBDs can be explored for the development of inhibitory drugs targeting the bacillus. The possible promiscuity of NBDs also contributes to a less specific and more comprehensive control approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I De la Torre
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genectics and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biomedical Research Group, University of Sucre, Sucre, Colombia
| | - José G Vergara Meza
- Biomedical Research Group, University of Sucre, Sucre, Colombia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sindy Cabarca
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genectics and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biomedical Research Group, University of Sucre, Sucre, Colombia
| | - André G Costa-Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Balan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Genectics and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374; Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xue D, Liu H, Wang D, Gao Y, Jia Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of R3a and Avr3a-mediated defense responses in transgenic tomato. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11965. [PMID: 34434667 PMCID: PMC8359799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most devastating diseases in potatoes and tomatoes. At present, several late blight resistance genes have been mapped and cloned. To better understand the transcriptome changes during the incompatible interaction process between R3a and Avr3a, in this study, after spraying DEX, the leaves of MM-R3a-Avr3a and MM-Avr3a transgenic plants at different time points were used for comparative transcriptome analysis. A total of 7,324 repeated DEGs were detected in MM-R3a-Avr3a plants at 2-h and 6-h, and 729 genes were differentially expressed at 6-h compared with 2-h. Only 1,319 repeated DEGs were found in MM-Avr3a at 2-h and 6-h, of which 330 genes have the same expression pattern. Based on GO, KEGG and WCGNA analysis of DEGs, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were significantly up-regulated. Parts of the down-regulated DEGs were enriched in carbon metabolism and the photosynthesis process. Among these DEGs, most of the transcription factors, such as WRKY, MYB, and NAC, related to disease resistance or endogenous hormones SA and ET pathways, as well as PR, CML, SGT1 gene were also significantly induced. Our results provide transcriptome-wide insights into R3a and Avr3a-mediated incompatibility interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Xue
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhiqi Jia
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gorshkov V, Tsers I. Plant susceptible responses: the underestimated side of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:45-66. [PMID: 34435443 PMCID: PMC9291929 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant susceptibility to pathogens is usually considered from the perspective of the loss of resistance. However, susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity since active host cooperation may be required for the pathogen to propagate and cause disease. This cooperation consists of the induction of reactions called susceptible responses that transform a plant from an autonomous biological unit into a component of a pathosystem. Induced susceptibility is scarcely discussed in the literature (at least compared to induced resistance) although this phenomenon has a fundamental impact on plant-pathogen interactions and disease progression. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on plant susceptible responses and their regulation. We highlight two main categories of susceptible responses according to their consequences and indicate the relevance of susceptible response-related studies to agricultural practice. We hope that this review will generate interest in this underestimated aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ahmad T, Gupta G, Sharma A, Kaur B, El-Sheikh MA, Alyemeni MN. Metagenomic analysis exploring taxonomic and functional diversity of bacterial communities of a Himalayan urban fresh water lake. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248116. [PMID: 33764980 PMCID: PMC7993826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater lakes present an ecological border between humans and a variety of host organisms. The present study was designed to evaluate the microbiota composition and distribution in Dal Lake at Srinagar, India. The non-chimeric sequence reads were classified taxonomically into 49 phyla, 114 classes, 185 orders, 244 families and 384 genera. Proteobacteria was found to be the most abundant bacterial phylum in all the four samples. The highest number of observed species was found to be 3097 in sample taken from least populated area during summer (LPS) whereas the summer sample from highly populated area (HPS) was found most diverse among all as indicated by taxonomic diversity analysis. The QIIME output files were used for PICRUSt analysis to assign functional attributes. The samples exhibited a significant difference in their microbial community composition and structure. Comparative analysis of functional pathways indicated that the anthropogenic activities in populated areas and higher summer temperature, both decrease functional potential of the Lake microbiota. This is probably the first study to demonstrate the comparative taxonomic diversity and functional composition of an urban freshwater lake amid its highly populated and least populated areas during two extreme seasons (winter and summer).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawseef Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjabi, India
| | - Gaganjot Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjabi, India
| | - Anshula Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjabi, India
| | - Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjabi, India
- * E-mail: (BK); (MNA)
| | - Mohamed A. El-Sheikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (BK); (MNA)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dolzblasz A, Banasiak A, Vereecke D. A sustained CYCLINB1;1 and STM expression in the neoplastic tissues induced by Rhodococcus fascians on Arabidopsis underlies the persistence of the leafy gall structure. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1816320. [PMID: 32897774 PMCID: PMC7676816 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1816320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
is a gram-positive phytopathogen that infects a wide range of plant species. The actinomycete induces the formation of neoplastic growths, termed leafy galls, that consist of a gall body covered by small shoots of which the outgrowth is arrested due to an extreme form of apical dominance. In our previous work, we demonstrated that in the developing gall, auxin drives the transdifferentiation of parenchyma cells into vascular elements. In this work, with the use of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants carrying molecular reporters for cell division (pCYCB1;1:GUS) and meristematic activity (pSTM:GUS), we analyzed the fate of cells within the leafy gall. Our results indicate that the size of the gall body is determined by ongoing mitotic cell divisions as illustrated by strong CYCB1;1 expression combined with the de novo formation of new meristematic areas triggered by STM expression. The shoot meristems that develop in the peripheral parts of the gall are originating from high ectopic STM expression. Altogether the presented data provide further insight into the cellular events that accompany the development of leafy galls in response to R. fascians infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dolzblasz
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Sciences, New Mexico State University, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leone M, Zavallo D, Venturuzzi A, Asurmendi S. RdDM pathway components differentially modulate Tobamovirus symptom development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:467-481. [PMID: 32813230 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crop yield losses induced by phytoviruses are mainly associated with the symptoms of the disease. DNA modifications as methylation can modulate the information coded by the sequence, process named epigenetics. Viral infection can change the expression patterns of different genes linked to defenses and symptoms. This work represents the initial step to expose the role of epigenetic process, in the production of symptoms associated with plants-virus interactions. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important molecules for gene regulation in plants and play an essential role in plant-pathogen interactions. Researchers have evaluated the relationship between viral infections as well as the endogenous accumulation of sRNAs and the transcriptional changes associated with the production of symptoms, but little is known about a possible direct role of epigenetics, mediated by 24-nt sRNAs, in the induction of these symptoms. Using different RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway mutants and a triple demethylase mutant; here we demonstrate that the disruption of RdDM pathway during viral infection produce alterations in the plant transcriptome and in consequence changes in plant symptoms. This study represents the initial step in exposing that DNA methylation directed by endogenous sRNAs has an important role, uncoupled to defense, in the production of symptoms associated with plant-virus interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Leone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Divergent DNA Methylation Signatures of Juvenile Seedlings, Grafts and Adult Apple Trees. EPIGENOMES 2020; 4:epigenomes4010004. [PMID: 34968238 PMCID: PMC8594697 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of previous studies on epigenetics in plants have centered on the study of inheritance of DNA methylation patterns in annual plants. In contrast, perennial plants may have the ability to accumulate changes in DNA methylation patterns over numerous years. However, currently little is known about long-lived perennial and clonally reproducing plants that may have evolved different DNA methylation inheritance mechanisms as compared to annual plants. To study the transmission of DNA methylation patterns in a perennial plant, we used apple (Malus domestica) as a model plant. First, we investigated the inheritance of DNA methylation patterns during sexual reproduction in apple by comparing DNA methylation patterns of mature trees to juvenile seedlings resulting from selfing. While we did not observe a drastic genome-wide change in DNA methylation levels, we found clear variations in DNA methylation patterns localized in regions enriched for genes involved in photosynthesis. Using transcriptomics, we also observed that genes involved in this pathway were overexpressed in seedlings. To assess how DNA methylation patterns are transmitted during clonal propagation we then compared global DNA methylation of a newly grafted tree to its mature donor tree. We identified significant, albeit weak DNA methylation changes resulting from grafting. Overall, we found that a majority of DNA methylation patterns from the mature donor tree are transmitted to newly grafted plants, however with detectable specific local differences. Both the epigenomic and transcriptomic data indicate that grafted plants are at an intermediate phase between an adult tree and seedling and inherit part of the epigenomic history of their donor tree.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vereecke D, Zhang Y, Francis IM, Lambert PQ, Venneman J, Stamler RA, Kilcrease J, Randall JJ. Functional Genomics Insights Into the Pathogenicity, Habitat Fitness, and Mechanisms Modifying Plant Development of Rhodococcus sp. PBTS1 and PBTS2. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:14. [PMID: 32082278 PMCID: PMC7002392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistachio Bushy Top Syndrome (PBTS) is a recently emerged disease that has strongly impacted the pistachio industry in California, Arizona, and New Mexico. The disease is caused by two bacteria, designated PBTS1 that is related to Rhodococcus corynebacterioides and PBTS2 that belongs to the species R. fascians. Here, we assessed the pathogenic character of the causative agents and examined their chromosomal sequences to predict the presence of particular functions that might contribute to the observed co-occurrence and their effect on plant hosts. In diverse assays, we confirmed the pathogenicity of the strains on "UCB-1" pistachio rootstock and showed that they can also impact the development of tobacco species, but concurrently inconsistencies in the ability to induce symptoms were revealed. We additionally evidence that fas genes are present only in a subpopulation of pure PBTS1 and PBTS2 cultures after growth on synthetic media, that these genes are easily lost upon cultivation in rich media, and that they are enriched for in an in planta environment. Analysis of the chromosomal sequences indicated that PBTS1 and PBTS2 might have complementary activities that would support niche partitioning. Growth experiments showed that the nutrient utilization pattern of both PBTS bacteria was not identical, thus avoiding co-inhabitant competition. PBTS2 appeared to have the potential to positively affect the habitat fitness of PBTS1 by improving its resistance against increased concentrations of copper and penicillins. Finally, mining the chromosomes of PBTS1 and PBTS2 suggested that the bacteria could produce cytokinins, auxins, and plant growth-stimulating volatiles and that PBTS2 might interfere with ethylene levels, in support of their impact on plant development. Subsequent experimentation supported these in silico predictions. Altogether, our data provide an explanation for the observed pathogenic behavior and unveil part of the strategies used by PBTS1 and PBTS2 to interact with plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Vereecke
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Isolde M Francis
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, United States
| | - Paul Q Lambert
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Jolien Venneman
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rio A Stamler
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - James Kilcrease
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Jennifer J Randall
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cruz-Valderrama JE, Gómez-Maqueo X, Salazar-Iribe A, Zúñiga-Sánchez E, Hernández-Barrera A, Quezada-Rodríguez E, Gamboa-deBuen A. Overview of the Role of Cell Wall DUF642 Proteins in Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3333. [PMID: 31284602 PMCID: PMC6651502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DUF642 protein family is found exclusively in spermatophytes and is represented by 10 genes in Arabidopsis and in most of the 24 plant species analyzed to date. Even though the primary structure of DUF642 proteins is highly conserved in different spermatophyte species, studies of their expression patterns in Arabidopsis have shown that the spatial-temporal expression pattern for each gene is specific and consistent with the phenotypes of the mutant plants studied so far. Additionally, the regulation of DUF642 gene expression by hormones and environmental stimuli was specific for each gene, showing both up- and down-regulation depending of the analyzed tissue and the intensity or duration of the stimuli. These expression patterns suggest that the DUF642 genes are involved throughout the development and growth of plants. In general, changes in the expression patterns of DUF642 genes can be related to changes in pectin methyl esterase activity and/or to changes in the degree of methyl-esterified homogalacturonans during plant development in different cell types. Thus, the regulation of pectin methyl esterases mediated by DUF642 genes could contribute to the regulation of the cell wall properties during plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ximena Gómez-Maqueo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alexis Salazar-Iribe
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Esther Zúñiga-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Elsa Quezada-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen L, Meng J, He XL, Zhang M, Luan YS. Solanum lycopersicum microRNA1916 targets multiple target genes and negatively regulates the immune response in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1393-1407. [PMID: 30362126 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA1916 (miR1916) is one of the nonconserved miRNAs that respond to various stresses in plants, but little has been known at present about its mechanisms in biotic stresses. In this study, the expression of Solanum lycopersicum (sly)-miR1916 in tomato was found to be down-regulated after infection with Phytophthora infestans or Botrytis cinerea. Tomato plants that overexpressed sly-miR1916 displayed significant enhancement in susceptibility to P. infestans and B. cinerea infection, as well as increased tendency to produce reactive oxygen species. Silencing of sly-miR1916 by short tandem target mimic and artificial microRNA strategies caused the tomato plants to become more tolerant to adverse conditions. In addition, lower sly-miR1916 expression could up-regulate the expression of strictosidine synthase (STR-2), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), late blight resistance protein homolog R1B-16, disease resistance protein RPP13-like, and MYB transcription factor (MYB12), which ultimately resulted in the accumulation of α-tomatine and anthocyanins via STR-2, UGT, and MYB12. Furthermore, ectopic expression of sly-miR1916/STR-2 significantly changed the tolerance of tobacco to B. cinerea. Taken together, the results demonstrated that sly-miR1916 might regulate the expression of STR-2, UGT, and MYB12 in tomato plant, conferring sensitivity to biotic stress via modulating α-tomatine and anthocyanins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jun Meng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao Li He
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yu Shi Luan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biotic Stress-Induced Priming and De-Priming of Transcriptional Memory in Arabidopsis and Apple. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:epigenomes3010003. [PMID: 34991272 PMCID: PMC8594670 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under natural growth conditions, plants experience various and repetitive biotic and abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone involved in the response to biotic challenges. Application of synthetic SA analogues can efficiently prime defense responses, and leads to improved pathogen resistance. Because SA analogues can result in long-term priming and memory, we identified genes for which expression was affected by the SA analogue and explored the role of DNA methylation in this memorization process. We show that treatments with an SA analogue can lead to long-term transcriptional memory of particular genes in Arabidopsis. We found that subsequent challenging of such plants with a bacterial elicitor reverted this transcriptional memory, bringing their expression back to the original pre-treatment level. We also made very similar observations in apple (Malus domestica), suggesting that this expression pattern is highly conserved in plants. Finally, we found a potential role for DNA methylation in the observed transcriptional memory behavior. We show that plants defective in DNA methylation pathways displayed a different memory behavior. Our work improves our understanding of the role of transcriptional memory in priming, and has important implication concerning the application of SA analogues in agricultural settings.
Collapse
|
17
|
Francis IM, Vereecke D. Plant-Associated Rhodococcus Species, for Better and for Worse. BIOLOGY OF RHODOCOCCUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11461-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
18
|
Vereecke D. Comment on "Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic Rhodococcus challenge disease management". eLife 2018; 7:35238. [PMID: 29737966 PMCID: PMC5951678 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
I would like to report significant issues of concern regarding this paper (Savory et al., 2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Vereecke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dolzblasz A, Banasiak A, Vereecke D. Neovascularization during leafy gall formation on Arabidopsis thaliana upon Rhodococcus fascians infection. PLANTA 2018; 247:215-228. [PMID: 28942496 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive de novo vascularization of leafy galls emerging upon Rhodococcus fascians infection is achieved by fascicular/interfascicular cambium activity and transdifferentiation of parenchyma cells correlated with increased auxin signaling. A leafy gall consisting of fully developed yet growth-inhibited shoots, induced by the actinomycete Rhodococcus fascians, differs in structure compared to the callus-like galls induced by other bacteria. To get insight into the vascular development accompanying the emergence of the leafy gall, the anatomy of infected axillary regions of the inflorescence stem of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0 plants and the auxin response in pDR5:GUS-tagged plants were followed in time. Based on our observations, three phases can be discerned during vascularization of the symptomatic tissue. First, existing fascicular cambium becomes activated and interfascicular cambium is formed giving rise to secondary vascular elements in a basipetal direction below the infection site in the main stem and in an acropetal direction in the entire side branch. Then, parenchyma cells in the region between both stems transdifferentiate acropetally towards the surface of the developing symptomatic tissue leading to the formation of xylem and vascularize the hyperplasia as they expand. Finally, parenchyma cells in the developing gall also transdifferentiate to vascular elements without any specific direction resulting in excessive vasculature disorderly distributed in the leafy gall. Prior to any apparent anatomical changes, a strong auxin response is mounted, implying that auxin is the signal that controls the vascular differentiation induced by the infection. To conclude, we propose the "sidetracking gall hypothesis" as we discuss the mechanisms driving the formation of superfluous vasculature of the emerging leafy gall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dolzblasz
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goyet V, Billard E, Pouvreau JB, Lechat MM, Pelletier S, Bahut M, Monteau F, Spíchal L, Delavault P, Montiel G, Simier P. Haustorium initiation in the obligate parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa involves a host-exudated cytokinin signal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5539-5552. [PMID: 29069455 PMCID: PMC5853424 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The heterotrophic lifestyle of parasitic plants relies on the development of the haustorium, a specific infectious organ required for attachment to host roots. While haustorium development is initiated upon chemodetection of host-derived molecules in hemiparasitic plants, the induction of haustorium formation remains largely unknown in holoparasitic species such as Phelipanche ramosa. This work demonstrates that the root exudates of the host plant Brassica napus contain allelochemicals displaying haustorium-inducing activity on P. ramosa germinating seeds, which increases the parasite aggressiveness. A de novo assembled transcriptome and microarray approach with P. ramosa during early haustorium formation upon treatment with B. napus root exudates allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone signaling. Bioassays using exogenous cytokinins and the specific cytokinin receptor inhibitor PI-55 showed that cytokinins induced haustorium formation and increased parasite aggressiveness. Root exudates triggered the expression of cytokinin-responsive genes during early haustorium development in germinated seeds, and bio-guided UPLC-ESI(+)-/MS/MS analysis showed that these exudates contain a cytokinin with dihydrozeatin characteristics. These results suggest that cytokinins constitutively exudated from host roots play a major role in haustorium formation and aggressiveness in P. ramosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goyet
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Billard
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Marc-Marie Lechat
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- IRHS UMR1345, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Muriel Bahut
- Plateau Technique Mutualisé ANAN, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- ONIRIS, USC 2013, LABERCA, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Grégory Montiel
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dhandapani P, Song J, Novak O, Jameson PE. Infection by Rhodococcus fascians maintains cotyledons as a sink tissue for the pathogen. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:841-852. [PMID: 27864224 PMCID: PMC5378184 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Pisum sativum L. (pea) seed is a source of carbohydrate and protein for the developing plant. By studying pea seeds inoculated by the cytokinin-producing bacterium, Rhodococcus fascians , we sought to determine the impact of both an epiphytic (avirulent) strain and a pathogenic strain on source-sink activity within the cotyledons during and following germination. Methods Bacterial spread was monitored microscopically, and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, degradation and response regulator gene family members, along with expression of family members of SWEET , SUT , CWINV and AAP genes - gene families identified initially in pea by transcriptomic analysis. The endogenous cytokinin content was also determined. Key Results The cotyledons infected by the virulent strain remained intact and turned green, while multiple shoots were formed and root growth was reduced. The epiphytic strain had no such marked impact. Isopentenyl adenine was elevated in the cotyledons infected by the virulent strain. Strong expression of RfIPT , RfLOG and RfCKX was detected in the cotyledons infected by the virulent strain throughout the experiment, with elevated expression also observed for PsSWEET , PsSUT and PsINV gene family members. The epiphytic strain had some impact on the expression of these genes, especially at the later stages of reserve mobilization from the cotyledons. Conclusions The pathogenic strain retained the cotyledons as a sink tissue for the pathogen rather than the cotyledon converting completely to a source tissue for the germinating plant. We suggest that the interaction of cytokinins, CWINVs and SWEETs may lead to the loss of apical dominance and the appearance of multiple shoots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragatheswari Dhandapani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xie X, Wang Y. VqDUF642, a gene isolated from the Chinese grape Vitis quinquangularis, is involved in berry development and pathogen resistance. PLANTA 2016; 244:1075-1094. [PMID: 27424038 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The DUF642 gene VqDUF642 , isolated from the Chinese grape species V. quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2, participates in berry development and defense responses against Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea. The proteins with domains of unknown function 642 (DUF642) comprise a large protein family according to cell wall proteomic analyses in plants. However, the works about functional characterization of DUF642s in plant development and resistance to pathogens are scarce. In this study, a gene encoding a DUF642 protein was isolated from Chinese grape V. quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2, and designated as VqDUF642. Its full-length cDNA contains a 1107-bp open reading frame corresponding to a deduced 368-amino acid protein. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed that VqDUF642 is highly homologous to one of the DUF642 proteins (VvDUF642) in V. vinifera. The VqDUF642 was localized to the cell wall of tobacco epidermal cells. Accumulation of VqDUF642 protein and VqDUF642 transcript abundance increased at the later stage of grape berry development in Danfeng-2. Overexpression of VqDUF642 in transgenic tomato plants accelerated plant growth and reduced susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Transgenic Thompson Seedless grapevine plants overexpressing VqDUF642 exhibited enhanced resistance to Erysiphe necator and B. cinerea. Moreover, VqDUF642 overexpression affected the expression of a couple of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in transgenic tomato and grapevine upon pathogen inoculation. Taken together, these results suggest that VqDUF642 is involved in plant development and defense against pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, No. 3, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma KW, Ma W. Phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:713-25. [PMID: 26879412 PMCID: PMC4932134 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. In order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. To counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. Many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. Accumulating evidence has shown that pathogens exert extensive effects on plant hormone pathways not only to defeat immunity, but also modify habitat structure, optimize nutrient acquisition, and facilitate pathogen dissemination. In this review, we summarize mechanisms by which a wide array of pathogens gain benefits from manipulating plant hormone pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wai Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao L, Bradeen JM. Contrasting Potato Foliage and Tuber Defense Mechanisms against the Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159969. [PMID: 27441721 PMCID: PMC4956046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans can attack both potato foliage and tubers. When inoculated with P. infestans, foliage of nontransformed 'Russet Burbank' (WT) develops late blight disease while that of transgenic 'Russet Burbank' line SP2211 (+RB) does not. We compared the foliar transcriptome responses of these two lines to P. infestans inoculation using an RNA-seq approach. A total of 515 million paired end RNA-seq reads were generated, representing the transcription of 29,970 genes. We also compared the differences and similarities of defense mechanisms against P. infestans in potato foliage and tubers. Differentially expressed genes, gene groups and ontology bins were identified to show similarities and differences in foliage and tuber defense mechanisms. Our results suggest that R gene dosage and shared biochemical pathways (such as ethylene and stress bins) contribute to RB-mediated incompatible potato-P. infestans interactions in both the foliage and tubers. Certain ontology bins such as cell wall and lipid metabolisms are potentially organ-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - James M. Bradeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Großkinsky DK, Tafner R, Moreno MV, Stenglein SA, García de Salamone IE, Nelson LM, Novák O, Strnad M, van der Graaff E, Roitsch T. Cytokinin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 determines biocontrol activity against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23310. [PMID: 26984671 PMCID: PMC4794740 DOI: 10.1038/srep23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant beneficial microbes mediate biocontrol of diseases by interfering with pathogens or via strengthening the host. Although phytohormones, including cytokinins, are known to regulate plant development and physiology as well as plant immunity, their production by microorganisms has not been considered as a biocontrol mechanism. Here we identify the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 to efficiently control P. syringae infection in Arabidopsis, allowing maintenance of tissue integrity and ultimately biomass yield. Microbial cytokinin production was identified as a key determinant for this biocontrol effect on the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen. While cytokinin-deficient loss-of-function mutants of G20-18 exhibit impaired biocontrol, functional complementation with cytokinin biosynthetic genes restores cytokinin-mediated biocontrol, which is correlated with differential cytokinin levels in planta. Arabidopsis mutant analyses revealed the necessity of functional plant cytokinin perception and salicylic acid-dependent defence signalling for this biocontrol mechanism. These results demonstrate microbial cytokinin production as a novel microbe-based, hormone-mediated concept of biocontrol. This mechanism provides a basis to potentially develop novel, integrated plant protection strategies combining promotion of growth, a favourable physiological status and activation of fine-tuned direct defence and abiotic stress resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.,Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Tafner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - María V Moreno
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian A Stenglein
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés E García de Salamone
- Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina
| | - Louise M Nelson
- Department of Biology, Irving K Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR &Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR &Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eric van der Graaff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.,Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.,Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, v.v.i., Drásov 470, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mining the genome of Rhodococcus fascians, a plant growth-promoting bacterium gone astray. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:706-717. [PMID: 26877150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus fascians is a phytopathogenic Gram-positive Actinomycete with a very broad host range encompassing especially dicotyledonous herbaceous perennials, but also some monocots, such as the Liliaceae and, recently, the woody crop pistachio. The pathogenicity of R. fascians strain D188 is known to be encoded by the linear plasmid pFiD188 and to be dictated by its capacity to produce a mixture of cytokinins. Here, we show that D188-5, the nonpathogenic plasmid-free derivative of the wild-type strain D188 actually has a plant growth-promoting effect. With the availability of the genome sequence of R. fascians, the chromosome of strain D188 was mined for putative plant growth-promoting functions and the functionality of some of these activities was tested. This analysis together with previous results suggests that the plant growth-promoting activity of R. fascians is due to production of plant growth modulators, such as auxin and cytokinin, combined with degradation of ethylene through 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase. Moreover, R. fascians has several functions that could contribute to efficient colonization and competitiveness, but there is little evidence for a strong impact on plant nutrition. Possibly, the plant growth promotion encoded by the D188 chromosome is imperative for the epiphytic phase of the life cycle of R. fascians and prepares the plant to host the bacteria, thus ensuring proper continuation into the pathogenic phase.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hamdoun S, Zhang C, Gill M, Kumar N, Churchman M, Larkin JC, Kwon A, Lu H. Differential Roles of Two Homologous Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Genes in Regulating Cell Cycle and Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:515-27. [PMID: 26561564 PMCID: PMC4704592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise cell-cycle control is critical for plant development and responses to pathogen invasion. Two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes, SIAMESE (SIM) and SIM-RELATED 1 (SMR1), were recently shown to regulate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defense based on phenotypes conferred by a sim smr1 double mutant. However, whether these two genes play differential roles in cell-cycle and defense control is unknown. In this report, we show that while acting synergistically to promote endoreplication, SIM and SMR1 play different roles in affecting the ploidy of trichome and leaf cells, respectively. In addition, we found that the smr1-1 mutant, but not sim-1, was more susceptible to a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain, and this susceptibility could be rescued by activating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense. Consistent with these results, smr1-1 partially suppressed the dwarfism, high SA levels, and cell death phenotypes in acd6-1, a mutant used to gauge the change of defense levels. Thus, SMR1 functions partly through SA in defense control. The differential roles of SIM and SMR1 are due to differences in temporal and spatial expression of these two genes in Arabidopsis tissues and in response to P. syringae infection. In addition, flow-cytometry analysis of plants with altered SA signaling revealed that SA is necessary, but not sufficient, to change cell-cycle progression. We further found that a mutant with three CYCD3 genes disrupted also compromised disease resistance to P. syringae. Together, this study reveals differential roles of two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in regulating cell-cycle progression and innate immunity in Arabidopsis and provides insights into the importance of cell-cycle control during host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safae Hamdoun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Manroop Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Narender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Michelle Churchman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Ashley Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Radhika V, Ueda N, Tsuboi Y, Kojima M, Kikuchi J, Kudo T, Sakakibara H. Methylated Cytokinins from the Phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians Mimic Plant Hormone Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1118-26. [PMID: 26251309 PMCID: PMC4587462 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs), a class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development, are also synthesized by some phytopathogens to disrupt the hormonal balance and to facilitate niche establishment in their hosts. Rhodococcus fascians harbors the fasciation (fas) locus, an operon encoding several genes homologous to CK biosynthesis and metabolism. This pathogen causes unique leafy gall symptoms reminiscent of CK overproduction; however, bacterial CKs have not been clearly correlated with the severe symptoms, and no virulence-associated unique CKs or analogs have been identified. Here, we report the identification of monomethylated N(6)-(∆(2)-isopentenyl)adenine and dimethylated N(6)-(∆(2)-isopentenyl)adenine (collectively, methylated cytokinins [MeCKs]) from R. fascians. MeCKs were recognized by a CK receptor and up-regulated type-A ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA RESPONSE REGULATOR genes. Treatment with MeCKs inhibited root growth, a hallmark of CK action, whereas the receptor mutant was insensitive. MeCKs were retained longer in planta than canonical CKs and were poor substrates for a CK oxidase/dehydrogenase, suggesting enhanced biological stability. MeCKs were synthesized by S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferases (MT1 and MT2) that are present upstream of the fas genes. The best substrate for methylation was isopentenyl diphosphate. MT1 and MT2 catalyzed distinct methylation reactions; only the MT2 product was used by FAS4 to synthesize monomethylated N(6)-(∆(2)-isopentenyl)adenine. The MT1 product was dimethylated by MT2 and used as a substrate by FAS4 to produce dimethylated N(6)-(∆(2)-isopentenyl)adenine. Chemically synthesized MeCKs were comparable in activity. Our results strongly suggest that MeCKs function as CK mimics and play a role in this plant-pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Radhika
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Nanae Ueda
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Yuuri Tsuboi
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Takuji Kudo
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group (V.R., N.U., M.K., H.S.) and Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team (Y.T., J.K.), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan (T.K.); andGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perturbations in the Primary Metabolism of Tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Infected with the Soil-Borne Fungus Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138242. [PMID: 26381754 PMCID: PMC4575037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is a major pathogen of a number of economically important crop species. Here, the metabolic response of both tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana to V. dahliae infection was analysed by first using non-targeted GC-MS profiling. The leaf content of both major cell wall components glucuronic acid and xylose was reduced in the presence of the pathogen in tomato but enhanced in A. thaliana. The leaf content of the two tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates fumaric acid and succinic acid was increased in the leaf of both species, reflecting a likely higher demand for reducing equivalents required for defence responses. A prominent group of affected compounds was amino acids and based on the targeted analysis in the root, it was shown that the level of 12 and four free amino acids was enhanced by the infection in, respectively, tomato and A. thaliana, with leucine and histidine being represented in both host species. The leaf content of six free amino acids was reduced in the leaf tissue of diseased A. thaliana plants, while that of two free amino acids was raised in the tomato plants. This study emphasizes the role of primary plant metabolites in adaptive responses when the fungus has colonized the plant.
Collapse
|
30
|
Stes E, Depuydt S, De Keyser A, Matthys C, Audenaert K, Yoneyama K, Werbrouck S, Goormachtig S, Vereecke D. Strigolactones as an auxiliary hormonal defence mechanism against leafy gall syndrome in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5123-34. [PMID: 26136271 PMCID: PMC4513927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leafy gall syndrome is the consequence of modified plant development in response to a mixture of cytokinins secreted by the biotrophic actinomycete Rhodococcus fascians. The similarity of the induced symptoms with the phenotype of plant mutants defective in strigolactone biosynthesis and signalling prompted an evaluation of the involvement of strigolactones in this pathology. All tested strigolactone-related Arabidopsis thaliana mutants were hypersensitive to R. fascians. Moreover, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone mixture GR24 and with the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase inhibitor D2 illustrated that strigolactones acted as antagonistic compounds that restricted the morphogenic activity of R. fascians. Transcript profiling of the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1), MAX2, MAX3, MAX4, and BRANCHED1 (BRC1) genes in the wild-type Columbia-0 accession and in different mutant backgrounds revealed that upregulation of strigolactone biosynthesis genes was triggered indirectly by the bacterial cytokinins via host-derived auxin and led to the activation of BRC1 expression, inhibiting the outgrowth of the newly developing shoots, a typical hallmark of leafy gall syndrome. Taken together, these data support the emerging insight that balances are critical for optimal leafy gall development: the long-lasting biotrophic interaction is possible only because the host activates a set of countermeasures-including the strigolactone response-in reaction to bacterial cytokinins to constrain the activity of R. fascians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Cedrick Matthys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Koichi Yoneyama
- Center for Bioscience Research & Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Stefaan Werbrouck
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Porto DD, Bruneau M, Perini P, Anzanello R, Renou JP, dos Santos HP, Fialho FB, Revers LF. Transcription profiling of the chilling requirement for bud break in apples: a putative role for FLC-like genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2659-72. [PMID: 25750421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Apple production depends on the fulfilment of a chilling requirement for bud dormancy release. Insufficient winter chilling results in irregular and suboptimal bud break in the spring, with negative impacts on apple yield. Trees from apple cultivars with contrasting chilling requirements for bud break were used to investigate the expression of the entire set of apple genes in response to chilling accumulation in the field and controlled conditions. Total RNA was analysed on the AryANE v.1.0 oligonucleotide microarray chip representing 57,000 apple genes. The data were tested for functional enrichment, and differential expression was confirmed by real-time PCR. The largest number of differentially expressed genes was found in samples treated with cold temperatures. Cold exposure mostly repressed expression of transcripts related to photosynthesis, and long-term cold exposure repressed flavonoid biosynthesis genes. Among the differentially expressed selected candidates, we identified genes whose annotations were related to the circadian clock, hormonal signalling, regulation of growth, and flower development. Two genes, annotated as FLOWERING LOCUS C-like and MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING, showed strong differential expression in several comparisons. One of these two genes was upregulated in most comparisons involving dormancy release, and this gene's chromosomal position co-localized with the confidence interval of a major quantitative trait locus for the timing of bud break. These results indicate that photosynthesis and auxin transport are major regulatory nodes of apple dormancy and unveil strong candidates for the control of bud dormancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Denardi Porto
- Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Semi-Árido, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, BR-428, Km 152, 56302-970, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Maryline Bruneau
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), A, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Pâmela Perini
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua General Osório, 348, Centro, 95700-000, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Anzanello
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, RSC-470, Km 170, 95330-000, Veranópolis, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), A, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Henrique Pessoa dos Santos
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Livramento, 515, 95700-000, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Bello Fialho
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Livramento, 515, 95700-000, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Revers
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Livramento, 515, 95700-000, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fondi M, Liò P. Multi -omics and metabolic modelling pipelines: challenges and tools for systems microbiology. Microbiol Res 2015; 171:52-64. [PMID: 25644953 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Integrated -omics approaches are quickly spreading across microbiology research labs, leading to (i) the possibility of detecting previously hidden features of microbial cells like multi-scale spatial organization and (ii) tracing molecular components across multiple cellular functional states. This promises to reduce the knowledge gap between genotype and phenotype and poses new challenges for computational microbiologists. We underline how the capability to unravel the complexity of microbial life will strongly depend on the integration of the huge and diverse amount of information that can be derived today from -omics experiments. In this work, we present opportunities and challenges of multi -omics data integration in current systems biology pipelines. We here discuss which layers of biological information are important for biotechnological and clinical purposes, with a special focus on bacterial metabolism and modelling procedures. A general review of the most recent computational tools for performing large-scale datasets integration is also presented, together with a possible framework to guide the design of systems biology experiments by microbiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fondi
- Florence Computational Biology Group (ComBo), University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy; Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - Pietro Liò
- University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FD Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scandiani MM, Luque AG, Razori MV, Ciancio Casalini L, Aoki T, O'Donnell K, Cervigni GDL, Spampinato CP. Metabolic profiles of soybean roots during early stages of Fusarium tucumaniae infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:391-402. [PMID: 25336687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Soybean germplasm exhibits various levels of resistance to Fusarium tucumaniae, the main causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean in Argentina. In this study, two soybean genotypes, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae. Disease symptoms were scored at 7, 10, 14, and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi). The greatest difference in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values among genotypes was observed at 25 dpi. In order to detect early metabolic markers that could potentially discriminate between susceptible and resistant genotypes, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of root samples were performed. These analyses show higher levels of several amino acids and the polyamine cadaverine in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar at 7 dpi. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the metabolic profile of roots harvested at the earliest time points from the inoculated susceptible genotype was clearly differentiated from the rest of the samples. Furthermore, variables associated with the first principal component were mainly amino acids. Taken together, the results indicate that the pathogen induced the susceptible plant to accumulate amino acids in roots at early time points after infection, suggesting that GC-MS-based metabolomics could be used for the rapid characterization of cultivar response to SDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María M Scandiani
- Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alicia G Luque
- Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María V Razori
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucila Ciancio Casalini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Takayuki Aoki
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Genetic Resources Center, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604-3999, USA
| | - Gerardo D L Cervigni
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia P Spampinato
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Celton JM, Gaillard S, Bruneau M, Pelletier S, Aubourg S, Martin-Magniette ML, Navarro L, Laurens F, Renou JP. Widespread anti-sense transcription in apple is correlated with siRNA production and indicates a large potential for transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional control. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:287-99. [PMID: 24690119 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the transcriptome of eukaryotic organisms is essential for studying gene regulation and its impact on phenotype. The realization that anti-sense (AS) and noncoding RNA transcription is pervasive in many genomes has emphasized our limited understanding of gene transcription and post-transcriptional regulation. Numerous mechanisms including convergent transcription, anti-correlated expression of sense and AS transcripts, and RNAi remain ill-defined. Here, we have combined microarray analysis and high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs (sRNAs) to unravel the complexity of transcriptional and potential post-transcriptional regulation in eight organs of apple (Malus × domestica). The percentage of AS transcript expression is higher than that identified in annual plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, we show that a majority of AS transcripts are transcribed beyond 3'UTR regions, and may cover a significant portion of the predicted sense transcripts. Finally we demonstrate at a genome-wide scale that anti-sense transcript expression is correlated with the presence of both short (21-23 nt) and long (> 30 nt) siRNAs, and that the sRNA coverage depth varies with the level of AS transcript expression. Our study provides a new insight on the functional role of anti-sense transcripts at the genome-wide level, and a new basis for the understanding of sRNA biogenesis in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Celton
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cytokinin-induced phenotypes in plant-insect interactions: learning from the bacterial world. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:826-35. [PMID: 24944001 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a renewed interest in cytokinins (CKs) has allowed the characterization of these phytohormones as key regulatory molecules in plant biotic interactions. They have been proved to be instrumental in microbe- and insect-mediated plant phenotypes that can be either beneficial or detrimental for the host-plant. In parallel, insect endosymbiotic bacteria have emerged as key players in plant-insect interactions mediating directly or indirectly fundamental aspects of insect nutrition, such as insect feeding efficiency or the ability to manipulate plant physiology to overcome food nutritional imbalances. However, mechanisms that regulate CK production and the role played by insects and their endosymbionts remain largely unknown. Against this backdrop, studies on plant-associated bacteria have revealed fascinating and complex molecular mechanisms that lead to the production of bacterial CKs and the modulation of plant-borne CKs which ultimately result in profound metabolic and morphological plant modifications. This review highlights major strategies used by plant-associated bacteria that impact the CK homeostasis of their host-plant, to raise parallels with strategies used by phytophagous insects and to discuss the possible role played by endosymbiotic bacteria in these CK-mediated plant phenotypes. We hypothesize that insects employ a CK-mix production strategy that manipulates the phytohormonal balance of their host-plant and overtakes plant gene expression causing a metabolic and morphological habitat modification. In addition, insect endosymbiotic bacteria may prove to be instrumental in these manipulations through the production of bacterial CKs, including specific forms that challenge the CK-degrading capacity of the plant (thus ensuring persistent effects) and the CK-mediated plant defenses.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tarkowski P, Vereecke D. Threats and opportunities of plant pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:215-29. [PMID: 24216222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria can have devastating effects on plant productivity and yield. Nevertheless, because these often soil-dwelling bacteria have evolved to interact with eukaryotes, they generally exhibit a strong adaptivity, a versatile metabolism, and ingenious mechanisms tailored to modify the development of their hosts. Consequently, besides being a threat for agricultural practices, phytopathogens may also represent opportunities for plant production or be useful for specific biotechnological applications. Here, we illustrate this idea by reviewing the pathogenic strategies and the (potential) uses of five very different (hemi)biotrophic plant pathogenic bacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, Rhodococcus fascians, scab-inducing Streptomyces spp., and Pseudomonas syringae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kisiala A, Laffont C, Emery RJN, Frugier F. Bioactive cytokinins are selectively secreted by Sinorhizobium meliloti nodulating and nonnodulating strains. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1225-31. [PMID: 24001254 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-13-0054-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria present in the rhizosphere of plants often synthesize phytohormones, and these signals can consequently affect root system development. In legumes, plants adapt to nitrogen starvation by forming lateral roots as well as a new organ, the root nodule, following a symbiotic interaction with bacteria collectively referred to as rhizobia. As cytokinin (CK) phytohormones were shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce root nodule organogenesis, the relevance of CK production by symbiotic rhizobia was questioned. In this study, we analyzed quantitatively, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the production of 25 forms of CK in nine rhizobia strains belonging to four different species. All bacterial strains were able to synthesize a mix of CK, and bioactive forms of CK, such as iP, were notably found to be secreted in bacterial culture supernatants. Use of a mutant affected in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production revealed a negative correlation of EPS production with the ability to secrete CK. In addition, analysis of a nonnodulating Sinorhizobium meliloti strain revealed a similar pattern of CK production and secretion when compared with a related nodulating strain. This indicates that bacterially produced CK are not sufficient to induce symbiotic nodulation.
Collapse
|
38
|
Verdier J, Lalanne D, Pelletier S, Torres-Jerez I, Righetti K, Bandyopadhyay K, Leprince O, Chatelain E, Vu BL, Gouzy J, Gamas P, Udvardi MK, Buitink J. A regulatory network-based approach dissects late maturation processes related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and longevity of Medicago truncatula seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:757-74. [PMID: 23929721 PMCID: PMC3793056 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In seeds, desiccation tolerance (DT) and the ability to survive the dry state for prolonged periods of time (longevity) are two essential traits for seed quality that are consecutively acquired during maturation. Using transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling together with a conditional-dependent network of global transcription interactions, we dissected the maturation events from the end of seed filling to final maturation drying during the last 3 weeks of seed development in Medicago truncatula. The network revealed distinct coexpression modules related to the acquisition of DT, longevity, and pod abscission. The acquisition of DT and dormancy module was associated with abiotic stress response genes, including late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes. The longevity module was enriched in genes involved in RNA processing and translation. Concomitantly, LEA polypeptides accumulated, displaying an 18-d delayed accumulation compared with transcripts. During maturation, gulose and stachyose levels increased and correlated with longevity. A seed-specific network identified known and putative transcriptional regulators of DT, including ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3 (MtABI3), MtABI4, MtABI5, and APETALA2/ ETHYLENE RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (AtAP2/EREBP) transcription factor as major hubs. These transcriptional activators were highly connected to LEA genes. Longevity genes were highly connected to two MtAP2/EREBP and two basic leucine zipper transcription factors. A heat shock factor was found at the transition of DT and longevity modules, connecting to both gene sets. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches of MtABI3 confirmed 80% of its predicted targets, thereby experimentally validating the network. This study captures the coordinated regulation of seed maturation and identifies distinct regulatory networks underlying the preparation for the dry and quiescent states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Verdier
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | | | | | - Ivone Torres-Jerez
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Karima Righetti
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Kaustav Bandyopadhyay
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Olivier Leprince
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Emilie Chatelain
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Benoit Ly Vu
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Jerome Gouzy
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Pascal Gamas
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (J.V., I.T.-J., K.B., M.K.U.)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (D.L., S.P., K.R., J.B.); Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (O.L., B.L.V.); Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, 49045 Angers, France (E.C.); and
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, 31 326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (J.G., P.G.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhu H, Ren X, Wang J, Song Z, Shi M, Qiao J, Tian X, Liu J, Chen L, Zhang W. Integrated OMICS guided engineering of biofuel butanol-tolerance in photosynthetic Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:106. [PMID: 23883549 PMCID: PMC3726282 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthetic cyanobacteria have been recently proposed as a 'microbial factory' to produce butanol due to their capability to utilize solar energy and CO2 as the sole energy and carbon sources, respectively. However, to improve the productivity, one key issue needed to be addressed is the low tolerance of the photosynthetic hosts to butanol. RESULTS In this study, we first applied a quantitative transcriptomics approach with a next-generation RNA sequencing technology to identify gene targets relevant to butanol tolerance in a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The results showed that 278 genes were induced by the butanol exposure at all three sampling points through the growth time course. Genes encoding heat-shock proteins, oxidative stress related proteins, transporters and proteins involved in common stress responses, were induced by butanol exposure. We then applied GC-MS based metabolomics analysis to determine the metabolic changes associated with the butanol exposure. The results showed that 46 out of 73 chemically classified metabolites were differentially regulated by butanol treatment. Notably, 3-phosphoglycerate, glycine, serine and urea related to general stress responses were elevated in butanol-treated cells. To validate the potential targets, we constructed gene knockout mutants for three selected gene targets. The comparative phenotypic analysis confirmed that these genes were involved in the butanol tolerance. CONCLUSION The integrated OMICS analysis provided a comprehensive view of the complicated molecular mechanisms employed by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 against butanol stress, and allowed identification of a series of potential gene candidates for tolerance engineering in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Ren
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Zhongdi Song
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Mengliang Shi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Tian
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nacoulma AP, Vandeputte OM, De Lorenzi M, El Jaziri M, Duez P. Metabolomic-based study of the leafy gall, the ecological niche of the phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians, as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12533-49. [PMID: 23771021 PMCID: PMC3709798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leafy gall is a plant hyperplasia induced upon Rhodococcus fascians infection. Previously, by genomic and transcriptomic analysis, it has been reported that, at the early stage of symptom development, both primary and secondary metabolisms are modified. The present study is based on the hypothesis that fully developed leafy gall, could represent a potential source of new bioactive compounds. Therefore, non-targeted metabolomic analysis of aqueous and chloroform extracts of leafy gall and non-infected tobacco was carried out by 1H-NMR coupled to principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar metabolite profiling reflects modifications mainly in the primary metabolites and in some polyphenolics. In contrast, main modifications occurring in non-polar metabolites concern secondary metabolites, and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) evidenced alterations in diterpenoids family. Analysis of crude extracts of leafy galls and non-infected tobacco leaves exhibited a distinct antiproliferative activity against all four tested human cancer cell lines. A bio-guided fractionation of chloroformic crude extract yield to semi-purified fractions, which inhibited proliferation of glioblastoma U373 cells with IC50 between 14.0 and 2.4 µg/mL. Discussion is focused on the consequence of these metabolic changes, with respect to plant defense mechanisms following infection. Considering the promising role of diterpenoid family as bioactive compounds, leafy gall may rather be a propitious source for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aminata P. Nacoulma
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels B-1050, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Olivier M. Vandeputte
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium; E-Mails: (O.M.V.); (M.E.J.)
| | - Manuella De Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels B-1050, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium; E-Mails: (O.M.V.); (M.E.J.)
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels B-1050, Belgium; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stes E, Francis I, Pertry I, Dolzblasz A, Depuydt S, Vereecke D. The leafy gall syndrome induced byRhodococcus fascians. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:187-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Ghent University; Gent; Belgium
| | - Isolde Francis
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Ghent University; Gent; Belgium
| | - Ine Pertry
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Ghent University; Gent; Belgium
| | - Alicja Dolzblasz
- Institute of Experimental Biology; Department of Plant Developmental Biology; Wrocław University; Wrocław; Poland
| | | | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Plant Production; University College Ghent; Ghent University; Gent; Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wagner G, Charton S, Lariagon C, Laperche A, Lugan R, Hopkins J, Frendo P, Bouchereau A, Delourme R, Gravot A, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. Metabotyping: a new approach to investigate rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genetic diversity in the metabolic response to clubroot infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1478-91. [PMID: 22809276 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot disease affects all Brassicaceae spp. and is caused by the obligate biotroph pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. The development of galls on the root system is associated with the establishment of a new carbon metabolic sink. Here, we aimed to deepen our knowledge of the involvement of primary metabolism in the Brassica napus response to clubroot infection. We studied the dynamics and the diversity of the metabolic responses to the infection. Root system metabotyping was carried out for 18 rapeseed genotypes displaying different degrees of symptom severity, under inoculated and noninoculated conditions at 42 days postinoculation (dpi). Clubroot susceptibility was positively correlated with clubroot-induced accumulation of several amino acids. Although glucose and fructose accumulated in some genotypes with minor symptoms, their levels were negatively correlated to the disease index across the whole set of genotypes. The dynamics of the metabolic response were studied for the susceptible genotype 'Yudal,' which allowed an "early" metabolic response (established from 14 to 28 dpi) to be differentiated from a "late" response (from 35 dpi). We discuss the early accumulation of amino acids in the context of the establishment of a nitrogen metabolic sink and the hypothetical biological role of the accumulation of glutathione and S-methylcysteine.
Collapse
|
43
|
Reusche M, Thole K, Janz D, Truskina J, Rindfleisch S, Drübert C, Polle A, Lipka V, Teichmann T. Verticillium infection triggers VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN7-dependent de novo xylem formation and enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3823-37. [PMID: 23023171 PMCID: PMC3480305 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne fungal plant pathogen Verticillium longisporum invades the roots of its Brassicaceae hosts and proliferates in the plant vascular system. Typical aboveground symptoms of Verticillium infection on Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana are stunted growth, vein clearing, and leaf chloroses. Here, we provide evidence that vein clearing is caused by pathogen-induced transdifferentiation of chloroplast-containing bundle sheath cells to functional xylem elements. In addition, our findings suggest that reinitiation of cambial activity and transdifferentiation of xylem parenchyma cells results in xylem hyperplasia within the vasculature of Arabidopsis leaves, hypocotyls, and roots. The observed de novo xylem formation correlates with Verticillium-induced expression of the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN (VND) transcription factor gene VND7. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the chimeric repressor VND7-SRDX under control of a Verticillium infection-responsive promoter exhibit reduced de novo xylem formation. Interestingly, infected Arabidopsis wild-type plants show higher drought stress tolerance compared with noninfected plants, whereas this effect is attenuated by suppression of VND7 activity. Together, our results suggest that V. longisporum triggers a tissue-specific developmental plant program that compensates for compromised water transport and enhances the water storage capacity of infected Brassicaceae host plants. In conclusion, we provide evidence that this natural plant-fungus pathosystem has conditionally mutualistic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reusche
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Karin Thole
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Jekaterina Truskina
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Sören Rindfleisch
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Christine Drübert
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Thomas Teichmann
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Stes E, Prinsen E, Holsters M, Vereecke D. Plant-derived auxin plays an accessory role in symptom development upon Rhodococcus fascians infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:513-527. [PMID: 22181713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has a profound impact on plant development, mainly through its principal virulence factors, a mix of synergistically acting cytokinins that induce shoot formation. Expression profiling of marker genes for several auxin biosynthesis routes and mutant analysis demonstrated that the bacterial cytokinins stimulate the auxin biosynthesis of plants via specific targeting of the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway, resulting in enhanced auxin signaling in infected tissues. The double mutant tryptophan aminotransferase 1-1 tryptophan aminotransferase related 2-1 (taa1-1 tar2-1) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), in which the IPA pathway is defective, displayed a decreased responsiveness towards R. fascians infection, although bacterial colonization and virulence gene expression were not impaired. These observations implied that plant-derived auxin was employed to reinforce symptom formation. Furthermore, the increased auxin production and, possibly, the accumulating bacterial cytokinins in infected plants modified the polar auxin transport so that new auxin maxima were repetitively established and distributed, a process that is imperative for symptom onset and maintenance. Based on these findings, we extend our model of the mode of action of bacterial and plant signals during the interaction between R. fascians and Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vázquez-Lobo A, Roujol D, Zuñiga-Sánchez E, Albenne C, Piñero D, Gamboa de Buen A, Jamet E. The highly conserved spermatophyte cell wall DUF642 protein family: phylogeny and first evidence of interaction with cell wall polysaccharides in vitro. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:510-20. [PMID: 22361214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of spermatophyte plants involved fundamental changes in cell wall structure and function which resulted from diversification of carbohydrates and proteins. Cell wall proteomic analyses identified a novel family of proteins of yet unknown function, the DUF642 (Domain of Unknown Function 642) proteins. To investigate the evolution of the DUF642 gene family, 154 gene sequences from 24 plant species were analyzed, and phylogenetic inferences were conducted using the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. Orthologous genes were detected in spermatophyte species and absent in non-seed known plant genomes. Protein sequences shared conserved motifs that defined the signature of the family. Distribution of conserved motifs indicated an ancestral intragenic duplication event. Gene phylogeny documented paleoduplication events originating three or four clades, depending on root position. When based on mid-point rooting, it retrieved four monophyletic clades: A, B, C, and D. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor site and one or two galactose-binding domains-like (GBDLs) could be predicted for some DUF642 proteins. The B, C, and D clades grouped the predicted GPI-anchored proteins. First evidence of in vitro interaction of a DUF642 protein with a cell wall polysaccharide fraction is provided. A competition assay with cellulose prevented this interaction. The degree of diversification and the conservation of the family suggested that DUF642 proteins are key components in seed plant evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vázquez-Lobo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Despite long-standing observations on diverse cytokinin actions, the discovery path to cytokinin signaling mechanisms was tortuous. Unyielding to conventional genetic screens, experimental innovations were paramount in unraveling the core cytokinin signaling circuitry, which employs a large repertoire of genes with overlapping and specific functions. The canonical two-component transcription circuitry involves His kinases that perceive cytokinin and initiate signaling, as well as His-to-Asp phosphorelay proteins that transfer phosphoryl groups to response regulators, transcriptional activators, or repressors. Recent advances have revealed the complex physiological functions of cytokinins, including interactions with auxin and other signal transduction pathways. This review begins by outlining the historical path to cytokinin discovery and then elucidates the diverse cytokinin functions and key signaling components. Highlights focus on the integration of cytokinin signaling components into regulatory networks in specific contexts, ranging from molecular, cellular, and developmental regulations in the embryo, root apical meristem, shoot apical meristem, stem and root vasculature, and nodule organogenesis to organismal responses underlying immunity, stress tolerance, and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zalabák D, Pospíšilová H, Šmehilová M, Mrízová K, Frébort I, Galuszka P. Genetic engineering of cytokinin metabolism: prospective way to improve agricultural traits of crop plants. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 31:97-117. [PMID: 22198203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are ubiquitous phytohormones that participate in development, morphogenesis and many physiological processes throughout plant kingdom. In higher plants, mutants and transgenic cells and tissues with altered activity of CK metabolic enzymes or perception machinery, have highlighted their crucial involvement in different agriculturally important traits, such as productivity, increased tolerance to various stresses and overall plant morphology. Furthermore, recent precise metabolomic analyses have elucidated the specific occurrence and distinct functions of different CK types in various plant species. Thus, smooth manipulation of active CK levels in a spatial and temporal way could be a very potent tool for plant biotechnology in the future. This review summarises recent advances in cytokinin research ranging from transgenic alteration of CK biosynthetic, degradation and glucosylation activities and CK perception to detailed elucidation of molecular processes, in which CKs work as a trigger in model plants. The first attempts to improve the quality of crop plants, focused on cereals are discussed, together with proposed mechanism of action of the responses involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Krapp A, Berthomé R, Orsel M, Mercey-Boutet S, Yu A, Castaings L, Elftieh S, Major H, Renou JP, Daniel-Vedele F. Arabidopsis roots and shoots show distinct temporal adaptation patterns toward nitrogen starvation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1255-82. [PMID: 21900481 PMCID: PMC3252138 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.179838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants. N levels in soil vary widely, and plants have developed strategies to cope with N deficiency. However, the regulation of these adaptive responses and the coordinating signals that underlie them are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize N starvation in adult Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants in a spatiotemporal manner by an integrative, multilevel global approach analyzing growth, metabolites, enzyme activities, and transcript levels. We determined that the remobilization of N and carbon compounds to the growing roots occurred long before the internal N stores became depleted. A global metabolite analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed organ-specific differences in the metabolic adaptation to complete N starvation, for example, for several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, but also for carbohydrates, secondary products, and phosphate. The activities of central N metabolism enzymes and the capacity for nitrate uptake adapted to N starvation by favoring N remobilization and by increasing the high-affinity nitrate uptake capacity after long-term starvation. Changes in the transcriptome confirmed earlier studies and added a new dimension by revealing specific spatiotemporal patterns and several unknown N starvation-regulated genes, including new predicted small RNA genes. No global correlation between metabolites, enzyme activities, and transcripts was evident. However, this multilevel spatiotemporal global study revealed numerous new patterns of adaptation mechanisms to N starvation. In the context of a sustainable agriculture, this work will give new insight for the production of crops with increased N use efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krapp
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 INRA-Agro-ParisTech, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
RNA-Seq for Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:689-705. [PMID: 24710287 PMCID: PMC3927590 DOI: 10.3390/genes2040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The throughput and single-base resolution of RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) have contributed to a dramatic change in transcriptomic-based inquiries and resulted in many new insights into the complexities of bacterial transcriptomes. RNA-Seq could contribute to similar advances in our understanding of plant pathogenic bacteria but it is still a technology under development with limitations and unknowns that need to be considered. Here, we review some new developments for RNA-Seq and highlight recent findings for host-associated bacteria. We also discuss the technical and statistical challenges in the practical application of RNA-Seq for studying bacterial transcriptomes and describe some of the currently available solutions.
Collapse
|
50
|
Choi J, Choi D, Lee S, Ryu CM, Hwang I. Cytokinins and plant immunity: old foes or new friends? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:388-94. [PMID: 21470894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant growth promoting hormones involved in the specification of embryonic cells, maintenance of meristematic cells, shoot formation and development of vasculature. Cytokinins have also emerged as a major factor in plant-microbe interactions during nodule organogenesis and pathogenesis. Microbe-originated cytokinins confer abnormal hypersensitivity of cytokinins to plants, augmenting the sink activity of infected regions. However, recent findings have shed light on a distinct role of cytokinins in plant immune responses. Plant-borne cytokinins systemically induce resistance against pathogen infection. This resistance is orchestrated by endogenous cytokinin and salicylic acid signaling. Here, we discuss how plant- and pathogen-derived cytokinins inversely affect the plant defense response. In addition, we consider the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-derived cytokinin action in plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaemyung Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|