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Schmey T, Tominello-Ramirez CS, Brune C, Stam R. Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13435. [PMID: 38476108 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria spp. cause different diseases in potato and tomato crops. Early blight caused by Alternaria solani and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata are most common, but the disease complex is far more diverse. We first provide an overview of the Alternaria species infecting the two host plants to alleviate some of the confusion that arises from the taxonomic rearrangements in this fungal genus. Highlighting the diversity of Alternaria fungi on both solanaceous hosts, we review studies investigating the genetic diversity and genomes, before we present recent advances from studies elucidating host-pathogen interactions and fungicide resistances. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Pleosporales, Family Pleosporaceae, Genus Alternaria. BIOLOGY AND HOST RANGE Alternaria spp. adopt diverse lifestyles. We specifically review Alternaria spp. that cause disease in the two solanaceous crops potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). They are necrotrophic pathogens with no known sexual stage, despite some signatures of recombination. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Symptoms of the early blight/brown spot disease complex include foliar lesions that first present as brown spots, depending on the species with characteristic concentric rings, which eventually lead to severe defoliation and considerable yield loss. CONTROL Good field hygiene can keep the disease pressure low. Some potato and tomato cultivars show differences in susceptibility, but there are no fully resistant varieties known. Therefore, the main control mechanism is treatment with fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher S Tominello-Ramirez
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Brune
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Lee MB, Han H, Lee S. The role of WRKY transcription factors, FaWRKY29 and FaWRKY64, for regulating Botrytis fruit rot resistance in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:420. [PMID: 37691125 PMCID: PMC10494375 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most economically important horticultural crops worldwide. Botrytis fruit rot (BFR) caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most devasting disease of cultivated strawberries. Most commercially grown strawberry varieties are susceptible to BFR, and controlling BFR relies on repeated applications of various fungicides. Despite extensive efforts, breeding for BFR resistance has been unsuccessful, primarily due to lack of information regarding the mechanisms of disease resistance and genetic resources available in strawberry. RESULTS Using a reverse genetics approach, we identified candidate genes associated with BFR resistance and screened Arabidopsis mutants using strawberry isolates of B. cinerea. Among the five Arabidopsis T-DNA knockout lines tested, the mutant line with AtWRKY53 showed the greatest reduction in disease symptoms of BFR against the pathogen. Two genes, FaWRKY29 and FaWRKY64, were identified as orthologs in the latest octoploid strawberry genome, 'Florida Brilliance'. We performed RNAi-mediated transient assay and found that the disease frequencies were significantly decreased in both FaWRKY29- and FaWRKY64-RNAi fruits of the strawberry cultivar, 'Florida Brilliance'. Furthermore, our transcriptomic data analysis revealed significant regulation of genes associated with ABA and JA signaling, plant cell wall composition, and ROS in FaWRKY29 or FaWRKY64 knockdown strawberry fruits in response to the pathogen. CONCLUSION Our study uncovered the foundational role of WRKY transcription factor genes, FaWRKY29 and FaWRKY64, in conferring resistance against B. cinerea. The discovery of susceptibility genes involved in BFR presents significant potential for developing resistance breeding strategies in cultivated strawberries, potentially leveraging CRISPR-based gene editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Bo Lee
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Korea
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Hyeondae Han
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA.
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Ding LN, Li YT, Wu YZ, Li T, Geng R, Cao J, Zhang W, Tan XL. Plant Disease Resistance-Related Signaling Pathways: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416200. [PMID: 36555841 PMCID: PMC9785534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions induce a signal transmission series that stimulates the plant's host defense system against pathogens and this, in turn, leads to disease resistance responses. Plant innate immunity mainly includes two lines of the defense system, called pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). There is extensive signal exchange and recognition in the process of triggering the plant immune signaling network. Plant messenger signaling molecules, such as calcium ions, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, and plant hormone signaling molecules, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, play key roles in inducing plant defense responses. In addition, heterotrimeric G proteins, the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in regulating disease resistance and the defense signal transduction network. This paper summarizes the status and progress in plant disease resistance and disease resistance signal transduction pathway research in recent years; discusses the complexities of, and interactions among, defense signal pathways; and forecasts future research prospects to provide new ideas for the prevention and control of plant diseases.
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Gutierrez A, Grillo MA. Effects of Domestication on Plant-Microbiome Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1654-1666. [PMID: 35876043 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Through the process of domestication, selection is targeted on a limited number of plant traits that are typically associated with yield. As an unintended consequence, domesticated plants often perform poorly compared to their wild progenitors for a multitude of traits that were not under selection during domestication, including abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Over the past decade, advances in sequencing technology have allowed for the rigorous characterization of host-associated microbial communities, termed the microbiome. It is now clear that nearly every conceivable plant interaction with the environment is mediated by interactions with the microbiome. For this reason, plant-microbiome interactions are an area of great promise for plant breeding and crop improvement. Here, we review the literature to assess the potential impact that domestication has had on plant-microbiome interactions and the current understanding of the genetic basis of microbiome variation to inform plant breeding efforts. Overall, we find limited evidence that domestication impacts the diversity of microbiomes, but domestication is often associated with shifts in the abundance and composition of microbial communities, including taxa of known functional significance. Moreover, genome-wide association studies and mutant analysis have not revealed a consistent set of core candidate genes or genetic pathways that confer variation in microbiomes across systems. However, such studies do implicate a consistent role for plant immunity, root traits, root and leaf exudates and cell wall integrity as key traits that control microbiome colonization and assembly. Therefore, selection on these key traits may pose the most immediate promise for enhancing plant-microbiome interactions through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Michael A Grillo
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
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Eshel G, Duppen N, Wang G, Oh D, Kazachkova Y, Herzyk P, Amtmann A, Gordon M, Chalifa‐Caspi V, Oscar MA, Bar‐David S, Marshall‐Colon A, Dassanayake M, Barak S. Positive selection and heat-response transcriptomes reveal adaptive features of the Brassicaceae desert model, Anastatica hierochuntica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1006-1026. [PMID: 35909295 PMCID: PMC9804903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation to a desert environment and its endemic heat stress is poorly understood at the molecular level. The naturally heat-tolerant Brassicaceae species Anastatica hierochuntica is an ideal extremophyte model to identify genetic adaptations that have evolved to allow plants to tolerate heat stress and thrive in deserts. We generated an A. hierochuntica reference transcriptome and identified extremophyte adaptations by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana and A. hierochuntica transcriptome responses to heat, and detecting positively selected genes in A. hierochuntica. The two species exhibit similar transcriptome adjustment in response to heat and the A. hierochuntica transcriptome does not exist in a constitutive heat 'stress-ready' state. Furthermore, the A. hierochuntica global transcriptome as well as heat-responsive orthologs, display a lower basal and higher heat-induced expression than in A. thaliana. Genes positively selected in multiple extremophytes are associated with stomatal opening, nutrient acquisition, and UV-B induced DNA repair while those unique to A. hierochuntica are consistent with its photoperiod-insensitive, early-flowering phenotype. We suggest that evolution of a flexible transcriptome confers the ability to quickly react to extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations characteristic of a desert environment while positive selection of genes involved in stress tolerance and early flowering could facilitate an opportunistic desert lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Eshel
- Albert Katz International School for Desert StudiesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSde Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben‐Gurion8499000Israel
| | - Nick Duppen
- Albert Katz International School for Desert StudiesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSde Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben‐Gurion8499000Israel
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Dong‐Ha Oh
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Albert Katz International School for Desert StudiesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSde Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben‐Gurion8499000Israel
| | - Pawel Herzyk
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Michal Gordon
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the NegevBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva8410501Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa‐Caspi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the NegevBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva8410501Israel
| | - Michelle Arland Oscar
- Blaustein Center for Scientific CooperationBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSde Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben‐Gurion8499000Israel
| | - Shirli Bar‐David
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSde Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben‐Gurion8499000Israel
| | - Amy Marshall‐Colon
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Simon Barak
- French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSde Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben‐Gurion8499000Israel
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Sun X, Xie F, Chen Y, Guo Z, Dong L, Qin L, Shi Z, Xiong L, Yuan R, Deng W, Jiang Y. Glutamine synthetase gene PpGS1.1 negatively regulates the powdery mildew resistance in Kentucky bluegrass. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac196. [PMID: 36415534 PMCID: PMC9677456 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Excessive nitrogen (N) application may induce powdery mildew (PM) in perennial grasses, but the resistance mechanisms to PM remain unclear. This study evaluated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of PM resistance affected by N supplies in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Cultivar 'Bluemoon' (N tolerant) and 'Balin' (N sensitive) were treated with low N (0.5 mM), normal N (15 mM), and high N (30 mM) for 21 d in a greenhouse. With increasing N levels, the disease growth was more severe in 'Balin' than in 'Bluemoon'. RNA-seq and weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed that the PpGS1.1 gene encoding glutamine synthetase was a potential hub gene for PM resistance after comparisons across cultivars and N treatments. The N metabolism pathway was connected with the plant-pathogen interaction pathway via PpGS1.1. The expression of PpGS1.1 in rice protoplasts indicated that the protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of PpGS1.1 in wild-type Kentucky bluegrass increased carbon and N contents, and the transgenic plants became more susceptible to PM with a lower wax density. The most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for N metabolism were upregulated and DEGs for fatty acid metabolism pathway were downregulated in the overexpression lines. The results elucidated mechanisms of PM resistance in relation to N metabolism in Kentucky bluegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | - Zhixin Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Dong
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ligang Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenjie Shi
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangbing Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Runli Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Deng
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Song G, Du S, Sun H, Liang Q, Wang H, Yan M, Zhang J. Antifungal mechanism of (E)-2-hexenal against Botrytis cinerea growth revealed by transcriptome analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951751. [PMID: 36071976 PMCID: PMC9444101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic plant pathogen, is one of the most damaging diseases of tomato, resulting in both pre- and post-harvest losses. (E)-2-Hexenal dose-dependently inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, and caused distortion of mycelia and loss of the cytoplasm content, thus altering the morphology of B. cinerea hyphae. To understand molecular processes in response to (E)-2-hexenal, transcriptome sequencing was carried out using RNA-Seq technology. RNA-Seq results revealed that a total of 3,893 genes were differentially expressed in B. cinerea samples treated with (E)-2-hexenal fumigation. Among these genes, 1,949 were upregulated and 1,944 were downregulated. Moreover, further analysis results showed 2,113 unigenes were mapped onto 259 pathways in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, (E)-2-hexenal stress affected the expression of genes involved in the pathways of cell wall, cell membrane, and energy metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis were the most enriched in ergosterol biosynthetic process transcriptome data. Particularly, (E)-2-hexenal fumigation had influenced ergosterol biosynthetic gene expression levels (e.g., ERG1, ERG3, ERG4, ERG7, ERG12, ERG13, ERG24, ERG25, ERG26, and ERG27), which were in good agreement with the experimental measurement results, and the ergosterol content decreased. Collectively, the results of this study increase our current understanding of (E)-2-hexenal inhibition mechanisms in B. cinerea and provide relevant information on postharvest shelf life extension and preservation of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Shenglong Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Helong Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Quanwu Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Mingli Yan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
- *Correspondence: Jihong Zhang,
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Pandit MA, Kumar J, Gulati S, Bhandari N, Mehta P, Katyal R, Rawat CD, Mishra V, Kaur J. Major Biological Control Strategies for Plant Pathogens. Pathogens 2022; 11:273. [PMID: 35215215 PMCID: PMC8879208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Food security has become a major concern worldwide in recent years due to ever increasing population. Providing food for the growing billions without disturbing environmental balance is incessantly required in the current scenario. In view of this, sustainable modes of agricultural practices offer better promise and hence are gaining prominence recently. Moreover, these methods have taken precedence currently over chemical-based methods of pest restriction and pathogen control. Adoption of Biological Control is one such crucial technique that is currently in the forefront. Over a period of time, various biocontrol strategies have been experimented with and some have exhibited great success and promise. This review highlights the different methods of plant-pathogen control, types of plant pathogens, their modus operandi and various biocontrol approaches employing a range of microorganisms and their byproducts. The study lays emphasis on the use of upcoming methodologies like microbiome management and engineering, phage cocktails, genetically modified biocontrol agents and microbial volatilome as available strategies to sustainable agricultural practices. More importantly, a critical analysis of the various methods enumerated in the paper indicates the need to amalgamate these techniques in order to improve the degree of biocontrol offered by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Arora Pandit
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110008, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Life Sciences Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India;
| | - Saloni Gulati
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Neeru Bhandari
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Poonam Mehta
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Roma Katyal
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Charu Dogra Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Vachaspati Mishra
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India; (S.G.); (N.B.); (P.M.); (R.K.)
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Xing G, Li M, Li S. Integrating physiology, genetics, and transcriptome to decipher a new thermo-sensitive and light-sensitive virescent leaf gene mutant in cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:972620. [PMID: 36051299 PMCID: PMC9424728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.972620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the material basis of photosynthesis, and temperature and light severely affect chloroplast development and thus influence photosynthetic efficiency. This study identified a spontaneous virescent leaf mutant, SC311Y, whose cotyledons and true leaves were yellow and gradually turned green. However, temperature and light affected the process of turning green. In addition, this mutant (except at the seedling stage) had ruffled leaves with white stripes, sterile males, and poorly fertile female flowers. Genetic characteristics analysis revealed that the recessive gene controlled the virescent leaf. Two F2 populations mapped v-3 to the interval of 33.54-35.66 Mb on chromosome 3. In this interval, BSA-Seq, RNA-Seq, and cDNA sequence analyses revealed only one nonsynonymous mutation in the Csa3G042730 gene, which encoded the RNA exosome supercomplex subunit resurrection1 (RST1). Csa3G042730 was predicted to be the candidate gene controlling the virescent leaf, and the candidate gene may regulate chloroplast development by regulating plastid division2 (PDV2). A transcriptome analysis showed that different factors caused the reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the mutants. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of map-based cloning related to virescent leaf, male-sterile, and chloroplast RNA regulation in cucumber. The results could accelerate the study of the RNA exosome supercomplex for the dynamic regulation of chloroplast RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jinyao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Guoming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Meilan Li,
| | - Sen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
- Sen Li,
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Shakir S, Zaidi SSEA, de Vries FT, Mansoor S. Plant Genetic Networks Shaping Phyllosphere Microbial Community. Trends Genet 2020; 37:306-316. [PMID: 33036802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phyllosphere microbial communities inhabit the aerial plant parts, such as leaves and flowers, where they form complex molecular interactions with the host plant. Contrary to the relatively well-studied rhizosphere microbiome, scientists are just starting to understand, and potentially utilize, the phyllosphere microbiome. In this article, we summarize the recent studies that have provided novel insights into the mechanism of the host genotype shaping the phyllosphere microbiome and the possibility to select a stable and well-adapted microbiome. We also discuss the most pressing gaps in our knowledge and identify the most promising research directions and tools for understanding the assembly and function of phyllosphere microbiomes - this understanding is necessary if we are to harness phyllosphere microbiomes for improving plant growth and health in managed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shakir
- Plant Genetics, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- Plant Genetics, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Lewandowska M, Keyl A, Feussner I. Wax biosynthesis in response to danger: its regulation upon abiotic and biotic stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:698-713. [PMID: 32242934 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is the first physical barrier between land plants and their terrestrial environment. It consists of the polyester scaffold cutin embedded and sealed with organic, solvent-extractable cuticular waxes. Cuticular wax ultrastructure and chemical composition differ with plant species, developmental stage and physiological state. Despite this complexity, cuticular wax consistently serves a critical role in restricting nonstomatal water loss. It also protects the plant against other environmental stresses, including desiccation, UV radiation, microorganisms and insects. Within the broader context of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, our knowledge of the explicit roles of wax crystalline structures and chemical compounds is lacking. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of wax biosynthesis and regulation in relation to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alisa Keyl
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
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Zhao Q, Shen J, Gao C, Cui Y, Wang Y, Cui J, Cheng L, Cao W, Zhu Y, Huang S, Zhou Q, Leong CK, Leung KP, Chen X, Jiang L. RST1 Is a FREE1 Suppressor That Negatively Regulates Vacuolar Trafficking in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2152-2168. [PMID: 31221737 PMCID: PMC6751125 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting1 (FREE1), a plant-specific endosomal sorting complex required for transport-I component, is essential for the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), vacuolar degradation of membrane protein, cargo vacuolar sorting, autophagic degradation, and vacuole biogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we report the characterization of RESURRECTION1 (RST1) as a suppressor of free1 that, when mutated as a null mutant, restores the normal MVB and vacuole formation of a FREE1-RNAi knockdown line and consequently allows survival. RST1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved multicellular organism-specific protein, which contains two Domain of Unknown Function 3730 domains, showing no similarity to known proteins, and predominantly localizes in the cytosol. The depletion of FREE1 causes substantial accumulation of RST1, and transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing RST1 display retarded seedling growth with dilated MVBs, and inhibition of endocytosed FM4-64 dye to the tonoplast, suggesting that RST1 has a negative role in vacuolar transport. Consistently, enhanced endocytic degradation of membrane vacuolar cargoes occurs in the rst1 mutant. Further transcriptomic comparison of rst1 with free1 revealed a negative association between gene expression profiles, demonstrating that FREE1 and RST1 have antagonistic functions. Thus, RST1 is a negative regulator controlling membrane protein homeostasis and FREE1-mediated functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyi Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lixin Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medicine College of Ji’nan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuxian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianzi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk Ka Leong
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - King Pong Leung
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Li T, Natran A, Chen Y, Vercruysse J, Wang K, Gonzalez N, Dubois M, Inzé D. A genetics screen highlights emerging roles for CPL3, RST1 and URT1 in RNA metabolism and silencing. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:539-550. [PMID: 31076735 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a major mechanism regulating gene expression in higher eukaryotes. To identify novel players in PTGS, a forward genetics screen was performed on an Arabidopsis thaliana line overexpressing a strong growth-repressive gene, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR6 (ERF6). We identified six independent ethyl-methanesulfonate mutants rescuing the dwarfism of ERF6-overexpressing plants as a result of transgene silencing. Among the causative genes, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE5, SUPERKILLER2 and HASTY1 have previously been reported to inhibit PTGS. Notably, the three other causative genes have not, to date, been related to PTGS: UTP:RNA-URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE1 (URT1), C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE3 (CPL3) and RESURRECTION1 (RST1). We show that these genes may participate in protecting the 3' end of transgene transcripts. We present a model in which URT1, CPL3 and RST1 are classified as PTGS suppressors, as compromisation of these genes provokes the accumulation of aberrant transcripts which, in turn, trigger the production of small interfering RNAs, initiating RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelore Natran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanjun Chen
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jasmien Vercruysse
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Marieke Dubois
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
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He Y, Han J, Liu R, Ding Y, Wang J, Sun L, Yang X, Zeng Y, Wen W, Xu J, Zhang H, Yan X, Chen Z, Gu Z, Chen H, Tang H, Deng X, Cheng Y. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of a wax deficient citrus mutant exhibiting jasmonic acid-mediated defense against fungal pathogens. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:43. [PMID: 30083358 PMCID: PMC6068166 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally, resistant crop germplasms are important resources for managing the issues of agricultural product safety and environment deterioration. We found a spontaneous mutant of 'Newhall' navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) (MT) with broad-spectrum protections against fungal pathogens in the orchard, postharvest-storage, and artificial inoculation conditions. To understand the defense mechanism of MT fruit, we constructed a genome-scale metabolic network that integrated metabolome and transcriptome datasets. The coordinated transcriptomic and metabolic data were enriched in two sub-networks, showing the decrease in very long chain fatty acid (by 41.53%) and cuticular wax synthesis (by 81.34%), and increase in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) (by 95.23%) and JA-induced metabolites such as 5-dimethylnobietin (by 28.37%) in MT. Furthermore, cytological and biochemical analyses confirmed that the response to fungal infection in MT was independent of wax deficiency and was correlated with the levels of jasmonates, and the expression of plant defensin gene PDF1.2. Results of exogenous application of MeJA and JA inhibitors such as propyl gallate proved that JA-mediated defense contributes to the strong tolerance against pathogens in MT. Our results indicated that jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling are stimulated by the fatty acid redirection of MT, and participate in the tolerance of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jingwen Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Runsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yuduan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Institute of Citrus Science Research of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Institute of Citrus Science Research of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Zhaoxing Chen
- Institute of Citrus Science Research of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Zuliang Gu
- Research Center of Navel Orange Planting Technology of Anyuan County, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Hong Chen
- Research Center of Navel Orange Planting Technology of Anyuan County, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Huanqing Tang
- Research Center of Navel Orange Planting Technology of Anyuan County, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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15
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Syed Ab Rahman SF, Singh E, Pieterse CMJ, Schenk PM. Emerging microbial biocontrol strategies for plant pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:102-111. [PMID: 29362088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To address food security, agricultural yields must increase to match the growing human population in the near future. There is now a strong push to develop low-input and more sustainable agricultural practices that include alternatives to chemicals for controlling pests and diseases, a major factor of heavy losses in agricultural production. Based on the adverse effects of some chemicals on human health, the environment and living organisms, researchers are focusing on potential biological control microbes as viable alternatives for the management of pests and plant pathogens. There is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates the potential of leaf and root-associated microbiomes to increase plant efficiency and yield in cropping systems. It is important to understand the role of these microbes in promoting growth and controlling diseases, and their application as biofertilizers and biopesticides whose success in the field is still inconsistent. This review focusses on how biocontrol microbes modulate plant defense mechanisms, deploy biocontrol actions in plants and offer new strategies to control plant pathogens. Apart from simply applying individual biocontrol microbes, there are now efforts to improve, facilitate and maintain long-term plant colonization. In particular, great hopes are associated with the new approaches of using "plant-optimized microbiomes" (microbiome engineering) and establishing the genetic basis of beneficial plant-microbe interactions to enable breeding of "microbe-optimized crops".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Farhana Syed Ab Rahman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eugenie Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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16
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Ziv C, Zhao Z, Gao YG, Xia Y. Multifunctional Roles of Plant Cuticle During Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 30090108 PMCID: PMC6068277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In land plants the cuticle is the outermost layer interacting with the environment. This lipophilic layer comprises the polyester cutin embedded in cuticular wax; and it forms a physical barrier to protect plants from desiccation as well as from diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the cuticle is not merely a passive, mechanical shield. The increasing research on plant leaves has addressed the active roles of the plant cuticle in both local and systemic resistance against a variety of plant pathogens. Moreover, the fruit cuticle also serves as an important determinant of fruit defense and quality. It shares features with those of vegetative organs, but also exhibits specific characteristics, the functions of which gain increasing attention in recent years. This review describes multiple roles of plant cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions and its responses to both leaf and fruit pathogens. These include the dynamic changes of plant cuticle during pathogen infection; the crosstalk of cuticle with plant cell wall and diverse hormone signaling pathways for plant disease resistance; and the major biochemical, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie the roles of cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions. Although research developments in the field have greatly advanced our understanding of the roles of plant cuticle in plant defense, there still remain large gaps in our knowledge. Therefore, the challenges thus presented, and future directions of research also are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization – the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yu G. Gao
- The Ohio State University South Centers, Piketon, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Ye Xia,
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Sun K, van Tuinen A, van Kan JAL, Wolters AMA, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of DND1 in potato and tomato impedes conidial germination, attachment and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:235. [PMID: 29212470 PMCID: PMC5719932 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, attacks many crops including potato and tomato. Major genes for complete resistance to B. cinerea are not known in plants, but a few quantitative trait loci have been described in tomato. Loss of function of particular susceptibility (S) genes appears to provide a new source of resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. RESULTS In this study, orthologs of Arabidopsis S genes (DND1, DMR6, DMR1 and PMR4) were silenced by RNAi in potato and tomato (only for DND1). DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants showed significantly reduced diameters of B. cinerea lesions as compared to control plants, at all-time points analysed. Reduced lesion diameter was also observed on leaves of DMR6 silenced potato plants but only at 3 days post inoculation (dpi). The DMR1 and PMR4 silenced potato transformants were as susceptible as the control cv Desiree. Microscopic analysis was performed to observe B. cinerea infection progress in DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato leaves. A significantly lower number of B. cinerea conidia remained attached to the leaf surface of DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants and the hyphal growth of germlings was hampered. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a cytological investigation of Botrytis development on DND1-silenced crop plants. Silencing of DND1 led to reduced susceptibility to Botrytis, which was associated with impediment of conidial germination and attachment as well as hyphal growth. Our results provide new insights regarding the use of S genes in resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth van Tuinen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chen S, Li F, Liu D, Jiang C, Cui L, Shen L, Liu G, Yang A. Dynamic expression analysis of early response genes induced by potato virus Y in PVY-resistant Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:297-311. [PMID: 27896424 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Dynamic transcriptional changes of the host early responses genes were detected in PVY-resistant tobacco varieties infected with Potato virus Y; PVY resistance is a complex process that needs series of stress responses. Potato virus Y (PVY) causes a severe viral disease in cultivated crops, especially in Solanum plants. To understand the molecular basis of plant responses to the PVY stress, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray approaches were combined to identify the potentially important or novel genes that were involved in early stages (12 h, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 days) of tobacco response to PVY infection. Dynamic changes of the host plant early responses to PVY infection on a transcriptional level were detected. In total, 167 different expressed ESTs were identified. The majority of genes involved in the metabolic process were found to be down-regulated at 12 h and 1 day, and then up-regulated at least one later period. Genes related to signaling and transcriptions were almost up-regulated at 12 h, 1 or 2 days, while stress response genes were almost up-regulated at a later stage. Genes involved in transcription, transport, cell wall, and several stress responses were found to have changed expression during the PVY infection stage, and numbers of these genes have not been previously reported to be associated with tobacco PVY infection. The diversity expression of these genes indicated that PVY resistance is a complex process that needs a series of stress responses. To resist the PVY infection, the tobacco plant has numerous active and silent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fengxia Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lijie Cui
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Guanshan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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AbuQamar S, Moustafa K, Tran LS. Mechanisms and strategies of plant defense against Botrytis cinerea. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:262-274. [PMID: 28056558 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1271767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biotic factors affect plant immune responses and plant resistance to pathogen infections. Despite the considerable progress made over the past two decades in manipulating genes, proteins and their levels from diverse sources, no complete genetic tolerance to environmental stresses has been developed so far in any crops. Plant defense response to pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, is a complex biological process involving various changes at the biochemical, molecular (i.e. transcriptional) and physiological levels. Once a pathogen is detected, effective plant resistance activates signaling networks through the generation of small signaling molecules and the balance of hormonal signaling pathways to initiate defense mechanisms to the particular pathogen. Recently, studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants have shown that many genes are involved in plant responses to B. cinerea infection. In this article, we will review our current understanding of mechanisms regulating plant responses to B. cinerea with a particular interest on hormonal regulatory networks involving phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA). We will also highlight some potential gene targets that are promising for improving crop resistance to B. cinerea through genetic engineering and breeding programs. Finally, the role of biological control as a complementary and alternative disease management will be overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synan AbuQamar
- a Department of Biology , United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain , UAE
| | - Khaled Moustafa
- b Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers , Paris , France
| | - Lam Son Tran
- c Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,d Signaling Pathway Research Unit , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
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20
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Smith JE, Mengesha B, Tang H, Mengiste T, Bluhm BH. Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicoides involves widespread transcriptional reprogramming. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:334. [PMID: 24885798 PMCID: PMC4035065 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the world's most important vegetable crops, is highly susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani. Improving resistance through conventional breeding has been hampered by a shortage of resistant germplasm and difficulties in introgressing resistance into elite germplasm without linkage drag. The goal of this study was to explore natural variation among wild Solanum species to identify new sources of resistance to necrotrophic fungi and dissect mechanisms underlying resistance against B. cinerea. RESULTS Among eight wild species evaluated for resistance against B. cinerea and A. solani, S. lycopersicoides expressed the highest levels of resistance against both pathogens. Resistance against B. cinerea manifested as containment of pathogen growth. Through next-generation RNA sequencing and de novo assembly of the S. lycopersicoides transcriptome, changes in gene expression were analyzed during pathogen infection. In response to B. cinerea, differentially expressed transcripts grouped into four categories: genes whose expression rapidly increased then rapidly decreased, genes whose expression rapidly increased and plateaued, genes whose expression continually increased, and genes with decreased expression. Homology-based searches also identified a limited number of highly expressed B. cinerea genes. Almost immediately after infection by B. cinerea, S. lycopersicoides suppressed photosynthesis and metabolic processes involved in growth, energy generation, and response to stimuli, and simultaneously induced various defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), a beta-1,3-glucanase (glucanase), and a subtilisin-like protease, indicating a shift in priority towards defense. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed novel, uncharacterized genes that may play roles in defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in S. lycopersicoides. The expression of orthologous defense-related genes in S. lycopersicum after infection with B. cinerea revealed differences in the onset and intensity of induction, thus illuminating a potential mechanism explaining the increased susceptibility. Additionally, metabolic pathway analyses identified putative defense-related categories of secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In sum, this study provided insight into resistance against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in the Solanaceae, as well as novel sequence resources for S. lycopersicoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Smith
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, 217 Plant Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Bemnet Mengesha
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Hua Tang
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Burton H Bluhm
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, 217 Plant Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
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Serrano M, Coluccia F, Torres M, L’Haridon F, Métraux JP. The cuticle and plant defense to pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:274. [PMID: 24982666 PMCID: PMC4056637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle provides a physical barrier against water loss and protects against irradiation, xenobiotics, and pathogens. Components of the cuticle are perceived by invading fungi and activate developmental processes during pathogenesis. In addition, cuticle alterations of various types induce a syndrome of reactions that often results in resistance to necrotrophs. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of the cuticle in relation to the perception of pathogens and activation of defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- *Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Métraux, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland e-mail:
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Buxdorf K, Rubinsky G, Barda O, Burdman S, Aharoni A, Levy M. The transcription factor SlSHINE3 modulates defense responses in tomato plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:37-47. [PMID: 23943056 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays an important role in plant interactions with pathogens and with their surroundings. The cuticle acts as both a physical barrier against physical stresses and pathogens and a chemical deterrent and activator of the plant defense response. Cuticle production in tomato plants is regulated by several transcription factors, including SlSHINE3, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis WIN/SHN3. Here we used a SlSHINE3-overexpressing (SlSHN3-OE) and silenced (Slshn3-RNAi) lines and a mutant in SlCYP86A69 (Slcyp86A69)--a direct target of SlSHN3--to analyze the roles of the leaf cuticle and cutin content and composition in the tomato plant's defense response to the necrotrophic foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. We showed that SlSHN3, which is predominantly expressed in tomato fruit epidermis, also affects tomato leaf cuticle, as morphological alterations in the SlSHN3-OE leaf tissue resulted in shiny, stunted and permeable leaves. SlSHN3-OE leaves accumulated 38% more cutin monomers than wild-type leaves, while Slshn3-RNAi and Slcyp86A69 plants showed a 40 and 70% decrease in leaf cutin monomers, respectively. Overexpression of SlSHN3 resulted in resistance to B. cinerea infection and to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, correlated with cuticle permeability and elevated expression of pathogenesis-related genes PR1a and AOS. Further analysis revealed that B. cinerea-infected Slshn3-RNAi plants are more sensitive to B. cinerea and produce more hydrogen peroxide than wild-type plants. Cutin monomer content and composition differed between SlSHN3-OE, Slcyp86A69, Slshn3-RNAi and wild-type plants, and cutin monomer extracted from SlSHN3-OE plants altered the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Buxdorf
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Overexpression of AtSHN1/WIN1 provokes unique defense responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70146. [PMID: 23922943 PMCID: PMC3726498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell cuticle serves as the first barrier protecting plants from mechanical injury and invading pathogens. The cuticle can be breached by cutinase-producing pathogens and the degradation products may activate pathogenesis signals in the invading pathogens. Cuticle degradation products may also trigger the plant’s defense responses. Botrytis cinerea is an important plant pathogen, capable of attacking and causing disease in a wide range of plant species. Arabidopsis thaliana shn1-1D is a gain-of-function mutant, which has a modified cuticular lipid composition. We used this mutant to examine the effect of altering the whole-cuticle metabolic pathway on plant responses to B. cinerea attack. Following infection with B. cinerea, the shn1-1D mutant discolored more quickly, accumulated more H2O2, and showed accelerated cell death relative to wild-type (WT) plants. Whole transcriptome analysis of B. cinerea-inoculated shn1-1D vs. WT plants revealed marked upregulation of genes associated with senescence, oxidative stress and defense responses on the one hand, and genes involved in the magnitude of defense-response control on the other. We propose that altered cutin monomer content and composition of shn1-1D plants triggers excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation and release which leads to a strong, unique and uncontrollable defense response, resulting in plant sensitivity and death.
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24
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Sela D, Buxdorf K, Shi JX, Feldmesser E, Schreiber L, Aharoni A, Levy M. Overexpression of AtSHN1/WIN1 provokes unique defense responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70146. [PMID: 23922943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070146.g006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell cuticle serves as the first barrier protecting plants from mechanical injury and invading pathogens. The cuticle can be breached by cutinase-producing pathogens and the degradation products may activate pathogenesis signals in the invading pathogens. Cuticle degradation products may also trigger the plant's defense responses. Botrytis cinerea is an important plant pathogen, capable of attacking and causing disease in a wide range of plant species. Arabidopsis thaliana shn1-1D is a gain-of-function mutant, which has a modified cuticular lipid composition. We used this mutant to examine the effect of altering the whole-cuticle metabolic pathway on plant responses to B. cinerea attack. Following infection with B. cinerea, the shn1-1D mutant discolored more quickly, accumulated more H2O2, and showed accelerated cell death relative to wild-type (WT) plants. Whole transcriptome analysis of B. cinerea-inoculated shn1-1D vs. WT plants revealed marked upregulation of genes associated with senescence, oxidative stress and defense responses on the one hand, and genes involved in the magnitude of defense-response control on the other. We propose that altered cutin monomer content and composition of shn1-1D plants triggers excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation and release which leads to a strong, unique and uncontrollable defense response, resulting in plant sensitivity and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Jaouannet M, Magliano M, Arguel MJ, Gourgues M, Evangelisti E, Abad P, Rosso MN. The root-knot nematode calreticulin Mi-CRT is a key effector in plant defense suppression. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:97-105. [PMID: 22857385 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in roots, where they induce the differentiation of specialized feeding cells and maintain a compatible interaction for 3 to 8 weeks. Transcriptome analyses of the plant response to parasitic infection have shown that plant defenses are strictly controlled during the interaction. This suggests that, similar to other pathogens, RKN secrete effectors that suppress host defenses. We show here that Mi-CRT, a calreticulin (CRT) secreted by the nematode into the apoplasm of infected tissues, plays an important role in infection success, because Mi-CRT knockdown by RNA interference affected the ability of the nematodes to infect plants. Stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana plants producing the secreted form of Mi-CRT were more susceptible to nematode infection than wild-type plants. They were also more susceptible to infection with another root pathogen, the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. Mi-CRT overexpression in A. thaliana suppressed the induction of defense marker genes and callose deposition after treatment with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern elf18. Our results show that Mi-CRT secreted in the apoplasm by the nematode has a role in the suppression of plant basal defenses during the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaouannet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
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26
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Zhang B, Jia J, Yang M, Yan C, Han Y. Overexpression of a LAM domain containing RNA-binding protein LARP1c induces precocious leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Mol Cells 2012; 34:367-74. [PMID: 22965746 PMCID: PMC3887763 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf life history, and it can be regulated by multiple internal and external cues. La-related proteins (LARPs), which contain a well-conserved La motif (LAM) domain and normally a canonical RNA recognition motif (RRM) or noncanonical RRM-like motif, are widely present in eukaryotes. Six LARP genes (LARP1a-1c and LARP6a-6c) are present in Arabidopsis, but their biological functions have not been studied previously. In this study, we investigated the biological roles of LARP1c from the LARP1 family. Constitutive or inducible overexpression of LARP1c caused premature leaf senescence. Expression levels of several senescence-associated genes and defense-related genes were elevated upon overexpression of LARP1c. The LARP1c null mutant 1c-1 impaired ABA-, SA-, and MeJA-induced leaf senescence in detached leaves. Gene expression profiles of LARP1c showed age-dependent expression in rosette leaves. Taken together, our results suggest LARP1c is involved in regulation of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Jianheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Chunxia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Yuzhen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
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27
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Sun A, Nie S, Xing D. Nitric oxide-mediated maintenance of redox homeostasis contributes to NPR1-dependent plant innate immunity triggered by lipopolysaccharides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1081-96. [PMID: 22926319 PMCID: PMC3461531 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The perception of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by plant cells can lead to nitric oxide (NO) production and defense gene induction. However, the signaling cascades underlying these cellular responses have not yet been resolved. This work investigated the biosynthetic origin of NO and the role of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) to gain insight into the mechanism involved in LPS-induced resistance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Analysis of inhibitors and mutants showed that LPS-induced NO synthesis was mainly mediated by an arginine-utilizing source of NO generation. Furthermore, LPS-induced NO caused transcript accumulation of alternative oxidase genes and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, which enhanced antioxidant capacity and modulated redox state. We also analyzed the subcellular localization of NPR1 to identify the mechanism for protein-modulated plant innate immunity triggered by LPS. LPS-activated defense responses, including callose deposition and defense-related gene expression, were found to be regulated through an NPR1-dependent pathway. In summary, a significant NO synthesis induced by LPS contributes to the LPS-induced defense responses by up-regulation of defense genes and modulation of cellular redox state. Moreover, NPR1 plays an important role in LPS-triggered plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Da Xing
- Corresponding author; e-mail
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28
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Barna B, Fodor J, Harrach BD, Pogány M, Király Z. The Janus face of reactive oxygen species in resistance and susceptibility of plants to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:37-43. [PMID: 22321616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens can be divided into biotrophs and necrotrophs according to their different life styles; biotrophs prefer living, while necrotrophs prefer dead cells for nutritional purposes. Therefore tissue necrosis caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during pathogen infection increases host susceptibility to necrotrophic, but resistance to biotrophic pathogen. Consequently, elevation of antioxidant capacity of plants enhances their tolerance to development of necroses caused by necrotrophic pathogens. Plant hormones can strongly influence induction of ROS and antioxidants, thereby influencing susceptibility or resistance of plants to pathogens. Pathogen-induced ROS themselves are considered as signaling molecules. Generally, salicylic acid (SA) signaling induces defense against biotrophic pathogens, whereas jasmonic acid (JA) against necrotrophic pathogens. Furthermore pathogens can modify plant's defense signaling network for their own benefit by changing phytohormone homeostasis. On the other hand, ROS are harmful also to the pathogens, consequently they try to defend themselves by elevating antioxidant activity and secreting ROS scavengers in the infected tissue. The Janus face nature of ROS and plant cell death on biotrophic and on necrotrophic pathogens is also supported by the experiments with BAX inhibitor-1 and the mlo mutation of Mlo gene in barley. It was found that ROS and elevated plant antioxidant activity play an important role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), as well as in mycorrhiza induced abiotic and biotic stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 102, 1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Quaglia M, Fabrizi M, Zazzerini A, Zadra C. Role of pathogen-induced volatiles in the Nicotiana tabacum-Golovinomyces cichoracearum interaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 52:9-20. [PMID: 22305063 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant injuries activate signal transduction cascades mediated by the plant hormones, which lead to enhanced expression of defence related genes and/or to changes in the emission of volatile organic compounds that can act as semiochemicals. In this research we demostrated that infection with the biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta (ex Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.), the causal agent of powdery mildew, led in the susceptible host Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Havana 425 to an increased emission of volatile compounds including Methyl-jasmonate (MeJA), (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-β-ocimene. Furthermore we investigated the role of these volatiles in the plant-pathogen interaction. Exogenous application of MeJA induced in tobacco an increase in the transcripts level of the defence related genes lipoxygenase, allene oxide cyclase and defensin and a decrease in the severity of the infection. Qualitative and quantitative differences in volatile compounds emission were showed also in MeJA-treated plants, where the emission of (E)-β-ocimene was significantly increased instead (E)-2-hexenal was not detected. Application of (E)-2-hexenal reduced the severity of powdery mildew while application of (E)-β-ocimene did not. Since (E)-2-hexenal did not activate in tobacco the accumulation of the above reported genes transcripts and the plant cell death, the reduction of the infection severity could be attributable to its inhibitory activity on the fungal germ tube growth. Our data highlight the contributions of natural substances that can act, directly or indirectly, against phytopathogens. In the global context of sustainability, food safety and environmental protection, such semiochemicals represent an alternative and promising approach to integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Quaglia
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy.
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30
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Uppalapati SR, Ishiga Y, Doraiswamy V, Bedair M, Mittal S, Chen J, Nakashima J, Tang Y, Tadege M, Ratet P, Chen R, Schultheiss H, Mysore KS. Loss of abaxial leaf epicuticular wax in Medicago truncatula irg1/palm1 mutants results in reduced spore differentiation of anthracnose and nonhost rust pathogens. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:353-70. [PMID: 22294617 PMCID: PMC3289574 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes that confer nonhost resistance to biotrophic fungal pathogens, we did a forward-genetics screen using Medicago truncatula Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion lines. From this screen, we identified an inhibitor of rust germ tube differentation1 (irg1) mutant that failed to promote preinfection structure differentiation of two rust pathogens, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Puccinia emaculata, and one anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum trifolii, on the abaxial leaf surface. Cytological and chemical analyses revealed that the inhibition of rust preinfection structures in irg1 mutants is due to complete loss of the abaxial epicuticular wax crystals and reduced surface hydrophobicity. The composition of waxes on abaxial leaf surface of irg1 mutants had >90% reduction of C30 primary alcohols and a preferential increase of C29 and C31 alkanes compared with the wild type. IRG1 encodes a Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger transcription factor, PALM1, which also controls dissected leaf morphology in M. truncatula. Transcriptome analysis of irg1/palm1 mutants revealed downregulation of eceriferum4, an enzyme implicated in primary alcohol biosynthesis, and MYB96, a major transcription factor that regulates wax biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate that PALM1 plays a role in regulating epicuticular wax metabolism and transport and that epicuticular wax influences spore differentiation of host and nonhost fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Vanthana Doraiswamy
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Mohamed Bedair
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Shipra Mittal
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Million Tadege
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Vegetale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Rujin Chen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Address correspondence to
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31
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Abstract
Plants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose constant threats to their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging virulence strategies that promote host cell death and acquire nutrients for growth and reproduction from dead cells. This lifestyle constitutes the axis of their pathogenesis and virulence strategies and marks contrasting immune responses to biotrophic pathogens. The diversity of virulence strategies in necrotrophic species corresponds to multifaceted host immune response mechanisms. When effective, the plant immune system disarms the infectious necrotroph of its pathogenic arsenal or attenuates its effect, restricting further ingress and disease symptom development. Simply inherited resistance traits confer protection against host-specific necrotrophs (HSNs), whereas resistance to broad host-range necrotrophs (BHNs) is complex. Components of host genetic networks, as well as the molecular and cellular processes that mediate host immune responses to necrotrophs, are being identified. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of plant immune responses to necrotrophs and comparison with responses to biotrophic pathogens are summarized, highlighting common and contrasting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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32
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Lü S, Zhao H, Parsons EP, Xu C, Kosma DK, Xu X, Chao D, Lohrey G, Bangarusamy DK, Wang G, Bressan RA, Jenks MA. The glossyhead1 allele of ACC1 reveals a principal role for multidomain acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes by Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1079-92. [PMID: 21949210 PMCID: PMC3252135 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), having highly glossy inflorescence stems, postgenital fusion in floral organs, and reduced fertility, was isolated from an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized population and designated glossyhead1 (gsd1). The gsd1 locus was mapped to chromosome 1, and the causal gene was identified as a new allele of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase1 (ACC1), a gene encoding the main enzyme in cytosolic malonyl-coenzyme A synthesis. This, to our knowledge, is the first mutant allele of ACC1 that does not cause lethality at the seed or early germination stage, allowing for the first time a detailed analysis of ACC1 function in mature tissues. Broad lipid profiling of mature gsd1 organs revealed a primary role for ACC1 in the biosynthesis of the very-long-chain fatty acids (C(20:0) or longer) associated with cuticular waxes and triacylglycerols. Unexpectedly, transcriptome analysis revealed that gsd1 has limited impact on any lipid metabolic networks but instead has a large effect on environmental stress-responsive pathways, especially senescence and ethylene synthesis determinants, indicating a possible role for the cytosolic malonyl-coenzyme A-derived lipids in stress response signaling.
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33
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Ballmann C, De Oliveira S, Gutenberger A, Wassmann F, Schreiber L. A radioactive assay allowing the quantitative measurement of cuticular permeability of intact Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANTA 2011. [PMID: 21344313 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular penetration of five different ¹⁴C-labeled chemicals (benzoic acid, bitertanole, carbaryl, epoxiconazole and 4-nitrophenol) into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was measured and permeances P (ms⁻¹) were calculated. Thus, cuticular barrier properties of A. thaliana leaves have been characterized quantitatively. Epoxiconazole permeance of A. thaliana was 2.79 × 10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹. When compared with cuticular permeances measured with intact stomatous and astomatous leaf sides of Prunus laurocerasus, frequently used in the past as a model species studying cuticular permeability, A. thaliana has a 48- to 66-fold higher permeance. When compared with epoxiconazole permeability of isolated cuticles of different species (Citrus aurantium, Hedera helix and P. laurocerasus) A. thaliana permeability is between 17- to 199-fold higher. Co-permeability experiments, simultaneously measuring ¹⁴C-epoxiconazole and ³H₂O permeability of isolated cuticles of three species (C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus) showed that ³H₂O permeability was highly correlated with epoxiconazole permeability. The regression equation of this correlation can be used predicting cuticular transpiration of intact stomatous leaves of A. thaliana, where a direct measurement of cuticular permeation using ³H₂O is impossible. Water permeance estimated for A. thaliana was 4.55 × 10⁻⁸ m⁻¹, which is between 12- and 91-fold higher than water permeances measured with isolated cuticles of C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus. This indicates that cuticular water permeability of the intact stomatous leaves of the annual species A. thaliana is fairly high and in the upper range compared with most P values of perennial species published in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ballmann
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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34
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Ballmann C, De Oliveira S, Gutenberger A, Wassmann F, Schreiber L. A radioactive assay allowing the quantitative measurement of cuticular permeability of intact Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANTA 2011; 234:9-20. [PMID: 21344313 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular penetration of five different ¹⁴C-labeled chemicals (benzoic acid, bitertanole, carbaryl, epoxiconazole and 4-nitrophenol) into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was measured and permeances P (ms⁻¹) were calculated. Thus, cuticular barrier properties of A. thaliana leaves have been characterized quantitatively. Epoxiconazole permeance of A. thaliana was 2.79 × 10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹. When compared with cuticular permeances measured with intact stomatous and astomatous leaf sides of Prunus laurocerasus, frequently used in the past as a model species studying cuticular permeability, A. thaliana has a 48- to 66-fold higher permeance. When compared with epoxiconazole permeability of isolated cuticles of different species (Citrus aurantium, Hedera helix and P. laurocerasus) A. thaliana permeability is between 17- to 199-fold higher. Co-permeability experiments, simultaneously measuring ¹⁴C-epoxiconazole and ³H₂O permeability of isolated cuticles of three species (C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus) showed that ³H₂O permeability was highly correlated with epoxiconazole permeability. The regression equation of this correlation can be used predicting cuticular transpiration of intact stomatous leaves of A. thaliana, where a direct measurement of cuticular permeation using ³H₂O is impossible. Water permeance estimated for A. thaliana was 4.55 × 10⁻⁸ m⁻¹, which is between 12- and 91-fold higher than water permeances measured with isolated cuticles of C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus. This indicates that cuticular water permeability of the intact stomatous leaves of the annual species A. thaliana is fairly high and in the upper range compared with most P values of perennial species published in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ballmann
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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35
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Chung CL, Poland J, Kump K, Benson J, Longfellow J, Walsh E, Balint-Kurti P, Nelson R. Targeted discovery of quantitative trait loci for resistance to northern leaf blight and other diseases of maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 123:307-26. [PMID: 21526397 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To capture diverse alleles at a set of loci associated with disease resistance in maize, heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) analysis was applied for targeted QTL mapping and near-isogenic line (NIL) development. Tropical maize lines CML52 and DK888 were chosen as donors of alleles based on their known resistance to multiple diseases. Chromosomal regions ("bins"; n = 39) associated with multiple disease resistance (MDR) were targeted based on a consensus map of disease QTLs in maize. We generated HIFs segregating for the targeted loci but isogenic at ~97% of the genome. To test the hypothesis that CML52 and DK888 alleles at MDR hotspots condition broad-spectrum resistance, HIFs and derived NILs were tested for resistance to northern leaf blight (NLB), southern leaf blight (SLB), gray leaf spot (GLS), anthracnose leaf blight (ALB), anthracnose stalk rot (ASR), common rust, common smut, and Stewart's wilt. Four NLB QTLs, two ASR QTLs, and one Stewart's wilt QTL were identified. In parallel, a population of 196 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from B73 × CML52 was evaluated for resistance to NLB, GLS, SLB, and ASR. The QTLs mapped (four for NLB, five for SLB, two for GLS, and two for ASR) mostly corresponded to those found using the NILs. Combining HIF- and RIL-based analyses, we discovered two disease QTLs at which CML52 alleles were favorable for more than one disease. A QTL in bin 1.06-1.07 conferred resistance to NLB and Stewart's wilt, and a QTL in 6.05 conferred resistance to NLB and ASR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
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Birkenbihl RP, Somssich IE. Transcriptional plant responses critical for resistance towards necrotrophic pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:76. [PMID: 22639610 PMCID: PMC3355618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses aimed at necrotrophic pathogens appear to be genetically complex. Despite the apparent lack of a specific recognition of such necrotrophs by products of major R genes, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies, in particular using the model plant Arabidopsis, have uncovered numerous host components critical for the outcome of such interactions. Although the JA signaling pathway plays a central role in plant defense toward necrotrophs additional signaling pathways contribute to the plant response network. Transcriptional reprogramming is a vital part of the host defense machinery and several key regulators have recently been identified. Some of these transcription factors positively affect plant resistance whereas others play a role in enhancing host susceptibility toward these phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer P. Birkenbihl
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Imre E. Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Imre E. Somssich, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany. e-mail:
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Schreiber L. Transport barriers made of cutin, suberin and associated waxes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:546-53. [PMID: 20655799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cutinized leaf epidermal cells and suberized root cell walls form important lipophilic interfaces between the plant and its environment, significantly contributing to the regulation of water uptake and the transport of solutes in and out of the plant. A wealth of new molecular information on the genes and enzymes contributing to cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis have become available within the past few years, which is examined in the context of the functional properties of these barriers in terms of transport and permeability. Recent progress made in measuring transport properties of cutinized and suberized barriers in plants is reviewed, and promising approaches obtained with Arabidopsis and potato that might link the molecular information with transport properties are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Xia Y, Yu K, Navarre D, Seebold K, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. The glabra1 mutation affects cuticle formation and plant responses to microbes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:833-46. [PMID: 20699396 PMCID: PMC2949009 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of defense that provides resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens in plants. Previous work indicates a role for plastidial glycerolipid biosynthesis in SAR. Specifically, mutations in FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7), which lead to reduced trienoic fatty acid levels and compromised plastidial lipid biosynthesis, have been associated with defective SAR. We show that the defective SAR in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) fad7-1 plants is not associated with a mutation in FAD7 but rather with a second-site mutation in GLABRA1 (GL1), a gene well known for its role in trichome formation. The compromised SAR in gl1 plants is associated with impairment in their cuticles. Furthermore, mutations in two other components of trichome development, GL3 and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1, also impaired cuticle development and SAR. This suggests an overlap in the biochemical pathways leading to cuticle and trichome development. Interestingly, exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA) not only enhanced SAR in wild-type plants but also restored SAR in gl1 plants. In contrast to GA, the defense phytohoromes salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were unable to restore SAR in gl1 plants. GA application increased levels of cuticular components but not trichome formation on gl1 plants, thus implicating cuticle, but not trichomes, as an important component of SAR. Our findings question the prudence of using mutant backgrounds for genetic screens and underscore a need to reevaluate phenotypes previously studied in the gl1 background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 (Y.X., K.Y., K.S., A.K., P.K.); United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington 99350 (D.N.)
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Curvers K, Seifi H, Mouille G, de Rycke R, Asselbergh B, Van Hecke A, Vanderschaeghe D, Höfte H, Callewaert N, Van Breusegem F, Höfte M. Abscisic acid deficiency causes changes in cuticle permeability and pectin composition that influence tomato resistance to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:847-60. [PMID: 20709830 PMCID: PMC2949027 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.158972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with reduced abscisic acid (ABA) production (sitiens) exhibits increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. This resistance is correlated with a rapid and strong hydrogen peroxide-driven cell wall fortification response in epidermis cells that is absent in tomato with normal ABA production. Moreover, basal expression of defense genes is higher in the mutant compared with the wild-type tomato. Given the importance of this fast response in sitiens resistance, we investigated cell wall and cuticle properties of the mutant at the chemical, histological, and ultrastructural levels. We demonstrate that ABA deficiency in the mutant leads to increased cuticle permeability, which is positively correlated with disease resistance. Furthermore, perturbation of ABA levels affects pectin composition. sitiens plants have a relatively higher degree of pectin methylesterification and release different oligosaccharides upon inoculation with B. cinerea. These results show that endogenous plant ABA levels affect the composition of the tomato cuticle and cell wall and demonstrate the importance of cuticle and cell wall chemistry in shaping the outcome of this plant-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology (K.C., H.S., B.A., M.H.) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics (K.C., R.d.R., F.V.B.), Ghent University, B–9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology (K.C., R.d.R., F.V.B.) and Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (A.V.H., D.V., N.C.), VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium; Plate-forme de Chimie du Végétal, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (G.M., H.H.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B–2660 Wilrijk, Belgium (B.A.)
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Joubert A, Bataille-Simoneau N, Campion C, Guillemette T, Hudhomme P, Iacomi-Vasilescu B, Leroy T, Pochon S, Poupard P, Simoneau P. Cell wall integrity and high osmolarity glycerol pathways are required for adaptation of Alternaria brassicicola to cell wall stress caused by brassicaceous indolic phytoalexins. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:62-80. [PMID: 20812995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Camalexin, the characteristic phytoalexin of Arabidopsis thaliana, inhibits growth of the fungal necrotroph Alternaria brassicicola. This plant metabolite probably exerts its antifungal toxicity by causing cell membrane damage. Here we observed that activation of a cellular response to this damage requires cell wall integrity (CWI) and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathways. Camalexin was found to activate both AbHog1 and AbSlt2 MAP kinases, and activation of the latter was abrogated in a AbHog1 deficient strain. Mutant strains lacking functional MAP kinases showed hypersensitivity to camalexin and brassinin, a structurally related phytoalexin produced by several cultivated Brassica species. Enhanced susceptibility to the membrane permeabilization activity of camalexin was observed for MAP kinase deficient mutants. These results suggest that the two signalling pathways have a pivotal role in regulating a cellular compensatory response to preserve cell integrity during exposure to camalexin. AbHog1 and AbSlt2 deficient mutants had reduced virulence on host plants that may, at least for the latter mutants, partially result from their inability to cope with defence metabolites such as indolic phytoalexins. This constitutes the first evidence that a phytoalexin activates fungal MAP kinases and that outputs of activated cascades contribute to protecting the fungus against antimicrobial plant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Joubert
- UMR PaVe no. 77, IFR 149 QUASAV, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers Cedex, France
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Laluk K, Mengiste T. Necrotroph attacks on plants: wanton destruction or covert extortion? THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0136. [PMID: 22303261 PMCID: PMC3244965 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens cause major pre- and post-harvest diseases in numerous agronomic and horticultural crops inflicting significant economic losses. In contrast to biotrophs, obligate plant parasites that infect and feed on living cells, necrotrophs promote the destruction of host cells to feed on their contents. This difference underpins the divergent pathogenesis strategies and plant immune responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic infections. This chapter focuses on Arabidopsis immunity to necrotrophic pathogens. The strategies of infection, virulence and suppression of host defenses recruited by necrotrophs and the variation in host resistance mechanisms are highlighted. The multiplicity of intraspecific virulence factors and species diversity in necrotrophic organisms corresponds to variations in host resistance strategies. Resistance to host-specific necrotophs is monogenic whereas defense against broad host necrotrophs is complex, requiring the involvement of many genes and pathways for full resistance. Mechanisms and components of immunity such as the role of plant hormones, secondary metabolites, and pathogenesis proteins are presented. We will discuss the current state of knowledge of Arabidopsis immune responses to necrotrophic pathogens, the interactions of these responses with other defense pathways, and contemplate on the directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Laluk
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Address correspondence to
and
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Address correspondence to
and
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Wrzaczek M, Brosché M, Salojärvi J, Kangasjärvi S, Idänheimo N, Mersmann S, Robatzek S, Karpiński S, Karpińska B, Kangasjärvi J. Transcriptional regulation of the CRK/DUF26 group of receptor-like protein kinases by ozone and plant hormones in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:95. [PMID: 20500828 PMCID: PMC3095361 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant Receptor-like/Pelle kinases (RLK) are a group of conserved signalling components that regulate developmental programs and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the largest RLK groups is formed by the Domain of Unknown Function 26 (DUF26) RLKs, also called Cysteine-rich Receptor-like Kinases (CRKs), which have been suggested to play important roles in the regulation of pathogen defence and programmed cell death. Despite the vast number of RLKs present in plants, however, only a few of them have been functionally characterized. RESULTS We examined the transcriptional regulation of all Arabidopsis CRKs by ozone (O3), high light and pathogen/elicitor treatment - conditions known to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various subcellular compartments. Several CRKs were transcriptionally induced by exposure to O3 but not by light stress. O3 induces an extracellular oxidative burst, whilst light stress leads to ROS production in chloroplasts. Analysis of publicly available microarray data revealed that the transcriptional responses of the CRKs to O3 were very similar to responses to microbes or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Several mutants altered in hormone biosynthesis or signalling showed changes in basal and O3-induced transcriptional responses. CONCLUSIONS Combining expression analysis from multiple treatments with mutants altered in hormone biosynthesis or signalling suggest a model in which O3 and salicylic acid (SA) activate separate signaling pathways that exhibit negative crosstalk. Although O3 is classified as an abiotic stress to plants, transcriptional profiling of CRKs showed strong similarities between the O3 and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Plant Biology Division, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Plant Biology Division, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Plant Biology Division, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Niina Idänheimo
- Plant Biology Division, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophia Mersmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, DE-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, DE-50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratories, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Plant Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska st. 159, PL 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Karpińska
- Department of Life Sciences, Södertörn University College, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Plant Biology Division, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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