1
|
Streckaite S, Ilioaia C, Chaussavoine I, Chmeliov J, Gelzinis A, Frolov D, Valkunas L, Rimsky S, Gall A, Robert B. Functional organization of 3D plant thylakoid membranes as seen by high resolution microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149493. [PMID: 38971351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In the field of photosynthesis, only a limited number of approaches of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy can be used, as the functional architecture of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts is probed through the natural fluorescence of chlorophyll molecules. In this work, we have used a custom-built fluorescence microscopy method called Single Pixel Reconstruction Imaging (SPiRI) that yields a 1.4 gain in lateral and axial resolution relative to confocal fluorescence microscopy, to obtain 2D images and 3D-reconstucted volumes of isolated chloroplasts, obtained from pea (Pisum sativum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Arabidopsis thaliana. In agreement with previous studies, SPiRI images exhibit larger thylakoid grana diameters when extracted from plants under low-light regimes. The three-dimensional thylakoid architecture, revealing the complete network of the thylakoid membrane in intact, non-chemically-fixed chloroplasts can be visualized from the volume reconstructions obtained at high resolution. From such reconstructions, the stromal connections between each granum can be determined and the fluorescence intensity in the stromal lamellae compared to those of neighboring grana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Streckaite
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania
| | - Cristian Ilioaia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Igor Chaussavoine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jevgenij Chmeliov
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania; Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, Vilnius 10222, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Gelzinis
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania; Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, Vilnius 10222, Lithuania
| | - Dmitrij Frolov
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania; Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, Vilnius 10222, Lithuania
| | - Sylvie Rimsky
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR724, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andrew Gall
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Bruno Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilson S, Clarke CD, Carbajal MA, Buccafusca R, Fleck RA, Daskalakis V, Ruban AV. Hydrophobic Mismatch in the Thylakoid Membrane Regulates Photosynthetic Light Harvesting. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14905-14914. [PMID: 38759103 PMCID: PMC11140739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The ability to harvest light effectively in a changing environment is necessary to ensure efficient photosynthesis and crop growth. One mechanism, known as qE, protects photosystem II (PSII) and regulates electron transfer through the harmless dissipation of excess absorbed photons as heat. This process involves reversible clustering of the major light-harvesting complexes of PSII (LHCII) in the thylakoid membrane and relies upon the ΔpH gradient and the allosteric modulator protein PsbS. To date, the exact role of PsbS in the qE mechanism has remained elusive. Here, we show that PsbS induces hydrophobic mismatch in the thylakoid membrane through dynamic rearrangement of lipids around LHCII leading to observed membrane thinning. We found that upon illumination, the thylakoid membrane reversibly shrinks from around 4.3 to 3.2 nm, without PsbS, this response is eliminated. Furthermore, we show that the lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is repelled from the LHCII-PsbS complex due to an increase in both the pKa of lumenal residues and in the dipole moment of LHCII, which allows for further conformational change and clustering in the membrane. Our results suggest a mechanistic role for PsbS as a facilitator of a hydrophobic mismatch-mediated phase transition between LHCII-PsbS and its environment. This could act as the driving force to sort LHCII into photoprotective nanodomains in the thylakoid membrane. This work shows an example of the key role of the hydrophobic mismatch process in regulating membrane protein function in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wilson
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Charlea D. Clarke
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - M. Alejandra Carbajal
- Centre
for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s
College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Buccafusca
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Roland A. Fleck
- Centre
for Ultrastructural Imaging, King’s
College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Vangelis Daskalakis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bos PR, Berentsen J, Wientjes E. Expansion microscopy resolves the thylakoid structure of spinach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:347-358. [PMID: 37792700 PMCID: PMC10756755 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis take place on the thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts. The thylakoid membrane is folded into appressed membranes, the grana, and nonappressed membranes that interconnect the grana, the stroma lamellae. This folding is essential for the correct functioning of photosynthesis. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are commonly used to study the thylakoid membrane, but these techniques have limitations in visualizing a complete chloroplast and its organization. To overcome this limitation, we applied expansion microscopy (ExM) on isolated chloroplasts. ExM is a technique that involves physically expanding a sample in a swellable hydrogel to enhance the spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. Using all-protein staining, we visualized the 3D structure of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) thylakoids in detail. We were able to resolve stroma lamellae that were 60 nm apart and observe their helical wrapping around the grana. Furthermore, we accurately measured the dimensions of grana from top views of chloroplasts, which allow for precise determination of the granum diameter. Our results demonstrate that ExM is a fast and reliable technique for studying thylakoid organization in great detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Bos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
| | - Jarne Berentsen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sławski J, Maciejewski J, Szukiewicz R, Gieczewska K, Grzyb J. Quantum Dots Assembled with Photosynthetic Antennae on a Carbon Nanotube Platform: A Nanohybrid for the Enhancement of Light Energy Harvesting. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41991-42003. [PMID: 37969970 PMCID: PMC10633852 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The construction of artificial systems for solar energy harvesting is still a challenge. There needs to be a light-harvesting antenna with a broad absorption spectrum and then the possibility to transfer harvested energy to the reaction center, converting photons into a storable form of energy. Bioinspired and bioderivative elements may help in achieving this aim. Here, we present an option for light harvesting: a nanobiohybrid of colloidal, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and natural photosynthetic antennae assembled on the surface of a carbon nanotube. For that, we used QDs of cadmium telluride and cyanobacterial phycobilisome rods (PBSr) or light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) of higher plants. For this nanobiohybrid, we confirmed composition and organization using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution confocal microscopy. Then, we proved that within such an assembly, there is a resonance energy transfer from QD to PBSr or LHCII. When such a nanobiohybrid was further combined with thylakoids, the energy was transferred to photosynthetic reaction centers and efficiently powered the photosystem I reaction center. The presented construct is proof of a general concept, combining interacting elements on a platform of a nanotube, allowing further variation within assembled elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sławski
- Department
of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Maciejewski
- Department
of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Szukiewicz
- Faculty
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Wrocław, Maxa Borna
9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department
of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology
and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University
of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Grzyb
- Department
of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Colpo A, Molinari A, Boldrini P, Živčak M, Brestič M, Demaria S, Baldisserotto C, Pancaldi S, Ferroni L. Thylakoid membrane appression in the giant chloroplast of Selaginella martensii Spring: A lycophyte challenges grana paradigms in shade-adapted species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111833. [PMID: 37595894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, the thylakoid architecture is dominated by the highly structured multiple membrane layers known as grana. The structural diversity of the thylakoid system among plant species is mainly determined by the adaptation to the growth light regime, according to a paradigm stating that shade-tolerant species are featured by a high membrane extension with an enhanced number of thylakoid layers per granum. In this study, the thylakoid system was analysed in Selaginella martensii Spring, a shade-adapted rainforest species belonging to lycophytes, a diminutive plant lineage, sister clade of all other vascular plants (euphyllophytes, including ferns and seed plants). The species is characterized by giant cup-shaped chloroplasts in the upper epidermis and, quantitatively less important, disk-shaped chloroplasts in the mesophyll and lower epidermis. The study aimed at the quantitative assessment of the thylakoid appression exploiting a combination of complementary methods, including electron microscopy, selective thylakoid solubilisation, electron paramagnetic resonance, and simultaneous analysis of fast chlorophyll a fluorescence and P700 redox state. With a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 2.6 and PSI/PSII ratio of 0.31, the plant confirmed two typical hallmarks of shade-adaptation. The morphometric analysis of electron micrographs revealed a 33% fraction of non-appressed thylakoid domains. However, contrasting with the structural paradigm of thylakoid shade-adaptation in angiosperms, S. martensii privileges the increase in the granum diameter in place of the increase in the number of layers building the granum. The very wide grana diameter, 727 nm on average, largely overcame the threshold of 500 nm currently hypothesized to allow an effective diffusion of long-range electron carriers. The fraction of non-appressed membranes based on the selective solubilisation of thylakoids with digitonin was 26%, lower than the morphometric determination, indicating the presence of non-appressed domains inaccessible to the detergent, most probably because of the high three-dimensional complexity of the thylakoid system in S. martensii. Particularly, strong irregularity of grana stacks is determined by assembling thylakoid layers of variable width that tend to slide apart from each other as the number of stacked layers increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Colpo
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Molinari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Boldrini
- Center of Electron Microscopy, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marek Živčak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, Nitra, 949 76, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Brestič
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, Nitra, 949 76, Slovak Republic
| | - Sara Demaria
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Costanza Baldisserotto
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Zhou C, Zhao S, Zhang J, Liu X, Sang M, Qin X, Yang Y, Han G, Kuang T, Shen JR, Wang W. Structural and functional properties of different types of siphonous LHCII trimers from an intertidal green alga Bryopsis corticulans. Structure 2023; 31:1247-1258.e3. [PMID: 37633266 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II (LHCIIs) in green algae and plants are vital antenna apparatus for light harvesting, energy transfer, and photoprotection. Here we determined the structure of a siphonous-type LHCII trimer from the intertidal green alga Bryopsis corticulans by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and analyzed its functional properties by spectral analysis. The Bryopsis LHCII (Bry-LHCII) structures in both homotrimeric and heterotrimeric form show that green light-absorbing siphonaxanthin and siphonein occupied the sites of lutein and violaxanthin in plant LHCII, and two extra chlorophylls (Chls) b replaced Chls a. Binding of these pigments expands the blue-green light absorption of B. corticulans in the tidal zone. We observed differences between the Bry-LHCII homotrimer crystal and cryo-EM structures, and also between Bry-LHCII homotrimer and heterotrimer cryo-EM structures. These conformational changes may reflect the flexibility of Bry-LHCII, which may be required to adapt to light fluctuations from tidal rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Zhou
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songhao Zhao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueyang Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Sang
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guangye Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ho J, Kwan W, Li V, Theg SM. Characterization of thylakoid division using chloroplast dividing mutants in Arabidopsis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s11120-023-01002-4. [PMID: 36856939 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are double membrane bound organelles that are found in plants and algae. Their division requires a number of proteins to assemble into rings along the center of the organelle and to constrict in synchrony. Chloroplasts possess a third membrane system, the thylakoids, which house the majority of proteins responsible for the light-dependent reactions. The mechanism that allows chloroplasts to sort out and separate the intricate thylakoid membrane structures during organelle division remain unknown. By characterizing the sizes of thylakoids found in a number of different chloroplast division mutants in Arabidopsis, we show that thylakoids do not divide independently of the chloroplast division cycle. More specifically, we show that thylakoid division requires the formation of both the inner and the outer contractile rings of the chloroplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ho
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Warren Kwan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Vivian Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven M Theg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manoj KM, Gideon DA, Parashar A, Nirusimhan V, Annadurai P, Jacob VD, Manekkathodi A. Validating the predictions of murburn model for oxygenic photosynthesis: Analyses of ligand-binding to protein complexes and cross-system comparisons. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11024-11056. [PMID: 34328391 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1953607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this second half of our treatise on oxygenic photosynthesis, we provide support for the murburn model of the light reaction of photosynthesis and ratify key predictions made in the first part. Molecular docking and visualization of various ligands of quinones/quinols (and their derivatives) with PS II/Cytochrome b6f complexes did not support chartered 2e-transport role of quinols. A broad variety of herbicides did not show any affinity/binding-based rationales for inhibition of photosynthesis. We substantiate the proposal that disubstituted phenolics (perceived as protonophores/uncouplers or affinity-based inhibitors in the classical purview) serve as interfacial modulators of diffusible reactive (oxygen) species or DR(O)S. The DRS-based murburn model is evidenced by the identification of multiple ADP-binding sites on the extra-membraneous projection of protein complexes and structure/distribution of the photo/redox catalysts. With a panoramic comparison of the redox metabolic machinery across diverse organellar/cellular systems, we highlight the ubiquitous one-electron murburn facets (cofactors of porphyrin, flavin, FeS, other metal centers and photo/redox active pigments) that enable a facile harnessing of the utility of DRS. In the summative analyses, it is demonstrated that the murburn model of light reaction explains the structures of membrane supercomplexes recently observed in thylakoids and also accounts for several photodynamic experimental observations and evolutionary considerations. In toto, the work provides a new orientation and impetus to photosynthesis research. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Daniel Andrew Gideon
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Abhinav Parashar
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Vijay Nirusimhan
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Pushparaj Annadurai
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Vivian David Jacob
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Afsal Manekkathodi
- RedOx Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gu L, Grodzinski B, Han J, Marie T, Zhang Y, Song YC, Sun Y. Granal thylakoid structure and function: explaining an enduring mystery of higher plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:319-329. [PMID: 35832001 PMCID: PMC9805053 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, photosystems II and I are found in grana stacks and unstacked stroma lamellae, respectively. To connect them, electron carriers negotiate tortuous multi-media paths and are subject to macromolecular blocking. Why does evolution select an apparently unnecessary, inefficient bipartition? Here we systematically explain this perplexing phenomenon. We propose that grana stacks, acting like bellows in accordions, increase the degree of ultrastructural control on photosynthesis through thylakoid swelling/shrinking induced by osmotic water fluxes. This control coordinates with variations in stomatal conductance and the turgor of guard cells, which act like an accordion's air button. Thylakoid ultrastructural dynamics regulate macromolecular blocking/collision probability, direct diffusional pathlengths, division of function of Cytochrome b6 f complex between linear and cyclic electron transport, luminal pH via osmotic water fluxes, and the separation of pH dynamics between granal and lamellar lumens in response to environmental variations. With the two functionally asymmetrical photosystems located distantly from each other, the ultrastructural control, nonphotochemical quenching, and carbon-reaction feedbacks maximally cooperate to balance electron transport with gas exchange, provide homeostasis in fluctuating light environments, and protect photosystems in drought. Grana stacks represent a dry/high irradiance adaptation of photosynthetic machinery to improve fitness in challenging land environments. Our theory unifies many well-known but seemingly unconnected phenomena of thylakoid structure and function in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Telesphore Marie
- Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
| | | | - Yang C. Song
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kale RS, Seep JL, Sallans L, Frankel LK, Bricker TM. Oxidative modification of LHC II associated with photosystem II and PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:261-274. [PMID: 35179681 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Under aerobic conditions the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by electron transport chains is unavoidable, and occurs in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. In photosynthetic organisms both Photosystem II (PS II) and Photosystem I (PS I), in addition to the cytochrome b6/f complex, are demonstrated sources of ROS. All of these membrane protein complexes exhibit oxidative damage when isolated from field-grown plant material. An additional possible source of ROS in PS I and PS II is the distal, chlorophyll-containing light-harvesting array LHC II, which is present in both photosystems. These serve as possible sources of 1O2 produced by the interaction of 3O2 with 3chl* produced by intersystem crossing. We have hypothesized that amino acid residues close to the sites of ROS generation will be more susceptible to oxidative modification than distant residues. In this study, we have identified oxidized amino acid residues in a subset of the spinach LHC II proteins (Lhcb1 and Lhcb2) that were associated with either PS II membranes (i.e. BBYs) or PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes, both of which were isolated from field-grown spinach. We identified oxidatively modified residues by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Interestingly, two different patterns of oxidative modification were evident for the Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins from these different sources. In the LHC II associated with PS II membranes, oxidized residues were identified to be located on the stromal surface of Lhcb1 and, to a much lesser extent, Lhcb2. Relatively few oxidized residues were identified as buried in the hydrophobic core of these proteins. The LHC II associated with PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes, however, exhibited fewer surface-oxidized residues but, rather a large number of oxidative modifications buried in the hydrophobic core regions of both Lhcb1 and Lhcb2, adjacent to the chlorophyll prosthetic groups. These results appear to indicate that ROS, specifically 1O2, can modify the Lhcb proteins associated with both photosystems and that the LHC II associated with PS II membranes represent a different population from the LHC II associated with PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra S Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jacob L Seep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Larry Sallans
- The Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Laurie K Frankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Terry M Bricker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chang YS, Yang HC, Chao L. Formation of Supported Thylakoid Membrane Bioanodes for Effective Electron Transfer and Stable Photocurrent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22216-22224. [PMID: 35511069 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use light energy to generate photoelectrons traveling through the thylakoid membranes (TMs). Extracting the photoelectrons from the TMs to form bioanodes can have various applications. Most studies focus on modifying the electrode materials to increase the collected photocurrent. Seldom studies have investigated how the orientation of the TMs influences photocurrent collection. In addition, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthesis is a challenge for stable photocurrent generation. Here, we enhanced the photoelectron transfer from the TMs to electrodes by depositing expanded thylakoids as planar supported membranes onto an electrode. The high contact area between the external electrodes and TMs per unit mass of thylakoid allows the thylakoid to more effectively transfer electrons to the electrodes, thereby reducing the free electrons available for the ROS generation. We expanded the naturally stacked thylakoids into liposomes through osmotic pressure and dropcasted them onto an Au electrode. The electrochemical impedance measurement showed that the supported membrane bioanode formed by the expanded liposomes had a lower photoelectron transfer resistance. Additionally, we observed that the expanded TM bioanode provided a higher photocurrent and was more durable to air/water interfacial tension. These results suggest that the effective contact between the expanded TM and electrodes can lead to more efficient electron transfer and increase the system robustness. The photo fuel cell (PFC) made by the expanded TM bioanode had a higher open-circuit voltage than the one made by the stacked TM bioanode. Interestingly, we found that PFCs made of high-load TM bioanodes had fast photocurrent decay under continuous operation at high cell voltages. The poor contact of large numbers of TMs with the electrodes at the high-load TM bioanodes could cause more ROS accumulation and therefore decreased the operational stability, supporting the importance of effective contact between TMs and the electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Cin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ling Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chloroplast Engineering: Fundamental Insights and Its Application in Amelioration of Environmental Stress. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2463-2482. [PMID: 35484466 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are specialized organelle that are responsible for converting light energy to chemical energy, thereby driving the carbon dioxide fixation. Apart from photosynthesis, chloroplast is the site for essential cellular processes that determine the plant adaptation to changing environment. Owing to the presence of their own expression system, it provides an optimum platform for engineering valued traits as well as site for synthesis of bio-compounds. Advancements in technology have further enhanced the scope of using chloroplast as a multifaceted tool for the biotechnologist to develop stress-tolerant plants and ameliorate environmental stress. Focusing on chloroplast biotechnology, this review discusses the advances in chloroplast engineering and its application in enhancing plant adaptation and resistance to environmental stress and the development of new bioproducts and processes. This is accomplished through analysis of its biogenesis and physiological processes, highlighting the chloroplast engineering and recent developments in chloroplast biotechnology. In the first part of the review, the evolution and principles of structural organization and physiology of chloroplast are discussed. In the second part, the chief methods and mechanisms involved in chloroplast transformation are analyzed. The last part represents an updated analysis of the application of chloroplast engineering in crop improvement and bioproduction of industrial and health compounds.
Collapse
|
13
|
Khoshravesh R, Hoffmann N, Hanson DT. Leaf microscopy applications in photosynthesis research: identifying the gaps. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1868-1893. [PMID: 34986250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf imaging via microscopy has provided critical insights into research on photosynthesis at multiple junctures, from the early understanding of the role of stomata, through elucidating C4 photosynthesis via Kranz anatomy and chloroplast arrangement in single cells, to detailed explorations of diffusion pathways and light utilization gradients within leaves. In recent decades, the original two-dimensional (2D) explorations have begun to be visualized in three-dimensional (3D) space, revising our understanding of structure-function relationships between internal leaf anatomy and photosynthesis. In particular, advancing new technologies and analyses are providing fresh insight into the relationship between leaf cellular components and improving the ability to model net carbon fixation, water use efficiency, and metabolite turnover rate in leaves. While ground-breaking developments in imaging tools and techniques have expanded our knowledge of leaf 3D structure via high-resolution 3D and time-series images, there is a growing need for more in vivo imaging as well as metabolite imaging. However, these advances necessitate further improvement in microscopy sciences to overcome the unique challenges a green leaf poses. In this review, we discuss the available tools, techniques, challenges, and gaps for efficient in vivo leaf 3D imaging, as well as innovations to overcome these difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David T Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Weiner E, Pinskey JM, Nicastro D, Otegui MS. Electron microscopy for imaging organelles in plants and algae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:713-725. [PMID: 35235662 PMCID: PMC8825266 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in both instrumentation and image analysis algorithms have allowed three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D-EM) to increase automated image collections through large tissue volumes using serial block-face scanning EM (SEM) and to achieve near-atomic resolution of macromolecular complexes using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and sub-tomogram averaging. In this review, we discuss applications of cryo-ET to cell biology research on plant and algal systems and the special opportunities they offer for understanding the organization of eukaryotic organelles with unprecedently resolution. However, one of the most challenging aspects for cryo-ET is sample preparation, especially for multicellular organisms. We also discuss correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) approaches that have been developed for ET at both room and cryogenic temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Weiner
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, Wisconsin
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, Wisconsin
| | - Justine M Pinskey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, Texas
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, Texas
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, Wisconsin
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mazur R, Mostowska A, Kowalewska Ł. How to Measure Grana - Ultrastructural Features of Thylakoid Membranes of Plant Chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756009. [PMID: 34691132 PMCID: PMC8527009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Granum is a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts. It is composed of multiple flattened membranes forming a stacked arrangement of a cylindrical shape. Grana membranes are composed of lipids and tightly packed pigment-protein complexes whose primary role is the catalysis of photosynthetic light reactions. These membranes are highly dynamic structures capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions by fine-tuning photochemical efficiency, manifested by the structural reorganization of grana stacks. Due to a nanometer length scale of the structural granum features, the application of high-resolution electron microscopic techniques is essential for a detailed analysis of the granum architecture. This mini-review overviews recent approaches to quantitative grana structure analyses from electron microscopy data, highlighting the basic manual measurements and semi-automated workflows. We outline and define structural parameters used by different authors, for instance, granum height and diameter, thylakoid thickness, end-membrane length, Stacking Repeat Distance, and Granum Lateral Irregularity. This article also presents insights into efficient and effective measurements of grana stacks visualized on 2D micrographs. The information on how to correctly interpret obtained data, taking into account the 3D nature of grana stacks projected onto 2D space of electron micrograph, is also given. Grana ultrastructural observations reveal key features of this intriguing membrane arrangement, broadening our knowledge of the thylakoid network's remarkable plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dlouhý O, Karlický V, Arshad R, Zsiros O, Domonkos I, Kurasová I, Wacha AF, Morosinotto T, Bóta A, Kouřil R, Špunda V, Garab G. Lipid Polymorphism of the Subchloroplast-Granum and Stroma Thylakoid Membrane-Particles. II. Structure and Functions. Cells 2021; 10:2363. [PMID: 34572012 PMCID: PMC8472583 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Part I, by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy, we have shown that isolated granum and stroma thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to the bilayer, display two isotropic phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase; saturation transfer experiments and selective effects of lipase and thermal treatments have shown that these phases arise from distinct, yet interconnectable structural entities. To obtain information on the functional roles and origin of the different lipid phases, here we performed spectroscopic measurements and inspected the ultrastructure of these TM fragments. Circular dichroism, 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and variable chlorophyll-a fluorescence measurements revealed only minor lipase- or thermally induced changes in the photosynthetic machinery. Electrochromic absorbance transients showed that the TM fragments were re-sealed, and the vesicles largely retained their impermeabilities after lipase treatments-in line with the low susceptibility of the bilayer against the same treatment, as reflected by our 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Signatures of HII-phase could not be discerned with small-angle X-ray scattering-but traces of HII structures, without long-range order, were found by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FF-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (CET). EM and CET images also revealed the presence of small vesicles and fusion of membrane particles, which might account for one of the isotropic phases. Interaction of VDE (violaxanthin de-epoxidase, detected by Western blot technique in both membrane fragments) with TM lipids might account for the other isotropic phase. In general, non-bilayer lipids are proposed to play role in the self-assembly of the highly organized yet dynamic TM network in chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Dlouhý
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
| | - Václav Karlický
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.A.); (R.K.)
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ottó Zsiros
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| | - Irena Kurasová
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - András F. Wacha
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.W.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Attila Bóta
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Győző Garab
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li C, Liu Y, Liu X, Mai KKK, Li J, Guo X, Zhang C, Li H, Kang BH, Hwang I, Lu H. Chloroplast thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase PtotAPX plays a key role in chloroplast development by decreasing hydrogen peroxide in Populus tomentosa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4333-4354. [PMID: 33884422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development is a complex process that is critical to the growth and development of plants. However, the detailed mechanism of chloroplast development in woody plants remains unclear. In this study, we showed that chloroplasts with elaborate thylakoids could develop from proplastids in the cells of calli derived from leaf tissues of Populus tomentosa upon exposure to light. Chloroplast development was confirmed at the molecular and cellular levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to photoreceptors and photosynthesis were significantly up-regulated during chloroplast development in a time-dependent manner. In light-induced chloroplast development, a key process was the removal of hydrogen peroxide, in which thylakoid-localized PtotAPX played a major role; light-induced chloroplast development was enhanced in PtotAPX-overexpressing transgenic P. tomentosa callus with lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, but was suppressed in PtotAPX antisense transgenic callus with higher levels of hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the suppression of light-induced chloroplast development in PtotAPX antisense transgenic callus was relieved by the exogenous reactive oxygen species scavenging agent N,N'-dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Based on these results, we propose that PtotAPX-mediated removal of reactive oxygen species plays a key role in chloroplast development from proplastids upon exposure to light in P. tomentosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiatong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Keith Ka Ki Mai
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hai Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jakubauskas D, Mortensen K, Jensen PE, Kirkensgaard JJK. Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering on Photosynthetic Membranes. Front Chem 2021; 9:631370. [PMID: 33954157 PMCID: PMC8090863 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.631370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural membrane arrangements in living cells and their dynamic remodeling in response to environmental changes remain an area of active research but are also subject to large uncertainty. The use of noninvasive methods such as X-ray and neutron scattering provides an attractive complimentary source of information to direct imaging because in vivo systems can be probed in near-natural conditions. However, without solid underlying structural modeling to properly interpret the indirect information extracted, scattering provides at best qualitative information and at worst direct misinterpretations. Here we review the current state of small-angle scattering applied to photosynthetic membrane systems with particular focus on data interpretation and modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dainius Jakubauskas
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kell Mortensen
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob J. K. Kirkensgaard
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kössler S, Armarego-Marriott T, Tarkowská D, Turečková V, Agrawal S, Mi J, de Souza LP, Schöttler MA, Schadach A, Fröhlich A, Bock R, Al-Babili S, Ruf S, Sampathkumar A, Moreno JC. Lycopene β-cyclase expression influences plant physiology, development, and metabolism in tobacco plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2544-2569. [PMID: 33484250 PMCID: PMC8006556 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important isoprenoids produced in the plastids of photosynthetic organisms that play key roles in photoprotection and antioxidative processes. β-Carotene is generated from lycopene by lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB). Previously, we demonstrated that the introduction of the Daucus carota (carrot) DcLCYB1 gene into tobacco (cv. Xanthi) resulted in increased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and especially gibberellins (GAs), resulting in increased plant yield. In order to understand this phenomenon prior to exporting this genetic strategy to crops, we generated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana) mutants that exhibited a wide range of LCYB expression. Transplastomic plants expressing DcLCYB1 at high levels showed a wild-type-like growth, even though their pigment content was increased and their leaf GA1 content was reduced. RNA interference (RNAi) NtLCYB lines showed different reductions in NtLCYB transcript abundance, correlating with reduced pigment content and plant variegation. Photosynthesis (leaf absorptance, Fv/Fm, and light-saturated capacity of linear electron transport) and plant growth were impaired. Remarkably, drastic changes in phytohormone content also occurred in the RNAi lines. However, external application of phytohormones was not sufficient to rescue these phenotypes, suggesting that altered photosynthetic efficiency might be another important factor explaining their reduced biomass. These results show that LCYB expression influences plant biomass by different mechanisms and suggests thresholds for LCYB expression levels that might be beneficial or detrimental for plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kössler
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tegan Armarego-Marriott
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jianing Mi
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anne Schadach
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anja Fröhlich
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Juan C Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Müh F, van Oort B, Puthiyaveetil S, Kirchhoff H. Reply to: Is the debate over grana stacking formation finally solved? NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:279-281. [PMID: 33707740 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müh
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
| | - Bart van Oort
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pipitone R, Eicke S, Pfister B, Glauser G, Falconet D, Uwizeye C, Pralon T, Zeeman SC, Kessler F, Demarsy E. A multifaceted analysis reveals two distinct phases of chloroplast biogenesis during de-etiolation in Arabidopsis. eLife 2021; 10:e62709. [PMID: 33629953 PMCID: PMC7906606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light triggers chloroplast differentiation whereby the etioplast transforms into a photosynthesizing chloroplast and the thylakoid rapidly emerges. However, the sequence of events during chloroplast differentiation remains poorly understood. Using Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM), we generated a series of chloroplast 3D reconstructions during differentiation, revealing chloroplast number and volume and the extent of envelope and thylakoid membrane surfaces. Furthermore, we used quantitative lipid and whole proteome data to complement the (ultra)structural data, providing a time-resolved, multi-dimensional description of chloroplast differentiation. This showed two distinct phases of chloroplast biogenesis: an initial photosynthesis-enabling 'Structure Establishment Phase' followed by a 'Chloroplast Proliferation Phase' during cell expansion. Moreover, these data detail thylakoid membrane expansion during de-etiolation at the seedling level and the relative contribution and differential regulation of proteins and lipids at each developmental stage. Altogether, we establish a roadmap for chloroplast differentiation, a critical process for plant photoautotrophic growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pipitone
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Denis Falconet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCVGrenobleFrance
| | - Clarisse Uwizeye
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCVGrenobleFrance
| | - Thibaut Pralon
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Felix Kessler
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morphological bases of phytoplankton energy management and physiological responses unveiled by 3D subcellular imaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1049. [PMID: 33594064 PMCID: PMC7886885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic phytoplankton have a small global biomass but play major roles in primary production and climate. Despite improved understanding of phytoplankton diversity and evolution, we largely ignore the cellular bases of their environmental plasticity. By comparative 3D morphometric analysis across seven distant phytoplankton taxa, we observe constant volume occupancy by the main organelles and preserved volumetric ratios between plastids and mitochondria. We hypothesise that phytoplankton subcellular topology is modulated by energy-management constraints. Consistent with this, shifting the diatom Phaeodactylum from low to high light enhances photosynthesis and respiration, increases cell-volume occupancy by mitochondria and the plastid CO2-fixing pyrenoid, and boosts plastid-mitochondria contacts. Changes in organelle architectures and interactions also accompany Nannochloropsis acclimation to different trophic lifestyles, along with respiratory and photosynthetic responses. By revealing evolutionarily-conserved topologies of energy-managing organelles, and their role in phytoplankton acclimation, this work deciphers phytoplankton responses at subcellular scales.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rantala M, Rantala S, Aro EM. Composition, phosphorylation and dynamic organization of photosynthetic protein complexes in plant thylakoid membrane. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:604-619. [PMID: 32297616 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The photosystems (PS), catalyzing the photosynthetic reactions of higher plants, are unevenly distributed in the thylakoid membrane: PSII, together with its light harvesting complex (LHC)II, is enriched in the appressed grana stacks, while PSI-LHCI resides in the non-appressed stroma thylakoids, which wind around the grana stacks. The two photosystems interact in a third membrane domain, the grana margins, which connect the grana and stroma thylakoids and allow the loosely bound LHCII to serve as an additional antenna for PSI. The light harvesting is balanced by reversible phosphorylation of LHCII proteins. Nevertheless, light energy also damages PSII and the repair process is regulated by reversible phosphorylation of PSII core proteins. Here, we discuss the detailed composition and organization of PSII-LHCII and PSI-LHCI (super)complexes in the thylakoid membrane of angiosperm chloroplasts and address the role of thylakoid protein phosphorylation in dynamics of the entire protein complex network of the photosynthetic membrane. Finally, we scrutinize the phosphorylation-dependent dynamics of the protein complexes in context of thylakoid ultrastructure and present a model on the reorganization of the entire thylakoid network in response to changes in thylakoid protein phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Rantala
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Rantala
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grinzato A, Albanese P, Marotta R, Swuec P, Saracco G, Bolognesi M, Zanotti G, Pagliano C. High-Light versus Low-Light: Effects on Paired Photosystem II Supercomplex Structural Rearrangement in Pea Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8643. [PMID: 33207833 PMCID: PMC7698171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant grana thylakoid membranes Photosystem II (PSII) associates with a variable number of antenna proteins (LHCII) to form different types of supercomplexes (PSII-LHCII), whose organization is dynamically adjusted in response to light cues, with the C2S2 more abundant in high-light and the C2S2M2 in low-light. Paired PSII-LHCII supercomplexes interacting at their stromal surface from adjacent thylakoid membranes were previously suggested to mediate grana stacking. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy maps of paired C2S2 and C2S2M2 supercomplexes isolated from pea plants grown in high-light and low-light, respectively. These maps show a different rotational offset between the two supercomplexes in the pair, responsible for modifying their reciprocal interaction and energetic connectivity. This evidence reveals a different way by which paired PSII-LHCII supercomplexes can mediate grana stacking at diverse irradiances. Electrostatic stromal interactions between LHCII trimers almost completely overlapping in the paired C2S2 can be the main determinant by which PSII-LHCII supercomplexes mediate grana stacking in plants grown in high-light, whereas the mutual interaction of stromal N-terminal loops of two facing Lhcb4 subunits in the paired C2S2M2 can fulfil this task in plants grown in low-light. The high-light induced accumulation of the Lhcb4.3 protein in PSII-LHCII supercomplexes has been previously reported. Our cryo-electron microscopy map at 3.8 Å resolution of the C2S2 supercomplex isolated from plants grown in high-light suggests the presence of the Lhcb4.3 protein revealing peculiar structural features of this high-light-specific antenna important for photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grinzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Pascal Albanese
- Applied Science and Technology Department–BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Environment Park, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (P.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Center for Convergent Technologies, Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia—IIT, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Paolo Swuec
- Department of BioSciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (P.S.); (M.B.)
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, Human Technopole, Via Cristina Belgioioso 171, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Saracco
- Applied Science and Technology Department–BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Environment Park, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (P.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of BioSciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (P.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department–BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Environment Park, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (P.A.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li M, Mukhopadhyay R, Svoboda V, Oung HMO, Mullendore DL, Kirchhoff H. Measuring the dynamic response of the thylakoid architecture in plant leaves by electron microscopy. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00280. [PMID: 33195966 PMCID: PMC7644818 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The performance of the photosynthesis machinery in plants, including light harvesting, electron transport, and protein repair, is controlled by structural changes in the thylakoid membrane system inside the chloroplasts. In particular, the structure of the stacked grana area of thylakoid membranes is highly dynamic, changing in response to different environmental cues such as light intensity. For example, the aqueous thylakoid lumen enclosed by thylakoid membranes in grana has been documented to swell in the presence of light. However, light-induced alteration of the stromal gap in the stacked grana (partition gap) and of the unstacked stroma lamellae has not been well characterized. Light-induced changes in the entire thylakoid membrane system, including the lumen in both stacked and unstacked domains as well as the partition gap, are presented here, and the functional implications are discussed. This structural analysis was made possible by development of a robust semi-automated image analysis method combined with optimized plant tissue fixation techniques for transmission electron microscopy generating quantitative structural results for the analysis of thylakoid ultrastructure. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A methodical pipeline ranging from optimized leaf tissue preparation for electron microscopy to quantitative image analysis was established. This methodical development was employed to study details of light-induced changes in the plant thylakoid ultrastructure. It was found that the lumen of the entire thylakoid system (stacked and unstacked domains) undergoes light-induced swelling, whereas adjacent membranes on the stroma side in stacked grana thylakoid approach each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Institute of Biological ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
- Present address:
School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Roma Mukhopadhyay
- Institute of Biological ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Václav Svoboda
- Institute of Biological ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | | | | | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aliyeva NK, Aliyeva DR, Suleymanov SY, Rzayev FH, Gasimov EK, Huseynova IM. Biochemical properties and ultrastructure of mesophyll and bundle sheath thylakoids from maize (Zea mays) chloroplasts. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:970-976. [PMID: 32574552 DOI: 10.1071/fp20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of C4 plants is the differentiation of the photosynthetic leaf tissues into two distinct cell types: mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We have investigated several biochemical parameters, including pigment composition, polypeptide patterns, fluorescence at 77K, the activity of photosystems and ultrastructure of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. It is shown that the BS chloroplasts have ~2-fold higher chlorophyll a/b ratio than M chloroplasts, 6.15 and 3.12 respectively. The PSI apoprotein (68 kDa) was more abundant in BS than in M thylakoids. Polypeptides belonging to PSII core antenna, are in similar amounts in both types of membranes, but the 45kDa band is more intensive in M thylakoids. Polypeptides in the region of 28-24 kDa of the light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII) are also present in both types of chloroplasts, though their amounts are reduced in BS thylakoids. The chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra in M cells showed the presence of three bands at 686, 695 and 735 nm characteristics of LHCII, PSII core and PSI complexes, respectively. However, in the fluorescence spectrum of agranal plastids, there are almost traces of the band at 695 nm, which belongs to the PSII core complex. The research results revealed that the photochemical activity of PSII in BS chloroplasts is ~5 times less than in the chloroplasts of M cells. The highest PSI activity was found in maize BS chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahida K Aliyeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev Str, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan
| | - Durna R Aliyeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev Str, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan
| | - Saftar Y Suleymanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev Str, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan
| | - Fuad H Rzayev
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy of the SRC of Azerbaijan Medical University, 163 A Samad Vurgun, Baku AZ1078, Azerbaijan
| | - Eldar K Gasimov
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytology, Azerbaijan Medical University, 163 A Samad Vurgun, Baku AZ1078, Azerbaijan
| | - Irada M Huseynova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev Str, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan; and Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Staehelin LA, Paolillo DJ. A brief history of how microscopic studies led to the elucidation of the 3D architecture and macromolecular organization of higher plant thylakoids. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:237-258. [PMID: 33017036 PMCID: PMC7541383 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic studies of chloroplasts can be traced back to the year 1678 when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek reported to the Royal Society in London that he saw green globules in grass leaf cells with his single-lens microscope. Since then, microscopic studies have continued to contribute critical insights into the complex architecture of chloroplast membranes and how their structure relates to function. This review is organized into three chronological sections: During the classic light microscope period (1678-1940), the development of improved microscopes led to the identification of green grana, a colorless stroma, and a membrane envelope. More recent (1990-2020) chloroplast dynamic studies have benefited from laser confocal and 3D-structured illumination microscopy. The development of the transmission electron microscope (1940-2000) and thin sectioning techniques demonstrated that grana consist of stacks of closely appressed grana thylakoids interconnected by non-appressed stroma thylakoids. When the stroma thylakoids were shown to spiral around the grana stacks as multiple right-handed helices, it was confirmed that the membranes of a chloroplast are all interconnected. Freeze-fracture and freeze-etch methods verified the helical nature of the stroma thylakoids, while also providing precise information on how the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes are non-randomly distributed between grana and stroma membrane regions. The last section (2000-2020) focuses on the most recent discoveries made possible by atomic force microscopy of hydrated membranes, and electron tomography and cryo-electron tomography of cryofixed thylakoids. These investigations have provided novel insights into thylakoid architecture and plastoglobules (summarized in a new thylakoid model), while also producing molecular-scale views of grana and stroma thylakoids in which individual functional complexes can be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Andrew Staehelin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, UCB 347, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0347, USA.
| | - Dominick J Paolillo
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wilhelm C, Goss R, Garab G. The fluid-mosaic membrane theory in the context of photosynthetic membranes: Is the thylakoid membrane more like a mixed crystal or like a fluid? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153246. [PMID: 32777580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the fluid-mosaic membrane theory by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 generations of scientists have adopted this fascinating concept for all biological membranes. Assuming the membrane as a fluid implies that the components embedded in the lipid bilayer can freely diffuse like swimmers in a water body. During the detailed biochemical analysis of the thylakoid protein components of chloroplasts from higher plants and algae, in the '80 s and '90 s it became clear that photosynthetic membranes are not homogeneous either in the vertical or the lateral directions. The lateral heterogeneity became obvious by the differentiation of grana and stroma thylakoids, but also the margins have been identified with a highly specific protein pattern. Further refinement of the fluid mosaic model was needed to take into account the presence of non-bilayer lipids, which are the most abundant lipids in all energy-converting membranes, and the polymorphism of lipid phases, which has also been documented in thylakoid membranes. These observations lead to the question, how mobile the components are in the lipid phase and how this ordering is made and maintained and how these features might be correlated with the non-bilayer propensity of the membrane lipids. Assuming instead of free diffusion, a "controlled neighborhood" replaced the model of fluidity by the model of a "mixed crystal structure". In this review we describe why basic photosynthetic regulation mechanisms depend on arrays of crystal-like lipid-protein macro-assemblies. The mechanisms which define the ordering in macrodomains are still not completely clear, but some recent experiments give an idea how this fascinating order is produced, adopted and maintained. We use the operation of the xanthophyll cycle as a rather well understood model challenging and complementing the standard Singer-Nicolson model via assigning special roles to non-bilayer lipids and non-lamellar lipid phases in the structure and function of thylakoid membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wilhelm
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, SenProf Algal Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04315, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reimund Goss
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gyözö Garab
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári körút 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; University of Ostrava, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chittussiho 10, CZ-710 00, Ostrava, Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang Q, Fan H, Zhang L, Jin Z. Nanodiscs Generated from the Solvent Exchange of a Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuya Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ptushenko VV. Electric Cables of Living Cells. I. Energy Transfer along Coupling Membranes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:820-832. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629792007010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Plastocyanin is the long-range electron carrier between photosystem II and photosystem I in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15354-15362. [PMID: 32541018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005832117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthetic electron transport, large multiprotein complexes are connected by small diffusible electron carriers, the mobility of which is challenged by macromolecular crowding. For thylakoid membranes of higher plants, a long-standing question has been which of the two mobile electron carriers, plastoquinone or plastocyanin, mediates electron transport from stacked grana thylakoids where photosystem II (PSII) is localized to distant unstacked regions of the thylakoids that harbor PSI. Here, we confirm that plastocyanin is the long-range electron carrier by employing mutants with different grana diameters. Furthermore, our results explain why higher plants have a narrow range of grana diameters since a larger diffusion distance for plastocyanin would jeopardize the efficiency of electron transport. In the light of recent findings that the lumen of thylakoids, which forms the diffusion space of plastocyanin, undergoes dynamic swelling/shrinkage, this study demonstrates that plastocyanin diffusion is a crucial regulatory element of plant photosynthetic electron transport.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wood WHJ, Johnson MP. Modeling the Role of LHCII-LHCII, PSII-LHCII, and PSI-LHCII Interactions in State Transitions. Biophys J 2020; 119:287-299. [PMID: 32621865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the plant chloroplast thylakoid membrane, a complex three-dimensional structure divided into the stacked grana and unstacked stromal lamellae domains. Plants regulate the macro-organization of photosynthetic complexes within the thylakoid membrane to adapt to changing environmental conditions and avoid oxidative stress. One such mechanism is the state transition that regulates photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transfer. State transitions are driven by changes in the phosphorylation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII), which cause a decrease in grana diameter and stacking, a decrease in energetic connectivity between photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers, and an increase in the relative LHCII antenna size of photosystem I (PSI) compared to PSII. Phosphorylation is believed to drive these changes by weakening the intramembrane lateral PSII-LHCII and LHCII-LHCII interactions and the intermembrane stacking interactions between these complexes, while simultaneously increasing the affinity of LHCII for PSI. We investigated the relative roles and contributions of these three types of interaction to state transitions using a lattice-based model of the thylakoid membrane based on existing structural data, developing a novel algorithm to simulate protein complex dynamics. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that state transitions are unlikely to lead to a large-scale migration of LHCII from the grana to the stromal lamellae. Instead, the increased light harvesting capacity of PSI is largely due to the more efficient recruitment of LHCII already residing in the stromal lamellae into PSI-LHCII supercomplexes upon its phosphorylation. Likewise, the increased light harvesting capacity of PSII upon dephosphorylation was found to be driven by a more efficient recruitment of LHCII already residing in the grana into functional PSII-LHCII clusters, primarily driven by lateral interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H J Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yoneda T, Tanimoto Y, Takagi D, Morigaki K. Photosynthetic Model Membranes of Natural Plant Thylakoid Embedded in a Patterned Polymeric Lipid Bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5863-5871. [PMID: 32390435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are the powerhouse of photosynthesis, capturing solar energy and converting it into chemical energy. Although their structures and functions have been extensively studied, the intrinsically heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the membrane structures is still not fully understood. Investigating native thylakoid membranes in vivo is difficult due to their small size and limited external access to the chloroplast interior, while the bottom-up approaches based on model systems have been hampered by the sheer complexity of the native membrane. Here, we try to fill the gap by reconstituting the whole thylakoid membrane into a patterned substrate-supported planer bilayer. A mixture of thylakoid membrane purified from spinach leaves and synthetic phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) vesicles spontaneously formed a laterally continuous and fluid two-dimensional (2D) membrane in the scaffold of the patterned polymeric bilayer. Chlorophyll fluorescence arising from photosystem II (PSII) recovered after photobleaching, suggesting that the membrane components are laterally mobile. The reversible changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in the presence of the electron acceptors and/or inhibitors indicated that the electron transfer activity of PSII was retained. Furthermore, we confirmed the electron transfer activity of photosystem I (PSI) by observing the generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in the presence of water-soluble ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. The lateral mobility of membrane-bound molecules and the functional reconstitution of major photosystems provide evidence that our hybrid thylakoid membranes could be an excellent experimental platform to study the 2D molecular organization and machinery of photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Yoneda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takagi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aranaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kenichi Morigaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Onoa B, Fukuda S, Iwai M, Bustamante C, Niyogi KK. Atomic Force Microscopy Visualizes Mobility of Photosynthetic Proteins in Grana Thylakoid Membranes. Biophys J 2020; 118:1876-1886. [PMID: 32224302 PMCID: PMC7175462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts contain photosynthetic protein complexes that convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthetic protein complexes are considered to undergo structural reorganization to maintain the efficiency of photochemical reactions. A detailed description of the mobility of photosynthetic complexes in real time is necessary to understand how macromolecular organization of the membrane is altered by environmental fluctuations. Here, we used high-speed atomic force microscopy to visualize and characterize the in situ mobility of individual protein complexes in grana thylakoid membranes isolated from Spinacia oleracea. Our observations reveal that these membranes can harbor complexes with at least two distinctive classes of mobility. A large fraction of grana membranes contained proteins with quasistatic mobility exhibiting molecular displacements smaller than 10 nm2. In the remaining fraction, the protein mobility is variable with molecular displacements of up to 100 nm2. This visualization at high spatiotemporal resolution enabled us to estimate an average diffusion coefficient of ∼1 nm2 s-1. Interestingly, both confined and Brownian diffusion models could describe the protein mobility of the second group of membranes. We also provide the first direct evidence, to our knowledge, of rotational diffusion of photosynthetic complexes. The rotational diffusion of photosynthetic complexes could be an adaptive response to the high protein density in the membrane to guarantee the efficiency of electron transfer reactions. This characterization of the mobility of individual photosynthetic complexes in grana membranes establishes a foundation that could be adapted to study the dynamics of the complexes inside intact and photosynthetically functional thylakoid membranes to be able to understand its structural responses to diverse environmental fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Onoa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California.
| | - Shingo Fukuda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Masakazu Iwai
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Jason L. Choy Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California; Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wietrzynski W, Schaffer M, Tegunov D, Albert S, Kanazawa A, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W, Engel BD. Charting the native architecture of Chlamydomonas thylakoid membranes with single-molecule precision. eLife 2020; 9:53740. [PMID: 32297859 PMCID: PMC7164959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes scaffold an assortment of large protein complexes that work together to harness the energy of light. It has been a longstanding challenge to visualize how the intricate thylakoid network organizes these protein complexes to finely tune the photosynthetic reactions. Previously, we used in situ cryo-electron tomography to reveal the native architecture of thylakoid membranes (Engel et al., 2015). Here, we leverage technical advances to resolve the individual protein complexes within these membranes. Combined with a new method to visualize membrane surface topology, we map the molecular landscapes of thylakoid membranes inside green algae cells. Our tomograms provide insights into the molecular forces that drive thylakoid stacking and reveal that photosystems I and II are strictly segregated at the borders between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. This new approach to charting thylakoid topology lays the foundation for dissecting photosynthetic regulation at the level of single protein complexes within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wietrzynski
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dimitry Tegunov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahradha Albert
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Atsuko Kanazawa
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mai KKK, Gao P, Kang BH. Electron Microscopy Views of Dimorphic Chloroplasts in C4 Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1020. [PMID: 32719711 PMCID: PMC7350421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants enhance photosynthesis efficiency by concentrating CO2 to the site of Rubisco action. Chloroplasts in C4 plants exhibit structural dimorphism because thylakoid architectures vary depending on energy requirements. Advances in electron microscopy imaging capacity and sample preparation technologies allowed characterization of thylakoid structures and their macromolecular arrangements with unprecedented precision mostly in C3 plants. The thylakoid is assembled during chloroplast biogenesis through collaboration between the plastid and nuclear genomes. Recently, the membrane dynamics involved in the assembly process has been investigated with 3D electron microscopy, and molecular factors required for thylakoid construction have been characterized. The two classes of chloroplasts in C4 plants arise from common precursors, but little is known about how a single type of chloroplasts grow, divide, and differentiate to mature into distinct chloroplasts. Here, we outline the thylakoid structure and its assembly processes in C3 plants to discuss ultrastructural analyses of dimorphic chloroplast biogenesis in C4 plant species. Future directions for electron microscopy research of C4 photosynthetic systems are also proposed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zsiros O, Ünnep R, Nagy G, Almásy L, Patai R, Székely NK, Kohlbrecher J, Garab G, Dér A, Kovács L. Role of Protein-Water Interface in the Stacking Interactions of Granum Thylakoid Membranes-As Revealed by the Effects of Hofmeister Salts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1257. [PMID: 32922427 PMCID: PMC7456932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid membranes of vascular plants are differentiated into stacked granum and unstacked stroma regions. The formation of grana is triggered by the macrodomain formation of photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II (PSII-LHCII) and thus their lateral segregation from the photosystem I-light-harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) super-complexes and the ATP-synthase; which is then stabilized by stacking interactions of the adjacent PSII-LHCII enriched regions of the thylakoid membranes. The self-assembly and dynamics of this highly organized membrane system and the nature of forces acting between the PSII-LHCII macrodomains are not well understood. By using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we investigated the effects of Hofmeister salts on the organization of pigment-protein complexes and on the ultrastructure of thylakoid membranes. We found that the kosmotropic agent (NH4)2SO4 and the Hofmeister-neutral NaCl, up to 2 M concentrations, hardly affected the macro-organization of the protein complexes and the membrane ultrastructure. In contrast, chaotropic salts, NaClO4, and NaSCN destroyed the mesoscopic structures, the multilamellar organization of the thylakoid membranes and the chiral macrodomains of the protein complexes but without noticeably affecting the short-range, pigment-pigment excitonic interactions. Comparison of the concentration- and time-dependences of SANS, TEM and CD parameters revealed the main steps of the disassembly of grana in the presence of chaotropes. It begins with a rapid diminishment of the long-range periodic order of the grana membranes, apparently due to an increased stacking disorder of the thylakoid membranes, as reflected by SANS experiments. SANS measurements also allowed discrimination between the cationic and anionic effects-in stacking and disorder, respectively. This step is followed by a somewhat slower disorganization of the TEM ultrastructure, due to the gradual loss of stacked membrane pairs. Occurring last is the stepwise decrease and disappearance of the long-range chiral order of the protein complexes, the rate of which was faster in LHCII-deficient membranes. These data are interpreted in terms of a theory, from our laboratory, according to which Hofmeister salts primarily affect the hydrophylic-hydrophobic interactions of proteins, and the stroma-exposed regions of the intrinsic membrane proteins, in particular-pointing to the role of protein-water interface in the stacking interactions of granum thylakoid membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ottó Zsiros
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Ünnep
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - László Almásy
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roland Patai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi K. Székely
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at MLZ, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Győző Garab, ; András Dér, ; László Kovács,
| | - András Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Győző Garab, ; András Dér, ; László Kovács,
| | - László Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Győző Garab, ; András Dér, ; László Kovács,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mai KKK, Yeung WT, Han SY, Cai X, Hwang I, Kang BH. Electron Tomography Analysis of Thylakoid Assembly and Fission in Chloroplasts of a Single-Cell C4 plant, Bienertia sinuspersici. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19640. [PMID: 31873131 PMCID: PMC6927967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bienertia sinuspersici is a single-cell C4 plant species of which chlorenchyma cells have two distinct groups of chloroplasts spatially segregated in the cytoplasm. The central vacuole encloses most chloroplasts at the cell center and confines the rest of the chloroplasts near the plasma membrane. Young chlorenchyma cells, however, do not have large vacuoles and their chloroplasts are homogenous. Therefore, maturing Bienertia chlorenchyma cells provide a unique opportunity to investigate chloroplast proliferation in the central cluster and the remodeling of chloroplasts that have been displaced by the vacuole to the cell periphery. Chloroplast numbers and sizes increased, more notably, during later stages of maturation than the early stages. Electron tomography analyses indicated that chloroplast enlargement is sustained by thylakoid growth and that invaginations from the inner envelope membrane contributed to thylakoid assembly. Grana stacks acquired more layers, differentiating them from stroma thylakoids as central chloroplasts matured. In peripheral chloroplasts, however, grana stacks stretched out to a degree that the distinction between grana stacks and stroma thylakoids was obscured. In central chloroplasts undergoing division, thylakoids inside the cleavage furrow were kinked and severed. Grana stacks in the division zone were disrupted, and large complexes in their membranes were dislocated, suggesting the existence of a thylakoid fission machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ka Ki Mai
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Tsun Yeung
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sang-Yun Han
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Xiaohao Cai
- Mullard Space Science laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhu D, Zhang M, Gao C, Shen J. Protein trafficking in plant cells: Tools and markers. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:343-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
41
|
Nymark M, Volpe C, Hafskjold MCG, Kirst H, Serif M, Vadstein O, Bones AM, Melis A, Winge P. Loss of ALBINO3b Insertase Results in Truncated Light-Harvesting Antenna in Diatoms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1257-1276. [PMID: 31467163 PMCID: PMC6836812 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The family of chloroplast ALBINO3 (ALB3) proteins function in the insertion and assembly of thylakoid membrane protein complexes. Loss of ALB3b in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum leads to a striking change of cell color from the normal brown to green. A 75% decrease of the main fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins was identified in the alb3b strains as the cause of changes in the spectral properties of the mutant cells. The alb3b lines exhibit a truncated light-harvesting antenna phenotype with reduced amounts of light-harvesting pigments and require a higher light intensity for saturation of photosynthesis. Accumulation of photoprotective pigments and light-harvesting complex stress-related proteins was not negatively affected in the mutant strains, but still the capacity for nonphotochemical quenching was lower compared with the wild type. In plants and green algae, ALB3 proteins interact with members of the chloroplast signal recognition particle pathway through a Lys-rich C-terminal domain. A novel conserved C-terminal domain was identified in diatoms and other stramenopiles, questioning if ALB3b proteins have the same interaction partners as their plant/green algae homologs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Nymark
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Charlotte Volpe
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Henning Kirst
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Manuel Serif
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle Magnar Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bussi Y, Shimoni E, Weiner A, Kapon R, Charuvi D, Nevo R, Efrati E, Reich Z. Fundamental helical geometry consolidates the plant photosynthetic membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22366-22375. [PMID: 31611387 PMCID: PMC6825288 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905994116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant photosynthetic (thylakoid) membranes are organized into complex networks that are differentiated into 2 distinct morphological and functional domains called grana and stroma lamellae. How the 2 domains join to form a continuous lamellar system has been the subject of numerous studies since the mid-1950s. Using different electron tomography techniques, we found that the grana and stroma lamellae are connected by an array of pitch-balanced right- and left-handed helical membrane surfaces of different radii and pitch. Consistent with theoretical predictions, this arrangement is shown to minimize the surface and bending energies of the membranes. Related configurations were proposed to be present in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in dense nuclear matter phases theorized to exist in neutron star crusts, where the right- and left-handed helical elements differ only in their handedness. Pitch-balanced helical elements of alternating handedness may thus constitute a fundamental geometry for the efficient packing of connected layers or sheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Bussi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Allon Weiner
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ruti Kapon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Charuvi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Center, 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efi Efrati
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Reich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Macroorganisation and flexibility of thylakoid membranes. Biochem J 2019; 476:2981-3018. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis are hosted and regulated by the chloroplast thylakoid membrane (TM) — the central structural component of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrangement of the lipid–protein assemblies, aka macroorganisation, and its dynamic responses to the fluctuating physiological environment, aka flexibility, are the subject of this review. An emphasis is given on the information obtainable by spectroscopic approaches, especially circular dichroism (CD). We briefly summarise the current knowledge of the composition and three-dimensional architecture of the granal TMs in plants and the supramolecular organisation of Photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II therein. We next acquaint the non-specialist reader with the fundamentals of CD spectroscopy, recent advances such as anisotropic CD, and applications for studying the structure and macroorganisation of photosynthetic complexes and membranes. Special attention is given to the structural and functional flexibility of light-harvesting complex II in vitro as revealed by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. We give an account of the dynamic changes in membrane macroorganisation associated with the light-adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the regulation of the excitation energy flow by state transitions and non-photochemical quenching.
Collapse
|
44
|
Mazur R, Mostowska A, Szach J, Gieczewska K, Wójtowicz J, Bednarska K, Garstka M, Kowalewska Ł. Galactolipid deficiency disturbs spatial arrangement of the thylakoid network in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4689-4704. [PMID: 31087066 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast thylakoid network is a dynamic structure which, through possible rearrangements, plays a crucial role in regulation of photosynthesis. Although the importance of the main components of the thylakoid membrane matrix, galactolipids, in the formation of the network of internal plastid membrane was found before, the structural role of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosylidacylglycerol (DGDG) is still largely unknown. We elucidated detailed structural modifications of the thylakoid membrane system in Arabidopsis thaliana MGDG- and DGDG-deficient mutants. An altered MGDG/DGDG ratio was structurally reflected by formation of smaller grana, local changes in grana stacking repeat distance, and significant changes in the spatial organization of the thylakoid network compared with wild-type plants. The decrease of the MGDG level impaired the formation of the typical helical grana structure and resulted in a 'helical-dichotomic' arrangement. DGDG deficiency did not affect spatial grana organization but changed the shape of the thylakoid membrane network in situ from lens like into a flattened shape. Such structural disturbances were accompanied by altered composition of carotenoid and chlorophyll-protein complexes, which eventually led to the decreased photosynthetic efficiency of MGDG- and DGDG-deficient plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szach
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wójtowicz
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednarska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Otegui MS, Pennington JG. Electron tomography in plant cell biology. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:69-79. [PMID: 30452668 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron tomography (ET) approaches are based on the imaging of a biological specimen at different tilt angles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ET can be applied to both plastic-embedded and frozen samples. Technological advancements in TEM, direct electron detection, automated image collection, and imaging processing algorithms allow for 2-7-nm scale axial resolution in tomographic reconstructions of cells and organelles. In this review, we discussed the application of ET in plant cell biology and new opportunities for imaging plant cells by cryo-ET and other 3D electron microscopy approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison WI, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison WI, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison WI, USA
| | - Jannice G Pennington
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison WI, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kowalewska Ł, Bykowski M, Mostowska A. Spatial organization of thylakoid network in higher plants. BOTANY LETTERS 2019. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2019.1619195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kirchhoff H. Chloroplast ultrastructure in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:565-574. [PMID: 30721547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast organelle in mesophyll cells of higher plants represents a sunlight-driven metabolic factory that eventually fuels life on our planet. Knowledge of the ultrastructure and the dynamics of this unique organelle is essential to understanding its function in an ever-changing and challenging environment. Recent technological developments promise unprecedented insights into chloroplast architecture and its functionality. The review highlights these new methodical approaches and provides structural models based on recent findings about the plasticity of the thylakoid membrane system in response to different light regimes. Furthermore, the potential role of the lipid droplets plastoglobuli is discussed. It is emphasized that detailed structural insights are necessary on different levels ranging from molecules to entire membrane systems for a holistic understanding of chloroplast function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Johnson MP, Wientjes E. The relevance of dynamic thylakoid organisation to photosynthetic regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148039. [PMID: 31228404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The higher plant chloroplast thylakoid membrane system performs the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These provide the ATP and NADPH required for the fixation of CO2 into biomass by the Calvin-Benson cycle and a range of other metabolic reactions in the stroma. Land plants are frequently challenged by fluctuations in their environment, such as light, nutrient and water availability, which can create a mismatch between the amounts of ATP and NADPH produced and the amounts required by the downstream metabolism. Left unchecked, such imbalances can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species that damage the plant and harm productivity. Fortunately, plants have evolved a complex range of regulatory processes to avoid or minimize such deleterious effects by controlling the efficiency of light harvesting and electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane. Generally the regulation of the light reactions has been studied and conceptualised at the microscopic level of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, however in recent years dynamic changes in the thylakoid macrostructure itself have been recognised to play a significant role in regulating light harvesting and electron transfer. Here we review the evidence for the involvement of macrostructural changes in photosynthetic regulation and review the techniques that brought this evidence to light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Koochak H, Puthiyaveetil S, Mullendore DL, Li M, Kirchhoff H. The structural and functional domains of plant thylakoid membranes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:412-429. [PMID: 30312499 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the stacking of part of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane generates two main subcompartments: the stacked grana core and unstacked stroma lamellae. However, a third distinct domain, the grana margin, has been postulated but its structural and functional identity remains elusive. Here, an optimized thylakoid fragmentation procedure combined with detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and functional analyses reveals the distinct composition of grana margins. It is enriched with lipids, cytochrome b6 f complex, and ATPase while depleted in photosystems and light-harvesting complexes. A quantitative method is introduced that is based on Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and dot immunoblotting for quantifying various photosystem II (PSII) assembly forms in different thylakoid subcompartments. The results indicate that the grana margin functions as a degradation and disassembly zone for photodamaged PSII. In contrast, the stacked grana core region contains fully assembled and functional PSII holocomplexes. The stroma lamellae, finally, contain monomeric PSII as well as a significant fraction of dimeric holocomplexes that identify this membrane area as the PSII repair zone. This structural organization and the heterogeneous PSII distribution support the idea that the stacking of thylakoid membranes leads to a division of labor that establishes distinct membrane areas with specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Koochak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mechela A, Schwenkert S, Soll J. A brief history of thylakoid biogenesis. Open Biol 2019; 9:180237. [PMID: 30958119 PMCID: PMC6367138 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thylakoid membrane network inside chloroplasts harbours the protein complexes that are necessary for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Cellular processes for building and altering this membrane network are therefore essential for life on Earth. Nevertheless, detailed molecular processes concerning the origin and synthesis of the thylakoids remain elusive. Thylakoid biogenesis is strongly coupled to the processes of chloroplast differentiation. Chloroplasts develop from special progenitors called proplastids. As many of the needed building blocks such as lipids and pigments derive from the inner envelope, the question arises how these components are recruited to their target membrane. This review travels back in time to the beginnings of thylakoid membrane research to summarize findings, facts and fictions on thylakoid biogenesis and structure up to the present state, including new insights and future developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mechela
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|