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Wu Y, Liu N, Zheng C, Li D, Li S, Wu J, Zhao S. Insights into the Complexity and Functionality of Plant Virus Protein Phosphorylation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:598-610. [PMID: 38814574 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-24-0034-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorylation, the most extensive and pleiotropic form of protein posttranslation modification, is central to cellular signal transduction. Throughout the extensive co-evolution of plant hosts and viruses, modifications to phosphorylation have served multiple purposes. Such modifications highlight the evolutionary trajectories of viruses and their hosts, with pivotal roles in regulation and refinement of host-virus interactions. In plant hosts, protein phosphorylation orchestrates immune responses, enhancing the activities of defense-related proteins such as kinases and transcription factors, thereby strengthening pathogen resistance in plants. Moreover, phosphorylation influences the interactions between host and viral proteins, altering viral spread and replication within host plants. In the context of plant viruses, protein phosphorylation controls key aspects of the infection cycle, including viral protein functionality and the interplay between viruses and host plant cells, leading to effects on viral accumulation and dissemination within plant tissues. Explorations of the nuances of protein phosphorylation in plant hosts and their interactions with viruses are particularly important. This review provides a systematic summary of the biological roles of the proteins of plant viruses carrying diverse genomes in regulating infection and host responses through changes in the phosphorylation status. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Na Liu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengxu Zheng
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dongyuan Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Chen L, Xiao J, Li Y, Song Y, Liu J, Zhou Q, Sun T, Wang HB, Liu B. The Raf-like MAPKKKs STY8, STY17, and STY46 negatively regulate Botrytis cinerea resistance by limiting MKK7 protein accumulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1503-1516. [PMID: 38059690 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases, which seriously damage crop production, are in most cases caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, we found that the Raf-like MAPKKKs STY8 (SERINE/THREONINE/TYROSINE KINASE 8), STY17, and STY46 negatively regulate resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea through jasmonate response in Arabidopsis. Moreover, STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs negatively contribute to chitin signaling. We further identified MKK7 as the MAPKK component interacting with STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs. MKK7 positively contributes to resistance to B. cinerea and chitin signaling. Furthermore, we found that STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs negatively affect the accumulation of MKK7, in accordance with the opposite roles of MKK7 and STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs in defense against B. cinerea. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms precisely regulating plant immunity via Raf-like MAPKKKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, 510640, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - You Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Song
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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Christian R, Labbancz J, Usadel B, Dhingra A. Understanding protein import in diverse non-green plastids. Front Genet 2023; 14:969931. [PMID: 37007964 PMCID: PMC10063809 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.969931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectacular diversity of plastids in non-green organs such as flowers, fruits, roots, tubers, and senescing leaves represents a Universe of metabolic processes in higher plants that remain to be completely characterized. The endosymbiosis of the plastid and the subsequent export of the ancestral cyanobacterial genome to the nuclear genome, and adaptation of the plants to all types of environments has resulted in the emergence of diverse and a highly orchestrated metabolism across the plant kingdom that is entirely reliant on a complex protein import and translocation system. The TOC and TIC translocons, critical for importing nuclear-encoded proteins into the plastid stroma, remain poorly resolved, especially in the case of TIC. From the stroma, three core pathways (cpTat, cpSec, and cpSRP) may localize imported proteins to the thylakoid. Non-canonical routes only utilizing TOC also exist for the insertion of many inner and outer membrane proteins, or in the case of some modified proteins, a vesicular import route. Understanding this complex protein import system is further compounded by the highly heterogeneous nature of transit peptides, and the varying transit peptide specificity of plastids depending on species and the developmental and trophic stage of the plant organs. Computational tools provide an increasingly sophisticated means of predicting protein import into highly diverse non-green plastids across higher plants, which need to be validated using proteomics and metabolic approaches. The myriad plastid functions enable higher plants to interact and respond to all kinds of environments. Unraveling the diversity of non-green plastid functions across the higher plants has the potential to provide knowledge that will help in developing climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Christian
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - June Labbancz
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit Dhingra,
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Zhuang X, Guo X, Gu T, Xu X, Qin L, Xu K, He Z, Zhang K. Phosphorylation of plant virus proteins: Analysis methods and biological functions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:935735. [PMID: 35958157 PMCID: PMC9360750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.935735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is one of the most extensively investigated post-translational modifications that orchestrate a variety of cellular signal transduction processes. The phosphorylation of virus-encoded proteins plays an important regulatory role in the infection cycle of such viruses in plants. In recent years, molecular mechanisms underlying the phosphorylation of plant viral proteins have been widely studied. Based on recent publications, our study summarizes the phosphorylation analyses of plant viral proteins and categorizes their effects on biological functions according to the viral life cycle. This review provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of viral infection. Furthermore, it deepens our understanding of the biological functions of phosphorylation in the interactions between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhuang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiao Gu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Kun Zhang, ;
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Zheng XT, Wang C, Lin W, Lin C, Han D, Xie Q, Lai J, Yang C. Importation of chloroplast proteins under heat stress is facilitated by their SUMO conjugations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:173-187. [PMID: 35347735 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are hypersensitive to heat stress (HS). SUMOylation, a critical post-translational modification, is conservatively involved in HS responses. However, the functional connection between SUMOylation and chloroplasts under HS remains to be studied. The bioinformatics, biochemistry, and cell biology analyses were used to detect the SUMOylation statuses of Arabidopsis nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins and the effect of SUMOylation on subcellular localization of these proteins under HS. PSBR, a subunit of photosystem II, was used as an example for a detailed investigation of functional mechanisms. After a global SUMOylation site prediction of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins, biochemical data showed that most of the selected candidates are modified by SUMO3 in the cytoplasm. The chloroplast localization of these SUMOylation targets under long-term HS is partially maintained by the SUMO ligase AtSIZ1. The HS-induced SUMOylation on PSBR contributes to the maintenance of its chloroplast localization, which is dependent on its chloroplast importation efficiency correlated to phosphorylation. The complementation analysis provided evidence that SUMOylation is essential for the physiological function of PSBR under HS. Our study illustrated a general regulatory mechanism of SUMOylation in maintaining the chloroplast protein importation during HS and provided hints for further investigation on protein modifications associated with plant organelles under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caijuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danlu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
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Schwenkert S, Fernie AR, Geigenberger P, Leister D, Möhlmann T, Naranjo B, Neuhaus HE. Chloroplasts are key players to cope with light and temperature stress. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:577-587. [PMID: 35012879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Under natural environmental conditions, changes in light intensity and temperature are closely interwoven, and of all organelles, only chloroplasts react strongly upon alterations of these two parameters. We review increasing evidence indicating that changes in chloroplast metabolism are critical for the comprehensive cellular answer in a challenging environment. This cellular answer starts with rapid modifications of thylakoid-located processes, followed by modifications in the stroma and transport activities across the chloroplast envelope. We propose that the 'modulators' involved contribute to plant stress tolerance and that deciphering of their characteristics is essential to understand 'acclimation'. Especially in times of climatic changes, we must gain knowledge on physiological reactions that might become instrumental for directed breeding strategies aiming to develop stress-tolerant crop plants.
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Zhang C, Chang W, Li X, Yang B, Zhang L, Xiao Z, Li J, Lu K. Transcriptome and Small RNA Sequencing Reveal the Mechanisms Regulating Harvest Index in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:855486. [PMID: 35444672 PMCID: PMC9014204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Harvest index (HI), the ratio of harvested seed weight to total aboveground biomass weight, is an economically critical value reflecting the convergence of complex agronomic traits. HI values in rapeseed (Brassica napus) remain much lower than in other major crops, and the underlying regulatory network is largely unknown. In this study, we performed mRNA and small RNA sequencing to reveal the mechanisms shaping HI in B. napus during the seed-filling stage. A total of 8,410 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high-HI and low-HI accessions in four tissues (silique pericarp, seed, leaves, and stem) were identified. Combining with co-expression network, 72 gene modules were identified, and a key gene BnaSTY46 was found to participate in retarded establishment of photosynthetic capacity to influence HI. Further research found that the genes involved in circadian rhythms and response to stimulus may play important roles in HI and that their transcript levels were modulated by differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs), and we identified 903 microRNAs (miRNAs), including 46 known miRNAs and 857 novel miRNAs. Furthermore, transporter activity-related genes were critical to enhancing HI in good cultivation environments. Of 903 miRNAs, we found that the bna-miR396-Bna.A06SRp34a/Bna.A01EMB3119 pair may control the seed development and the accumulation of storage compounds, thus contributing to higher HI. Our findings uncovered the underlying complex regulatory network behind HI and offer potential approaches to rapeseed improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Oil Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongchun Xiao
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Rapeseed Engineering Research Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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Coordination of Chloroplast Activity with Plant Growth: Clues Point to TOR. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060803. [PMID: 35336685 PMCID: PMC8953291 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the defining function of most autotrophic organisms. In the plantae kingdom, chloroplasts host this function and ensure growth. However, these organelles are very sensitive to stressful conditions and the photosynthetic process can cause photooxidative damage if not perfectly regulated. In addition, their function is energivorous in terms of both chemical energy and nutrients. To coordinate chloroplast activity with the cell’s need, continuous signaling is required: from chloroplasts to cytoplasm and from nucleus to chloroplasts. In this opinion article, several mechanisms that ensure this communication are reported and the many clues that point to an important role of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase in the coordination between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic sides of plants are highlighted.
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Alves-Pereira A, Zucchi MI, Clement CR, Viana JPG, Pinheiro JB, Veasey EA, de Souza AP. Selective signatures and high genome-wide diversity in traditional Brazilian manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1268. [PMID: 35075210 PMCID: PMC8786832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about genetic diversity is essential to promote effective use and conservation of crops, because it enables farmers to adapt their crops to specific needs and is the raw material for breeding. Manioc (Manihot esculenta ssp. esculenta) is one of the world's major food crops and has the potential to help achieve food security in the context of on-going climate changes. We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms in traditional Brazilian manioc varieties conserved in the gene bank of the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo. We assessed genome-wide diversity and identified selective signatures contrasting varieties from different biomes with samples of manioc's wild ancestor M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia. We identified signatures of selection putatively associated with resistance genes, plant development and response to abiotic stresses that might have been important for the crop's domestication and diversification resulting from cultivation in different environments. Additionally, high neutral genetic diversity within groups of varieties from different biomes and low genetic divergence among biomes reflect the complexity of manioc's evolutionary dynamics under traditional cultivation. Our results exemplify how smallholder practices contribute to conserve manioc's genetic resources, maintaining variation of potential adaptive significance and high levels of neutral genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alves-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Cidade Universitária, CP: 6010, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Cidade Universitária, CP: 6010, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Maria Imaculada Zucchi
- Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Dos Agronegócios (APTA), Pólo Centro-Sul. Rodovia SP 127, km 30, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Charles R Clement
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Gomes Viana
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), AW-101 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801-4798, USA
| | - José Baldin Pinheiro
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiróz", Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Ann Veasey
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiróz", Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Cidade Universitária, CP: 6010, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil. .,Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Cândido Rondon, 400, Cidade Universitária, CP: 6010, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil.
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10
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Mazur R, Maszkowska J, Anielska-Mazur A, Garstka M, Polkowska-Kowalczyk L, Czajkowska A, Zmienko A, Dobrowolska G, Kulik A. The SnRK2.10 kinase mitigates the adverse effects of salinity by protecting photosynthetic machinery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2785-2802. [PMID: 34632500 PMCID: PMC8644180 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-Related protein kinases Type 2 (SnRK2) are plant-specific enzymes widely distributed across the plant kingdom. They are key players controlling abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways in the plant response to osmotic stress. Here we established that SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, ABA-nonactivated kinases, are activated in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes during the early response to salt stress and contribute to leaf growth retardation under prolonged salinity but act by maintaining different salt-triggered mechanisms. Under salinity, snrk2.10 insertion mutants were impaired in the reconstruction and rearrangement of damaged core and antenna protein complexes in photosystem II (PSII), which led to stronger non-photochemical quenching, lower maximal quantum yield of PSII, and lower adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light intensity. The observed effects were likely caused by disturbed accumulation and phosphorylation status of the main PSII core and antenna proteins. Finally, we found a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the snrk2.10 mutant leaves under a few-day-long exposure to salinity which also could contribute to the stronger damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and cause other deleterious effects affecting plant growth. We found that the snrk2.4 mutant plants did not display substantial changes in photosynthesis. Overall, our results indicate that SnRK2.10 is activated in leaves shortly after plant exposure to salinity and contributes to salt stress tolerance by maintaining efficient photosynthesis and preventing oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Anielska-Mazur
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Polkowska-Kowalczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czajkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grazyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Arabidopsis group C Raf-like protein kinases negatively regulate abscisic acid signaling and are direct substrates of SnRK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100073118. [PMID: 34282011 PMCID: PMC8325330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100073118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in abiotic stress responses in plants, and subclass III SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) kinases mediate ABA signaling. In this study, we identified Raf36, a group C Raf-like protein kinase in Arabidopsis, as a protein that interacts with multiple SnRK2s. A series of reverse genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that 1) Raf36 negatively regulates ABA responses during postgermination growth, 2) the N terminus of Raf36 is directly phosphorylated by SnRK2s, and 3) Raf36 degradation is enhanced in response to ABA. In addition, Raf22, another C-type Raf-like kinase, functions partially redundantly with Raf36 to regulate ABA responses. A comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of ABA-induced responses of wild-type and raf22raf36-1 plants identified proteins that are phosphorylated downstream of Raf36 and Raf22 in planta. Together, these results support a model in which Raf36/Raf22 function mainly under optimal conditions to suppress ABA responses, whereas in response to ABA, the SnRK2 module promotes Raf36 degradation as a means of alleviating Raf36-dependent inhibition and allowing for heightened ABA signaling to occur.
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12
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Zhang R, Guan X, Yang M, Law YS, Voon CP, Yan J, Sun F, Lim BL. Overlapping Functions of the Paralogous Proteins AtPAP2 and AtPAP9 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7243. [PMID: 34298863 PMCID: PMC8303434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana purple acid phosphatase 2 (AtPAP2), which is anchored to the outer membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, affects carbon metabolism by modulating the import of some preproteins into chloroplasts and mitochondria. AtPAP9 bears a 72% amino acid sequence identity with AtPAP2, and both proteins carry a hydrophobic motif at their C-termini. Here, we show that AtPAP9 is a tail-anchored protein targeted to the outer membrane of chloroplasts. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments demonstrated that both AtPAP9 and AtPAP2 bind to a small subunit of rubisco 1B (AtSSU1B) and a number of chloroplast proteins. Chloroplast import assays using [35S]-labeled AtSSU1B showed that like AtPAP2, AtPAP9 also plays a role in AtSSU1B import into chloroplasts. Based on these data, we propose that AtPAP9 and AtPAP2 perform overlapping roles in modulating the import of specific proteins into chloroplasts. Most plant genomes contain only one PAP-like sequence encoding a protein with a hydrophobic motif at the C-terminus. The presence of both AtPAP2 and AtPAP9 in the Arabidopsis genome may have arisen from genome duplication in Brassicaceae. Unlike AtPAP2 overexpression lines, the AtPAP9 overexpression lines did not exhibit early-bolting or high-seed-yield phenotypes. Their differential growth phenotypes could be due to the inability of AtPAP9 to be targeted to mitochondria, as the overexpression of AtPAP2 on mitochondria enhances the capacity of mitochondria to consume reducing equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Xiaoqian Guan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Meijing Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Yee-Song Law
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Chia Pao Voon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Junran Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Feng Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (R.Z.); (X.G.); (M.Y.); (Y.-S.L.); (C.P.V.); (J.Y.); (F.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Zhang X, Wang X, Xu K, Jiang Z, Dong K, Xie X, Zhang H, Yue N, Zhang Y, Wang XB, Han C, Yu J, Li D. The serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase STY46 defends against hordeivirus infection by phosphorylating γb protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:715-730. [PMID: 33576790 PMCID: PMC8154058 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that frequently occurs during plant-virus interaction. Host protein kinases often regulate virus infectivity and pathogenicity by phosphorylating viral proteins. The Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) γb protein plays versatile roles in virus infection and the coevolutionary arms race between plant defense and viral counter-defense. Here, we identified that the autophosphorylated cytosolic serine/threonine/tyrosine (STY) protein kinase 46 of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbSTY46) phosphorylates and directly interacts with the basic motif domain (aa 19-47) of γb in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of wild-type NbSTY46, either transiently or transgenically, suppresses BSMV replication and ameliorates viral symptoms, whereas silencing of NbSTY46 leads to increased viral replication and exacerbated symptom. Moreover, the antiviral role of NbSTY46 requires its kinase activity, as the NbSTY46T436A mutant, lacking kinase activity, not only loses the ability to phosphorylate and interact with γb but also fails to impair BSMV infection when expressed in plants. NbSTY46 could also inhibit the replication of Lychnis ringspot virus, another chloroplast-replicating hordeivirus. In summary, we report a function of the cytosolic kinase STY46 in defending against plant viral infection by phosphorylating a viral protein in addition to its basal function in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xialin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Kleine T, Nägele T, Neuhaus HE, Schmitz-Linneweber C, Fernie AR, Geigenberger P, Grimm B, Kaufmann K, Klipp E, Meurer J, Möhlmann T, Mühlhaus T, Naranjo B, Nickelsen J, Richter A, Ruwe H, Schroda M, Schwenkert S, Trentmann O, Willmund F, Zoschke R, Leister D. Acclimation in plants - the Green Hub consortium. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:23-40. [PMID: 33368770 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation is the capacity to adapt to environmental changes within the lifetime of an individual. This ability allows plants to cope with the continuous variation in ambient conditions to which they are exposed as sessile organisms. Because environmental changes and extremes are becoming even more pronounced due to the current period of climate change, enhancing the efficacy of plant acclimation is a promising strategy for mitigating the consequences of global warming on crop yields. At the cellular level, the chloroplast plays a central role in many acclimation responses, acting both as a sensor of environmental change and as a target of cellular acclimation responses. In this Perspective article, we outline the activities of the Green Hub consortium funded by the German Science Foundation. The main aim of this research collaboration is to understand and strategically modify the cellular networks that mediate plant acclimation to adverse environments, employing Arabidopsis, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Chlamydomonas as model organisms. These efforts will contribute to 'smart breeding' methods designed to create crop plants with improved acclimation properties. To this end, the model oilseed crop Camelina sativa is being used to test modulators of acclimation for their potential to enhance crop yield under adverse environmental conditions. Here we highlight the current state of research on the role of gene expression, metabolism and signalling in acclimation, with a focus on chloroplast-related processes. In addition, further approaches to uncovering acclimation mechanisms derived from systems and computational biology, as well as adaptive laboratory evolution with photosynthetic microbes, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Plant Metabolism, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Belen Naranjo
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molecular Plant Science, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Physiology of Plant Organelles, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Hannes Ruwe
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Felix Willmund
- Molecular Genetics of Eukaryotes, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Reimo Zoschke
- Translational Regulation in Plants, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
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15
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Zheng P, Liu Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Sun F, Wang W, Chen H, Jan M, Zhang C, Yuan Y, Tan BC, Du H, Tu J. OsPPR939, a nad5 splicing factor, is essential for plant growth and pollen development in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:923-940. [PMID: 33386861 PMCID: PMC7925476 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
P-subfamily PPR protein OsPPR939, which can be phosphorylated by OsS6K1, regulates plant growth and pollen development by involving in the splicing of mitochondrial nad5 introns 1, 2, and 3. In land plants, pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins play key roles in mitochondrial group II intron splicing, but how these nucleus-encoded proteins are imported into mitochondria is unknown. To date, a few PPR proteins have been characterized in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we demonstrate that the mitochondrion-localized P-subfamily PPR protein OsPPR939 is required for the splicing of nad5 introns 1, 2, and 3 in rice. Complete knockout or partial disruption of OsPPR939 function resulted in different degrees of growth retardation and pollen sterility. The dramatically reduced splicing efficiency of these introns in osppr939-4 and osppr939-5 led to reduced mitochondrial complex I abundance and activity and enhanced expression of alternative respiratory pathway genes. Complementation with OsPPR939 rescued the defective plant morphology of osppr939-4 and restored its decreased splicing efficiency of nad5 introns 1, 2, and 3. Therefore, OsPPR939 plays crucial roles in plant growth and pollen development by splicing mitochondrial nad5 introns 1, 2, and 3. More importantly, the 12th amino acid Ser in the N-terminal targeting sequence of OsPPR939 is phosphorylated by OsS6K1, and truncated OsPPR939 with a non-phosphorylatable S12A mutation in its presequence could not be imported into mitochondria, suggesting that phosphorylation of this amino acid plays an important role in the mitochondrial import of OsPPR939. To our knowledge, the 12th residue Ser on OsPPR939 is the first experimentally proven phosphorylation site in PPR proteins. Our results provide a basis for investigating the regulatory mechanism of PPR proteins at the post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mehmood Jan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bao-Cai Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hao Du
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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16
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Cecchini NM, Speed DJ, Roychoudhry S, Greenberg JT. Kinases and protein motifs required for AZI1 plastid localization and trafficking during plant defense induction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1615-1629. [PMID: 33342031 PMCID: PMC8048937 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The proper subcellular localization of defense factors is an important part of the plant immune system. A key component for systemic resistance, lipid transfer protein (LTP)-like AZI1, is needed for the systemic movement of the priming signal azelaic acid (AZA) and a pool of AZI1 exists at the site of AZA production, the plastid envelope. Moreover, after systemic defense-triggering infections, the proportion of AZI1 localized to plastids increases. However, AZI1 does not possess a classical plastid transit peptide that can explain its localization. Instead, AZI1 uses a bipartite N-terminal signature that allows for its plastid targeting. Furthermore, the kinases MPK3 and MPK6, associated with systemic immunity, promote the accumulation of AZI1 at plastids during priming induction. Our results indicate the existence of a mode of plastid targeting possibly related to defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M. Cecchini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyThe University of Chicago929 East 57th Street GCIS 524WChicagoIL60637USA
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC‐CONICET) and Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel CaputtoFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaHaya de la Torre y Medina Allende – Ciudad UniversitariaCórdobaX5000HUAArgentina
| | - DeQuantarius J. Speed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyThe University of Chicago929 East 57th Street GCIS 524WChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Suruchi Roychoudhry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyThe University of Chicago929 East 57th Street GCIS 524WChicagoIL60637USA
- Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyThe University of Chicago929 East 57th Street GCIS 524WChicagoIL60637USA
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17
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Liu KH, Diener A, Lin Z, Liu C, Sheen J. Primary nitrate responses mediated by calcium signalling and diverse protein phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4428-4441. [PMID: 31985788 PMCID: PMC7382375 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate, the major source of inorganic nitrogen for plants, is a critical signal controlling nutrient transport and assimilation and adaptive growth responses throughout the plant. Understanding how plants perceive nitrate and how this perception is transduced into responses that optimize growth are important for the rational improvement of crop productivity and for mitigating pollution from the use of fertilizers. This review highlights recent findings that reveal key roles of cytosolic-nuclear calcium signalling and dynamic protein phosphorylation via diverse mechanisms in the primary nitrate response (PNR). Nitrate-triggered calcium signatures as well as the critical functions of subgroup III calcium-sensor protein kinases, a specific protein phosphatase 2C, and RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 3 are discussed. Moreover, genome-wide meta-analysis of nitrate-regulated genes encoding candidate protein kinases and phosphatases for modulating critical phosphorylation events in the PNR are elaborated. We also consider how phosphoproteomics approaches can contribute to the identification of putative regulatory protein kinases in the PNR. Exploring and integrating experimental strategies, new methodologies, and comprehensive datasets will further advance our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex regulatory processes in the PNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew Diener
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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The lineage and diversity of putative amino acid sensor ACR proteins in plants. Amino Acids 2020; 52:649-666. [PMID: 32306102 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid metabolic enzymes often contain a regulatory ACT domain, named for aspartate kinase, chorismate mutase, and TyrA (prephenate dehydrogenase). Arabidopsis encodes 12 putative amino acid sensor ACT repeat (ACR) proteins, all containing ACT repeats but no identifiable catalytic domain. Arabidopsis ACRs comprise three groups based on domain composition and sequence: group I and II ACRs contain four ACTs each, and group III ACRs contain two ACTs. Previously, all three groups had been documented only in Arabidopsis. Here, we extended this to algae and land plants, showing that all three groups of ACRs are present in most, if not all, land plants, whereas among algal ACRs, although quite diverse, only group III is conserved. The appearance of canonical group I and II ACRs thus accompanied the evolution of plants from living in water to living on land. Alignment of ACTs from plant ACRs revealed a conserved motif, DRPGLL, at the putative ligand-binding site. Notably, the unique features of the DRPGLL motifs in each ACT domain are conserved in ACRs from algae to land plants. The conservation of plant ACRs is reminiscent of that of human cellular arginine sensor for mTORC1 (CASTOR1), a member of a small protein family highly conserved in animals. CASTOR proteins also have four ACT domains, although the sequence identities between ACRs and CASTORs are very low. Thus, plant ACRs and animal CASTORs may have adapted the regulatory ACT domains from a more ancient metabolic enzyme, and then evolved independently.
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19
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Koide E, Suetsugu N, Iwano M, Gotoh E, Nomura Y, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Kohchi T, Nishihama R. Regulation of Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Metabolism by a Raf-Like Kinase in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:631-643. [PMID: 31851335 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To optimize growth and development, plants monitor photosynthetic activities and appropriately regulate various cellular processes. However, signaling mechanisms that coordinate plant growth with photosynthesis remain poorly understood. To identify factors that are involved in signaling related to photosynthetic stimuli, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis with Marchantia polymorpha, an extant bryophyte species in the basal lineage of land plants. Among proteins whose phosphorylation status changed differentially between dark-treated plants and those after light irradiation but failed to do so in the presence of a photosynthesis inhibitor, we identified a B4-group Raf-like kinase, named PHOTOSYNTHESIS-RELATED RAF (MpPRAF). Biochemical analyses confirmed photosynthesis-activity-dependent changes in the phosphorylation status of MpPRAF. Mutations in the MpPRAF gene resulted in growth retardation. Measurement of carbohydrates demonstrated both hyper-accumulation of starch and reduction of sucrose in Mppraf mutants. Neither inhibition of starch synthesis nor exogenous supply of sucrose alleviated the growth defect, suggesting serious impairment of Mppraf mutants in both the synthesis of sucrose and the repression of its catabolism. As a result of the compromised photosynthate metabolism, photosynthetic electron transport was downregulated in Mppraf mutants. A mutated MpPRAF with a common amino acid substitution for inactivating kinase activity was unable to rescue the Mppraf mutant defects. Our results provide evidence that MpPRAF is a photosynthesis signaling kinase that regulates sucrose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Koide
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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20
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Dong S, Zhang F, Beckles DM. A Cytosolic Protein Kinase STY46 in Arabidopsis thaliana is Involved in Plant Growth and Abiotic Stress Response. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010057. [PMID: 31906450 PMCID: PMC7020404 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch provides plants with carbon and energy during stressful periods; however, relatively few regulators of starch metabolism under stress-induced carbon starvation have been discovered. We studied a protein kinase Ser/Thr/Tyr (STY) 46, identified by gene co-expression network analysis as a potential regulator of the starch starvation response in Arabidopsis thaliana. We showed that STY46 was induced by (1) abscisic acid and prolonged darkness, (2) by abiotic stressors, including salinity and osmotic stress, and (3) by conditions associated with carbon starvation. Characterization of STY46 T-DNA knockout mutants indicated that there was functional redundancy among the STY gene family, as these genotypes did not show strong phenotypes. However, Arabidopsis with high levels of STY46 transcripts (OE-25) grew faster at the early seedling stage, had higher photosynthetic rates, and more carbon was stored as protein in the seeds under control conditions. Further, OE-25 source leaf accumulated more sugars under 100 mM NaCl stress, and salinity also accelerated root growth, which is consistent with an adaptive response. Salt-stressed OE-25 partitioned 14C towards sugars and amino acids, and away from starch and protein in source leaves. Together, these findings suggested that STY46 may be part of the salinity stress response pathway that utilizes starch during early plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyun Dong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China;
| | - Diane M. Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-754-4779
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21
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Eisa A, Malenica K, Schwenkert S, Bölter B. High Light Acclimation Induces Chloroplast Precursor Phosphorylation and Reduces Import Efficiency. PLANTS 2019; 9:plants9010024. [PMID: 31878089 PMCID: PMC7020187 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acclimation is an essential process in plants on many levels, but especially in chloroplasts under changing light conditions. It is partially known how the photosynthetic machinery reacts upon exposure to high light intensities, including rearrangement of numerous protein complexes. Since the majority of proteins residing within chloroplasts needs to be posttranslationally imported into the organelles, we endeavored to study how this important process is regulated upon subjecting plants from pea and Arabidopsis to high light. Our results reveal that acclimation takes place on the one hand in the cytosol by differential phosphorylation of preproteins and resulting from the altered expression of the responsible kinases, and on the other hand at the level of the translocation machineries in the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) envelope membranes. Intriguingly, while phosphorylation is more pronounced under high light, import itself shows a lower efficiency, along with a reduced accumulation of the Toc receptor proteins Toc34 and Toc159.
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22
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Eisa A, Bölter B, Schwenkert S. The ACT domain in chloroplast precursor-phosphorylating STY kinases binds metabolites and allosterically regulates kinase activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17278-17288. [PMID: 31594863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein import of nucleus-encoded proteins into plant chloroplasts is a highly regulated process, requiring fine-tuning mechanisms especially during chloroplast differentiation. One way of altering import efficiency is phosphorylation of chloroplast transit peptides in the cytosol. We recently investigated the role of three serine/threonine/tyrosine (STY) kinases, STY8, STY17, and STY46, in precursor phosphorylation. These three kinases have a high degree of similarity and harbor a conserved aspartate kinase-chorismate mutase-tyrA (prephenate dehydrogenase) (ACT) domain upstream of the kinase domain. The ACT domain is a widely distributed structural motif known to be important for allosteric regulation of many enzymes. In this work, using biochemical and biophysical techniques in vitro and in planta, including kinase assays, microscale thermophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, as well as site-directed mutagenesis approaches, we show that the ACT domain regulates autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation of the STY kinases. We found that isoleucine and S-adenosylmethionine bind to the ACT domain, negatively influencing its autophosphorylation ability. Moreover, we investigated the role of the ACT domain in planta and confirmed its involvement in chloroplast differentiation in vivo Our results provide detailed insights into the regulation of enzyme activity by ACT domains and establish that it has a role in binding amino acid ligands during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eisa
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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23
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JASSY, a chloroplast outer membrane protein required for jasmonate biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10568-10575. [PMID: 31068459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900482116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates are vital plant hormones that not only act in the stress response to biotic and abiotic influences, such as wounding, pathogen attack, and cold acclimation, but also drive developmental processes in cooperation with other plant hormones. The biogenesis of jasmonates starts in the chloroplast, where several enzymatic steps produce the jasmonate precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) from α-linolenic acid. OPDA in turn is exported into the cytosol for further conversion into active jasmonates, which subsequently induces the expression of multiple genes in the nucleus. Despite its obvious importance, the export of OPDA across the chloroplast membranes has remained elusive. In this study, we characterized a protein residing in the chloroplast outer membrane, JASSY, which has proven indispensable for the export of OPDA from the chloroplast. We provide evidence that JASSY has channel-like properties and propose that it thereby facilitates OPDA transport. Consequently, a lack of JASSY in Arabidopsis leads to a deficiency in accumulation of jasmonic acids, which results in impaired expression of jasmonate target genes on exposure to various stresses. This results in plants that are more susceptible to pathogen attack and also exhibit defects in cold acclimation.
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Marondedze C, Thomas L, Gehring C, Lilley KS. Changes in the Arabidopsis RNA-binding proteome reveal novel stress response mechanisms. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:139. [PMID: 30975080 PMCID: PMC6460520 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are increasingly recognized as regulatory component of post-transcriptional gene expression. RBPs interact with mRNAs via RNA-binding domains and these interactions affect RNA availability for translation, RNA stability and turn-over thus affecting both RNA and protein expression essential for developmental and stimulus specific responses. Here we investigate the effect of severe drought stress on the RNA-binding proteome to gain insights into the mechanisms that govern drought stress responses at the systems level. RESULTS Label-free mass spectrometry enabled the identification 567 proteins of which 150 significantly responded to the drought-induced treatment. A gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment in the "RNA binding" and "RNA processing" categories as well as biological processes such as "response to abscisic acid" and "response to water deprivation". Importantly, a large number of the stress responsive proteins have not previously been identified as RBPs and include proteins in carbohydrate metabolism and in the glycolytic and citric acid pathways in particular. This suggests that RBPs have hitherto unknown roles in processes that govern metabolic changes during stress responses. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of RBP domain architectures shows both, plant specific and common domain architectures between plants and animals. The latter could be an indication that RBPs are part of an ancient stress response. CONCLUSION This study establishes mRNA interactome capture technique as an approach to study stress signal responses implicated in environmental changes. Our findings denote RBP changes in the proteome as critical components in plant adaptation to changing environments and in particular drought stress protein-dependent changes in RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Marondedze
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Present Address: Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR1417, CNRS UMR5168, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Present Address: HM.Clause, rue Louis Saillant, 26802, Portes-lès-Valence, France
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 74 Borgo XX Giugno, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
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25
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Bokros N, Popescu SC, Popescu GV. Multispecies genome-wide analysis defines the MAP3K gene family in Gossypium hirsutum and reveals conserved family expansions. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:99. [PMID: 30871456 PMCID: PMC6419318 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene families are sets of structurally and evolutionarily related genes – in one or multiple species – that typically share a conserved biological function. As such, the identification and subsequent analyses of entire gene families are widely employed in the fields of evolutionary and functional genomics of both well established and newly sequenced plant genomes. Currently, plant gene families are typically identified using one of two major ways: 1) HMM-profile based searches using models built on Arabidopsis thaliana genes or 2) coding sequence homology searches using curated databases. Integrated databases containing functionally annotated genes and gene families have been developed for model organisms and several important crops; however, a comprehensive methodology for gene family annotation is currently lacking, preventing automated annotation of newly sequenced genomes. Results This paper proposes a combined measure of homology identification, motif conservation, phylogenomic and integrated gene expression analyses to define gene family structures in multiple plant species. The MAP3K gene families in seven plant species, including two currently unexamined species Gossypium hirsutum, and Zostera marina, were characterized to reveal new insights into their collective function and evolution and demonstrate the effectiveness of our novel methodology. Conclusion Compared with recent reports, this methodology performs significantly better for the identification and analysis of gene family members in several monocots/dicots, diploid as well as polyploid plant species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2624-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Bokros
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Plant Pathology and Entomology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Bioengineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Sorina C Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Plant Pathology and Entomology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - George V Popescu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Bioengineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA. .,The National Institute for Laser, Plasma & Radiation Physics, Bucharest, Romania.
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26
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Guo G, Zhang G, Pan B, Diao W, Liu J, Ge W, Gao C, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Wang S. Development and Application of InDel Markers for Capsicum spp. Based on Whole-Genome Re-Sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3691. [PMID: 30842649 PMCID: PMC6403297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide identification of Insertion/Deletion polymorphisms (InDels) in Capsicum spp. was performed through comparing whole-genome re-sequencing data from two Capsicum accessions, C. annuum cv. G29 and C. frutescens cv. PBC688, with the reference genome sequence of C. annuum cv. CM334. In total, we identified 1,664,770 InDels between CM334 and PBC688, 533,523 between CM334 and G29, and 1,651,856 between PBC688 and G29. From these InDels, 1605 markers of 3-49 bp in length difference between PBC688 and G29 were selected for experimental validation: 1262 (78.6%) showed polymorphisms, 90 (5.6%) failed to amplify, and 298 (18.6%) were monomorphic. For further validation of these InDels, 288 markers were screened across five accessions representing five domesticated species. Of these assayed markers, 194 (67.4%) were polymorphic, 87 (30.2%) monomorphic and 7 (2.4%) failed. We developed three interspecific InDels, which associated with three genes and showed specific amplification in five domesticated species and clearly differentiated the interspecific hybrids. Thus, our novel PCR-based InDel markers provide high application value in germplasm classification, genetic research and marker-assisted breeding in Capsicum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Guo
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Genlian Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baogui Pan
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Weiping Diao
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Jinbing Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Changzhou Gao
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.
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Nickel C, Horneff R, Heermann R, Neumann B, Jung K, Soll J, Schwenkert S. Phosphorylation of the outer membrane mitochondrial protein OM64 influences protein import into mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2019; 44:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bölter B. En route into chloroplasts: preproteins' way home. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:263-275. [PMID: 29943212 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the characteristic endosymbiotic organelles of plant cells which during the course of evolution lost most of their genetic information to the nucleus. Thus, they critically depend on the host cell for allocation of nearly their complete protein supply. This includes gene expression, translation, protein targeting, and transport-all of which need to be tightly regulated and perfectly coordinated to accommodate the cells' needs. To this end, multiple signaling pathways have been implemented that interchange information between the different cellular compartments. One of the most complex and energy consuming processes is the translocation of chloroplast-destined proteins into their target organelle. It is a concerted effort from chaperones, receptor proteins, channels, and regulatory elements to ensure correct targeting, efficient transport, and subsequent folding. Although we have discovered and learned a lot about protein import into chloroplasts in the last decades, there are still many open questions and debates about the roles of individual proteins as well as the mechanistic details. In this review, I will summarize and discuss the published data with a focus on the translocation complex in the chloroplast inner envelope membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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29
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Vu LD, Zhu T, Verstraeten I, van de Cotte B, Gevaert K, De Smet I. Temperature-induced changes in the wheat phosphoproteome reveal temperature-regulated interconversion of phosphoforms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4609-4624. [PMID: 29939309 PMCID: PMC6117581 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum ssp.) is one of the most important human food sources. However, this crop is very sensitive to temperature changes. Specifically, processes during wheat leaf, flower, and seed development and photosynthesis, which all contribute to the yield of this crop, are affected by high temperature. While this has to some extent been investigated on physiological, developmental, and molecular levels, very little is known about early signalling events associated with an increase in temperature. Phosphorylation-mediated signalling mechanisms, which are quick and dynamic, are associated with plant growth and development, also under abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, we probed the impact of a short-term and mild increase in temperature on the wheat leaf and spikelet phosphoproteome. In total, 3822 (containing 5178 phosphosites) and 5581 phosphopeptides (containing 7023 phosphosites) were identified in leaf and spikelet samples, respectively. Following statistical analysis, the resulting data set provides the scientific community with a first large-scale plant phosphoproteome under the control of higher ambient temperature. This community resource on the high temperature-mediated wheat phosphoproteome will be valuable for future studies. Our analyses also revealed a core set of common proteins between leaf and spikelet, suggesting some level of conserved regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we observed temperature-regulated interconversion of phosphoforms, which probably impacts protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dai Vu
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Plant mitochondrial protein import: the ins and outs. Biochem J 2018; 475:2191-2208. [PMID: 30018142 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the mitochondrial proteome, required to fulfil its diverse range of functions, is cytosolically synthesised and translocated via specialised machinery. The dedicated translocases, receptors, and associated proteins have been characterised in great detail in yeast over the last several decades, yet many of the mechanisms that regulate these processes in higher eukaryotes are still unknown. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of mitochondrial protein import in plants. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of mitochondrial protein import have remained conserved across species, many unique features have arisen in plants to encompass the developmental, tissue-specific, and stress-responsive regulation in planta. An understanding of unique features and mechanisms in plants provides us with a unique insight into the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in higher eukaryotes.
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31
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Beier MP, Obara M, Taniai A, Sawa Y, Ishizawa J, Yoshida H, Tomita N, Yamanaka T, Ishizuka Y, Kudo S, Yoshinari A, Takeuchi S, Kojima S, Yamaya T, Hayakawa T. Lack of ACTPK1, an STY kinase, enhances ammonium uptake and use, and promotes growth of rice seedlings under sufficient external ammonium. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:992-1006. [PMID: 29356222 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium influx into plant roots via the high-affinity transport system (HATS) is down-modulated under elevated external ammonium, preventing ammonium toxicity. In ammonium-fed Arabidopsis, ammonium transporter 1 (AMT1) trimers responsible for HATS activity are allosterically inactivated in a dose-dependent manner via phosphorylation of the conserved threonine at the carboxyl-tail by the calcineurin B-like protein 1-calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase 23 complex and other yet unidentified protein kinases. Using transcriptome and reverse genetics in ammonium-preferring rice, we revealed the role of the serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase gene OsACTPK1 in down-modulation of HATS under sufficient ammonium. In wild-type roots, ACTPK1 mRNA and protein accumulated dose-dependently under sufficient ammonium. To determine the function of ACTPK1, two independent mutants lacking ACTPK1 were produced by retrotransposon Tos17 insertion. Compared with segregants lacking insertions, the two mutants showed decreased root growth and increased shoot growth under 1 mm ammonium due to enhanced ammonium acquisition, via aberrantly high HATS activity, and use. Furthermore, introduction of OsACTPK1 cDNA fused to the synthetic green fluorescence protein under its own promoter complemented growth and the HATS influx, and suggested plasma membrane localization. Root cellular expression of OsACTPK1 also overlapped with that of ammonium-induced OsAMT1;1 and OsAMT1;2. Meanwhile, threonine-phosphorylated AMT1 levels were substantially decreased in roots of ACTPK1-deficient mutants grown under sufficient ammonium. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed interaction between ACTPK1 and AMT1;2 at the cell plasma membrane. Overall, these findings suggest that ACTPK1 directly phosphorylates and inactivates AMT1;2 in rice seedling roots under sufficient ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel P Beier
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Obara
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Akiko Taniai
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Sawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Jin Ishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Haruki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Narumi Tomita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yawara Ishizuka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Syuko Kudo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shiho Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
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Law YS, Ngan L, Yan J, Kwok LY, Sun Y, Cheng S, Schwenkert S, Lim BL. Multiple Kinases Can Phosphorylate the N-Terminal Sequences of Mitochondrial Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:982. [PMID: 30042778 PMCID: PMC6048449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the transit peptides of nuclear-encoded preprotein is a well-known regulatory process of protein import in plant chloroplasts. In the Arabidopsis Protein Phosphorylation Site Database, 103 out of 802 mitochondrial proteins were found to contain one or more experimentally proven phosphorylation sites in their first 60 amino acid residues. Analysis of the N-terminal sequences of selected mitochondrial preproteins and their homologs from 64 plant species showed high conservation among phosphorylation sites. The ability of kinases from various sources including leaf extract (LE), root extract (RE), wheat germ lysate (WGL), and STY kinases to phosphorylate N-terminal sequences of several respiratory chain proteins were examined by in vitro kinase assays. The three STY kinases were shown to phosphorylate the N-terminal sequences of some proteins we tested but exhibited different specificities. Interestingly, the N-terminal sequences of two mitochondrial ATP synthase beta subunit 1/3 (pF1β-1/3) could be phosphorylated by LE and RE but not by STY kinases, suggesting that there are uncharacterized presequence-phosphorylating kinases other than STY kinases present in RE and LE. Mitochondrial import studies showed that the import of RRL-synthesized pF1βs was impeded by the treatment of LE, and the addition of a short SSU transit peptide containing a phosphorylatable 14-3-3 binding site could enhance the import of LE-treated pF1βs. Our results suggested that the transit peptide of pSSU can compete with the presequences of pF1βs for an uncharacterized kinase(s) in leaf. Altogether, our data showed that phosphorylation of transit peptides/presequences are not uncommon for chloroplast-targeted and mitochondria-targeted proteins, albeit possibly differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Song Law
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Ngan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Junran Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lok Y. Kwok
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuzhe Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Boon L. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- *Correspondence: Boon L. Lim,
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Ramesh SA, Tyerman SD, Gilliham M, Xu B. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1577-1603. [PMID: 27838745 PMCID: PMC11107511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a signal in animals has been documented for over 60 years. In contrast, evidence that GABA is a signal in plants has only emerged in the last 15 years, and it was not until last year that a mechanism by which this could occur was identified-a plant 'GABA receptor' that inhibits anion passage through the aluminium-activated malate transporter family of proteins (ALMTs). ALMTs are multigenic, expressed in different organs and present on different membranes. We propose GABA regulation of ALMT activity could function as a signal that modulates plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, we compare and contrast the plant 'GABA receptor' with mammalian GABAA receptors in terms of their molecular identity, predicted topology, mode of action, and signalling roles. We also explore the implications of the discovery that GABA modulates anion flux in plants, its role in signal transduction for the regulation of plant physiology, and predict the possibility that there are other GABA interaction sites in the N termini of ALMT proteins through in silico evolutionary coupling analysis; we also explore the potential interactions between GABA and other signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita A Ramesh
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Bo Xu
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Sjuts I, Soll J, Bölter B. Import of Soluble Proteins into Chloroplasts and Potential Regulatory Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:168. [PMID: 28228773 PMCID: PMC5296341 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event in which a free-living cyanobacterium was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic host. During evolution the majority of the chloroplast genetic information was transferred to the host cell nucleus. As a consequence, proteins formerly encoded by the chloroplast genome are now translated in the cytosol and must be subsequently imported into the chloroplast. This process involves three steps: (i) cytosolic sorting procedures, (ii) binding to the designated receptor-equipped target organelle and (iii) the consecutive translocation process. During import, proteins have to overcome the two barriers of the chloroplast envelope, namely the outer envelope membrane (OEM) and the inner envelope membrane (IEM). In the majority of cases, this is facilitated by two distinct multiprotein complexes, located in the OEM and IEM, respectively, designated TOC and TIC. Plants are constantly exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions such as temperature and light and must therefore regulate protein composition within the chloroplast to ensure optimal functioning of elementary processes such as photosynthesis. In this review we will discuss the recent models of each individual import stage with regard to short-term strategies that plants might use to potentially acclimate to changes in their environmental conditions and preserve the chloroplast protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Sjuts
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunich, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Bölter,
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Zhang R, Guan X, Law YS, Sun F, Chen S, Wong KB, Lim BL. AtPAP2 modulates the import of the small subunit of Rubisco into chloroplasts. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1239687. [PMID: 27700374 PMCID: PMC5117095 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1239687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana purple acid phosphatase 2 (AtPAP2) is the only phosphatase that is dual-targeted to both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Like Toc33/34 of the TOC and Tom 20 of the TOM, AtPAP2 is anchored to the outer membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria via a hydrophobic C-terminal motif. AtPAP2 on the mitochondria was previously shown to recognize the presequences of several nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins and modulate the import of pMORF3 into the mitochondria. Here we show that AtPAP2 binds to the small subunit of Rubisco (pSSU) and that chloroplast import experiments demonstrated that pSSU was imported less efficiently into pap2 chloroplasts than into wild-type chloroplasts. We propose that AtPAP2 is an outer membrane-bound phosphatase receptor that facilitates the import of selected proteins into chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Guan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Feng Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CONTACT Boon Leong LIM
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Bölter B, Soll J. Once upon a Time - Chloroplast Protein Import Research from Infancy to Future Challenges. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:798-812. [PMID: 27142186 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein import into chloroplasts has been a focus of research for several decades. The first publications dealing with this fascinating topic appeared in the 1970s. From the initial realization that many plastid proteins are being encoded for in the nucleus and require transport into their target organelle to the identification of import components in the cytosol, chloroplast envelopes, and stroma, as well as elucidation of some mechanistic details, more fascinating aspects are still being unraveled. With this overview, we present a survey of the beginnings of chloroplast protein import research, the first steps on this winding road, and end with a glimpse into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Law YS, Zhang R, Guan X, Cheng S, Sun F, Duncan O, Murcha MW, Whelan J, Lim BL. Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of the Presequence of Precursor MULTIPLE ORGANELLAR RNA EDITING FACTOR3 during Import into Mitochondria from Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1344-55. [PMID: 26304849 PMCID: PMC4587475 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus-encoded mitochondria-targeted proteins, multiple organellar RNA editing factors (MORF3, MORF5, and MORF6), interact with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PURPLE ACID PHOSPHATASE2 (AtPAP2) located on the chloroplast and mitochondrial outer membranes in a presequence-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of the presequence of the precursor MORF3 (pMORF3) by endogenous kinases in wheat germ translation lysate, leaf extracts, or STY kinases, but not in rabbit reticulocyte translation lysate, resulted in the inhibition of protein import into mitochondria. This inhibition of import could be overcome by altering threonine/serine residues to alanine on the presequence, thus preventing phosphorylation. Phosphorylated pMORF3, but not the phosphorylation-deficient pMORF3, can form a complex with 14-3-3 proteins and HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN70. The phosphorylation-deficient mutant of pMORF3 also displayed faster rates of import when translated in wheat germ lysates. Mitochondria isolated from plants with altered amounts of AtPAP2 displayed altered protein import kinetics. The import rate of pMORF3 synthesized in wheat germ translation lysate into pap2 mitochondria was slower than that into wild-type mitochondria, and this rate disparity was not seen for pMORF3 synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte translation lysate, the latter translation lysate largely deficient in kinase activity. Taken together, these results support a role for the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of pMORF3 during the import into plant mitochondria. These results suggest that kinases, possibly STY kinases, and AtPAP2 are involved in the import of protein into both mitochondria and chloroplasts and provide a mechanism by which the import of proteins into both organelles may be coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Song Law
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Renshan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Xiaoqian Guan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Feng Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Owen Duncan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - James Whelan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (Y.-S.L., R.Z., X.G., S.C., F.S., B.L.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (O.D., M.W.M.);Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (J.W.); andState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (B.L.L.)
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The Design and Structure of Outer Membrane Receptors from Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts. Structure 2015; 23:1783-1800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Nickel C, Soll J, Schwenkert S. Phosphomimicking within the transit peptide of pHCF136 leads to reduced photosystem II accumulation in vivo. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1301-7. [PMID: 25935521 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most chloroplast resident proteins are equipped with N-terminal transit peptides to ensure targeting from the cytosol to the organelle. Import rates can be modulated by phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding within the transit peptides. Using the phosphorylatable preprotein pHCF136, a photosystem II assembly factor, we investigated the function of preprotein phosphorylation in vivo by complementing the seedling lethal hcf136 mutant. HCF136 constructs containing mutations within the 14-3-3 binding site were generated, either abolishing or mimicking phosphorylation. Interestingly, phosphomimicking reduced the import rate and the hcf136 phenotype could only be partially rescued, as shown by hampered photosystem II complex accumulation, which was most prominently observed in cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Nickel
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I, Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Plant kinases are one of the largest protein families in Arabidopsis. There are almost 600 membrane-located receptor kinases and almost 400 soluble kinases with distinct functions in signal transduction. In this minireview we discuss phylogeny and functional context of prominent members from major protein kinase subfamilies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zulawski
- Max Planck Institute of molecular Plant Physiology, 14470, Potsdam, Germany
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Schweiger R, Soll J, Jung K, Heermann R, Schwenkert S. Quantification of interaction strengths between chaperones and tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing membrane proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30614-30625. [PMID: 24036116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.493015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The three tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing docking proteins Toc64, OM64, and AtTPR7 reside in the chloroplast, mitochondrion, and endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. They are suggested to act during post-translational protein import by association with chaperone-bound preprotein complexes. Here, we performed a detailed biochemical, biophysical, and computational analysis of the interaction between Toc64, OM64, and AtTPR7 and the five cytosolic chaperones HSP70.1, HSP90.1, HSP90.2, HSP90.3, and HSP90.4. We used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy in combination with Interaction Map® analysis to distinguish between chaperone oligomerization and docking protein-chaperone interactions and to calculate binding affinities for all tested interactions. Complementary to this, we applied pulldown assays as well as microscale thermophoresis as surface immobilization independent techniques. The data revealed that OM64 prefers HSP70 over HSP90, whereas Toc64 binds all chaperones with comparable affinities. We could further show that AtTPR7 is able to bind HSP90 in addition to HSP70. Moreover, differences between the HSP90 isoforms were detected and revealed a weaker binding for HSP90.1 to AtTPR7 and OM64, showing that slight differences in the amino acid composition or structure of the chaperones influence binding to the tetratricopeptide repeat domain. The combinatory approach of several methods provided a powerful toolkit to determine binding affinities of similar interaction partners in a highly quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Soll
- From the Departments of Biology I, Botany, and
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Biology I, Microbiology, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Biology I, Microbiology, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Carrie C, Whelan J. Widespread dual targeting of proteins in land plants: when, where, how and why. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25034. [PMID: 23733068 PMCID: PMC3999085 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first dual targeted protein in plants in 1995 the number of dual targeted proteins in plants has grown to over 250 proteins. Much work and investigations have focused on identifying how or what makes a protein dual targeted. Recently, more research has focused on the evolution and conservation of dual targeting of proteins in plants. This new work has demonstrated that dual targeting arose early within the evolution of plants and because it is rarely lost, once gained, it must be under some positive selection pressure. The possible reasons as why proteins are dual targeted and why it was conserved during the evolution of plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Carrie
- Department of Biology I, Botany; Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence to: Chris Carrie,
| | - James Whelan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley, WA Australia
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Kim DH, Hwang I. Direct targeting of proteins from the cytosol to organelles: the ER versus endosymbiotic organelles. Traffic 2013; 14:613-21. [PMID: 23331847 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells consisting of many different types of organelles, targeting of organellar proteins is one of the most fundamental cellular processes. Proteins belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplasts and mitochondria are targeted individually from the cytosol to their cognate organelles. As the targeting to these organelles occurs in the cytosol during or after translation, the most crucial aspect is how specific targeting to these three organelles can be achieved without interfering with other targeting pathways. For these organelles, multiple mechanisms are used for targeting proteins, but the exact mechanism used depends on the type of protein and organelle, the location of targeting signals in the protein and the location of the protein in the organelle. In this review, we discuss the various mechanisms involved in protein targeting to the ER, chloroplasts and mitochondria, and how the targeting specificity is determined for these organelles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Heon Kim
- Divisions of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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Lehti-Shiu MD, Shiu SH. Diversity, classification and function of the plant protein kinase superfamily. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:2619-39. [PMID: 22889912 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic protein kinases belong to a large superfamily with hundreds to thousands of copies and are components of essentially all cellular functions. The goals of this study are to classify protein kinases from 25 plant species and to assess their evolutionary history in conjunction with consideration of their molecular functions. The protein kinase superfamily has expanded in the flowering plant lineage, in part through recent duplications. As a result, the flowering plant protein kinase repertoire, or kinome, is in general significantly larger than other eukaryotes, ranging in size from 600 to 2500 members. This large variation in kinome size is mainly due to the expansion and contraction of a few families, particularly the receptor-like kinase/Pelle family. A number of protein kinases reside in highly conserved, low copy number families and often play broadly conserved regulatory roles in metabolism and cell division, although functions of plant homologues have often diverged from their metazoan counterparts. Members of expanded plant kinase families often have roles in plant-specific processes and some may have contributed to adaptive evolution. Nonetheless, non-adaptive explanations, such as kinase duplicate subfunctionalization and insufficient time for pseudogenization, may also contribute to the large number of seemingly functional protein kinases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Lehti-Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Schweiger R, Müller NC, Schmitt MJ, Soll J, Schwenkert S. AtTPR7 is a chaperone-docking protein of the Sec translocon in Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5196-207. [PMID: 22899711 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted sorting of post-translationally imported proteins is a general mechanism among all eukaryotic organisms. Interaction of some preproteins with the organellar membranes is mediated by chaperones, which are recognised by membrane-bound tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain containing proteins. We have characterised AtTPR7 as an endoplasmic reticulum protein in plants and propose a potential function for AtTPR7 in post-translational protein import. Our data demonstrate that AtTPR7 interacts with the heat shock proteins HSP90 and HSP70 via a cytosol-exposed TPR domain. We further show by in vitro and in vivo experiments that AtTPR7 is associated with the Arabidopsis Sec63 homologue, AtERdj2. Interestingly, AtTPR7 can functionally complement a Δsec71 yeast mutant that is impaired in post-translational protein transport. These data strongly suggest that AtTPR7 not only has a role in chaperone binding but also in post-translational protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum, pointing to a general mechanism of chaperone-mediated post-translational sorting between the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Schweiger
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Parthibane V, Iyappan R, Vijayakumar A, Venkateshwari V, Rajasekharan R. Serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase phosphorylates oleosin, a regulator of lipid metabolic functions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:95-104. [PMID: 22434039 PMCID: PMC3375988 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils are stored in oleosomes or oil bodies, which are surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids embedded with oleosin proteins that stabilize the structure. Recently, a structural protein, Oleosin3 (OLE3), was shown to exhibit both monoacylglycerol acyltransferase and phospholipase A(2) activities. The regulation of these distinct dual activities in a single protein is unclear. Here, we report that a serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase phosphorylates oleosin. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis, we demonstrate that this kinase interacts with OLE3 and that the fluorescence was associated with chloroplasts. Oleosin-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was exclusively associated with the chloroplasts. Phosphorylated OLE3 exhibited reduced monoacylglycerol acyltransferase and increased phospholipase A(2) activities. Moreover, phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol activated oleosin phosphorylation, whereas lysophosphatidylcholine, oleic acid, and Ca(2+) inhibited phosphorylation. In addition, recombinant peanut (Arachis hypogaea) kinase was determined to predominantly phosphorylate serine residues, specifically serine-18 in OLE3. Phosphorylation levels of OLE3 during seed germination were determined to be higher than in developing peanut seeds. These findings provide direct evidence for the in vivo substrate selectivity of the dual-specificity kinase and demonstrate that the bifunctional activities of oleosin are regulated by phosphorylation.
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Flores-Pérez Ú, Jarvis P. Molecular chaperone involvement in chloroplast protein import. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:332-40. [PMID: 22521451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are organelles of endosymbiotic origin that perform essential functions in plants. They contain about 3000 different proteins, the vast majority of which are nucleus-encoded, synthesized in precursor form in the cytosol, and transported into the chloroplasts post-translationally. These preproteins are generally imported via envelope complexes termed TOC and TIC (Translocon at the Outer/Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). They must navigate different cellular and organellar compartments (e.g., the cytosol, the outer and inner envelope membranes, the intermembrane space, and the stroma) before arriving at their final destination. It is generally considered that preproteins are imported in a largely unfolded state, and the whole process is energy-dependent. Several chaperones and cochaperones have been found to mediate different stages of chloroplast import, in similar fashion to chaperone involvement in mitochondrial import. Cytosolic factors such as Hsp90, Hsp70 and 14-3-3 may assist preproteins to reach the TOC complex at the chloroplast surface, preventing their aggregation or degradation. Chaperone involvement in the intermembrane space has also been proposed, but remains uncertain. Preprotein translocation is completed at the trans side of the inner membrane by ATP-driven motor complexes. A stromal Hsp100-type chaperone, Hsp93, cooperates with Tic110 and Tic40 in one such motor complex, while stromal Hsp70 is proposed to act in a second, parallel complex. Upon arrival in the stroma, chaperones (e.g., Hsp70, Cpn60, cpSRP43) also contribute to the folding, assembly or onward intraorganellar guidance of the proteins. In this review, we focus on chaperone involvement during preprotein translocation at the chloroplast envelope. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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Cytosolic events involved in chloroplast protein targeting. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:245-52. [PMID: 22450030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are unique organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis. Although chloroplasts contain their own genome, the majority of chloroplast proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome. These proteins are transported to the chloroplasts after translation in the cytosol. Chloroplasts contain three membrane systems (outer/inner envelope and thylakoid membranes) that subdivide the interior into three soluble compartments known as the intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoid lumen. Several targeting mechanisms are required to deliver proteins to the correct chloroplast membrane or soluble compartment. These mechanisms have been extensively studied using purified chloroplasts in vitro. Prior to targeting these proteins to the various compartments of the chloroplast, they must be correctly sorted in the cytosol. To date, it is not clear how these proteins are sorted in the cytosol and then targeted to the chloroplasts. Recently, the cytosolic carrier protein AKR2 and its associated cofactor Hsp17.8 for outer envelope membrane proteins of chloroplasts were identified. Additionally, a mechanism for controlling unimported plastid precursors in the cytosol has been discovered. This review will mainly focus on recent findings concerning the possible cytosolic events that occur prior to protein targeting to the chloroplasts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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Lamberti G, Drurey C, Soll J, Schwenkert S. The phosphorylation state of chloroplast transit peptides regulates preprotein import. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1918-20. [PMID: 22105029 PMCID: PMC3337178 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.12.18127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Import of nuclear encoded proteins into chloroplast is an essential and well-regulated mechanism. The cytosolic kinases STY8, STY17 and STY46 have been shown to phosphorylate chloroplast preprotein transit peptides advantaging the binding of a 14-3-3 dimer. Analyses of sty8 sty17 sty46 mutant plants revealed a role for the kinases in chloroplast differentiation, possibly due to lack of transit peptide phosphorylation. Moreover we could show that not only phosphorylation but also transit peptide dephosphorylation appears to be required for the fine regulation of the back-transport of nuclear encoded proteins to the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Lamberti
- Department of Biology I, Botany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich, Germany
| | - Claire Drurey
- Department of Biology I, Botany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department of Biology I, Botany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department of Biology I, Botany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich, Germany
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