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Li K, Zhai L, Pi Y, Fu S, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wang Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase MxMPK3-2 mediated phosphorylation of MxZR3.1 participates in regulating iron homoeostasis in apple rootstocks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2510-2525. [PMID: 38514902 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The micronutrient iron plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, necessitating meticulous regulation for its absorption by plants. Prior research has demonstrated that the transcription factor MxZR3.1 restricts iron absorption in apple rootstocks; however, the precise mechanism by which MxZR3.1 contributes to the regulation of iron homoeostasis in apple rootstocks remains unexplored. Here, MxMPK3-2, a protein kinase, was discovered to interact with MxZR3.1. Y2H, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull down experiments were used to confirm the interaction. Phosphorylation and cell semi-degradation tests have shown that MxZR3.1 can be used as a substrate of MxMPK3-2, which leads to the MxZR3.1 protein being more stable. In addition, through tobacco transient transformation (LUC and GUS) experiments, it was confirmed that MxZR3.1 significantly inhibited the activity of the MxHA2 promoter, while MxMPK3-2 mediated phosphorylation at the Ser94 site of MxZR3.1 further inhibited the activity of the MxHA2 promoter. It is tightly controlled to absorb iron during normal growth and development of apple rootstocks due to the regulatory effect of the MxMPK3-2-MxZR3.1 module on MxHA2 transcription level. Consequently, this research has revealed the molecular basis of how the MxMPK3-2-MxZR3.1 module in apple rootstocks controls iron homoeostasis by regulating the MxHA2 promoter's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keting Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Pi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sitong Fu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Li M, Dong X, Long G, Zhang Z, Han C, Wang Y. Genome-Wide Analysis of Q-Type C2H2 ZFP Genes in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Sugar Beet. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1309. [PMID: 37887019 PMCID: PMC10604892 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A plant's Q-type C2H2-type ZFP plays key roles in plant growth and development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important crop for sugar production. Salt stress and viral infection significantly reduce the root yield and sugar content of sugar beet. However, there is a lack of comprehensive genome-wide analyses of Q-type C2H2 ZFPs and their expression patterns in sugar beet under stress. In this study, 35 sugar beet Q-type C2H2 ZFPs (BvZFPs) containing at least one conserved "QALGGH" motif were identified via bioinformatics techniques using TBtools software. According to their evolutionary relationship, the BvZFPs were classified into five subclasses. Within each subclass, the physicochemical properties and motif compositions showed strong similarities. A Ka/Ks analysis indicated that the BvZFPs were conserved during evolution. Promoter cis-element analysis revealed that most BvZFPs are associated with elements related to phytohormone, biotic or abiotic stress, and plant development. The expression data showed that the BvZFPs in sugar beet are predominantly expressed in the root. In addition, BvZFPs are involved in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses, including salt stress and viral infection. Overall, these results will extend our understanding of the Q-type C2H2 gene family and provide valuable information for the biological breeding of sugar beet against abiotic and biotic stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (X.D.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.H.)
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3
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Ogata T, Tsukahara Y, Ito T, Iimura M, Yamazaki K, Sasaki N, Matsushita Y. Cell death signalling is competitively but coordinately regulated by repressor-type and activator-type ethylene response factors in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:897-909. [PMID: 35301790 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene response factors (ERFs) comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in many plant species. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ERF3 (NtERF3) and other ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif-containing ERFs are known to function as transcriptional repressors. NtERF3 and several repressor-type ERFs induce cell death in tobacco leaves and are also associated with a defence response against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). We investigated whether transcriptional activator-type NtERFs function together with NtERF3 in the defence response against TMV infection by performing transient ectopic expression, together with gene expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and promoter analyses. Transient overexpression of NtERF2 and NtERF4 induced cell death in tobacco leaves, albeit later than that induced by NtERF3. Fusion of the EAR motif to the C-terminal end of NtERF2 and NtERF4 abolished their cell death-inducing ability. The expression of NtERF2 and NtERF4 was upregulated at the early phase of N gene-triggered hypersensitive response (HR) against TMV infection. The cell death phenotype induced by overexpression of wild-type NtERF2 and NtERF4 was suppressed by co-expression of an EAR motif-deficient form of NtERF3. Furthermore, ChIP and promoter analyses suggested that NtERF2, NtERF3 and NtERF4 positively or negatively regulate the expression of NtERF3 by binding to its promoter region. Overall, our results revealed the cell death-inducing abilities of genes encoding activator-type NtERFs, including NtERF2 and NtERF4, suggesting that the HR-cell death signalling via the repressor-type NtERF3 is competitively but coordinately regulated by these NtERFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogata
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Tsukahara
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ito
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iimura
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research (GIR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsushita
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Umbreen S, Lubega J, Loake GJ. Sulfur: the heart of nitric oxide-dependent redox signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4279-4286. [PMID: 30911750 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), more benign than its more reactive and damaging related molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS), is perfectly suited for duties as a redox signalling molecule. A key route for NO bioactivity is through S-nitrosation, the addition of an NO moiety to a protein Cys thiol (-SH). This redox-based, post-translational modification (PTM) can modify protein function analogous to more well established PTMs such as phosphorylation, for example by modulating enzyme activity, localization, or protein-protein interactions. At the heart of the underpinning chemistry associated with this PTM is sulfur. The emerging evidence suggests that S-nitrosation is integral to a myriad of plant biological processes embedded in both development and environmental relations. However, a role for S-nitrosation is perhaps most well established in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Jiang J, Ma J, Liu B, Wang Y. Combining a Simple Method for DNA/RNA/Protein Co-Purification and Arabidopsis Protoplast Assay to Facilitate Viroid Research. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040324. [PMID: 30987196 PMCID: PMC6521142 DOI: 10.3390/v11040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant–viroid interactions represent a valuable model for delineating structure–function relationships of noncoding RNAs. For various functional studies, it is desirable to minimize sample variations by using DNA, RNA, and proteins co-purified from the same samples. Currently, most of the co-purification protocols rely on TRI Reagent (Trizol as a common representative) and require protein precipitation and dissolving steps, which render difficulties in experimental handling and high-throughput analyses. Here, we established a simple and robust method to minimize the precipitation steps and yield ready-to-use RNA and protein in solutions. This method can be applied to samples in small quantities, such as protoplasts. Given the ease and the robustness of this new method, it will have broad applications in virology and other disciplines in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Junfei Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
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Ullah C, Tsai C, Unsicker SB, Xue L, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Salicylic acid activates poplar defense against the biotrophic rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina via increased biosynthesis of catechin and proanthocyanidins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:960-975. [PMID: 30168132 PMCID: PMC6585937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poplar trees synthesize flavan-3-ols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) as a defense against foliar rust fungi, but the regulation of this defense response is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of hormones in regulating flavan-3-ol accumulation in poplar during rust infection. We profiled levels of defense hormones, signaling genes, and flavan-3-ol metabolites in black poplar leaves at different stages of rust infection. Hormone levels were manipulated by external sprays, genetic engineering, and drought to reveal their role in rust fungal defenses. Levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid increased in rust-infected leaves and activated downstream signaling, with SA levels correlating closely with those of flavan-3-ols. Pretreatment with the SA analog benzothiadiazole increased flavan-3-ol accumulation by activating the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex and reduced rust proliferation. Furthermore, transgenic poplar lines overproducing SA exhibited higher amounts of flavan-3-ols constitutively via the same transcriptional activation mechanism. These findings suggest a strong association among SA, flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, and rust resistance in poplars. Abscisic acid also promoted poplar defense against rust infection, but likely through stomatal immunity independent of flavan-3-ols. Jasmonic acid did not confer any apparent defense responses to the fungal pathogen. We conclude that SA activates flavan-3-ol biosynthesis in poplar against rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Chung‐Jui Tsai
- School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesDepartment of GeneticsDepartment of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Liangjiao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and BiotechnologyCo‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsu210037China
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPrivate Bag X20Pretoria0028South Africa
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7
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Cao FY, DeFalco TA, Moeder W, Li B, Gong Y, Liu XM, Taniguchi M, Lumba S, Toh S, Shan L, Ellis B, Desveaux D, Yoshioka K. Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ERF8) has dual functions in ABA signaling and immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:211. [PMID: 30261844 PMCID: PMC6161326 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) 8 is a member of one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) superfamily. Members of this superfamily have been implicated in a wide variety of processes such as development and environmental stress responses. RESULTS In this study we demonstrated that ERF8 is involved in both ABA and immune signaling. ERF8 overexpression induced programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. This PCD was salicylic acid (SA)-independent, suggesting that ERF8 acts downstream or independent of SA. ERF8-induced PCD was abolished by mutations within the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, indicating ERF8 induces cell death through its transcriptional repression activity. Two immunity-related mitogen-activated protein kinases, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 (MPK4) and MPK11, were identified as ERF8-interacting proteins and directly phosphorylated ERF8 in vitro. Four putative MPK phosphorylation sites were identified in ERF8, one of which (Ser103) was determined to be the predominantly phosphorylated residue in vitro, while mutation of all four putative phosphorylation sites partially suppressed ERF8-induced cell death in N. benthamiana. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and pathogen growth assays confirmed a positive role of ERF8 in mediating immunity, as ERF8 knockdown or overexpression lines conferred compromised or enhanced resistance against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Together these data reveal that the ABA-inducible transcriptional repressor ERF8 has dual roles in ABA signaling and pathogen defense, and further highlight the complex influence of ABA on plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yi Cao
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Thomas A. DeFalco
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Yunchen Gong
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Masatoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Present address: Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC CO., LTD., 59 Yonnotsubo-cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-0033 Japan
| | - Shelley Lumba
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Shigeo Toh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Present address: Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Brian Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
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Lawrence SD, Novak NG. Over-expression of StZFP2 in Solanum tuberosum L. var. Kennebec (potato) inhibits growth of Tobacco Hornworm larvae (THW, Manduca sexta L.). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1489668. [PMID: 29947577 PMCID: PMC6128685 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1489668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta, THW) is a voracious pest of tomato and potato. StZFP2 is a Q-type C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor (TF) that is induced upon wounding and infestation. Previous work has shown that Q-type C2H2 TFs are involved in stress responses and when over expressed, can enhance protection against drought, salinity or pathogen infection. Twelve transgenic lines (S1-S12) were tested that over-express StZFP2. Feeding S6 or S8 to THW significantly lowered larval weight (21-37%) as well as increased expression of StPIN2 in comparison to untransformed Kennebec. The increase in StPIN2, a classic marker for insect defense in potato, is consistent with the decreases in larval weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Lawrence
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - N. G. Novak
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Li Y, Chu Z, Luo J, Zhou Y, Cai Y, Lu Y, Xia J, Kuang H, Ye Z, Ouyang B. The C2H2 zinc-finger protein SlZF3 regulates AsA synthesis and salt tolerance by interacting with CSN5B. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1201-1213. [PMID: 29193661 PMCID: PMC5978872 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are a major cause of crop loss. Ascorbic acid (AsA) promotes stress tolerance by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate when plants experience abiotic stress. Although the biosynthesis and metabolism of AsA are well established, the genes that regulate these pathways remain largely unexplored. Here, we report on a novel regulatory gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) named SlZF3 that encodes a Cys2/His2-type zinc-finger protein with an EAR repression domain. The expression of SlZF3 was rapidly induced by NaCl treatments. The overexpression of SlZF3 significantly increased the levels of AsA in tomato and Arabidopsis. Consequently, the AsA-mediated ROS-scavenging capacity of the SlZF3-overexpressing plants was increased, which enhanced the salt tolerance of these plants. Protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that SlZF3 directly binds CSN5B, a key component of the COP9 signalosome. This interaction inhibited the binding of CSN5B to VTC1, a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase that contributes to AsA biosynthesis. We found that the EAR domain promoted the stability of SlZF3 but was not required for the interaction between SlZF3 and CSN5B. Our findings indicate that SlZF3 simultaneously promotes the accumulation of AsA and enhances plant salt-stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhuannan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jinying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yujing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yongen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Junhui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOAHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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Segonzac C, Newman TE, Choi S, Jayaraman J, Choi DS, Jung GY, Cho H, Lee YK, Sohn KH. A Conserved EAR Motif Is Required for Avirulence and Stability of the Ralstonia solanacearum Effector PopP2 In Planta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1330. [PMID: 28824668 PMCID: PMC5539180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease in many high value Solanaceae crops. R. solanacearum secretes around 70 effectors into host cells in order to promote infection. Plants have, however, evolved specialized immune receptors that recognize corresponding effectors and confer qualitative disease resistance. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the paired immune receptors RRS1 (resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum 1) and RPS4 (resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 4) cooperatively recognize the R. solanacearum effector PopP2 in the nuclei of infected cells. PopP2 is an acetyltransferase that binds to and acetylates the RRS1 WRKY DNA-binding domain resulting in reduced RRS1-DNA association thereby activating plant immunity. Here, we surveyed the naturally occurring variation in PopP2 sequence among the R. solanacearum strains isolated from diseased tomato and pepper fields across the Republic of Korea. Our analysis revealed high conservation of popP2 sequence with only three polymorphic alleles present amongst 17 strains. Only one variation (a premature stop codon) caused the loss of RPS4/RRS1-dependent recognition in Arabidopsis. We also found that PopP2 harbors a putative eukaryotic transcriptional repressor motif (ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression or EAR), which is known to be involved in the recruitment of transcriptional co-repressors. Remarkably, mutation of the EAR motif disabled PopP2 avirulence function as measured by the development of hypersensitive response, electrolyte leakage, defense marker gene expression and bacterial growth in Arabidopsis. This lack of recognition was partially but significantly reverted by the C-terminal addition of a synthetic EAR motif. We show that the EAR motif-dependent gain of avirulence correlated with the stability of the PopP2 protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated the requirement of the PopP2 EAR motif for PTI suppression. A yeast two-hybrid screen indicated that PopP2 does not interact with any well-known Arabidopsis transcriptional co-repressors. Overall, this study reveals high conservation of the PopP2 effector in Korean R. solanacearum strains isolated from commercially cultivated tomato and pepper genotypes. Importantly, our data also indicate that the PopP2 conserved repressor motif could contribute to the effector accumulation in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
- Plant Science Department, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kee Hoon Sohn, Cécile Segonzac,
| | - Toby E. Newman
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
- Bioprotection Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
- Bioprotection Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
- Bioprotection Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Du Seok Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
| | - Ga Young Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
| | - Heejung Cho
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationWanju, South Korea
| | - Young Kee Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationWanju, South Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kee Hoon Sohn, Cécile Segonzac,
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11
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Dory M, Doleschall Z, Nagy SK, Ambrus H, Mészáros T, Barnabás B, Dóczi R. Kinase-Associated Phosphoisoform Assay: a novel candidate-based method to detect specific kinase-substrate phosphorylation interactions in vivo. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:204. [PMID: 27655033 PMCID: PMC5031308 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinases are important components of signalling pathways, and kinomes have remarkably expanded in plants. Yet, our knowledge of kinase substrates in plants is scarce, partly because tools to analyse protein phosphorylation dynamically are limited. Here we describe Kinase-Associated Phosphoisoform Assay, a flexible experimental method for directed experiments to study specific kinase-substrate interactions in vivo. The concept is based on the differential phosphoisoform distribution of candidate substrates transiently expressed with or without co-expression of activated kinases. Phosphorylation status of epitope-tagged proteins is subsequently detected by high-resolution capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with nanofluidic immunoassay, which is capable of detecting subtle changes in isoform distribution. RESULTS The concept is validated by showing phosphorylation of the known mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) substrate, ACS6, by MPK6. Next, we demonstrate that two transcription factors, WUS and AP2, both of which are shown to be master regulators of plant development by extensive genetic studies, exist in multiple isoforms in plant cells and are phosphorylated by activated MAPKs. CONCLUSION As plant development flexibly responds to environmental conditions, phosphorylation of developmental regulators by environmentally-activated kinases may participate in linking external cues to developmental regulation. As a counterpart of advances in unbiased screening methods to identify potential protein kinase substrates, such as phosphoproteomics and computational predictions, our results expand the candidate-based experimental toolkit for kinase research and provide an alternative in vivo approach to existing in vitro methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dory
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia K. Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helga Ambrus
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mészáros
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group for Technical Analytical Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Szt. Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Barnabás
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Róbert Dóczi
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
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Le CTT, Brumbarova T, Ivanov R, Stoof C, Weber E, Mohrbacher J, Fink-Straube C, Bauer P. ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA12 (ZAT12) Interacts with FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT) Linking Iron Deficiency and Oxidative Stress Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:540-57. [PMID: 26556796 PMCID: PMC4704599 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants grown under iron (Fe)-deficient conditions induce a set of genes that enhance the efficiency of Fe uptake by the roots. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the central regulator of this response is the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT). FIT activity is regulated by protein-protein interactions, which also serve to integrate external signals that stimulate and possibly inhibit Fe uptake. In the search of signaling components regulating FIT function, we identified ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA12 (ZAT12), an abiotic stress-induced transcription factor. ZAT12 interacted with FIT, dependent on the presence of the ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression motif. ZAT12 protein was found expressed in the root early differentiation zone, where its abundance was modulated in a root layer-specific manner. In the absence of ZAT12, FIT expression was upregulated, suggesting a negative effect of ZAT12 on Fe uptake. Consistently, zat12 loss-of-function mutants had higher Fe content than the wild type at sufficient Fe. We found that under Fe deficiency, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were enhanced in a FIT-dependent manner. FIT protein, in turn, was stabilized by H2O2 but only in the presence of ZAT12, showing that H2O2 serves as a signal for Fe deficiency responses. We propose that oxidative stress-induced ZAT12 functions as a negative regulator of Fe acquisition. A model where H2O2 mediates the negative regulation of plant responses to prolonged stress might be applicable to a variety of stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cham Thi Tuyet Le
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Tzvetina Brumbarova
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Claudia Stoof
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Eva Weber
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Julia Mohrbacher
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Claudia Fink-Straube
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
| | - Petra Bauer
- Department of Biosciences-Plant Biology, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.T.T., T.B., R.I., E.W., J.M., P.B.);Institute of Botany (T.B., R.I., C.S., P.B.) and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (P.B.), Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; andLeibniz Institute for New Materials, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (C.F.-S.)
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13
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Vélez-Bermúdez IC, Salazar-Henao JE, Fornalé S, López-Vidriero I, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Grotewold E, Gray J, Solano R, Schmidt W, Pagés M, Riera M, Caparros-Ruiz D. A MYB/ZML Complex Regulates Wound-Induced Lignin Genes in Maize. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3245-59. [PMID: 26566917 PMCID: PMC4682300 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an essential polymer in vascular plants that plays key structural roles in vessels and fibers. Lignification is induced by external inputs such as wounding, but the molecular mechanisms that link this stress to lignification remain largely unknown. In this work, we provide evidence that three maize (Zea mays) lignin repressors, MYB11, MYB31, and MYB42, participate in wound-induced lignification by interacting with ZML2, a protein belonging to the TIFY family. We determined that the three R2R3-MYB factors and ZML2 bind in vivo to AC-rich and GAT(A/C) cis-elements, respectively, present in a set of lignin genes. In particular, we show that MYB11 and ZML2 bind simultaneously to the AC-rich and GAT(A/C) cis-elements present in the promoter of the caffeic acid O-methyl transferase (comt) gene. We show that, like the R2R3-MYB factors, ZML2 also acts as a transcriptional repressor. We found that upon wounding and methyl jasmonate treatments, MYB11 and ZML2 proteins are degraded and comt transcription is induced. Based on these results, we propose a molecular regulatory mechanism involving a MYB/ZML complex in which wound-induced lignification can be achieved by the derepression of a set of lignin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel-Cristina Vélez-Bermúdez
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jorge E Salazar-Henao
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Silvia Fornalé
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene López-Vidriero
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Montserrat Pagés
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Riera
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Caparros-Ruiz
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Bogomolovas J, Gasch A, Simkovic F, Rigden DJ, Labeit S, Mayans O. Titin kinase is an inactive pseudokinase scaffold that supports MuRF1 recruitment to the sarcomeric M-line. Open Biol 2015; 4:140041. [PMID: 24850911 PMCID: PMC4042850 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated muscle tissues undergo adaptive remodelling in response to mechanical load. This process involves the myofilament titin and, specifically, its kinase domain (TK; titin kinase) that translates mechanical signals into regulatory pathways of gene expression in the myofibril. TK mechanosensing appears mediated by a C-terminal regulatory tail (CRD) that sterically inhibits its active site. Allegedly, stretch-induced unfolding of this tail during muscle function releases TK inhibition and leads to its catalytic activation. However, the cellular pathway of TK is poorly understood and substrates proposed to date remain controversial. TK's best-established substrate is Tcap, a small structural protein of the Z-disc believed to link TK to myofibrillogenesis. Here, we show that TK is a pseudokinase with undetectable levels of catalysis and, therefore, that Tcap is not its substrate. Inactivity is the result of two atypical residues in TK's active site, M34 and E147, that do not appear compatible with canonical kinase patterns. While not mediating stretch-dependent phospho-transfers, TK binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase MuRF1 that promotes sarcomeric ubiquitination in a stress-induced manner. Given previous evidence of MuRF2 interaction, we propose that the cellular role of TK is to act as a conformationally regulated scaffold that functionally couples the ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MuRF2, thereby coordinating muscle-specific ubiquitination pathways and myofibril trophicity. Finally, we suggest that an evolutionary dichotomy of kinases/pseudokinases has occurred in TK-like kinases, where invertebrate members are active enzymes but vertebrate counterparts perform their signalling function as pseudokinase scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijus Bogomolovas
- Department of Integrative Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Alexander Gasch
- Department of Integrative Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Felix Simkovic
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Department of Integrative Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Olga Mayans
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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15
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Tan L, Rong W, Luo H, Chen Y, He C. The Xanthomonas campestris effector protein XopDXcc8004 triggers plant disease tolerance by targeting DELLA proteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:595-608. [PMID: 25040905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants protect themselves from the harmful effects of pathogens by resistance and tolerance. Disease resistance, which eliminates pathogens, can be modulated by bacterial type III effectors. Little is known about whether disease tolerance, which sustains host fitness with a given pathogen burden, is regulated by effectors. Here, we examined the effects of the Xanthomonas effector protein XopDXcc8004 on plant disease defenses by constructing knockout and complemented Xanthomonas strains, and performing inoculation studies in radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radiculus XiaoJinZhong) and Arabidopsis plants. XopDXcc8004 suppresses disease symptoms without changing bacterial titers in infected leaves. In Arabidopsis, XopDXcc8004 delays the hormone gibberellin (GA)-mediated degradation of RGA (repressor of ga1-3), one of five DELLA proteins that repress GA signaling and promote plant tolerance under biotic and abiotic stresses. The ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif-containing region of XopDXcc8004 interacts with the DELLA domain of RGA and might interfere with the GA-induced binding of GID1, a GA receptor, to RGA. The EAR motif was found to be present in a number of plant transcriptional regulators. Thus, our data suggest that bacterial pathogens might have evolved effectors, which probably mimic host components, to initiate disease tolerance and enhance their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leitao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wei Rong
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chaozu He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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16
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Lawrence SD, Novak NG, Jones RW, Farrar RR, Blackburn MB. Herbivory responsive C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor protein StZFP2 from potato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 80:226-233. [PMID: 24811678 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors (TF) are often regulated by abiotic stress, their role during insect infestation has been overlooked. This study demonstrates that the transcripts of the zinc finger transcription factors StZFP1 and StZFP2 are induced in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) upon infestation by either the generalist tobacco hornworm (THW, Manduca sexta L.) or the specialist Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). StZFP1 has been previously characterized as conferring salt tolerance to transgenic tobacco and its transcript is induced by Phytophthora infestans and several abiotic stresses. StZFP2 has not been characterized previously, but contains the hallmarks of a C2H2 zinc finger TF, with two conserved zinc finger domains and DLN motif, which encodes a transcriptional repressor domain. Expression studies demonstrate that StZFP2 transcript is also induced by tobacco hornworm and Colorado potato beetle. These observations expand the role of the C2H2 transcription factor in potato to include the response to chewing insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Lawrence
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg 011A, Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Nicole G Novak
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg 011A, Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Richard W Jones
- USDA-ARS, Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Lab, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg 010A, Rm 241, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Robert R Farrar
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg 011A, Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Michael B Blackburn
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave. Bldg 011A, Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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17
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Schweighofer A, Shubchynskyy V, Kazanaviciute V, Djamei A, Meskiene I. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) by MAP kinases and MAPK phosphatases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1171:147-58. [PMID: 24908126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0922-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of plants to the environment is a key property for survival. Adaptation responses to environmental cues are generated in cells by signaling initiated from cell receptors. Signal transduction is based on protein phosphorylation that is employed in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades to integrate signals from receptors to cellular responses. MAPK activity is determined by phosphorylation of amino acid residues within the kinase activation loop and their dephosphorylation by phosphatases is essential to control signal duration and intensity.Monitoring protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of MAPKs with MAPK phosphatases in vivo provides valuable information about specificity and intracellular localization of the protein complex. Here, we report studying PPIs between Arabidopsis MAPKs and PP2C-type MAPK phosphatases using bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) in suspension cell protoplasts. The interactions of the MAPKs MPK3, MKP4 and MPK6 with the phosphatases AP2C1 and AP2C3 have been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Schweighofer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University and Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria,
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18
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Ogata T, Kida Y, Tochigi M, Matsushita Y. Analysis of the cell death-inducing ability of the ethylene response factors in group VIII of the AP2/ERF family. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 209:12-23. [PMID: 23759099 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene response factor (ERF) family is one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors. We have shown previously that the overexpression of the gene for NtERF3, a tobacco transcriptional repressor containing the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif in the C-terminal region, induces hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell death. Many EAR motif-containing ERFs, including NtERF3, are clustered in group VIII of the ERF family. In this study, we aimed at revealing the cell death-inducing ability of group VIII ERFs and the correlation between ERFs and HR. The results showed that many of the EAR motif-containing ERFs classified into subgroup VIII-a of Arabidopsis, rice, and tobacco had cell death-inducing ability in tobacco leaves. Seven AtERFs in subgroup VIII-b did not induce cell death; however, some ERFs in subgroup VIII-b of rice and tobacco showed cell death-inducing ability. An expression analysis of group VIII ERFs in HR-inducing tobacco suggested that the cell death-inducing ability of NtERFs was not necessarily associated with induction of HR. In addition, it was revealed that the EAR motif-containing AtERFs in subgroup II-a also showed cell death-inducing ability. The influence of sequence variation in the EAR motif on the ability to induce cell death is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogata
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Zhang H, Zhang J, Quan R, Pan X, Wan L, Huang R. EAR motif mutation of rice OsERF3 alters the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis and drought tolerance. PLANTA 2013; 237:1443-51. [PMID: 23420309 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OsERF3 is a transcriptional repressor with an ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif (F/LDLNxxP), which transcriptionally represses the ethylene emission and drought tolerance in rice. However, its molecular mechanism to explore repression function remains unknown. Here, we first revealed that the expression of OsERF3 was induced by drought, salt, ACC and ABA treatment. In addition, it showed a higher expression level in the root and sheath than that in the leaf. Then, we generated transgenic rice overexpressing full-length OsERF3 (OE) and its mutation of EAR motif with the A 680/C substitution (mEAR), respectively. The physiological analyses showed that mEAR lines showed better drought tolerance and more ethylene emission compared with those of OE lines and wild type plants. Consistent with our previous research, the expression of ethylene synthesis genes, including ACO2, ACS2, and ACS6 was down-regulated in OE lines. However, the repression of OsERF3 was eliminated in mEAR lines. Specifically, ACS2 was up-regulated in mEAR lines compared with that in OE lines and WT plants, suggesting that the Leu/Ala substitution within the EAR motif resulted in loss of repression of OsERF3. Thus, our data reveal that the EAR motif is required for OsERF3 to transcriptionally regulate the ethylene synthesis and drought tolerance in rice, providing new insight to the roles of ethylene-response factor proteins in regulating ethylene biosynthesis and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Sekhwal MK, Sharma V, Sarin R. Annotation of glycoside hydrolases in Sorghum bicolor using proteins interaction approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-2273-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dóczi R, Okrész L, Romero AE, Paccanaro A, Bögre L. Exploring the evolutionary path of plant MAPK networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:518-25. [PMID: 22682803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling network comprises connected protein kinases arranged in MAPK modules. In this Opinion article, we analyze MAPK signaling components in evolutionarily representative species of the plant lineage and in Naegleria gruberi, a member of an early diverging eukaryotic clade. In Naegleria, there are two closely related MAPK kinases (MKKs) and a single conventional MAPK, whereas in several species of algae, there are two distinct MKKs and multiple MAPKs belonging to different groups. This suggests that the formation of multiple MAPK modules began early during plant evolution. The expansion of MAPK signaling components through gene duplications and the evolution of interaction motifs could have contributed to the highly connected complex MAPK signaling network that we know in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Dóczi
- Institute of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik Rd 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
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Hamel LP, Nicole MC, Duplessis S, Ellis BE. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in plant-interacting fungi: distinct messages from conserved messengers. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:1327-51. [PMID: 22517321 PMCID: PMC3398478 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.096156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that function as key signal transduction components in fungi, plants, and mammals. During interaction between phytopathogenic fungi and plants, fungal MAPKs help to promote mechanical and/or enzymatic penetration of host tissues, while plant MAPKs are required for activation of plant immunity. However, new insights suggest that MAPK cascades in both organisms do not operate independently but that they mutually contribute to a highly interconnected molecular dialogue between the plant and the fungus. As a result, some pathogenesis-related processes controlled by fungal MAPKs lead to the activation of plant signaling, including the recruitment of plant MAPK cascades. Conversely, plant MAPKs promote defense mechanisms that threaten the survival of fungal cells, leading to a stress response mediated in part by fungal MAPK cascades. In this review, we make use of the genomic data available following completion of whole-genome sequencing projects to analyze the structure of MAPK protein families in 24 fungal taxa, including both plant pathogens and mycorrhizal symbionts. Based on conserved patterns of sequence diversification, we also propose the adoption of a unified fungal MAPK nomenclature derived from that established for the model species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we summarize current knowledge of the functions of MAPK cascades in phytopathogenic fungi and highlight the central role played by MAPK signaling during the molecular dialogue between plants and invading fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Hamel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada.
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