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Gao J, Lu C, Wei Y, Xie Q, Jin J, Li J, Yang F, Zhu G. Phosphorylation of 399S at CsHsp70 of Cymbidium sinense is essential to maintain chlorophyll stability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108518. [PMID: 38744085 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese orchids symbolise nobility and gentility in China, and the variation of leaf color makes Cymbidium sinense more diversified and valuable. However, its color variations especially at the protein level still remain largely unexplored. In this study, the proteomics and phosphoproteomics of Cymbidium sinense leaf color variation mutants were studied. A total of 1059 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and 1127 differentially abundant phosphorylation sites belonging to 644 phosphoproteins (DAPPs) were identified in the yellow section of leaf variegation mutant of Cymbidium sinense (MY) compared with the green section (MG). Moreover, 349 co-expressing proteins were found in both omics' datasets, while only 26 proteins showed the same expression patterns in the two omics. The interaction network analysis of kinases and phosphatases showed that DAPs and DAPPs in photosynthesis, response to hormones, pigment metabolic process, phosphorylation, glucose metabolic process, and dephosphorylation might contribute to leaf color variation. The abundance of 28 Hsps and 28 phosphorylation sites belonging to 10 Hsps showed significant differences between MG and MY. CsHsp70 was selected to explore the function in Cymbidium sinense leaf variegation. The results showed CsHsp70 is essential for maintaining photosynthetic pigment content and the 399S phosphorylation site is crucial to the function of CsHsp70. Collectively, our findings construct a comprehensive coverage of protein and protein phosphorylation in leaf variegation of C. sinense, providing valuable insights into its formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qi Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Cosse M, Rehders T, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Selinski J. Cysteine oxidation as a regulatory mechanism of Arabidopsis plastidial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14340. [PMID: 38741259 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) catalyze a reversible NAD(P)-dependent-oxidoreductase reaction that plays an important role in central metabolism and redox homeostasis of plant cells. Recent studies suggest a moonlighting function of plastidial NAD-dependent MDH (plNAD-MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) in plastid biogenesis, independent of its enzyme activity. In this study, redox effects on activity and conformation of recombinant plNAD-MDH from Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated. We show that reduced plNAD-MDH is active while it is inhibited upon oxidation. Interestingly, the presence of its cofactors NAD+ and NADH could prevent oxidative inhibition of plNAD-MDH. In addition, a conformational change upon oxidation could be observed via non-reducing SDS-PAGE. Both effects, its inhibition and conformational change, were reversible by re-reduction. Further investigation of single cysteine substitutions and mass spectrometry revealed that oxidation of plNAD-MDH leads to oxidation of all four cysteine residues. However, cysteine oxidation of C129 leads to inhibition of plNAD-MDH activity and oxidation of C147 induces its conformational change. In contrast, oxidation of C190 and C333 does not affect plNAD-MDH activity or structure. Our results demonstrate that plNAD-MDH activity can be reversibly inhibited, but not inactivated, by cysteine oxidation and might be co-regulated by the availability of its cofactors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Cosse
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tanja Rehders
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Selinski
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang N, He H, Wen B, Zhang R, Fu X, Xiao W, Li D, Li L, Chen X. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Prunus persica ferredoxin gene family and its role in improving heat tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:108-119. [PMID: 35334371 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin is involved in many biological processes, such as carbon fixation, nitrogen assimilation, chlorophyll metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis, and it plays a role in plant resistance to stress. However, the functions of Fds in peach during stress are unclear. In this study, 11 members of the peach Fd gene family were identified and divided into six groups (I- VI). We carried out bioinformatics analysis on these sequences, analyzed the physical and chemical properties of PpFd protein and the cis-elements in its promoter region, and predicted and compared the differences in gene structure and conserved protein motifs among groups. The results showed that the PpFd protein was highly conserved in plant species. In addition, overexpression of PpFd08 significantly increased the tolerance of transgenic tomato to high-temperature stress. The transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR results of PpFd08 transgenic apple calli showed that PpFd08 might enhance heat resistance by modulating the expression of heat tolerance related genes. The results of this study provide a new understanding for the further study of the function of PpFd protein in peach and a candidate gene for improving the heat resistance of peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Meng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Huajie He
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Binbin Wen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Xiling Fu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Xiude Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China; Shandong Province Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and High-efficiency Vegetable Production, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
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Longoni FP, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation in Chloroplasts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1094-1107. [PMID: 33768241 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of their abundance and extensive phosphorylation, numerous thylakoid proteins stand out amongst the phosphoproteins of plants and algae. In particular, subunits of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and of photosystem II (PSII) are dynamically phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in response to light conditions and metabolic demands. These phosphorylations are controlled by evolutionarily conserved thylakoid protein kinases and counteracting protein phosphatases, which have distinct but partially overlapping substrate specificities. The best characterized are the kinases STATE TRANSITION 7 (STN7/STT7) and STATE TRANSITION 8 (STN8), and the antagonistic phosphatases PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1/THYLAKOID-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHATASE 38 (PPH1/TAP38) and PHOTOSYSTEM II CORE PHOSPHATASE (PBCP). The phosphorylation of LHCII is mainly governed by STN7 and PPH1/TAP38 in plants. LHCII phosphorylation is essential for state transitions, a regulatory feedback mechanism that controls the allocation of this antenna to either PSII or PSI, and thus maintains the redox balance of the electron transfer chain. Phosphorylation of several core subunits of PSII, regulated mainly by STN8 and PBCP, correlates with changes in thylakoid architecture, the repair cycle of PSII after photodamage as well as regulation of light harvesting and of alternative routes of photosynthetic electron transfer. Other kinases, such as the PLASTID CASEIN KINASE II (pCKII), also intervene in thylakoid protein phosphorylation and take part in the chloroplast kinase network. While some features of thylakoid phosphorylation were conserved through the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes, others have diverged in different lineages possibly as a result of their adaptation to varied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Paolo Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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Grabsztunowicz M, Rantala M, Ivanauskaite A, Blomster T, Koskela MM, Vuorinen K, Tyystjärvi E, Burow M, Overmyer K, Mähönen AP, Mulo P. Root-type ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana: Expression patterns, location and stress responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:548-558. [PMID: 33131061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, two leaf-type ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (LFNR) isoforms function in photosynthetic electron flow in reduction of NADP+ , while two root-type FNR (RFNR) isoforms catalyse reduction of ferredoxin in non-photosynthetic plastids. As the key to understanding, the function of RFNRs might lie in their spatial and temporal distribution in different plant tissues and cell types, we examined expression of RFNR1 and RFNR2 genes using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines and investigated accumulation of distinct RFNR isoforms using a GFP approach and Western blotting upon various stresses. We show that while RFNR1 promoter is active in leaf veins, root tips and in the stele of roots, RFNR2 promoter activity is present in leaf tips and root stele, epidermis and cortex. RFNR1 protein accumulates as a soluble protein within the plastids of root stele cells, while RFNR2 is mainly present in the outer root layers. Ozone treatment of plants enhanced accumulation of RFNR1, whereas low temperature treatment specifically affected RFNR2 accumulation in roots. We further discuss the physiological roles of RFNR1 and RFNR2 based on characterization of rfnr1 and rfnr2 knock-out plants and show that although the function of these proteins is partly redundant, the RFNR proteins are essential for plant development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Grabsztunowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Rantala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aiste Ivanauskaite
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Blomster
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Koskela
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari P Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Mulo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Grabsztunowicz M, Rokka A, Farooq I, Aro EM, Mulo P. Gel-based proteomic map of Arabidopsis thaliana root plastids and mitochondria. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:413. [PMID: 32887556 PMCID: PMC7650296 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-photosynthetic plastids of plants are known to be involved in a range of metabolic and biosynthetic reactions, even if they have been difficult to study due to their small size and lack of color. The morphology of root plastids is heterogeneous and also the plastid size, density and subcellular distribution varies depending on the cell type and developmental stage, and therefore the functional features have remained obscure. Although the root plastid proteome is likely to reveal specific functional features, Arabidopsis thaliana root plastid proteome has not been studied to date. RESULTS In the present study, we separated Arabidopsis root protein fraction enriched with plastids and mitochondria by 2D-PAGE and identified 84 plastid-targeted and 77 mitochondrion-targeted proteins using LC-MS/MS. The most prevalent root plastid protein categories represented amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid biosynthesis pathways, while the enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were not detected. Mitochondrion-targeted proteins were classified mainly into the energetics category. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study presenting gel-based map of Arabidopsis thaliana root plastid and mitochondrial proteome. Our findings suggest that Arabidopsis root plastids have broad biosynthetic capacity, and that they do not play a major role in a long-term storage of carbohydrates. The proteomic map provides a tool for further studies to compare changes in the proteome, e.g. in response to environmental cues, and emphasizes the role of root plastids in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism as well as in amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. The results enable taking a first step towards an integrated view of root plastid/mitochondrial proteome and metabolic functions in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Irum Farooq
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Alegre S, Pascual J, Trotta A, Angeleri M, Rahikainen M, Brosche M, Moffatt B, Kangasjärvi S. Evolutionary conservation and post-translational control of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase in land plants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227466. [PMID: 32678822 PMCID: PMC7367456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-methylation reactions are intrinsic to cellular metabolism in all living organisms. In land plants, a range of substrate-specific methyltransferases catalyze the methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, cell wall components and numerous species-specific metabolites, thereby providing means for growth and acclimation in various terrestrial habitats. Trans-methylation reactions consume vast amounts of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor in several cellular compartments. The inhibitory reaction by-product, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), is continuously removed by SAH hydrolase (SAHH), which essentially maintains trans-methylation reactions in all living cells. Here we report on the evolutionary conservation and post-translational control of SAHH in land plants. We provide evidence suggesting that SAHH forms oligomeric protein complexes in phylogenetically divergent land plants and that the predominant protein complex is composed by a tetramer of the enzyme. Analysis of light-stress-induced adjustments of SAHH in Arabidopsis thaliana and Physcomitrella patens further suggests that regulatory actions may take place on the levels of protein complex formation and phosphorylation of this metabolically central enzyme. Collectively, these data suggest that plant adaptation to terrestrial environments involved evolution of regulatory mechanisms that adjust the trans-methylation machinery in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Angeleri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosche
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Moffatt
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Kumari K, Rai MP, Bansal N, Prashat GR, Kumari S, Srivathsa R, Dahuja A, Sachdev A, Praveen S, Vinutha T. Study of subcellular localization of Glycine max γ-tocopherol methyl transferase isoforms in N. benthamiana. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:110. [PMID: 32099748 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) converts γ-toc to α-toc-the rate limiting step in toc biosynthesis. Sequencing results revealed that the coding regions of γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 were strongly similar to each other (93% at amino acid level). Based on the differences in the N-terminal amino acids, Glycine max-γ-TMT proteins are categorized into three isoforms: γ-TMT1, 2 and 3. In silico structural analysis revealed the presence of chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) in γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 protein. However, other properties of transit peptide like presence of hydrophobic amino acids at the first three positions of N-terminal end and lower level of acidic amino acids were revealed only in γ-TMT3 protein. Subcellular localization of GFP fused γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 under 35S promoter was studied in Nicotiana benthamiana using confocal microscopy. Results showed that γ-TMT1 was found in the cytosol and γ-TMT3 was found to be localized both in cytosol and chloroplast. Further the presence γ-TMT3 in chloroplast was validated by quantifying α-tocopherol through UPLC. Thus the present study of cytosolic localization of the both γ-TMT1 and γ-TMT3 proteins and chloroplastic localization of γ-TMT3 will help to reveal the importance of γ-TMT encoded α-toc in protecting both chloroplastic and cell membrane from plant oxidative stress.
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Laporte D, González A, Moenne A. Copper-Induced Activation of MAPKs, CDPKs and CaMKs Triggers Activation of Hexokinase and Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase Leading to Increased Synthesis of ASC, GSH and NADPH in Ulva compressa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:990. [PMID: 32733511 PMCID: PMC7363978 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze whether copper induces activation of CaMK, CDPK and/or MAPK signaling pathways leading to carbon flux reprogramming and to the synthesis of ascorbate (ASC), glutathione (GSH) and NADPH in order to buffer copper-induced oxidative stress, U. compressa was initially cultivated with 10 µM copper for 0 to 10 days. The activities of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), L-galactone 1,4 lactone dehydrogenase (L-GLDH) and glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were analyzed. HK activity was increased whereas PK was inhibited, and L-GLDH and G6PDH activities were increased indicating a copper-induced modulation of glycolysis leading to carbon flux reprogramming. Then, the alga was cultivated with an inhibitor of CaMs and CaMKs, CDPKs and MAPKs, and with 10 µM of copper for 5 days and the activities of HK, PK, L-GLDH, G6PDH and glutathione synthase (GS), the levels of ASC/DHA, GSG/GSSG and NADPH/NADP, the levels of superoxide anions (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) and the integrity of plasma membrane were determined. The activation of HK was dependent on MAPKs, the inhibition of PK on CDPKs/MAPKs, the activation of L-GLDH on MAPKs, the activation GS on CDPKs/MAPKs, and the activation of G6PDH on MAPKs. Increases in the level of ASC/DHA were dependent on activation of CaMKs/CDPKs/MAPKs, those of GSG/GSSG on MAPKs and those NADPH/NADP on CaMKs/CDPKs/MAPKs. The accumulation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide and the integrity of plasma membrane were dependent on CaMKs/CDPKs/MAPKs. Thus, copper induced the activation of MAPKs, CDPKs and CaMKs leading to the modulation of glycolysis and carbon flux reprogramming which trigger an increase in ASC, GSH and NADPH syntheses and the activation of antioxidant enzymes in order to buffer copper-induced oxidative stress in U. compressa.
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Grabsztunowicz M, Mulo P, Baymann F, Mutoh R, Kurisu G, Sétif P, Beyer P, Krieger-Liszkay A. Electron transport pathways in isolated chromoplasts from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:245-256. [PMID: 30888718 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During daffodil flower development, chloroplasts differentiate into photosynthetically inactive chromoplasts having lost functional photosynthetic reaction centers. Chromoplasts exhibit a respiratory activity reducing oxygen to water and generating ATP. Immunoblots revealed the presence of the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, the cytochrome b6 f complex, ATP synthase and several isoforms of ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR), and ferredoxin (Fd). Fluorescence spectroscopy allowed the detection of chlorophyll a in the cytochrome b6 f complex. Here we characterize the electron transport pathway of chromorespiration by using specific inhibitors for the NDH complex, the cytochrome b6 f complex, FNR and redox-inactive Fd in which the iron was replaced by gallium. Our data suggest an electron flow via two separate pathways, both reducing plastoquinone (PQ) and using PTOX as oxidase. The first oxidizes NADPH via FNR, Fd and cytochrome bh of the cytochrome b6 f complex, and does not result in the pumping of protons across the membrane. In the second, electron transport takes place via the NDH complex using both NADH and NADPH as electron donor. FNR and Fd are not involved in this pathway. The NDH complex is responsible for the generation of the proton gradient. We propose a model for chromorespiration that may also be relevant for the understanding of chlororespiration and for the characterization of the electron input from Fd to the cytochrome b6 f complex during cyclic electron transport in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Frauke Baymann
- Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, CNRS - Aix-Marseille Université, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Risa Mutoh
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Pierre Sétif
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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11
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Liu XX, Luo XF, Luo KX, Liu YL, Pan T, Li ZZ, Duns GJ, He FL, Qin ZD. Small RNA sequencing reveals dynamic microRNA expression of important nutrient metabolism during development of Camellia oleifera fruit. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:416-429. [PMID: 30745831 PMCID: PMC6367553 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain insight into the function of miRNAs in the synthesis and storage of important nutrients during the development of Camellia oleifera fruit, Illumina sequencing of flower and fruit small-RNA was conducted. The results revealed that 797 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between flower and fruit samples of Camellia oleifera. Through integrated GO and KEGG function annotations, it was determined that the miRNA target genes were mainly involved in metabolic pathways, plant hormone signal transduction, fruit development, mitosis and regulation of biosynthetic processes. Carbohydrate accumulation genes were differentially regulated by miR156, miR390 and miR395 in the fruit growth and development process. MiR477 is the key miRNA functioning in regulation of genes and involved in fatty acid synthesis. Additionally, miR156 also has the function of regulating glycolysis and nutrient transformation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Ke-Xin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Ya-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Zhi-Zhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Gregory J Duns
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Fu-Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
| | - Zuo-Dong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo biloba, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China
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12
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Serre NBC, Alban C, Bourguignon J, Ravanel S. An outlook on lysine methylation of non-histone proteins in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4569-4581. [PMID: 29931361 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein methylation is a very diverse, widespread, and important post-translational modification affecting all aspects of cellular biology in eukaryotes. Methylation on the side-chain of lysine residues in histones has received considerable attention due to its major role in determining chromatin structure and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Over the last 20 years, lysine methylation of non-histone proteins has been recognized as a very common modification that contributes to the fine-tuned regulation of protein function. In plants, our knowledge in this field is much more fragmentary than in yeast and animal cells. In this review, we describe the plant enzymes involved in the methylation of non-histone substrates, and we consider historical and recent advances in the identification of non-histone lysine-methylated proteins in photosynthetic organisms. Finally, we discuss our current knowledge about the role of protein lysine methylation in regulating molecular and cellular functions in plants, and consider challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B C Serre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CEA, CNRS, BIG, PCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Alban
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CEA, CNRS, BIG, PCV, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA, CEA, CNRS, BIG, PCV, Grenoble, France
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13
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Koskela MM, Dahlström KM, Goñi G, Lehtimäki N, Nurmi M, Velazquez-Campoy A, Hanke G, Bölter B, Salminen TA, Medina M, Mulo P. Arabidopsis FNRL protein is an NADPH-dependent chloroplast oxidoreductase resembling bacterial ferredoxin-NADP + reductases. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:177-190. [PMID: 28833218 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastidic ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductases (FNRs; EC:1.18.1.2) together with bacterial type FNRs (FPRs) form the plant-type FNR family. Members of this group contain a two-domain scaffold that forms the basis of an extended superfamily of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent oxidoreductases. In this study, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana At1g15140 [Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase-like (FNRL)] is an FAD-containing NADPH dependent oxidoreductase present in the chloroplast stroma. Determination of the kinetic parameters using the DCPIP NADPH-dependent diaphorase assay revealed that the reaction catalysed by a recombinant FNRL protein followed a saturation Michaelis-Menten profile on the NADPH concentration with kcat = 3.2 ± 0.2 s-1 , KmNADPH = 1.6 ± 0.3 μM and kcat /KmNADPH = 2.0 ± 0.4 μM-1 s-1 . Biochemical assays suggested that FNRL is not likely to interact with Arabidopsis ferredoxin 1, which is supported by the sequence analysis implying that the known Fd-binding residues in plastidic FNRs differ from those of FNRL. In addition, based on structural modelling FNRL has an FAD-binding N-terminal domain built from a six-stranded β-sheet and one α-helix, and a C-terminal NADP+ -binding α/β domain with a five-stranded β-sheet with a pair of α-helices on each side. The FAD-binding site is highly hydrophobic and predicted to bind FAD in a bent conformation typically seen in bacterial FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M Koskela
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Käthe M Dahlström
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Guillermina Goñi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC Joint Units), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nina Lehtimäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Nurmi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC Joint Units), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Diputación General de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guy Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Milagros Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC Joint Units), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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14
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Mulo P, Medina M. Interaction and electron transfer between ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase and its partners: structural, functional, and physiological implications. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:265-280. [PMID: 28361449 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) catalyzes the last step of linear electron transfer in photosynthetic light reactions. The FAD cofactor of FNR accepts two electrons from two independent reduced ferredoxin molecules (Fd) in two sequential steps, first producing neutral semiquinone and then the fully anionic reduced, or hydroquinone, form of the enzyme (FNRhq). FNRhq transfers then both electrons in a single hydride transfer step to NADP+. We are presenting the recent progress in studies focusing on Fd:FNR interaction and subsequent electron transfer processes as well as on interaction of FNR with NADP+/H followed by hydride transfer, both from the structural and functional point of views. We also present the current knowledge about the physiological role(s) of various FNR isoforms present in the chloroplasts of higher plants and the functional impact of subchloroplastic location of FNR. Moreover, open questions and current challenges about the structure, function, and physiology of FNR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Milagros Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (Joint Units: BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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15
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Hartl M, Füßl M, Boersema PJ, Jost JO, Kramer K, Bakirbas A, Sindlinger J, Plöchinger M, Leister D, Uhrig G, Moorhead GB, Cox J, Salvucci ME, Schwarzer D, Mann M, Finkemeier I. Lysine acetylome profiling uncovers novel histone deacetylase substrate proteins in Arabidopsis. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:949. [PMID: 29061669 PMCID: PMC5658702 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases have central functions in regulating stress defenses and development in plants. However, the knowledge about the deacetylase functions is largely limited to histones, although these enzymes were found in diverse subcellular compartments. In this study, we determined the proteome‐wide signatures of the RPD3/HDA1 class of histone deacetylases in Arabidopsis. Relative quantification of the changes in the lysine acetylation levels was determined on a proteome‐wide scale after treatment of Arabidopsis leaves with deacetylase inhibitors apicidin and trichostatin A. We identified 91 new acetylated candidate proteins other than histones, which are potential substrates of the RPD3/HDA1‐like histone deacetylases in Arabidopsis, of which at least 30 of these proteins function in nucleic acid binding. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that histone deacetylase 14 (HDA14) is the first organellar‐localized RPD3/HDA1 class protein found to reside in the chloroplasts and that the majority of its protein targets have functions in photosynthesis. Finally, the analysis of HDA14 loss‐of‐function mutants revealed that the activation state of RuBisCO is controlled by lysine acetylation of RuBisCO activase under low‐light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany.,Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Füßl
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany.,Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Paul J Boersema
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan-Oliver Jost
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ahmet Bakirbas
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Sindlinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Plöchinger
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Greg Bg Moorhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael E Salvucci
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Plant Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany .,Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany.,Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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16
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Schönberg A, Rödiger A, Mehwald W, Galonska J, Christ G, Helm S, Thieme D, Majovsky P, Hoehenwarter W, Baginsky S. Identification of STN7/STN8 kinase targets reveals connections between electron transport, metabolism and gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1176-1186. [PMID: 28295753 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid-associated kinases STN7 and STN8 are involved in short- and long-term acclimation of photosynthetic electron transport to changing light conditions. Here we report the identification of STN7/STN8 in vivo targets that connect photosynthetic electron transport with metabolism and gene expression. Comparative phosphoproteomics with the stn7 and stn8 single and double mutants identified two proteases, one RNA-binding protein, a ribosomal protein, the large subunit of Rubisco and a ferredoxin-NADP reductase as targets for the thylakoid-associated kinases. Phosphorylation of three of the above proteins can be partially complemented by STN8 in the stn7 single mutant, albeit at lower efficiency, while phosphorylation of the remaining three proteins strictly depends on STN7. The properties of the STN7-dependent phosphorylation site are similar to those of phosphorylated light-harvesting complex proteins entailing glycine or another small hydrophobic amino acid in the -1 position. Our analysis uncovers the STN7/STN8 kinases as mediators between photosynthetic electron transport, its immediate downstream sinks and long-term adaptation processes affecting metabolite accumulation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schönberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Rödiger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wiebke Mehwald
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johann Galonska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gideon Christ
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Domenika Thieme
- Proteomeanalytik, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petra Majovsky
- Proteomeanalytik, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Sacha Baginsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Feng J, Li R, Yu J, Ma S, Wu C, Li Y, Cao Y, Ma L. Protein N-terminal acetylation is required for embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4779-89. [PMID: 27385766 PMCID: PMC4973746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Early embryonic development generates precursors of all major cell types in Arabidopsis. Among these precursors, the hypophysis divides asymmetrically to form the progenitors of the quiescent center and columella stem cells. A great deal has been learnt about the mechanisms that control the asymmetric division of the hypophysis and embryogenesis at the transcriptional level; however, no evidence of regulation at the co- or post-translational level has been reported. Here, we show that mutation of the catalytic subunit (Naa10) or auxiliary subunit (Naa15) of NatA, an N-terminal acetyltransferase that catalyzes protein N-terminal acetylation, produces an embryo-lethal phenotype. In addition, Naa10 and Naa15 were found to interact physically in planta Further analysis revealed that the observed embryonic patterning defects started at the early globular stage and that the asymmetric division of the hypophysis was irregular; thus, no quiescent center progenitor cells were generated in naa10 and naa15 embryos. We further observed that the polar distributions of auxin and its efflux carrier PIN1 were disturbed in naa10 embryos. Our results suggest that NatA is required for asymmetric division of the hypophysis and early embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis, and provides a link between protein N-terminal acetylation and embryogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Junya Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ligeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing Municipal Government; Beijing 100048, China
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18
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Kruse J, Alfarraj S, Rennenberg H, Adams M. A novel mechanistic interpretation of instantaneous temperature responses of leaf net photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:43-58. [PMID: 27220614 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Steady-state rates of leaf CO2 assimilation (A) in response to incubation temperature (T) are often symmetrical around an optimum temperature. A/T curves of C3 plants can thus be fitted to a modified Arrhenius equation, where the activation energy of A close to a low reference temperature is strongly correlated with the dynamic change of activation energy to increasing incubation temperature. We tested how [CO2] < current atmospheric levels and saturating light, or [CO2] at 800 µmol mol(-1) and variable light affect parameters that describe A/T curves, and how these parameters are related to known properties of temperature-dependent thylakoid electron transport. Variation of light intensity and substomatal [CO2] had no influence on the symmetry of A/T curves, but significantly affected their breadth. Thermodynamic and kinetic (physiological) factors responsible for (i) the curvature in Arrhenius plots and (ii) the correlation between parameters of a modified Arrhenius equation are discussed. We argue that the shape of A/T curves cannot satisfactorily be explained via classical concepts assuming temperature-dependent shifts between rate-limiting processes. Instead the present results indicate that any given A/T curve appears to reflect a distinct flux mode, set by the balance between linear and cyclic electron transport, and emerging from the anabolic demand for ATP relative to that for NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kruse
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Adams
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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19
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Yang C, Hu H, Ren H, Kong Y, Lin H, Guo J, Wang L, He Y, Ding X, Grabsztunowicz M, Mulo P, Chen T, Liu Y, Wu Z, Wu Y, Mao C, Wu P, Mo X. LIGHT-INDUCED RICE1 Regulates Light-Dependent Attachment of LEAF-TYPE FERREDOXIN-NADP+ OXIDOREDUCTASE to the Thylakoid Membrane in Rice and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:712-28. [PMID: 26941088 PMCID: PMC4826015 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
LIR1 (LIGHT-INDUCED RICE1) encodes a 13-kD, chloroplast-targeted protein containing two nearly identical motifs of unknown function. LIR1 is present in the genomes of vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, and algae, but not in cyanobacteria. Using coimmunoprecipitation assays, pull-down assays, and yeast two-hybrid analyses, we showed that LIR1 interacts with LEAF-TYPE FERREDOXIN-NADP(+) OXIDOREDUCTASE (LFNR), an essential chloroplast enzyme functioning in the last step of photosynthetic linear electron transfer. LIR1 and LFNR formed high molecular weight thylakoid protein complexes with the TIC62 and TROL proteins, previously shown to anchor LFNR to the membrane. We further showed that LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNRs for TIC62 and that the rapid light-triggered degradation of the LIR1 coincides with the release of the LFNR from the thylakoid membrane. Loss of LIR1 resulted in a marked decrease in the accumulation of LFNR-containing thylakoid protein complexes without a concomitant decrease in total LFNR content. In rice (Oryza sativa), photosynthetic capacity of lir1 plants was slightly impaired, whereas no such effect was observed in Arabidopsis thaliana knockout mutants. The consequences of LIR1 deficiency in different species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China National Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Linyi, Shandong 276700, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jiangfan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Magda Grabsztunowicz
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhongchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yunrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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Xiong Y, Peng X, Cheng Z, Liu W, Wang GL. A comprehensive catalog of the lysine-acetylation targets in rice (Oryza sativa) based on proteomic analyses. J Proteomics 2016; 138:20-9. [PMID: 26836501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lysine acetylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification that plays an important role in the gene transcription regulation. Here, we report high quality proteome-scale data for lysine-acetylation (Kac) sites and Kac proteins in rice (Oryza sativa). A total of 1337 Kac sites in 716 Kac proteins with diverse biological functions and subcellular localizations were identified in rice seedlings. About 42% of the sites were predicted to be localized in the chloroplast. Seven putative acetylation motifs were detected. Phenylalanine, located in both the upstream and downstream of the Kac sites, is the most conserved amino acid surrounding the regions. In addition, protein interaction network analysis revealed that a variety of signaling pathways are modulated by protein acetylation. KEGG pathway category enrichment analysis indicated that glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways are significantly enriched. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the acetylome in rice seedlings, and the method described here will facilitate the systematic study of how Kac functions in growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses in rice and other plants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Rice is one of the most important crops consumption and is a model monocot for research. In this study, we combined a highly sensitive immune-affinity purification method (used pan anti-acetyl-lysine antibody conjugated agarose for immunoaffinity acetylated peptide enrichment) with high-resolution LC-MS/MS. In total, we identified 1337 Kac sites on 716 Kac proteins in rice cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the acetylome revealed that the acetylated proteins are involved in a variety of cellular functions and have diverse subcellular localizations. We also identified seven putative acetylation motifs in the acetylated proteins of rice. In addition, protein interaction network analysis revealed that a variety of signaling pathways were modulated by protein acetylation. KEGG pathway category enrichment analysis indicated that glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched. To our knowledge, the number of Kac sites we identified was 23-times greater and the number of Kac proteins was 16-times greater than in a previous report. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the acetylome in rice seedlings, and the method described here will facilitate the systematic study of how Kac functions in growth, development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses in rice or other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Rowland E, Kim J, Bhuiyan NH, van Wijk KJ. The Arabidopsis Chloroplast Stromal N-Terminome: Complexities of Amino-Terminal Protein Maturation and Stability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1881-96. [PMID: 26371235 PMCID: PMC4634096 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein amino (N) termini are prone to modifications and are major determinants of protein stability in bacteria, eukaryotes, and perhaps also in chloroplasts. Most chloroplast proteins undergo N-terminal maturation, but this is poorly understood due to insufficient experimental information. Consequently, N termini of mature chloroplast proteins cannot be accurately predicted. This motivated an extensive characterization of chloroplast protein N termini in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates and mass spectrometry, generating nearly 14,000 tandem mass spectrometry spectra matching to protein N termini. Many nucleus-encoded plastid proteins accumulated with two or three different N termini; we evaluated the significance of these different proteoforms. Alanine, valine, threonine (often in N-α-acetylated form), and serine were by far the most observed N-terminal residues, even after normalization for their frequency in the plastid proteome, while other residues were absent or highly underrepresented. Plastid-encoded proteins showed a comparable distribution of N-terminal residues, but with a higher frequency of methionine. Infrequent residues (e.g. isoleucine, arginine, cysteine, proline, aspartate, and glutamate) were observed for several abundant proteins (e.g. heat shock proteins 70 and 90, Rubisco large subunit, and ferredoxin-glutamate synthase), likely reflecting functional regulation through their N termini. In contrast, the thylakoid lumenal proteome showed a wide diversity of N-terminal residues, including those typically associated with instability (aspartate, glutamate, leucine, and phenylalanine). We propose that, after cleavage of the chloroplast transit peptide by stromal processing peptidase, additional processing by unidentified peptidases occurs to avoid unstable or otherwise unfavorable N-terminal residues. The possibility of a chloroplast N-end rule is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elden Rowland
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Jitae Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
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Lehtimäki N, Koskela MM, Mulo P. Posttranslational Modifications of Chloroplast Proteins: An Emerging Field. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:768-75. [PMID: 25911530 PMCID: PMC4741338 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of proteins are key effectors of enzyme activity, protein interactions, targeting, and turnover rate, but despite their importance, they are still poorly understood in plants. Although numerous reports have revealed the regulatory role of protein phosphorylation in photosynthesis, various other protein modifications have been identified in chloroplasts only recently. It is known that posttranslational N(α)-acetylation occurs in both nuclear- and plastid-encoded chloroplast proteins, but the physiological significance of this acetylation is not yet understood. Lysine acetylation affects the localization and activity of key metabolic enzymes, and it may work antagonistically or cooperatively with lysine methylation, which also occurs in chloroplasts. In addition, tyrosine nitration may help regulate the repair cycle of photosystem II, while N-glycosylation determines enzyme activity of chloroplastic carbonic anhydrase. This review summarizes the progress in the research field of posttranslational modifications of chloroplast proteins and points out the importance of these modifications in the regulation of chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lehtimäki
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Minna M Koskela
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Paula Mulo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Fang X, Chen W, Zhao Y, Ruan S, Zhang H, Yan C, Jin L, Cao L, Zhu J, Ma H, Cheng Z. Global analysis of lysine acetylation in strawberry leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:739. [PMID: 26442052 PMCID: PMC4569977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine acetylation is a reversible and dynamic post-translational modification. It plays an important role in regulating diverse cellular processes including chromatin dynamic, metabolic pathways, and transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although studies of lysine acetylome in plants have been reported, the throughput was not high enough, hindering the deep understanding of lysine acetylation in plant physiology and pathology. In this study, taking advantages of anti-acetyllysine-based enrichment and high-sensitive-mass spectrometer, we applied an integrated proteomic approach to comprehensively investigate lysine acetylome in strawberry. In total, we identified 1392 acetylation sites in 684 proteins, representing the largest dataset of acetylome in plants to date. To reveal the functional impacts of lysine acetylation in strawberry, intensive bioinformatic analysis was performed. The results significantly expanded our current understanding of plant acetylome and demonstrated that lysine acetylation is involved in multiple cellular metabolism and cellular processes. More interestingly, nearly 50% of all acetylated proteins identified in this work were localized in chloroplast and the vital role of lysine acetylation in photosynthesis was also revealed. Taken together, this study not only established the most extensive lysine acetylome in plants to date, but also systematically suggests the significant and unique roles of lysine acetylation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Fang
- Institute of Biology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Wenyue Chen
- Institute of Biology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Experiment Center, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Songlin Ruan
- Institute of Biology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Research and Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- Jingjie PTM BiolabsHangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Ma
- Institute of Biology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huasheng Ma, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Biology, East Hangxin Road 1, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study of Translational Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai, China
- Zhongyi Cheng, Institute for Advanced Study of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
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